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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth Building'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "Modern Rammed Earth in Earth Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.399.

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Rammed earth is a technique for building walls using the raw materials of earth, chalk, lime and gravel. Rammed earth is a structural wall system built of natural mineral soils compacted in thin layers within sturdy formwork. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. The ancient „rammed earth‟ building technique has been used in Neolithic architecture sites and modern buildings alike. From underground green homes to other futuristic green houses. Modern architecture is a new architectural style that emerged in many countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the “rational” use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. This paper is included many examples of structures made from rammed earth using modern architecture. The result has shown the earthen buildings create safer, more people-friendly buildings. The earthen buildings are very low in embodied energy, and extremely comfortable to live in based on modern architecture.

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2

Niroumand, Hamed, Juan Antonio Barcelo, Charles J. Kibert, and Maryam Saaly. "Evaluation of Earth Building Tools in Construction (EBTC) in earth architecture and earth buildings." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70 (April 2017): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.267.

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3

Guo, Li Qun, An Lu Li, and Xing Qian Peng. "Rammed-Earth Material Compressive Strength Nondestructive Testing for Fujian Earth-Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1233.

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Fujian earth-buildings have much attention of the world for their protection since they have became the world heritage in 2008,and have do various building protection research, but the research of rammed-earth material strength nondestructive testing has not began. Through the research of working principle of the rebound hammer and rammed-earth material mechanical properties, increasing the end of the rod to improve the detection precision. Consult the method of building the testing strength curve for concrete to build testing strength curve of rammed-earth material, lays a foundation of field detection for the earth-building in service, contribute to improve protection measures.

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4

Bethel, Jim. "Building Earth Observation Cameras." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.82.8.588.

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5

Singh, Kehar. "Building Earth Observation Cameras." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 44, no. 1 (September 23, 2015): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12524-015-0487-8.

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6

Delgado, M. Carmen Jiménez, and Ignacio Cañas Guerrero. "Earth building in Spain." Construction and Building Materials 20, no. 9 (November 2006): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.006.

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7

Jovanovic, Milena, Aleksandra Miric, Goran Jovanovic, and Momcilovic Petronijevic. "Earth as a material for construction of modern houses." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 16, no. 2 (2018): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160823001j.

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Earth was used for construction of residential buildings in the past. Due to the more widespread tendency toward the use of sustainable local materials, earth is present as one of the dominant materials for building of modern houses. The implemented techniques for construction of earth houses differ depending on the characteristics of a region and architectural tradition. This paper presents the characteristics of earth as a building material, traditional techniques for construction of residential buildings using earth, regulations which permit the construction in many countries of the world, as well as traditional residential building constructing techniques which use earth. Likewise, through the emblematic realizations of contemporary architecture it was shown that earth houses have the potential to provide the modern standard of living and to satisfy the aesthetic requirements.

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Jin, Yi Bing, and Jun Wang. "Research on the Building Wisdom of Earth Dwellings in Longdong Region of Gansu Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.65.

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When we are busy discussing how we should improve the bad physical qualities of traditional cave houses, such as humidity, poor lighting and ventilation condition, we fail to notice that a unique earth dwelling, adobe cave house, has long existed in the Longdong region of Gansu province. The type of earth dwelling is facilitated by traditional building technique such as rammed earth walls and adobe vaults, which does not only fixed the defect of humidity, bad lighting and ventilation condition, but it is also a typical green ecological building. The article takes the adobe cave house as the object of study, starting from the relation between resources and buildings, deeply probe into the underlying building wisdom. Aiming at the main existing problems, the article is dedicated to exploring new model of building vernacular earth building, with the intention to alleviate the contradiction between man, resources, environment and buildings. And after all, to provide theoretical foundation and practical guidance for building the new vernacular earth dwellings.

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9

Morbidelli, A., J. I. Lunine, D. P. O'Brien, S. N. Raymond, and K. J. Walsh. "Building Terrestrial Planets." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 40, no. 1 (May 30, 2012): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105319.

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10

Jörchel, S. "Modern Earth Building – the Current State of Earth Building from a German Perspective." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 290 (June 21, 2019): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012018.

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11

Widder, Lynnette. "Earth eco-building: textile-reinforced earth block construction." Energy Procedia 122 (September 2017): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.392.

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12

Vermeersen, L. L. A., R. Sabadini, G. Spada, and N. J. Vlaar. "Mountain building and earth rotation." Geophysical Journal International 117, no. 3 (June 1994): 610–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1994.tb02457.x.

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13

Hall, M. "EXPLORING FRAMEWORKS FOR A HISTORY OF EARTH BUILDING IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-969-2020.

