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Journal articles on the topic 'Early Republic Era'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Yildiz, Filiz, and Ozlem Aydogmus Ordem. "Childhood Ideology in the Early Turkish Republican Era." Journal of Politics and Law 11, no. 3 (2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n3p82.

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Studies on ideology in the social sciences have been incremental in recent decades. Childhood ideology remains a pivotal issue in the humanities from pedagogy to philosophy. Since children are easily accessible ideological subjects, the exercise of ideology can be more clearly noticed in children. This study aims to focus on childhood ideology adopted by the authorities in the early Turkish Republican Era. The emergence and rise of nationalism from 1923 directed by the authorities to focus on what kind of generation they would raise for the future of the Turkish Republic. The study involved fo

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Kong, Lingkai. "The Changes and Continuities Between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 5 (2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.5.314.

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The transformation of the Ottoman Empire into the Turkish Republic was accompanied by change and continuities. The newly founded early republics necessarily inherited relics from the previous era and were significantly affected by economic and social institutions that sculpted their personality and mannerisms. This paper reveals the connection between the subjectivity of the late Ottoman and early Turkish republics through four aspects: state traditions, bureaucracy, the role of the military, and political culture, with both innovative changes and continuities. These connections facilitate com

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Kaya, Mehmet Melik. "Citizenship Education in Early Republican Era in Turkey." Research in Social Sciences and Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2022.7.

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In Turkey, the Republican Era, which started in 1923, is a period in which state institutions were rapidly restructured and these institutions were reconstituted within the framework of the ideology of the newly established state. Education has taken its share in this reconstruction process as well. One of the important regulations in the field of education was the 1924 curriculum. The 1924 curriculum was quite important in terms of reflecting the Republic’s perspective on education and the importance it attaches to education. Through this curriculum, it was aimed to raise patriotic individual

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Köksal, Duygu. "Art and Power in Turkey: Culture, Aesthetics and Nationalism During the Single Party Era." New Perspectives on Turkey 31 (2004): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600004027.

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One prominent intellectual of the early Turkish Republic, İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu, argued that the new Republic should be “a Republic of fine arts.” Indeed, the early Republican project in Turkey perceived culture and art as media through which the Republic could not only represent its achievements but also “create” itself. The present study focuses on the cultural policies and elite perceptions of culture during the single-party regime in Turkey. More specifically, it looks into the developments that took place in the plastic arts and in elite approaches towards aesthetics. This is done in o

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Olsen, Christopher J. "Era of Experimentation: American Political Practices in the Early Republic." American Nineteenth Century History 17, no. 1 (2016): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2016.1175868.

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Ray, K. "Era of Experimentation: American Political Practices in the Early Republic." Journal of American History 102, no. 1 (2015): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav318.

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Arnold, Linda. "Vulgar and Elegant: Politics and Procedure in Early National Mexico." Americas 50, no. 4 (1994): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007893.

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Mexicans during the early national era actively grappled with identifying, clarifying, and defining core republican political values, principles, and doctrines. Throughout the first federal republic (1824-1835), the central republic (1835-1846), the second federal republic (1846-1853), and into the years of the Revolution of Ayutla (1853-1855) and the Wars for Reform (1858-1861), defining and protecting individual rights, delimiting the rights and prerogatives of corporations and their members, and limiting the power of the state became the fundamental challenges Mexicans confronted as they en

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Saidov, Shavkat J. "SCIENTIFIC, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RESEARCH OF KHOREZM-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SOVIET ERA (XIX CENTURY AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 6, no. 4 (2024): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue04-06.

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This article is dedicated to studying the scientific-theoretical and methodological aspects of bilateral relations during the historical period from the early 19th century to the first quarter of the 20th century between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire (1806-1917), the Provisional Government (March-October 1917), the Soviet state (1917-1920), and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (KPSR) with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1920-1924) in the historiography of the Soviet period. The author attempts to illumi

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Evgrafova, Olga G. "Early Forms of Teachers' Education in the Republic of Chuvashia." ARPHA Proceedings 3 (November 25, 2020): 499–513. https://doi.org/10.3897/ap.2.e0499.

