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1
Roe, Katherine V. "Working memory and language development in early childhood /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3069224.
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Hagemann, Hannah-Lena. "History and memory : Khārijism in early Islamic historiography." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11692.
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The Khārijites are usually regarded as the first faction to separate from the early Islamic community. They are viewed as rebels and heretics, constituting the first sect within early Islam. This thesis seeks to examine the narrative role and function of Khārijism in the historiographical tradition of the formative period of Islam. To that end, it looks at the major Islamic chronicles of the 3rd and 4th centuries AH/9th and 10th centuries CE and investigates their portrayal of Khārijite history. The analysis covers the period from the apparent emergence of the Khārijites at the Battle of Ṣiffīn in 37 AH/657 CE until the death of the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān in 86 AH/705 CE. The thesis’ methodological approach is based on the premise that the historiographical works under study need to be approached as literary artefacts, as texts rather than databanks that can be mined for hard facts in order to reconstruct early Islamic and thus Khārijite history ‘as it really was’. This literary analysis of the source material on Khārijism leads to two major conclusions: first, there is hardly any narrative substance to the Khārijites as presented in the sources. Instead, the reports on Khārijite activities are mostly made up of structural components such as names and dates on the one hand, and topoi and schemata on the other. Consequently, no distinct and tangible identity, literary or otherwise, emerges from the material, pointing out the pitfalls of positivist approaches to Khārijite history and by extension early Islamic history in general. This phenomenon is directly connected to the second conclusion: the historiographical sources approach Khārijism not as an end in itself, but as a narrative tool with which to illustrate, discuss and criticize other actors and subject matters. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapters One and Two address those characteristics of and topoi in the representation of Khārijism that pervade the source material across the entire period investigated here. It emerges that the historiographers’ major concern in the depiction of Khārijism is the discussion of the perils of the rebels’ militant piety that threatens the unity and stability of the Islamic community. Chapters Three to Five look at the periods of ʿAlī’s caliphate, Muʿāwiya’s rule and the second fitna as well as t he reign of ʿAbd al-Malik, respectively, and identify the specific narrative purposes of Khārijism in the portrayal of each period. Chapter Six offers a number of observations on the early historiographical tradition as derived from the analysis over the preceding five chapters, addressing issues such as whether it makes sense to distinguish between proto-Sunnī and proto-Shīʿī sources. The Conclusion summarizes the main findings of this thesis and provides some suggestions regarding future research on Khārijite history and thought as well as early Islamic history in general.
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Pelen, Ovgu. "Spatial Memory Of Electrification In Early Republican Capital, Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609986/index.pdf.
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The search for the process of electrification in Turkey and how it is
materialized in urban space in different scales in indoor and outdoor is the
aim of this thesis. Looking for the effects of electrification by means of
making a discursive analysis and taking into consideration the objects in
substance, concerning the practice itself, and searching for the
transformations in the urban space and in urban living are the main
objectives of this research.
Consequently, popular media will be the main source to look for how
electrification was materialized and depicted in the publicity. The popular
publications of the period likemagazines, newspapers, films are going to be investigated and re-read in order to decipher how discursive formations were constructed. The intervals of the research period are theheydays of these Modernist discursive formations, mainly the 1930s
starting from 1928 the foundation of Ankara Gas and Electricity Factory which is the symbol and generator of electrification in the new capital Ankara, and ending with 1938 with Mustafa Kemal Atatü
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s death which can be considered a major turning point in the discursive formations. The theoretical framework of the thesis will take the modernity project in the Turkish Republic, focusing on how collective memory and social identity was constructed at that time.
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Lloyd, Brittany K. "Identifying Early Indicators of Subjective Memory Concerns in Seniors." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30920.
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Background: Subjective Memory Concerns (SMC) in seniors can be one of the earliest indicators of future dementia. There is a lack of research into the nature of these concerns and functional impairments. Methods: This retrospective secondary analysis gathered data from 67 healthy seniors aged 65+ using neuropsychological tests, memory concern questionnaires and daily functioning scales. Informants corroborated memory concerns and daily functioning. Participants comprised two groups: SMC if worried about their memory and Not Concerned about Memory if not. Results: People with SMC report more difficulty with word finding, remembering appointments, learning to use new equipment, and remembering details of social and personal events. Informants perceive word finding difficulties and minor problems with vocational abilities and bowel/bladder control in SMC participants. Conclusions: The SMC group primarily reports social difficulties. Further research is required to create a comprehensive list of cognitive concerns, which will ultimately improve care of the SMC population. Contexte: Les préoccupations subjectives de mémoire (PSM) chez les aînés peuvent être indicatives d’une démence future, bien qu’il existe un manque d’information sur les préoccupations et l’effet fonctionnel. Méthodes: Une analyse rétrospective secondaire de questionnaires de mémoire, de tests neuropsychologiques, et d’échelles fonctionnelles a été entreprise auprès de 67 personnes, en bonne santé, âgées de 65 ans et plus. Les aidants naturels ont pu appuyer les préoccupations cognitives et le niveau de fonctionnement chez deux groupes de participants: ceux avec préoccupations ou non. Résultats: Les participants PSM relèvent des difficultés de manque du mot, de rappel (rendez-vous, événements sociaux), et d’utilisation de nouveaux équipements. Les aidants naturels ont aussi trouvé de légères difficultés au travail et au niveau du contrôle intestinal et urinaire. Conclusions: Les PSM identifient principalement des lacunes au niveau social. Les recherches devront viser l’identification d’une liste exhaustive des préoccupations afin de pouvoir octroyer de meilleurs soins.
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Levy, Lior D. "Memory in the Early Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/204811.
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PhilosophyPh.D.
Memory is a recurring theme in Jean-Paul Sartre's work. However, Sartre never formulated an explicit theory of memory. When he did discuss memory he reached two conflicting conclusions: (1) in his theory of imagination and in his early text The Transcendence of the Ego memory is presented as a mimetic power and memories are repetitions of the past; (2) in his other texts, among them Being and Nothingness, memory is portrayed as a creative force that reconstructs experience rather than repeats it. I argue that Sartre held two conflicting notions of memory since he thought that recollection as a whole--understood either in mimetic or reconstructive terms--stifles consciousness and obstructs freedom. In the dissertation I explore the ways in which memory becomes responsible, according to Sartre, for the constitution of selfhood and for the creation of a solid character with a defined history, which eventually leads to the evasion of the free agency of consciousness. Against the mimetic and reconstructive models of memory I pose the notion of "existential memory", which is not a term that Sartre himself used but which emerges from his work on human temporality. The notion of "existential memory" provides an opportunity to conceive of a possibility of relating to the past in an authentic manner, without objectifying it or losing sight of one's freedom. In response to the challenges raised by Sartre's concerns with bad faith, existential memory is a model of authenticity.
Temple University--Theses
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Karanian, Jessica M. "Theneural basis of true memory and false memory for visual features:." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107364.
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Thesis advisor: Scott D. SlotnickEpisodic memory is a constructive process in which a system of sensory and control processes works to transport one’s conscious mind through time–in essence, recreating a previous perceptual experience. For instance, sensory-specific activity that was associated with an original encoding experience is reinstated during retrieval–almost as if the sensory regions are processing the stimulus again, albeit this activation is smaller in spatial extent. This process of sensory-specific reinstatement occurs across all sensory modalities (e.g., Gottfried et al., 2004; Nyberg et al., 2001; Vaidya et al., 2002; Wheeler et al., 2000). That is, retrieval of a visually encoded stimulus (e.g., a picture of a dog) reinstates activity in the visual cortex, while retrieval of an aurally encoded stimulus (e.g., a barking dog) reinstates activity in the auditory cortex. In Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, I demonstrate the specificity of such sensory reinstatement during true memory for visual features and investigate the role of such sensory regions during the construction of false memory for visual features. In addition to sensory processes, our conscious experience of memory also relies on control regions. At the center of this memory control network sits a key memory structure, the hippocampus, as well as other important control regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. Furthermore, the parahippocampal cortex appears to play a critical role in memory; however, the exact role of this region has been debated (Aminoff, Kverga, & Bar, 2013). In Chapter 3, I investigate the functional role of the parahippocampal cortex during true memory and false memory, and provide evidence that the parahippocampal cortex mediates general contextual processing
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Possin, Katherine L. "Visuospatial and visual object cognition in early Parkinson's disease." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3250074.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 4, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-166).