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Abstract. Aotearoa New Zealand has a unique earth building heritage. For centuries, Māori used earth for floors and as a binder for fibrous walling materials. When settlers arrived in the nineteenth century, they brought earth building techniques with them, and in the early days of colonisation, earth buildings were commonplace. Many still survive, but as processed timber became readily available, building in earth declined; by the middle of the twentieth century it had almost ceased. Following renewed interest after World War Two, earth building continued into the twenty-first century, albeit as a non-standard form of construction. Databases compiled by Heritage New Zealand, Miles Allen, and the author, supplemented by accounts from a variety of sources, provide a relatively detailed record of earth buildings from all over Aotearoa but no cohesive history has yet been written. This paper considers possible approaches to writing such a history. Methodologies employed in local and international architectural histories are analysed, and a number of structural hierarchies are identified: for instance, Ronald Rael organises his material firstly by technique and then chronology in Earth Architecture, while Ted Howard uses location and then chronology for his Australasian history, Mud and Man. Information from New Zealand sources is then applied to these frameworks to arrive at an appropriate structural hierarchy for a complete history of earth building in Aotearoa.

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14

Holliday, Lisa, Chris Ramseyer, Matthew Reyes, and Daniel Butko. "Building with Compressed Earth Block within the Building Code." Journal of Architectural Engineering 22, no. 3 (September 2016): 04016007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000198.

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15

Ley, Tony, and Mervyn Widgery. "Devon Earth Building Association: cob and the Building Regulations." Structural Survey 15, no. 1 (March 1997): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809710164733.

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16

dos Santos, Clarissa Armando, Lisiane Ilha Librelotto, and Claudio Jacintho. "Building with Earth - Brazil's Most Popular Raw Earth Building Techniques and the Opinion of Experienced Builders." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.123.

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Earth building construction techniques bring the promise of being environmentally friendly, thermally comfortable, easy to maintain and aesthetically interesting. Therefore, the ideae is beginning to spread in Brazil, being divulgated mainly by institutes and groups involved with Permaculture studies. The possibility of building sustainably and independently has contributed to the increasing number of people embracing the cause and starting constructing with earth and other raw materials. But what are their opinions after the end of the process? This work brings a review on some of the most popular earth building techniques in the Brazilian Federal District and state of Santa Catarina (superadobe, hyperadobe, rammed earth, cob, stucco, and double stucco filled with plastic bottles), as well as interviews with builders and users of the resulting houses. The research showed that the houses were built mostly by the owners themselves, with only a few having relied on professional help at some point. The drawbacks appointed were the lack of qualified professionals well-acquainted with these building techniques, the difficulties in managing large groups of voluntary builders and the high physical effort demanded by some of the techniques. Actually, many houses were composed by more than one technique. Some were built using a different technique to each wall. Superadobe was the preferred one at first, however most builders decided to change to other techniques for the practicability or just for the sake of experimenting. The experimenting of different techniques was more frequent in the cases when the house was the first construction of the builder (s). Unfortunately, the lack of experience had serious consequences, for it was noticed that some buildings showed construction pathologies, such as pending walls and peeling plasters. Nonetheless, most of the users declared to be satisfied and considered earth building a good investment. In fact, the houses had good thermal performance, used low impact materials and had a medium cost of approximately BRL 310.00 per square meter. A considerably lower price than the average BRL 670.00 per square meter, estimated by Brazilian authorities for the same locations and building patterns at the time of the constructions.

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17

Guo, Huadong. "China's Earth observing satellites for building a Digital Earth." International Journal of Digital Earth 5, no. 3 (May 2012): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2012.669960.

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18

McROBERTS, C. A. "Building Planet Earth: Five Billion Years of Earth History." PALAIOS 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0306:br>2.0.co;2.

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19

Wu, Ren Wei, Xing Qian Peng, and Li Zhang. "Influence of Water Contents on Shear Strength of Rammed Earth Wall of Earth-Building." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.172.

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As the "Fujian earth-building" have been inscribed by UNESCO in 2008 as World Heritage Site, attentions of protection about the "Fujian earth-building" has getting more and more. This article takes samples of a rammed-earth wall from Yongding earth-buildings and determines the shear strength of the samples with different water content through triaxial compression tests. The influence on shear strength of water content of rammed-earth samples is analyzed. Test results show that the shear strength of rammed-earth has much to do with the water content of the soil, the greater the water content is，the smaller the shear strength is. With water content increasing, cohesion and internal friction angle of rammed-earth were decreases, and its changing trend is of marked characteristic of stage. When water contents of rammed-earth is under some value, its cohesion changes in small ranges; when water contents of rammed-earth is over the value, its cohesion decreases with water content increasing.