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In the process of establishment of teacher education each region of the Russian Federation has its own characteristics. In the era of global natural and social disasters, the rapid spread of deadly viral diseases, the issues of organizing new forms of employees' work, including in the education system, are becoming urgent. The teacher ceases to be just a source of information, mobility is expected from him, readiness to apply non-standard forms of education, independence, readiness to learn new things. It seems to us valuable to study historical experience in the deployment of new forms of tea

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Eyal, Yonatan. "Daniel Peart. Era of Experimentation: American Political Practices in the Early Republic." American Historical Review 120, no. 1 (2015): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.1.238a.

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Yurdagul, Esin. "Sino-Turkish Relations from the Pre-Modern Era to the Present." International Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 1 (2022): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijeas.vol11no1.8.

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In the early 21st century, relations between People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Turkey were not a point of focus for international observers, but now one can observe a dramatic change in perception has. Multidimensional Sino-Turkish relations dates back as far as to the pre-modern era. This study attempts at filling the gap on multidimensional Sino-Turkish relations in official, diplomatic, military, economy and culture, political, and religious level from the pre-modern era to the present through a historical perspective narrative.

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Ahmet, Murat Kadıoğlu. "Early Republican Period Sports Policies and Turkish Sports Institution Journal." SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL 10, no. 10 (2024): 1697–704. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990419.

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This study examines the position of women in sports policies during the Early Republican Era through document analysis of the Turkish Sports Institution Journal, an important publication of the time. In the early years of the Republic, sports were considered a crucial tool for both individual development and the construction of national identity. The Turkish Sports Institution Journal is significant for reflecting the policies of the period. In the study, 25 issues of the Turkish Sports Institution Journal, published between June and December 1936, were analyzed. The findings reveal that the j

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Shankman, Andrew. "Era of Experimentation: American Political Practices in the Early Republic by Daniel Peart." Journal of the Early Republic 35, no. 4 (2015): 663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2015.0071.

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Aydın, Barış Can. "Development and Progress of Translation Activities in Türkiye from Late Ottoman to Early Republican Era." International Journal of Language and Translation Studies 5, no. 1 (2025): 140–65. https://doi.org/10.63673/lotus.1649494.

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This study examines the development and progression of translation activities in Türkiye from the late Ottoman Empire to the early Republican era. It also explores how the Empire’s rich cultural and linguistic diversity laid the groundwork for significant translation practices that shaped Turkish literature and intellectual thought. Furthermore, it analyses how the translation efforts that accelerated during the Republican period contributed to the construction of a new national identity in the nascent Turkish Republic. The study addresses how the translation activities carried out by the Tran

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SAETHER, STEINAR A. "Independence and the Redefinition of Indianness around Santa Marta, Colombia, 1750–1850." Journal of Latin American Studies 37, no. 1 (2005): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04008600.

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This article explores the changing meaning of Indianness during the long independence era. Focusing on six towns around Santa Marta, it discusses why these were considered Indian in the late colonial period, why they supported the royalist cause during the Independence struggles and how their inhabitants ceased to be identified as Indians within a few decades of republican rule. While recent subaltern studies have emphasised Indian resistance against the liberal, republican states formed in early nineteenth-century Latin America, here it is argued that some former Indian communities opted for

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Çokoğullar, Emel, and B. Mehmet Bozaslan. "Education In early republican period: Legitimacy of the new regime and “nation manners”." International Journal of Innovative Research in Education 1, no. 2 (2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijire.v1i2.122.

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In 1923 with the proclamation of the Republic began a new era. One of the main issues of this period has been to provide the legitimacy of the new regime. Corresponds to the specified purpose education has tried to take advantage of the functional direction. The secular nature of the winning educational institutions, described the principles of the new regime and the real salvation were stated to be realized by obedience to political power and these principles. In this way, both have tried to create a Turkish nation and commitment to the political power of the shaped by a "manners" the emphasi

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Hoetink, H. "The Dominican Republic in the twentieth century : notes on mobility and stratification." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 74, no. 3-4 (2000): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002562.