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Sherlock, Peter David. "Funeral monuments : piety, honour and memory in Early Modern England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342738.
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Rodríguez, Rafael. "Structuring early Christian memory : Jesus in tradition, performance, and text." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3633/.
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Social memory research has complicated the relationship between past and present as that relationship finds expression in memorial acts (storytelling, music- and image-making, textproduction, and so on). This relationship has emerged as a dialectic in which the phenomena 'past' and 'present' are mutually constitutive and implicating. The resultant 'messiness' directly affects the procedures and products of 'historicaI Jesus' research, which has especially depended upon the assumption that we can neatly and cleanly separate 'authentic' (past) from 'inauthentic' (present) traditions. This thesis establishes some problems that attend to this assumption and attempts to establish a 'historical Jesus' programme that is more sensitive to the entanglement of past and present. Social memory research has especially identified 'reputation' . as a vehicle of this entanglement in the memory of specific historical persons. Therefore, Jesus' reputation' plays a key analytic role in this project. Another consequence of social memory research has been the emphatic insistence that all memorial acts are culturally and socially conditioned; the meaning of 'memories', the products of memorial act? emerges from the relationship of memorial acts and their social contexts. One aspect of the gospels' social context that has been underappreciated in most New Testament research is the contextualisation ofour written gospels within the vibrant and fluid oral traditional milieux ofJesus and Israelite communities. This project examines and applies the poetics of oral traditional narrative, including the textualisation of oral tradition, to our written gospels. The resultant theoretical perspective dramatically affects gospels and 'historical Jesus' research. Since both these fields are too vast to encompass here, this project focuses its attention on We appearance of Jesus' healing and exorcistic praxis in the sayings tradition. Afterwards, we will suggest a few areas in which critics might fruitfully pursue future research in the gospels and on tile historical Jesus.
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Raj, Vinaya. "An Electrophysiological Investigation of Source Memory Development in Early Childhood." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32658.
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The present study examined source memory development in a sample of 4 and 6 year children. Patterns of brain electrical (EEG) activity were examined in order to provide a neural basis for the role of prefrontal cortex functioning during source monitoring. Children were taught a series of novel facts from two difference sources (either an experimenter or puppet) and their memory for both item and source information was later tested. Results demonstrated that, after controlling for language, patterns of frontal brain activity predicted 6 year item recall performance, and trends toward significance were observed for temporal brain activity predicting 6 year source recall performance. No associations between frontal or temporal EEG activity and episodic memory judgments were observed among 4-year-old children. Future investigations should examine how source memory, and on a more general level contextual memory binding, influence the development of episodic memory in early childhood.Master of Science
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Day, Jonathan. ""Must I remember?" : artificial memory systems and early modern England." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2006202/.
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My thesis traces the evolution of artificial memory systems from classical Greece to early modern England to explore memorial traumas and the complex nature of a very particular way of remembering. An artificial memory system is a methodology to improve natural memory. Classical artificial memory systems employ an architectural metaphor, emphasising regularity and striking imagery. Classical memory systems also frequently describe the memory as a blank page. This thesis follows the path of transmission of these ideas and the perennial relationship between memory and forgetting and memory and fiction, as well as the constant threat of memorial collapse.
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Planche, Vincent. "Pathophysiology and imaging of early memory impairment in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0392/document.
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Les troubles mnésiques sont fréquents dans la sclérose en plaques (SEP) mais leurs substrats anatomique et biologique sont mal connus. L’objectif de cette thèse translationnelle était de comprendre les mécanismes physiopathologiques des troubles mnésiques à la phase précoce de la SEP, avec pour perspective de trouver de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et de définir de nouveaux marqueurs d’imagerie. Nous avons réalisé une analyse neuropsychologique et IRM de patients atteints de forme précoce de SEP et nous avons étudié des souris à la phase précoce d’une encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE, le modèle animal de la SEP) avec une combinaison d’expériences comportementales, d’IRM, histologiques, électrophysiologiques et pharmacologiques. Nous avons démontré que l’atteinte hippocampique était précoce dans l’histoire de la maladie et qu’elle était corrélée au déclin mnésique des patients atteints de SEP. Nous avons identifié chez les souris EAE que la structure et la fonction du gyrus denté étaient plus vulnérables que les autres sous-champs de l’hippocampe au stade précoce de la maladie et nous avons transposé cette découverte à la pathologie humaine en démontrant une perte des capacités de pattern separation chez des patients atteints de forme précoce de SEP. Du point de vue mécanistique, nous avons démontré que l’activation microgliale précoce était responsable de l’atteinte du gyrus denté et des troubles mnésiques dans l’EAE et que cette cascade physiopathologique pouvait être prévenue grâce à un traitement par minocycline. Du point de vue de l’imagerie, nous avons également démontré que l’atteinte microstructurale de l’hippocampe ainsi que la neurodégénérescence précoce du gyrus denté pouvaient être étudiées in vivo en tenseur de diffusion (DTI). Nous travaillons à la mise en place de méthode encore plus spécifique par l’imagerie de densité neuritique et d’orientation/dispersion (NODDI). Nos résultats relient l’atteinte mnésique précoce de la SEP à une neurodégénérescence sélective du gyrus denté. Ce processus physiopathologique peut être prévenu en inhibant l’activation microgliale chez les souris EAE et peut être étudié in vivo grâce au DTI chez la souris comme chez l’homme, offrant d’évidentes perspectives cliniques dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de SEPMemory impairment is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) but its anatomical and biological substrates are poorly understood. The objective of this translational thesis was to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of early memory impairment in MS, to find new potential therapeutic targets and to define new imaging biomarkers related to memory impairment. We used neuropsychological and MRI experiments in patients with early MS and we explored experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice (a mouse model of MS) at the early stage of the disease with a combination of behavioral, in vivo MRI, histological, electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches. In patients with MS, we demonstrated that hippocampal damage occurs early during the course of the disease and that it correlates with memory impairment. In EAE-mice, we identified that dentate gyrus structure and function are more vulnerable than other hippocampal subfields at the early stage of the disease and we translated this finding back to humans by demonstrating loss of pattern separation performances in patients with early MS. From a mechanistic point of view, we demonstrated that early microglial activation causes dentate gyrus disruption and memory impairment in EAE-mice and that this pathophysiological cascade can be prevented with minocycline. From the imaging point of view, we demonstrated that hippocampal microstructural damage and early dentate gyrus degeneration can be monitored in vivo with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We are currently developing more specific imaging approaches with optimization of the Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) to assess hippocampal subfields. Our results link early memory impairment in MS to a selective disruption of the dentate gyrus. We were able to prevent this neurodegenerative process with microglial inhibitors in EAE-mice and to capture these features non-invasively with DTI in both humans and rodents, paving the way toward new clinical perspectives in MS
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Xing, Yue. "The role of early visual areas in human working memory." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13920/.
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Evidence from recent studies suggested that visual areas (V1-V3) might be also actively involved in visually remembered features. The work presented in this thesis extended to other visual attributes, including motion coherence and contrast, with more detailed psychophysical and neuroimaging evidences to support the role of early visual areas in human visual working memory. The mnemonic characteristics of those visual traits were explored from temporal and spatial aspects using conventional psychophysical and functional brain imaging. Along the temporal domain, our results support the multi-channel theory that models the process occurred in early visual cortex when different visual features were perceived. In addition, experiments with “memory masking” procedures indicate that these ongoing representations show specificity of stimuli. Besides answering the question of whether early visual cortex was engaged in VWM, we also addressed the issue of how visual information is processed and held in these areas. We revealed that the visual system might exploit the “image-like” representation to discriminate stimuli with different contrasts, rather than only extracting and retaining the luminance differences. With the advent of up-to-date imaging technology, we also used Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to investigate the neural correlates of visual WM of contrast in human brain. In addition to the conventional fMRI analysis, we executed multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), which allows more precise understandings of the structure and neural mechanism of WM. By using MVPA, we confirmed our previous psychophysical results. Along the spatial domain, this thesis provides further evidence of behaviour and brain activity when stimuli were displayed in different hemifields. Our findings showed the extra time and information cost when information relating the contrast of a stimulus was transmitted across hemispheres. Moreover, we unravelled the effect of spatial attention on primary visual cortex while visual features at different spatial locations were processed and memorized.