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Sketches some major social developments in 20th-c. Dominican Republic, concentrating on the turn of the last century, the early decades of the 20th c., the Trujillo period, and the post-Trujillo era. Author pays special attention the the question of 'color', stratification, and identity and the relation between the country and Haiti. He concludes that the Dominican Republic has experienced many great changes, making society more complex and more stratified.

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Neem, Johann N. "Creating Social Capital in the Early American Republic: The View from Connecticut." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39, no. 4 (2009): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2009.39.4.471.

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During the early years of the American republic, Connecticut's elite helped to develop a new form of social order, based on voluntary association, replacing the authoritarian, theological hierarchy of the old regime. Social relations, which were once thought fixed in nature by divine sanction, became amenable to the initiatives of the populace. By the antebellum era, Americans had also discovered that social capital could be created through the ordinary activities of people engaged in civil society.

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Obeid, Ass Lecturer Mohammed Aziz. "The Julio-Claudian Roman Family and Their Role in Establishing the Foundations of the Early Imperial Age (14–68 AD)." Thi Qar Arts Journal 3, no. 45 (2024): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v3i45.571.

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The Julio-Claudian family was credited with solidifying the foundations of the Roman Empire, which was anxious due to the deeply rooted republican thought in the Senate (Senatus), which was looking for opportunities to pounce on the empire and return it to the republican era. However, this family stood against this project by creating the Imperial Guard (Praetorian), especially after the assassination of Julius Caesar inside the Senate with knives by the council members. The decisive word in the power transition process was for the leaders of the Imperial Guard, whose command to maintain their

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Mason, Matthew. "Reluctant Reformer: Nathan Sanford in the Era of the Early Republic by Ann Sandford." Journal of the Early Republic 39, no. 2 (2019): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2019.0038.

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Korkmaz, Sevda. "Reports and Effects of German Experts on Physical Education and Sports in the Early Republican Era in Turkey." Research in Educational Policy and Management 4, no. 1 (2022): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/repam.2022.2.

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After the proclamation of the Republic, major reforms took place in almost every field in the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey, that is, from a 600-year-old empire to a nation-state. This great transformation in the institutional structure and mentality put education at the focal point of the reforms. In order to change and increase the quality of education and training activities, many experts came to Turkey, conducted investigations and interviews, and prepared reports containing their recommendations. The main reference points for the founders of the republic wer

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Sawchuck, Christina. "An Arctic Republic of Letters in Early Twentieth-Century Canada." Nordlit 12, no. 1 (2008): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.1319.

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The writing of historical polar exploration in the English-speaking academy has undergone a substantial shift in the past twenty years, to the point where it may be safe to declare that the once-dominant triumphal and hagiographical style, inherited from the nineteenth century, has breathed its last. The explorer as depicted in this tradition has become a figure of fun in current discourse, easily recognizable in the contours of caricature. Sherrill Grace, for example, presents for our inspection "courageous men battling a dangerous, hostile, female terra incognita to prove their masculinity a

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23

Ou, Yuan Zhi. "Surviving Troubled Times on the Borders of China: Sheng Shicai as a Successful Warlord in Xinjiang, 1931–34." Journal of Chinese Military History 10, no. 2 (2021): 89–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10009.

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Abstract Ethnicity, religion, and geopolitics affect historians’ interpretations of the history of Xinjiang, a very chaotic frontier region of China that did not come fully under the control of the People’s Republic of China until recent decades. The case of Sheng Shicai, an early Republican Era Chinese military officer, shows how professional training and, most importantly, the ability to capitalize on emerging opportunities contributed to his military success in Xinjiang from 1931 to 1934. This paper analyzes the Republic of China’s government documents, Sheng and his acquaintances’ memoirs,

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İnce, Selami. "Ideological Representation in Turkish Cinema and Turkish Cinema During the AK Party Era." Border Crossing 15, no. 1 (2025): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.33182/bc.v15i1.2903.

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Cinema has long been recognized by governments for its societal influence, and Turkey is no exception. During the early years of the Republic, while all fine arts flourished under state protection, cinema did not receive the same level of support. However, Turkish cinema evolved in line with the Republic's official ideology, emphasizing values such as modernization and secularism. As the government acknowledged cinema's power, it began directing the industry to align with state interests, promoting a "Western" worldview. Following the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) in 200

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Ahonen, Pertti. "Domestic Constraints on West German Ostpolitik: The Role of the Expellee Organizations in the Adenauer Era." Central European History 31, no. 1-2 (1998): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900016034.

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TheOstpolitik of the early Federal Republic presents a puzzle: why did West Germany—a country that consistently denounced the brutal Eastern policies of the Third Reich and sought to present itself as a new, peace-loving entity—refuse to normalize its relations with most East European countries until the early 1970s? The existing literature has explained Bonn's behavior primarily with reference to foreign policy calculations, such as the need to isolate the GDR and its satellite allies and to avoid granting unilateral concessions to the Soviet bloc. Although such Staatsräson considerations wer

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Hung, Chang-Tai. "Repainting China: New Year Prints (Nianhua) and Peasant Resistance in the Early Years of the People's Republic." Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 4 (2000): 770–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500003315.

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On November 26, 1949, less than two months after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Ministry of Culture issued a directive to artists and writers about the importance and possible use in a new era of New Year prints (nianhua), a simple and inexpensive Chinese folk medium used to decorate homes in celebration of the New Year.

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Şenışık, Pınar. "The allied occupation of İstanbul and the construction of Turkish national identity in the early twentieth century." Nationalities Papers 46, no. 3 (2018): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1369018.

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This article tells the story of the construction of Turkish national identity in the early republican era by addressing two canonical novels about occupied İstanbul:Sodom ve Gomore(“Sodom and Gomorrah”) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu andBiz İnsanlar(“We People”) by Peyami Safa. Following the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Turkish nationalist intellectuals attempted to offer certain formulations and implemented various mechanisms to create a national self. The study aims to focus on the ways in which Karaosmanoğlu and Safa create the new Turkish national identity and deals with the questi

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López-Goñi, Irene. "Basque Schools in Navarre: The Early Stages, 1931-1936." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 4 (2005): 565–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00054.x.

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The Basque School, as well as a type of school, is an educational phenomenon that emerged and underwent most of its development during the twentieth century. Some initial confusion existed between the terms “Basque school,” “bilingual school” and “ikastola,” due to the undefined nature of the Basque model of schooling during this early period. These schools introduced a new model of education and pursued a common aim: to restore the Basque language and culture. Past research on ikastolas during the time of the Republic shows that the choice of term varied in Navarre according to the school's g

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Kelley, Mary. "“Vindicating the Equality of Female Intellect”: Women and Authority in the Early Republic." Prospects 17 (October 1992): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004646.

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In the wake of the Revolution and establishment of the republic, the essayist Judith Sargent Murray anticipated consequences beyond those typically proclaimed by newly independent Americans. “I expect,” she declared, “to see our young women forming a new era in female history.” Basing her claim upon already visible changes in the education of women, Murray noted that “female academies are every where establishing.” Their presence suggested that schooling in the use of the needle, once thought all that was necessary for a woman, was now being integrated with “studies of a more elevated and elev

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Kirby, William C. "China's Internationalization in the Early People's Republic: Dreams of a Socialist World Economy." China Quarterly 188 (December 2006): 870–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000476.

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The People's Republic of China, like the Chinese Communist Party that ruled it, was from its conception internationalist in premise and in promise. The PRC in its formative years would be Moscow's most faithful and self-sacrificing ally, a distinction earned in blood in Korea and by the fact that, unlike the East European “people's democracies,” the PRC's allegiance was not bought at gunpoint. This article researches one of the most ambitious international undertakings of that era: the effort to plan the development of half the world and to create a socialist world economy stretching from Berl

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WINTERER, CAROLINE. "WHERE IS AMERICA IN THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS?" Modern Intellectual History 9, no. 3 (2012): 597–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244312000212.