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Miller, Matthew John. "The martyrdom of Polycarp social identity and exemplars in the early church /." Cincinnati, OH : Cincinnati Christian University, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.031-0175.
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Roberts, Anthony. "Investigating the early stages of face perception with speeded classification tasks." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334767.
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Passenger, Terri. "The contribution of phonological awareness and phonological memory to early literacy." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/29684e8b-ac65-4670-9ec9-1223302bf63b.
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Naylor, Emma C. "Relationships between autobiographical memory, identity and awareness in early-stage dementia." Thesis, Bangor University, 2006. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/relationships-between-autobiographical-memory-identity-and-awareness-in-earlystage-dementia(1b0b3ae8-cc0e-4f4b-b19f-975e78ef69c2).html.
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This large-scale research project is presented in two parts. The first part constitutes a review of the literaturer elatingt o autobiographicaml emorya nd senseo f self in earlystage dementia. It provides a brief overview of the theories that indicate how autobiographicaml emorya nd senseo f self might be related,f ollowed by a review of the changes observed in these constructs in association with early-stage dementia. Despite some empirical support; a limited amount of research has been conducted with regard to the relationship between autobiographical memory and aspects of self. This may reflect a number of conceptual and methodological difficulties. Also, changes in identity are often inferred by caregivers, based on changes in behaviour and abilities; the view of the person with dementia is rarely sought. Tbus, identity change is usually considered in social rather than cognitive terms. Despite this, the hypothesised relationship between autobiographical memory and sense of self is utilised in psychosocial interventions, such as reminiscence. The second part of this project examines the relationships between autobiographical memory,i dentity, and awarenessw ithin a sampleo f peoplew ith diagnoseso f earlystage dementia. The 30 participants, recruited via a local memory clinic, were each administeredth e AutobiographicalM emory Interview,T ennesseeS elf-ConceptS cale, Second Edition, and Memory Awareness Rating Scale. Analysis using partial correlations, controlling for general cognitive ability, revealed that: greater recall of early adulthoodp ersonals emantica nd incident memoriesw as associatedw ith more definite senseo f identity, greaterr ecall of mid-life incidentsw as associatedw ith less definite identity but greater awareness, and greater awareness was associated with less definite identity. It is suggested that memories from the mid-life period may contain initial instances of awareness of changes in memory functioning, with greater awareness of change being associated with less certain identity, as knowledge about self is updated.
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Pereira, Ana Rita Salgueiro. "HPA axis function and episodic memory loss in early Alzheimer disease." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12509.
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Mestrado em Bioquímica - Bioquímica ClínicaAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a brain neurodegenerative disease leading to progressive loss of memory and intellectual abilities. It is characterized by the appearance of amyloid-β oligomers (Aβ), which then aggregate into plaques, progressive appearance of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, synaptic impairment and neuronal death. The hippocampus, a key structure responsible for memory encoding, is the first brain region affected in AD leading to early episodic memory loss. Aβ accumulation seems to have an important role in triggering chronic stress in AD, compromising the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and the structures involved in its regulation, notably the hippocampus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the HPA axis function and episodic-like memory in a model of AD, the Tg2576 mice, in the early phase of the pathology, which was defined in these mice at about 4 months of age. To study the HPA axis function, corticosterone, the main stress hormone, was quantified by ELISA at the onset of light phase, at the onset of dark phase and after inducing the negative feedback with a dexamethasone supression test. Hippocampal glucorticoid receptors (GRs) were also quantified by Western blot. Tg2576 mice showed impairment in HPA axis, characterized by an increase in corticosterone at the onset of active phase and an absence in the negative feedback response induced by dexamethasone. Also, hippocampal GRs are increased and seems to fail in the downregulation of the stress response mediated by the HPA axis. To evaluate episodic-like memory, an object recognition task was conducted, which combines the ability to remember the ‘what, when and where’ components of an event. A deficit in the ‘where’ component of this type of memory was observed in Tg2576 mice. An in vivo treatment with the GR antagonist RU486 was then applied to evaluate if blocking GR function could reverse this deficit. Our first results suggest that blocking GR function can prevent this memory deficit in Tg2576 mice. These data demonstrate that corticostesterone levels, and thus stress signaling, are increased in the early phase of AD in these mice, due to dysfunction of the HPA axis. Furthermore, this altered signaling, via GRs, probably contributes to the early episodic memory deficits observed in these mice. These data strongly support our hypothesis that elevated stress is an environmental factor contributing to the onset of AD neuropathology.
A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa do tecido cerebral que leva à perda da memória e das propriedades intelectuais. É caracterizada pelo aparecimento de oligómeros de amilóide-β (Aβ) que depois se agregam em placas, aparecimento progressivo de agregados neurofibrilares constituídos por proteína tau hiperfosforilada, alterações sinápticas e morte neuronal. O hipocampo, uma estrutura chave responsável pela codificação da memória, é a primeira região cerebral afectada na DA levando numa fase precoce, à perda da memória episódica. A acumulação de Aβ parece ter uma função importante no desencadeamento de stress crónico na DA levando ao comprometimento da função do eixo HPA e das várias estruturas envolvidas na sua regulação, nomeadamente o hipocampo. Neste estudo pretendeu-se estudar a função do eixo HPA e avaliar a memória episódica usando um modelo transgénico da DA, o ratinho Tg2576, numa fase precoce da doença de Alzheimer, definida neste modelo por volta dos 4 meses. Os estudos relativos à função do eixo HPA foram feitos através da quantificação de corticosterona, a hormona principal no stress, por teste ELISA na fase de repouso, na fase activa e após teste de supressão pela dexametasona. Quantificaram-se ainda os receptores aos glucocorticoides (RGs) no hipocampo por western blot. Os ratinhos Tg2576 mostraram um comprometimento do eixo HPA, caracterizada pelo aumento de corticosterona no ínicio da fase activa e ausência de regulação negativa induzida pela dexametasona. Ainda, os RGs estão aumentados e mostram comprometimento na regulação negativa induzida no eixo HPA. Para avaliar a memória episódica foi efectuado um teste de reconhecimento de objectos que combina a capacidade de recordar o ‘quê, quando e onde’ de um evento. Os ratinhos Tg2576 apresentaram um deficit na componente ‘onde’ deste tipo de memória. Foi em seguida aplicado um tratamento in vivo com um antagonista dos RGs (RU486) para avaliar se bloqueando a função dos RGs se poderia reverter o deficit observado. Os nossos primeiros resultados revelam que o bloqueia dos RGs pode prevenir o deficit na memória episódica. Assim este trabalho mostrou que os ratinhos Tg2576 apresentam uma perturbação ao nível do eixo HPA e da sua regulação pelos RG do hipocampo, traduzidos por um nível de stress aumentado, e perturbação ao nível da memória episódica. Este trabalho mostra que o nível de stress está aumentado numa fase muito precoce da DA neste ratinho devido à disfunção do eixo HPA. Para além disso, a alteração nesta sinalização mediada pelos RGs, contribui provavelmente para os deficits precoces na memória episódica observados neste ratinho. Estes resultados suportam a nossa hipótese de que o stress é um factor de risco muito importante no desenvolvimento precoce da neuropatologia na doença de Alzheimer.
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Benavides, Amanda Michelle. "Early neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: memory, attention, & encoding speed." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5415.
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Due to a steady increase in the number of babies born prematurely over the past 20 years, prematurity (a birth occurring before 37 weeks gestation) has emerged as an important public health concern. Even with improved survival of these infants, they remain at risk for many unfavorable health outcomes. Most of those risks include cognitive and behavioral deficits that show up later in life, highlighting the importance of studying the development of the brain, in particular. The current study investigates brain development outcomes in the first years of life using: (1) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study brain structure, and (2) three novel cognitive assessments of visual working memory, attention, and speed of processing information. Healthy 12-month-old infants were recruited through University of Iowa’s Neonatal Admissions Registry. An MRI imaging acquisition protocol was developed in order to scan infants during their naptime without sedation. Additionally, a new automatic approach to classifying areas of the brain was developed at the University of Iowa Department of Radiology for 12-month-old brain images. These novel cognitive assessments are based on infant eye movements (including how long it takes for an infant to react to certain stimuli and the direction of their looking). Results from this study support the use of these cognitive tasks to detect specific functional changes in performance based on gestational age. Therefore, these tasks may be potential early markers of risk in preterm populations, but continued investigations are necessary to fully elucidate early brain outcomes during this critical period of development.
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Routhieaux, Barbara Curchack 1967. "Analysis of the early development of implicit memory: Characteristics, course, and implications." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291637.
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Several researchers have hypothesized that implicit memory remains stable across the lifespan. Empirical support with children has been difficult to interpret due to methodological weaknesses including baseline variation, floor and ceiling effects, and lack of experimental dissociations. A new measure of repetition priming, the picture fragment completion task, was developed to account for these weaknesses while being appropriate for both children and adults. Adults and children aged 4, 6, and 8 (N = 156) completed either the picture fragment completion task or an explicit memory test made from same materials. Subjects of all ages performed equally on the priming test while performance increased with age on the explicit memory test. For all ages, the levels of processing manipulation affected only the explicit memory test. Thus, subjects were not using effortful strategies on the priming test. These results form a solid foundation for studying other developmental issues in implicit memory.
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Adachi, Mami. "Nuns and nunneries in the cultural memory of early modern English drama." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6745/.
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The Reformation had exposed ideas of female religiosity, ridiculing the contested site of the gendered bodies of nuns. Nevertheless, memories of pre-Reformation religion could not be easily destroyed. Nuns and nunneries are memorialised in a range of early modern English texts, among which this thesis identifies a number of tropes featuring nuns in historiography and drama. The first two chapters examine works by authors with differing agendas, John Foxe and Raphael Holinshed (Chapter 1), and John Stow and William Dugdale (Chapter 2), which can be regarded as memory banks of nun tropes. The next three chapters focus on tropes featuring nuns in drama from the mid 1580s to circa 1640. Chapter 3 examines references or allusions to dramatic nuns, which are generally stereotypical, suggesting the onset of cultural forgetting. Chapter 4 explores plays featuring nuns as characters, where nuns assume various roles, sometimes demonstrating a mix of tropical and innovative in a single play. Shakespeare’s utilisation of nun tropes while accommodating the symbolic value of female religious life to artistic needs is treated separately in Chapter 5. These dramatic tropes are seen to draw from and in turn feed into the tropes circulating in the culture of early modern England.
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Armstrong, Linda. "Distinguishing fluent aphasia from early Alzheimer's disease using language and memory tests." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19782.
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This thesis compares the single word processing deficits found in fluent aphasia and the language of early Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The two disorders are said to mimic each other in terms of the severity of the level of communication breakdown. It is clinically important that the disorders are distinguished so that people with either diagnosis will be provided with the most appropriate care. Four different studies were undertaken: the first compared picture naming ability in normal and demented older people and found that group differences were essentially quantitative. The second study presented a battery of single word processing and verbal episodic memory tests to small groups of normal, probable AD, Wernicke's and anomic aphasic subjects. The third study validated and extended pilot study findings using both accuracy and error measure. The last study provided information about longitudinal score changes in the three groups used at validation stage. The thesis concludes that the two disorders are different in nature. The language disorder of early AD is associated with severe episodic memory loss. It resembles normal older language, but with more error on tasks which require semantic processing. Fluent aphasia, on the other hand, is a specific and consistent disorder of language, with difficulty especially at the phonological level. It exists with more normal episodic memory.
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Van, Adel J. Michael. "Prospective Memory Abilities In Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment/ Early Alzheimer’s Disease." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35327.
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This dissertation describes separate but related studies that explore the prospective memory abilities of older adults and individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment/Early Alzheimer’s disease. Prospective memory (PM) refers to the type of memory utilized to execute planned actions in accordance with a specific event. PM is critical to maintaining functional independence in older adults, as it can refer to such basic acts as remembering to turn off a stove or taking one’s medication. Research suggests PM abilities decline within normal aging and to a greater extent in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Together, the studies assessed and compared the PM abilities across healthy younger and older adults, individuals with MCI, and individuals with early AD while exploring two major theories that seek to explain PM retrieval. The preparatory attentional and memory process theory of PM (PAM) assumes that PM retrieval requires resource-demanding preparatory attentional processes, whereas the Dynamic Multiprocess theory (DMPT) assumes that retrieval can also occur spontaneously (Scullin, McDaniel, & Shelton, 2013; Smith & Bayen, 2006). Study 1 used a novel laboratory PM task in which the focality and the frequency of PM cues were manipulated to compare the PM abilities of cognitively healthy younger and older adults. The results revealed significant differences in the patterns of performance between the younger and older adults based on the focality and frequency of cues which indicated different attentional allocation strategies. Study 2 examined the impact of cognitive impairment on PM abilities by using the same paradigm to compare the performance of cognitively healthy older adults to individuals with MCI and early AD. The results again revealed significant differences in the patterns of performance which indicated that these groups may have used different strategies of attentional allocation depending on the focality and cue frequency. Taken together, the findings in Studies 1 and 2 were mixed with respect to the predictions of the DMPT and PAM. The MCI group, in particular, demonstrated a unique performance profile that suggests the neuropathophysiological changes associated with this diagnosis may lead to the reliance on different PM retrieval processes compared to healthy older adults. Finally, Study 3 explored the use of a more naturalistic and ecologically valid PM task to compare the PM performance of individuals with MCI and early AD to healthy older adults without cognitive impairment. The results showed that, after taking the learning and retrospective memory scores into account, the significant differences between groups in PM accuracy on this task can mostly be accounted for by these factors. Nevertheless, the AD group was found to display significantly lower PM accuracy with event-based cues with a weak association between cue and action compared to the older adult and MCI groups after controlling for these factors. These findings provide valuable theoretical, methodological, and clinical contributions which will be discussed.
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Carlin, Richard Michael. "Exploratory study on the process of early recollection interpretation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25361.
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This study explored the reasoning process of interpreters during the process of early recollection (ER) interpretation, and in the identification of central life style theme using Mosak's typology system (1971). ERs from ten subjects were collected using a guestionnaire format and distributed to six interpreters. Three interpreters were experienced in ER interpretation and three received two hours of training in ER interpretation prior to the study. All interpreters were requested to record their impressions and thoughts during the interpretive process on audio tape for later analysis, and to assign a primary and secondary life style theme to each subject using Mosak's typologies. The results of this study provided information about the cues found in ERs that seem to guide interpreters, the effect of interpreter style on the final outcome, and the reliability of inter-judge agreement on life style theme from ER interpretation. The results showed that training in ER interpretation immediately provided the trainees with an ability to identify the perceptual schema of the subjects but it did not give them the same skill possessed by the experienced clinicians in metaphor analysis or an understanding of Mosak's typology system. Similarities and differences between the experienced clinicians and the trainees were analyzed.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Davis, Suzanne. "The experience of early dementia and the concept of self." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324959.
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Fernández, González Ricardo. "Survival, memory and identity : The roles of saint worship in Early Modern Castile." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385154.
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This paper aims to explore the connections between the rural communities of Early Modern Castile and the saints they venerated through their festivities, relics and advocations and the roles that these relationships fulfilled in their societies. The Castilians of the sixteenth century seem to have used their interactions with saints not only for the purpose of the salvation of their souls, but rather, as ways to ensure the survival of their population, to cement social cohesion and identity, or to preserve the memory of their communities. Through the topographic relations of Philip II, a fantastic source that reproduces the voices of members of rural communities of Central Castile, this paper analyses the boundaries between the utilitarian and the cultural in the worship of saints, and the limits of local culture and identity.
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Ashworth, William J. "Memory, foresight and production : the work of analysis in early nineteenth-century England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272281.
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Gómez, Rebecca L., and Jamie O. Edgin. "The extended trajectory of hippocampal development: Implications for early memory development and disorder." ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615110.
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Hippocampus has an extended developmental trajectory, with refinements occurring in the trisynaptic circuit until adolescence. While structural change should suggest a protracted course in behavior, some studies find evidence of precocious hippocampal development in the first postnatal year and continuity in memory processes beyond. However, a number of memory functions, including binding and relational inference, can be cortically supported. Evidence from the animal literature suggests that tasks often associated with hippocampus (visual paired comparison, binding of a visuomotor response) can be mediated by structures external to hippocampus. Thus, a complete examination of memory development will have to rule out cortex as a source of early memory competency. We propose that early memory must show properties associated with full function of the trisynaptic circuit to reflect "adult-like" memory function, mainly (1) rapid encoding of contextual details of overlapping patterns, and (2) retention of these details over sleep-dependent delays. A wealth of evidence suggests that these functions are not apparent until 18-24 months, with behavioral discontinuities reflecting shifts in the neural structures subserving memory beginning approximately at this point in development. We discuss the implications of these observations for theories of memory and for identifying and measuring memory function in populations with typical and atypical hippocampal function. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Dale, Emma Jane. "Couples' experiences of early-stage dementia and of attending a memory rehabilitation group." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31249.