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Where is America in the republic of letters? This question has formed in my mind over the last four years as I have collaborated on a new project based at Stanford University called Mapping the Republic of Letters. The project aims to enrich our understanding of the intellectual networks of major and minor figures in the republic of letters, the international world of learning that spanned the centuries roughly from 1400 to 1800. By creating visual images based on large digitized data sets, we hope to reveal the hidden structures and conditions that nourished the growth of the republic of lett

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Öztürkmen, Arzu. "Modern Dance Alla Turca: Transforming Ottoman Dance in Early Republican Turkey." Dance Research Journal 35, no. 1 (2003): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767700008767.

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This essay looks at the works of Selma Selim Sırrı (b. 1906) and her father Selim Sırrı Tarcan (1874–1956), who wrote on dance in the 1920s, a period that marked the transition from the Ottoman Empire to modern Turkey. The Ottoman Empire ruled across the Mediterranean world between the thirteenth and twentieth centuries, collapsing after World War I. The Republic of Turkey was declared in 1923, distancing itself from the Ottoman tradition to adopt a westernization reform program. Written in the early Republican era, the works of Selma Selim Sırrı and Selim Sırrı Tarcan mark the shift from Otto

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Mukaeva, L. N., and T. P. Shastina. "Chuisky Tract – the Road Through Time and Space (From the Working Experience of the Project)." Topical Issues of Culture, Art, Education 36, no. 2 (2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32340/2949-2912-2023-2-35-42.

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The stages of work on the project "Chuisky Tract – the road through time and space" supported by the foundation of the all-Russian public-state organization "Russian Cultural Foundation" are analyzed from the conception to the development of the application and the initial stage of implementation. The project as a whole is considered as a means of broadcasting the historical and cultural heritage of the Altai Republic through the image of the Chuisky Tract, formed in scientific, artistic and travel literature of the 19th – early 21st centuries, in various types of oral folk art: "chauffeur" fo

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Pratiwi, Ananta Daru, Alifia Maulina, Aldilla Amalia, M. Fahza Rahmadi Rega, and Ahmad Agil Surya R. "Pengaruh Perencanaan Pembangunan Era Orde Lama pada Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Indonesia." Journal of Economics Development Issues 6, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/jedi.v6i1.151.

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The reign of Indonesia's Old Order lasted for about 23 years, from 1945 to 1968 under the leadership of President Soekarno. The economic situation in the early days of independence (1945-1949) was quite bad, including various problems such as very high inflation, the Dutch economic cessation since November 1945, and massive exploitation during the colonial period. However, during the old order, President Soekarno had a development strategy based on this development plan. This development plan put more emphasis on political development efforts where at that time the government was trying to mai

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Hodges, Graham Russell, and William D. Piersen. "From Africa to America: African American History from the Colonial Era to the Early Republic, 1526-1790." William and Mary Quarterly 55, no. 2 (1998): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2674405.

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Horton, James Oliver, and William D. Piersen. "From Africa to America: African American History from the Colonial Era to the Early Republic, 1526-1790." Journal of Southern History 64, no. 3 (1998): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2587797.

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Puaca, Brian M. "“The Desire for Peace is ‘Unconstitutional’ in Bonn”: The Free German Youth and Rearmament in West Germany, 1945–1952." German Studies Review 47, no. 2 (2024): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2024.a927859.

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ABSTRACT: Best known as the state youth organization of the German Democratic Republic, the Free German Youth (FDJ) operated widely in West Germany during the early Cold War era. This article provides a brief history of the West-FDJ, as it was known, and concentrates on its prominent efforts challenging Chancellor Konrad Adenauer’s rearmament policies in the early 1950s. While the decision to ban the organization in 1951 was justified by concerns about the fragility of the young democratic state, the Adenauer government’s strident response also served as a politically expedient strategy to und

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Xu, Xiaoqun. "Law, Custom, and Social Norms: Civil Adjudications in Qing and Republican China." Law and History Review 36, no. 1 (2017): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000554.