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A review of psychological interventions in early-stage dementia raised the following points. Individually tailored cognitive rehabilitation was effective for specific everyday memory problems. Supportive group psychotherapy had the most impact on emotional adjustment and mood. The evidence base for individual psychotherapy was poor. Finally, there were a number of group interventions that provided a mixed of psychoeducation and peer support in order to enhance coping with some also focussing on memory rehabilitation strategies. There was some evidence that such groups could have a protective effect on mood. The research adopted a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews to gather the lived experience of four couples who had attended a memory rehabilitation group. The resulting transcripts were analysed using Grounded Theory. The participants outlined how they were coping with early-stage dementia. A key concept was that during their life together the couples had developed a shared memory, which was also affected by the onset of dementia. Thus the changes in the memory of the person with dementia had an emotional and social impact on both the individual and the couple. In response, the couple had the dual task of emotionally adjusting to the changes whilst preserving the shared memory as best they could. The couples were supported in this task by friends, family and services. In particular, the memory rehabilitation group provided the opportunity to develop memory preservation strategies whilst facilitating emotional adjustment, which could explain the protective effect on mood reported in previous studies.
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Tizzard-Drover, Tracy. "The influence of an early interview on long-term recall : a comparative analysis /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,167244.
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Zaki, Hossam M. "Language and Working Memory Capacity in Early Adulthood: Contributions From First and Second Language Proficiency." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27899.
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The aim of this project was to investigate the impact of language proficiency (represented in first and second language) on working memory capacity. A sample of 100 college students from Virginia Tech University completed an on-line survey, performed 2 computer-based working memory capacity tasks (the OSPAN and the Letter Rotation) and had their first language (L1) as well as their second language (L2) proficiency tested. All participants were classified on a five-point likert scale from â poorâ to â excellentâ . Verbal WMC (as measured by OSPAN) was associated with L2 proficiency. However, the L2 â excellentâ group did not differ in their OSPAN from the remaining four groups of L2 proficiency classification. No correlation was found between the two WMC tasks.Ph. D.
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Sulaimani, F. A. A. "The changing position of women in Arabia under Islam during the early seventh century." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14814/.
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This study of the position of women in Islamic society during the period of the Prophet in the early seventh century A.D. compares their status with the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabia, and investigates the changes, if any, which the new faith brought to the women believers. The thesis is composed of three chapters. The purpose of the first chapter is to outline the nature of the socio-economic and legal status of women in Arabia before Islam; it surveys the concept of Jahiliyyah, the tribal society as a whole, the practice of burying daughters alive, marriage, polygamy and divorce. The second chapter contains an over view of the new moral and legal status granted to women under Islamic law, according to the specific rules governing the rights and duties of the people as laid down by the Prophet himself. This can therefore be taken as the ideal example, in all aspects. of the true Islamic community. The third chapter contains cases of illustrious and influential women in the first seminal period of Islam: Khadija, the first believer and first wife of the Prophet, Aisha, the young wife and important transmitter of tradition and Faimah, the Prophet's daughter and other various examples of women in different aspects.
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Zaki, Hossam M. "Language as a Mediator between Home Environment and Prefrontal Functioning in Early Childhood." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33256.
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The purpose of the current study was to examine the mediating role of language in explaining the relation between home environment and prefrontal functioning. Participants were 30 children from two preschool centers (Virginia Tech Lab School and Radford Head Start Center) representing a wide range of socio-economic status. Childrenâ s working memory was assessed through performing two verbal tasks, namely the Day/Night task and the Yes/No task and a non-verbal task, the Tapping task. Language, in turn, was assessed through the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III). The criteria proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) were followed to test for the mediational hypothesis, as well as an alternative hypothesis stating that working memory might mediate the relation between home environment and language. Results indicated that language did mediate the relation between home environment and prefrontal functioning, particularly working memory. The alternative hypothesis did not prove to be successful. Theoretical and educational implications of these findings are discussed.Master of Science
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Pehrson, Alan L. "The Effects of Early Postnatal PCP Administration on Performance in Locomotor Activity, Reference Memory, and Working Memory Tasks in C57BL/6 Mice." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/878.
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There is a growing consensus, based on several converging lines of evidence, which suggests schizophrenia is the product of a developmental insult occurring in the late 2 nd or early 3 rd trimester. Additionally, it has been observed that adults who abuse the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist PCP present with symptoms that mimic schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, formal thought disorder, delusions, unstable or flattened affect, social withdrawal, and impaired cognition. Thus, several labs have attempted to use early postnatal PCP administration in rodents as a drug model of schizophrenia. The current study investigated the cognitive effects of early postnatal PCP administration in C57BL/6 mice. Mouse pups received daily administrations of either 10.0 mg/kg PCP or saline on postnatal (PN) days 5-15. After weaning, pups were assessed in locomotor activity, a reference memory task in the Morris water maze, and a spatial delayed alternation task in the T-maze. Additionally, pups were subjected to a pharmacological challenge with PCP in the delayed alternation task. In males, No significant differences were detected between PCP- and saline-treated animals in locomotor activity. However, in the reference memory task, PCP-treated males had significantly longer path lengths, and displayed a non-significant trend towards increased thigmotaxia. Furthermore, males treated with PCP displayed significantly reduced accuracy in the working memory task without differences in choice latency, and were more sensitive to the acute effects of PCP than saline controls. Finally, these deficits were associated with a 29% increase in NR1 subunit expression in the hippocampus. Interestingly, PCP-treated female mice were not significantly different from saline-treated controls in locomotor activity, reference memory task performance, or delayed alternation performance, did not have a significantly different reaction to pharmacological challenge with PCP in the delayed alternation task, and did not demonstrate any changes in NR1 subunit expression. The present study provided the first evidence that early postnatal PCP administration in C57BL/6 mice can produce selective memory pairments. However, this effect was limited to the male mice, suggesting that the female mice were protected somewhat from these effects.
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Parker, Brenda Carol. "The relationship between attention and memory and school readiness in West Virginia preschoolers." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2001. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=30.
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Linkenbach, Jeffrey Warren. "COMMON EARLY RECOLLECTION THEMES OF RECREATION SPECIALISTS (SKI INSTRUCTORS, MEMORY, LIFE STYLE, ADLERIAN PSYCHOLOGY)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275424.
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Albasser, Mathieu M. "Use of immediate-early gene expression to map relationships between limbic structures supporting memory." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55876/.
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This thesis explores the influence of brain regions within the "extended hippocampal memory system" on the activity of the retrosplenial cortex in the rat. One of the first goals was to use lesion studies to improve the understanding of the vulnerability of the retrosplenial cortex, especially in the context of diencephalic and temporal lobe amnesia. The second was to assess what are the brain areas within the temporal lobe involved in object recognition and how they interact. These two objectives were made possible by visualising immediate-early gene expression. By combining this technique with lesions, distal effects of different lesions (hippocampus, mammillothalamic tract and fornix) on the activity of the retrosplenial cortex were measured. For object recognition, the immediate-early gene imaging enabled the assessment of normal brain activity in rats associated with behavioural discrimination of novelty. The lesion studies provide information about the specific and common vulnerability of the retrosplenial cortex, as all three distal lesions resulted in a decrease of immediate-early gene activity in the retrosplenial cortex. In addition, these findings unify diencephalic amnesia with temporal amnesia, and emphasize the need to study networks or systems instead of individual structure. The immediate-early gene/object recognition experiment implicated the caudal part of the perirhinal cortex (and Te2) and of the hippocampus in object recognition, and highlighted the importance of mapping brain region relationships within a connected system. Taken together, these experiments provide clear support for the concept of an extended hippocampal memory system, but also show how this system may interact with other structures involved in different forms of memory. The findings underlie the potential afforded by use of immediate-early gene expression techniques in animal studies.
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Bourke, Lorna. "Working memory and writing skills in children during the early years of primary school." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402880.