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This study examines how law, custom, and social norm interacted in civil justice in Qing and Republican China by looking into 152 civil cases tried in 1912, right after the founding of the Republic of China, and a body of legal interpretations from the Supreme Court during 1912-1929, and certain provisions in the Civil Code of 1929-30--the very first one in Chinese history. It shows that both law and custom were invoked by judges within their moral universe or social norm. It traces how the Supreme Court allowed local customs to be a legal ground for rulings in certain civil disputes, and whic

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Zubko, Olga. "Interesting facts from the daily life of Ukrainian emigrants in interwar Czechoslovachchyna (1921 – 1939)." V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Bulletin "History of Ukraine. Ukrainian Studies: Historical and Philosophical Sciences", no. 35 (December 28, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2227-6505-2022-35-04.

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The purpose of the article. This article contains information about interesting facts from the lives of Ukrainian emigrants who ended up in interwar Czechoslovachcyna in the early 1920s. Ukrainian emigrants went abroad as a result of the defeat of the national‑liberation struggle of 1917-1921. The following went abroad: former military personnel of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUPR), the Kuban People's Republic (KPR); government officials of the UPR, ZUPR, KPR; employees of foreign representative offices of the latter - diplomatic, political, eco

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Brázdil, Rudolf, Kateřina Chromá, Tomáš Púčik, et al. "The Climatology of Significant Tornadoes in the Czech Republic." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070689.

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In the Czech Republic, tornadoes may reach an intensity of F2 and F3 on the Fujita scale, causing “considerable” to “severe” damage. Documentary evidence is sufficient to allow the creation of a chronology of such events, from the earliest recorded occurrence in 1119 CE (Common Era) to 2019, including a total of 108 proven or probable significant tornadoes on 90 separate days. Since only 11 significant tornadoes were documented before 1800, this basic analysis centers around the 1811–2019 period, during which 97 tornadoes were recorded. Their frequency of occurrence was at its highest in the 1

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Nataly, Alya, Ayu Nadira Wulandari, Harry Situmeang, and Sonia Matanari. "Bahasa Indonesia pada Era Kolonial Hingga Reformasi." Journal on Education 6, no. 4 (2024): 18711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v6i4.5849.

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The aim of this research is to find out how the Indonesian language was used during the Dutch colonial period until now, where the early history of the Indonesian language was born from the Malay language which then grew and developed so that Indonesian became the unified language of the Republic of Indonesia. It is also known about the struggles of educated youth in taking the youth oath using Indonesian as an intermediary, the use of Indonesian during the Old Order era which was used in various political situations such as making the youth oath, the legal basis in the form of the constitutio

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YURT, Canberk, Doruk TÜRKMEN, Beliz GÜNDURU, Orkun DESTİCİ, and Burçin AŞICI. "Reading Socio-cultural Contexts Through Photography; the Case of Women Photos, Taken in Early Republican Era of İzmir." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 15 Issue 7, Volume 15 Issue 7 (2020): 3183–99. https://doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.45192.

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Individuals reflect the socio-cultural, economic and political changes in their society with their appearances, like a mirror. From the late Ottoman period, through the proclamation of the Republic, several modernization steps have taken place in Turkish society. During that period, photography has taken a crucial role in society, both as a profession and social innovation instrument, by being a representative of the societal changes. Through that, regulations such as Dress Reform and Women’s Suffrage Code, and western fashion have influenced women’s image and re-defined their roles in modern

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Johnson, Tina Phillips. "The Politics of Reproductive Health in Twentieth-Century China." NAN NÜ 22, no. 2 (2020): 342–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-02220004.

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Abstract Dr. Lin Qiaozhi (1901-83) was China’s foremost female physician whose career reflects the country’s reproductive health policies from the Republican era to the early People’s Republic. This article examines the interconnections of politics and reproductive health campaigns in China, from Republican reliance on foreign philanthropic support, through the early PRC alliance and subsequent break with the Soviet Union, to China’s reforms in the 1970s. Lin’s life illuminates the many central shifts and tensions across the twentieth century: as a Western-trained physician, Lin represents the

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Doğan, Hasan. "Modernity and the Development of First-Generation Stadiums in Turkey." Prostor 33, no. 1(69) (2025): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.31522/p.33.1(69).2.