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Warne, Naomi. "Autobiographical memory and early-onset depression : insights from the environment, genetics and brain structure." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/119558/.
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Difficulty remembering specific events from the personal past, known as overgeneral autobiographical memory (AM), has been associated with adult depression. However, evidence for overgeneral memory as a risk factor for early-onset depression is less consistent, and the aetiology of overgeneral memory is not well understood. The aim of this thesis was to examine whether overgeneral memory could be a risk factor or risk mechanism for early-onset depression. I first examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between overgeneral memory and depression. Overgeneral AM to negative cues was associated with cross-sectional depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms three years later, thereby indicating temporal precedence. I also assessed whether overgeneral memory was a risk mechanism through which known risk factors for depression (stressful life events (SLEs) and genetic risk) exert their effects. Although overgeneral memory was associated with SLEs, it did not mediate the relationship with depression. Instead, results suggested overgeneral memory and SLEs exert independent effects on subsequent depression. In contrast, overgeneral memory was not associated with common genetic risk for depression. Finally I investigated whether white matter connections in the brain could help explain the link between overgeneral memory and depression. White matter tracts previously associated with depression were linked to specific AMs that were positive in content but not to other measures of AM. In combination, these finding suggest that overgeneral memory is a risk factor for early-onset depression although observed effect sizes were small. Thus, targeting overgeneral memory could be useful for treatment and prevention of early-onset depression. Overgeneral memory was not a mechanism for known risk factors of depression (SLEs and genetic risk). The association with white matter tracts involved in depression provides preliminary evidence that overgeneral memory could be a risk mechanism for depression. Nevertheless, preliminary evidence from this small cross-sectional study requires replication in larger, longitudinal studies.
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Levin, Laura. "Mechanisms Linking Early Behavioral Inhibition to Later Social Functioning: The Role of Autobiographical Memory Biases." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/100.
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This study examined the associations between behavioral inhibition in early childhood and patterns of social-emotional functioning in adolescence. As part of a larger longitudinal study on temperament and social development, adolescents who were recruited as infants completed two tasks to assess social-cognitive biases at follow-up: an information-processing task and an autobiographical memory task. The information-processing task assessed adolescents? interpretations of ambiguous situations. Next, adolescents completed an autobiographical memory task where they were exposed to both social and neutral-cued words, and recalled the first memory that came to mind. Memories were coded for specificity, affective tone, response latency, and emotional intensity. Afterwards, adolescents were also presented with a word recall task. In addition, shyness and socially anxious behaviors were observed as adolescents participated in a self-presentation speech task with an unfamiliar peer. Behavioral inhibition at age two was found to predict higher levels of observed anxious behaviors (self-presentation anxiety) during the peer interaction. This relation appears to be mediated by a pattern of blunted affect in response to socially-cued autobiographical memories. While the relation between temperament ratings of early behavioral inhibition and the blunted memory affect was content-specific to social-cued words, current self-presentation anxiety during the peer interaction was related to a more generalized bias that was not content-specific. In addition to the blunted memory affect, adolescent self-presentation anxiety was associated with less affective interpretations on the story task, poorer word recall, slowed response times, decreased emotional intensity.
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Faulds, Karen Elaine. "Working memory matters : a series of case studies evaluating the effect of a working memory intervention in children with early onset otitis media." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021618/.
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Otitis Media (glue ear) delays reading (Kindig & Richards, 2000) by impacting on phonological processing, and may affect working memory development (Mody et al, 1999). Reported links between working memory capacity and school success (Bourke & Adams, 2003; Gathercole, Pickering, Knight & Stegman, 2004), suggest that working memory has a crucial role in learning. Deficits have been linked to anxiety during task performance (Hadwin, Brogan & Stevenson, 2005) and low self-esteem (Alloway, Gathercole, Kirkwood & Elliott, 2009). Sixteen children aged seven to ten with a history of early onset Otitis Media, together with a comparison group of twelve children were assessed on a range of measures of phonological processing, single word and non-word reading, non-verbal reasoning and working memory, and an attitude to self and school rating scale, before and after working memory training. Semi-structured interviews and classroom observations of learning behaviours were used to elaborate the findings from the quantitative data. Significant differences were found between the groups before training in verbal and visuo-spatial short term and working memory, and non-word reading. Following training these differences were no longer significant. Performance in reading and phonological tasks was found to improve for both groups following training. Mean scores for responses to the learning attitudes rating scales were not significantly different before or after training, but large individual differences were found for children in both groups. Case studies are presented of individual children in the Otitis Media group. The results indicate that, as found in previous studies, a history of Otitis Media can result in weaknesses in phonological processes, memory and literacy development, and the original contribution of this study indicates that these may be ameliorated by a working memory intervention. Improvements in working memory did not appear to affect children’s overall learning identities but more positive feelings were found after training for several children.
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Cornejo, Brandon John. "A single early life seizure permanently alters working memory, hippocampal plasticity and glutamate receptor localization /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. IP filtered, 2006.
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Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmacology) -- University of Colorado, 2006.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-149). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Ward, Heather Jean, and n/a. "Prospective Memory: Early Developmental Trajectory and Effects of Paediatric Traumatic Brain Injury on its Functioning." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050804.154501.
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Very little is known about the effects of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) on prospective memory, the memory for future intentions such as remembering to post a letter in the morning or do homework. The main aim of this thesis was to redress that shortcoming in the literature. To investigate the effects of paediatric TBI on prospective memory as reliably and fully as possible, the study of children and adolescents with brain injuries was preceded by a developmental study. Given that the process of recovery from brain injury is imposed on the ongoing process of development, it is important to understand more about the normal developmental trajectory of prospective memory first of all. Study 1 compared the prospective-memory performance of 88 normally developing children, adolescents and young adults. The main task was computerised, and its design was influenced by a prefrontal-lobe model because prospective memory is believed to be mediated by the prefrontal regions of the brain. Variables associated with prefrontal-lobe capacity were manipulated: the cognitive demand of an ongoing task, and the importance of the prospective task. Results of Study 1 found that children remembered to respond to fewer prospective cues than adolescents or adults, but that adolescents and adults remembered similarly. Further, the differences between the children's performance and the adolescents' and adults' widened as the cognitive demand of the ongoing task increased. However, the effects of increasing the cognitive demand did not vary between the adolescents and adults. It made no difference to anyone's performance whether the importance of remembering the prospective cues was stressed or not. On the other hand, performance on executive functions, as measured by the Self-Ordered Pointing Task (SOPT), the Stroop Colour Word Interference Test (Stroop), and the Tower of London (TOL), which are also believed to be affected by prefrontal capacity, produced the same age effects as were produced on the computerised prospective-memory task. Further, performance on the SOPT and Stroop predicted performance on the high-demand level of the prospective-memory task. Study 2 compared 34 children and adolescents with TBI with the non-injured children and adolescents from Study 1 on the same tasks. Results revealed that overall those with TBI had poorer prospective-memory performance than their non-injured peers. However, a different pattern of impairment was evident in the children than in the adolescents. Specifically, the children with TBI performed similarly to their non-injured peers, but the adolescents with TBI were significantly worse than the non-injured adolescents. This trend was most noticeable as the cognitive demand of the ongoing task increased. Further, the age and injury effects were reflected in the performances on the executive-function tests, and the TOL predicted performance on the high-demand, prospective-memory task in those with TBI. Study 3 aimed to examine the ecological validity of Study 2, by investigating whether the impairments in prospective memory in young people with TBI measured quantitatively, were matched with qualitative data. Twelve parents of children and adolescents with mild to severe TBI were interviewed about whether or not their children's injuries impacted on their memory (retrospective and prospective) in everyday life. Results showed that in general most children suffered memory losses as a result of their brain injuries, and that prospective-memory loss caused particular hardships for the children and their families. Taken together, the results of the current research revealed that the development of prospective memory reaches a peak of maturity in adolescence, and that adolescents with TBI show greater decrements in prospective memory than adolescents without TBI, but that this pattern is not evident in children, where those with TBI were not significantly different from those without. These findings give support to the prefrontal-lobe model of prospective memory by showing that prefrontal maturity, which reaches a peak during adolescence, reflects the prospective-memory performance of healthy adolescents, and prefrontal injury, which is very common with TBI, shows the effects of deficits more during adolescence than in earlier years when the prefrontal regions are not yet fully developed. Study 3 showed that impairments in prospective memory that result from TBI translate into disabilities in the real world. As a follow up it is recommended that rehabilitation strategies be designed to assist young people with prospective-memory impairments adjust better to school and the demands of everyday living. The prefrontal-lobe model should guide the design of such strategies.