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The first generation of modern stadiums was constructed during the early urbanization process of the Republic of Turkey, particularly with the contributions of Italian architect Paolo Vietti-Violi. These stadiums transformed both the physical environment and social identity, serving as some of the earliest examples of modern architecture. Accordingly, the first generation stadiums from the early Republican era were designed using modern architectural principles and spatial representations of Republican ideology, aiming to cultivate a modern, secular, and healthy society. In this sense, the stu

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Lee, Lee C., and Ginny Q. Zhan. "Political Socialisation and Parental Values in the People's Republic of China." International Journal of Behavioral Development 14, no. 4 (1991): 337–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549101400401.

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The present research addresses the question of whether the political socialisation of one's youth is related to personal values during adulthood and how such acquired values in turn influence one's socialisation ideals for the next generation. Specifically, it examines the content of societal mandates of the People's Republic of China as conveyed in the mass media during the 1950s and early 1960s and the expressed values of a group of parents who grew up during that period, experienced the Cultural Revolution during their late teens and early twenties, married during the post-Cultural Revoluti

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Startt, James D. "American Journalism and International Relations: Foreign Correspondence from the Early Republic to the Digital Era by Giovanna Dell'Orto." American Journalism 30, no. 4 (2013): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2013.846801.

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Korkmaz, Sevda. "The American Effect on Physical Education and Sports in Turkey during the Early Republican Period." Research in Social Sciences and Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46303/ressat.2022.13.

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The establishment of the new Turkish state was accompanied by a new governmental system, modernization efforts, and reforms in all fields of life. Education, acknowledged as a phenomenon that prepares new generations for the future, became one of the main concerns among the republican reform programs. The lack of specialists to implement new educational programs required inviting professionals of the relevant fields from abroad, and the first to arrive was the American educational scientist John Dewey, only 9 months after the establishment of the republic. Thus, Turkish-American relations, whi

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Stronks, Els. "Curiosity, youth, and knowledge in the visual and textual culture of the Dutch Republic." Science in Context 32, no. 2 (2019): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889719000152.

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ArgumentThe imitation of adults was the dominant educational early modern model, as it had been from the classical era. Yet, from 1500 onward, this traditional model clashed with new pedagogical ideals that explored if and how the youthful mind differed from the adult. To investigate this clash, I examine individual and aggregate cases – taken from the Dutch (illustrated) textual culture – representing conceptualizations of what has been labelled “the curiosity family” (concepts such as curiosity, inquisitiveness, invention). As previously established, during the seventeenth century, curiosity

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FAGAL, ANDREW J. B. "The Mills of Liberty: Foreign Capital, Government Contracts, and the Establishment of DuPont, 1790–1820." Enterprise & Society 19, no. 2 (2017): 309–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2017.11.

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E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. is one of the world’s largest chemical corporations, and its operations are of interest to business historians. This article explores the early history of the firm within the context of early republic political economy in order to show how it came to a place of prominence in the American gunpowder market by the early 1820s. The article utilizes the archival and printed records of DuPont, associated firms, government correspondence, and early War Department and trade statistics to show how the company, unlike other powder mills of that time, had access to both

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Б. Т., Мирзаева,. "HODI ZARIFOV’S EARLY SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF SAYANO-ALTAI, no. 2(34) (October 26, 2022): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52782/kril.2022.2.34.005.

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В статье анализируется научная деятельность основателя узбекской фольклористики, заслуженного деятеля науки Республики Узбекистан, доктора филологических наук, профессора Ходи Тиллаевича Зарифова. С его именем и трудами связана вся работа по собиранию и изучению узбекского народного творчества, в особенности узбекского народного героического эпоса, самое существование которого явилось большим открытием советской эпохи и прежде всего узбекских фольклористов. Им опубликовано более 150 научных работ по теоретическим проблемам узбекского фольклора. Ходи Зарифов основал школу узбекской фольклористи

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