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Al-Namlah, Abdulrahman S. "A sociocultural approach to memory development : private speech and culture as determinants of early remembering." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3967/.
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The main purpose of the studies reported in this thesis was to investigate young children’s memory development within a Vygotskian (1934/1986) theoretical framework in an attempt to understand the mechanisms via which socio-cultural factors impact on children's remembering. The central hypothesis of the studies undertaken for this thesis was that children's use of language to regulate their own behaviour involved the mechanism via which individual differences in social and cultural background impact on children's memory development. In particular, children's use of private speech as a means of using language strategically to regulate their behaviour was examined in its relations to their remembering performance on the assumption that effects of social and cultural factors on memory development will be reflected through the extent to which children in both the British and the Saudi societies tended to use this verbal behaviour. The phenomenon of private speech represents the developmental and functional relationship between social processes and the child's mental functioning in the sense that this verbal behaviour is assumed to underlie the developmental course of the child's intemalisation of social processes. Therefore, establishing links between private speech and children's memory development signifies the notion concerning the inseparability of the individual and the act of remembering from their social and cultural contexts (Mistry, 1997).Chapter 1 is dedicated to discuss the development of working memory processes and their determinants aiming to highlight the fact that several authors have argued for the importance of investigating effects of children's social and cultural contexts on their remembering behaviour in order to identify those mechanisms that are assumed to underlie developmental changes in children's memory performance. Chapter 2 reviews theories on the cultural processes influencing memory, and previous research on cross-cultural differences in memory development. Chapter 2 also outlines the theoretical framework of the studies reported in this thesis. Study 1 reported in Chapter 3 examined the incidence and function of private speech as well as its developmental and social aspects within and between the two cultural groups of children: the British and the Saudi Arabian. The findings indicated that private speech is a universal stage in children's cognitive development and its developmental and functional aspects are considered to be a function of cultural variations in children's socialisation between the two cultures. Study 2 reported in Chapter 4 was designed to address the possibility that private speech as a self-regulatory verbal behaviour may explain children's individual differences within and across the two cultures in terms of use of the subvocal rehearsal within the model of working memory. This issue was examined by linking private speech to the phenomenon of phonological similarity effect that is assumed to signify children's tendency to employ the subvocal rehearsal (Gathercole & Baddeley, 1993). The findings showed that in both cultures, children who relied more on private speech to regulate their behaviour were more susceptible to the phonological similarity effect and their overall remembering performance was better than children who were less dependent on private speech. These results suggest that the regulating capacity inherent in private speech enhances strategic remembering in verbal working memory. The relationship between private speech and remembering was further examined in Study 3 reported in Chapter 5. Study 3 aimed to investigate how children's individual differences within and across the two cultures in terms of using private speech would relate to their autobiographical narratives. Based on the dominant cultural norms, early socialisation of autobiographical memory involves teaching children the appropriate cultural way of reporting past personal memories in an organised narrative style when participating in memory talks with others, particularly parents. In this regard, children use language to achieve two main goals, the first is to share memories with others and the second is to use language internally in order to develop a self-reminding capacity (Nelson, 1993c; Nelson & Fivush, 2000). By representing the genetic link between social processes and mental processes, private speech may underlie the developmental shift from using language externally as in parent-child memory conversations towards applying it internally in order to enhance the development of self-reminding talk. Therefore, within Study 3, it was hypothesised that children's use of self-regulatory private speech might be the mechanism via which social interactions and cultural practices affect children's autobiographical memory. The findings of Study 3 provided support for a strategic use of language via private speech in the development of children's personal memories. In both cultures, children who were dependent more on private speech were better able in reporting more autobiographical narrative in a more organised way than children who relied less on this verbal behaviour. There was also a cultural effect on children's personal memories in the sense that the British than the Saudi children have reported more autobiographical memories in a more detailed way. The final chapter summarises the main findings of the three studies and indicates issues arising from these findings.
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Kolyaduke, Olga. "Long term effects of MDMA administration in rats during early and late adolescence." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5571.
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Drug use and abuse for recreational purposes is a common phenomenon, with club drugs such as MDMA (3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine) being popular for its energetic and euphoric effects – recreating an artificial feeling of “Ecstasy”. Although use of the drug itself has remained relatively constant over the years, the population among which it is popular has been shifting toward younger users, with MDMA use among adolescents becoming more prominent. However research on the effects that MDMA has on the developing adolescent brain has been limited. The current study focuses on the long term effects in rats following chronic MDMA exposure during either early or late adolescence. In adulthood, the rats’ memory, activity and emotional reactivity were assessed through frequency of ambulation, grooming, rearing, defecation, and corner or center occupancy of an open-field, novel object-recognition in the open-field, emergence from a dark chamber into a bright area, and recognition of the changed arm of the Y-maze. The results showed that there were significant long-term effects resulting in increased anxiety for rats treated with MDMA during late adolescence only. This increase of emotional reactivity was indicated through decreased ambulation on the open-field measures, decreased movement between the dark and light chambers, and decreased entries of both arms of the Y-maze. Sex of the animal was also found to differentiate MDMA effects, with females showing a greater increase in anxiety. Measures regarding spatial and working memory were not significant. Overall, the results suggest that animals are more susceptible to long-term effects following MDMA administration in late, but not early adolescence. Furthermore, memory appears to remain unaffected regardless of the age of administration, and only anxiety levels were affected by the drug.
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Newbury, Jayne Margaret. "Early language variation and working memory: A longitudinal study of late talkers and typically developing children." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Communication Disorders, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9665.
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This research explored whether variation in working memory ability helps account for the wide variation in toddlers' language skills and improves predictive models of language outcomes over time. A cohort of typically developing (TD) (n = 55) and late talking children (n = 24) were assessed at two time points. The initial assessment took place at ages 24-30 months and the outcome assessment occurred 18 months later, when the children were aged 41-49 months. The assessment battery included standardised tests of language and visual cognition; assessments representing aspects of Baddeley's model of working memory: phonological short term memory (PSTM), a measure of processing speed, verbal working memory (VWM), visual spatial working memory (VSWM), and a parent report questionnaire of executive functioning (EF). Study 1 explored the associations between these aspects of working memory and concurrent expressive vocabulary at ages 24-30 months and examined group differences in the measures between TD and late talking children. Study 2 explored associations between aspects of working memory and concurrent expressive language in the same cohort at 41-49 months of age. Group differences in the measures between resolved late talkers (RLTs) and TD children were explored. Finally Study 3 explored the ability of the measures used at 24-30 months to predict language outcomes at 41-49 months. These results were considered in relation to the prediction of language outcomes on group and individual levels. Overall the results indicated a strong relationship between early PSTM and early language measures. A novel finding was that PSTM was significantly lower in the late talking and RLT groups compared with the TD groups, even after controlling for group differences in language and phonology at both time points. This confirms previous research that PSTM plays a role in early expressive vocabulary acquisition, and suggests that early PSTM deficits may be a causal factor for some cases of late talking. For the whole group, three working memory variables (VWM, Emotional Control and Shift) measured at 24-30 months added unique variance to predictive models in total language scores at 41-49 months after previously established early predictors (receptive language and parent education) had been entered into the hierarchical regression model (receptive language R²Δ = 59%; parent education R²Δ = 2%; VWM R²Δ = 8%; Emotional Control R²Δ = 1% and Shift R²Δ = 2%). This is another novel finding which supports the concept of working memory playing a unique role in language acquisition between the ages two and four years. Processing speed did not contribute unique variance to regression models predicting language when other working memory measures were included. The A not B task (measuring VSWM) did not correlate with language. There were concerns with construct validity with the EF parent report measure (Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Preschool Version), which meant that the results from this assessment were interpreted with caution. In terms of clinical outcomes, 83% of the late talkers resolved their language delays over the 18 month period, but as a group showed a seven-fold increase in being identified for clinical concerns at the outcome assessment than children who were not late talkers. The majority of these concerns were for poor phonology. While early VWM, Shift and Emotional Control added unique variance to outcome total language scores on a group level, they did not improve prediction of individual outcomes in language impairment status at 41-49 months. Early receptive language delay was a more powerful predictor of later language impairment than late talking in this cohort, as these children (n = 9) showed only a 44% rate of resolution.
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Meredith-Lobay, Megan Elizabeth. "The persistence of memory : a contextual landscape study of the early Christian churches of Argyll, Scotland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612893.
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Barroso, Raimunda Eliana Cordeiro. "CHILDHOOD AND MEMORY: THE EDUCATION OF CEARÃÂS CHILDREN IN THE EARLY DECADES OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=982.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEsta pesquisa tem como objetivo construir um conhecimento sobre a infÃncia cearense nas primeiras dÃcadas do sÃculo XX, quando circulavam nos meios educacionais novas idÃias sobre a educaÃÃo da crianÃa. Estas idÃias tiveram sua origem no movimento internacional das Escolas Novas â iniciado na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Tal movimento propunha o rompimento com uma educaÃÃo tradicional de carÃter intelectualista, centrada na figura do professor. Defendia uma pedagogia fundamentada em conhecimentos cientÃficos sobre a crianÃa, um ensino baseado na atividade do aluno que por sua vez deveria ocupar o centro do processo educativo. Enfim, uma educaÃÃo que se apoiava numa nova concepÃÃo de infÃncia. No Brasil, esse novo ideÃrio pedagÃgico foi propagado no primeiro perÃodo republicano, apÃs ter sido aplicado em vÃrias partes do mundo. As novas atitudes em relaÃÃo à educaÃÃo da crianÃa foram veiculadas nacionalmente por educadores e intelectuais atravÃs de publicaÃÃes cientÃficas ou de cunho didÃtico; por meio dos programas das Escolas Normais; como tambÃm atravÃs do ciclo de reformas educacionais nos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal, ocorrido na dÃcada de 1920, tendo o Cearà como um dos pioneiros na sua implantaÃÃo. Reconhecendo a importÃncia da chegada dessas idÃias e sua repercussÃo na ambiÃncia cultural cearense, nossa proposta foi tentar reconstruir o cotidiano de crianÃas que se submeteram à educaÃÃo formal em instituiÃÃes escolares, ou mesmo em casa, nos primeiros decÃnios do sÃculo XX. Foi nosso interesse investigar a influÃncia de idÃias escolanovistas na educaÃÃo da infÃncia naquele perÃodo. Na busca desses objetivos enveredamos pelo caminho metodolÃgico da histÃria oral. Confiamos à fonte da memÃria o trabalho de nos trazer do passado uma histÃria que nÃo se encontra nos livros. Para tanto, contamos com a colaboraÃÃo de sete depoentes com idade entre 84 e 102 anos que se dispuseram a relatar suas histÃrias de vida com Ãnfase na fase da infÃncia. A partir dos relatos dessas pessoas âcomunsâ, conseguimos desenhar, utilizando as cores da memÃria, a imagem de uma infÃncia cujo cenÃrio possuÃa caracterÃsticas rurais, no qual crianÃa e natureza se confundiam principalmente nos momentos de lazer. Nas narrativas ficou evidente a carÃncia de instituiÃÃes de ensino, embora fossem constantes as promessas governamentais de melhoria na educaÃÃo. Apesar disso, outras alternativas foram encontradas para a educaÃÃo das crianÃas. Nesse campo predominava uma pedagogia tradicional, embora traÃos de novidade fossem identificados nas escolas freqÃentadas pelos depoentes. Constatamos que aquelas idÃias que atravessaram mares atà chegar entre nÃs e movimentaram o ambiente cultural cearense, pouco repercutiram no cotidiano escolar e domÃstico de nossas crianÃas. Apesar disso acreditamos que as iniciativas decorrentes destas, nÃo foram em vÃo e sim muito importantes na definiÃÃo de uma nova infÃncia, hoje centro gravitacional de vÃrios campos da ciÃncia, como tambÃm de polÃticas educacionais
The objective of this research is to build up some knowledge on the childhood in Cearà during the first decades of the 20th century, when new ideas on children education had arisen in the educational milieu. These ideas had their origin in the international movement of the New Schools â beginning in Europe and the United States. This movement proposed the rupture of the traditional education whose characteristics were the intellectualism and teacher centered education. It defended a pedagogy grounded in scientific knowledge of a child, a teaching based in the student activity, which, on its turn should occupy the center of the educational process; In brief, an education which was based on a new conception of childhood. In Brazil, this set of pedagogical ideas was proposed in the first republican period, after it had been applied in several other parts of the world. The new attitudes in relation to children education were transmitted nationally by educators and scholars through scientific or pedagogic publications; through the teacher preparatory schools, as well as through the educational reform cycles in the Brazilian schools and the Federal District, occurred in the 1920Âs, being Cearà one of the pioneers in its implantation. By acknowledging the importance of the arrival of these ideas and its effects in the cultural milieu of CearÃ, our proposal was to try to rebuild the children routine that undergo formal education in schools, or even at home, during the early decades of the 20th century. It was our goal to investigate the influence of the new-school ideas in children education during that period. In the search of these objectives we set out for the methodological way of the oral history. We rely on the memory of interviewees to bring from the past a history which we can not retrieve in books. Therefore, we counted on the cooperation of seven interviewees aged 84 to 102 years old who were willing to relate the history of their lives with focus to their childhood. From the account of these ordinary people, we managed to trace back the image of a childhood whose scenery had rural characteristics, in which the child and the nature mingled, especially during leisure time. In the narratives, it is evident the lack of educational institutions, though the governmental promises for increase of vacancies in elementary schools were constant. In spite of this, other alternatives were encountered for the children education. In this field, a traditional pedagogy prevailed, even though features of newness were identified in the schools the interviewees went. We certified that those ideas that crossed oceans to reach us and bustled the cultural scene of CearÃ, had little impact in the school routine and the daily life of our children. Despite this, we believe that the actions that occurred afterward were not in vain. They were very important for the definition of a new childhood, which is today the center of interest of several fields in science, as well as educational policies
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Munson, Jessica. "Temple Histories and Communities of Practice in Early Maya Society: Archaeological Investigations at Caobal, Petén, Guatemala." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228136.
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The architectural remains of prehispanic Maya monumental buildings represent a series of actions, decisions, and repeated practices, which contribute to the long sequences of construction observed in the archaeological record. This dissertation examines the history of temple construction and architectural changes at Caobal, a small center located near Ceibal in the Pasión region of Guatemala, to address questions about related social and political transformations during the Preclassic and Classic periods. The current study outlines a multilayered diachronic approach to investigate the ways prehispanic Maya communities constructed and modified their social landscape over long periods of time by participating in the tradition of monumental building.This study views minor temples such as Caobal as local nodes of community and religious interaction for groups outside the core of major Maya centers. By focusing on the materiality and temporality of minor temple architecture beyond primary centers of power, we can examine how these buildings were comprised of daily practices, identity politics, and religious values in prehispanic Maya society. The durability and permanence of these features, as well as deviations and modifications to earlier forms, demonstrate how such religious principles and practices intersected with the production of local politics and institutions of centralized authority. This study also views the acts of monument construction itself as part of an ongoing ritual process in prehispanic Maya society. The materialization and proliferation of temple architecture during the Preclassic and Classic periods can be regarded as pervasive expressions of political power and religious ideology, yet these architectural practices were not comprised of fixed or timeless traditions. To understand how specific memory practices and historical narratives shaped prehispanic Maya architectural traditions, this study examines not only the material and social foundations of these declarations but also the processes by which people's actions shaped and transformed their relationship with those who came before them. Ultimately, these processes involve the negotiation of internal conflicts and social difference as well as external power struggles. Using the local history of monument construction at Caobal, this study demonstrates how prehispanic Maya communities actively constructed and transformed their social worlds by building on the past.
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Ozdemir, Diler. "Ankara Hippodrome: The National Celebrations Of Early Republican Turkey,1923-1938." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605484/index.pdf.
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this study analyzes the relationship between national celebrations and thespatial practices of Ankara Hippodrome in the Early Republican Turkey.National festivals areregarded as social-performative commemorations and political practices in origin. the period between 1923 and 1938 is considered as the construction period of the Republican Regime that gave a form for the recolleciton of Turkish society. the scope of our thesis is limited with the construciton of social memory, which is integrated with the nation-construciton processes. the conceptual frame and the case study of our research are structured by the archiva official documents of this period to explore how the naiton-building processes are realized through the interaction between memory and space.