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20

Fukushima, Yasuhiro, Gakushi Ishimura, Andrew James Komasinski, Reiko Omoto, and Shunsuke Managi. "Education and capacity building with research: a possible case for Future Earth." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 18, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-10-2015-0170.

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Purpose This paper aims to suggest the structure of a platform for education and capacity building for Future Earth, which is an intensive program open to the eight stakeholders and which utilizes existing research programs/facilities associated with Future Earth. An intention of this paper is to facilitate a policy brief for projects associated with Future Earth. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviewed backgrounds and necessary items for education and capacity buildings in Future Earth projects by implementing three main priorities in Future Earth and current surrounding environments. Findings This paper then suggested a possible structure, competencies, contents and human resources for education and capacity building and education for Future Earth. Originality/value The suggestions can be implemented in capacity building and education programs associated with Future Earth.

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21

ChESNOKOVA, D. M. "EARTHEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES REWIEW." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.8.

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Gn stage of the building are described in this article. There are: Earth-house, Mudbricks, Rammed Earth, Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth Bricks, Bottle House, Rammed Earth Tire (Earthships), Straw House, Sandbags House etc. The usage of these techniques allowed the construction of energy-eﬃcient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses was quite high and at the same time the use of heating and air-conditioning systems was minimized.

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22

Dudás, Annamária, and László Farkas. "Building Physical, Energetical and Hygrothermal Analysis of Earth-Sheltered Building Constructions." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.369.

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Covering soil layer significantly reduces the heat loss of earth-sheltered building elements. Quantity of heat loss is highly influenced by the thickness of soil on examined building constructions. Based on the above mentioned facts an earth-sheltered sample building was designed. Ecological designing principles (recycled building materials and passive solar designing rules) were taken into consideration during planning of examined residential house. The building structures are general solutions, the earth-sheltered characteristic manifested by soil-covered elevations and green roof. The detailed energetic calculations are based on the linear heat transmission coefficient, which serves as a numerical definition of the heat bridge effect. Linear heat transmission coefficients were calculated as simulational results that can be derived from the finite element modelling of structural intersections. Detailed building simulations represent the advantages of soil covering. Hygrothermal analysis of building constructions based on their thermal simulations is essential. Due to the intensified waterproofing of earth-sheltered structures vapour diffusion is considerably reduced. At the same time environmentally conscious design prefers diffusion open orders of layers. Hygrothermal calculations of different waterproofing materials can categorise the environmental friendly solution of the protection.

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23

Lee, Cin-Ty A., Peter Luffi, and Emily J. Chin. "Building and Destroying Continental Mantle." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 39, no. 1 (May 30, 2011): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133505.

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24

Russell, Stanley R., and Jana Buchter. "Waste Clay as a Green Building Material." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.501.

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Two of the primary waste components of the Phosphates benefaction process, sand and clay have been used as building materials for thousands of years. A process known as rammed earth has been used extensively around the world in buildings that have lasted for centuries. Because earth is the main ingredient in rammed earth it has recently enjoyed new popularity as a so called “green” building material. In a similar process earth is compressed into blocks which are then used in the same way as conventional masonry units to build walls. In the compressed earth block [CEB] method, individual units can be manufactured and stockpiled for later use rather than being fabricated on site as in the rammed earth process. This research project will investigate the potential use of waste clay and tailing sand from the phosphate benefaction process as the primary ingredients in compressed earth blocks for commercial and residential construction projects.

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25

Eires, Rute, Aires Camões, and Said Jalali. "Ancient Materials and Techniques to Improve the Earthen Building Durability." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.357.

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A substantial part of the world building heritage has been performed by earthen building. The durability of this existing heritage and mainly of the new buildings built with earth is particularly conditioned by the erosion caused by water action, especially in countries with high levels of rainfall. This research aims to contribute to the increase of knowledge about the ancient building techniques that provide enhanced durability. It is possible to analyse the ancestral practices used to protect the earth material from the water action in order to understand how the old earthen buildings were preserved over the centuries, resisting to harsh weather conditions. Among these techniques are: the incorporation of biopolymers (such as oils or fats from animal or vegetable origin); the addition of some minerals; and the earth stabilization with lime. However, this knowledge seems to be forgotten, probably due to the prejudice related to earthen constructions, which several times are associated with a poor building. This research also focuses on the study of new methods of earth stabilization with lime and biopolymers, adapting the ancient knowledge to improve the durability related to the water action. Therefore, alternative solutions can be obtained to improve the performance of earthen buildings, mainly the resistance of the material in the presence of water, reducing its permeability to water. In addition, with the proposed solutions it is possible to obtain good levels of water vapour permeability, one of the major advantages of the construction with earth.

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26

Tan, Liang Bin. "The Sustainable Indoor Environment Research and Design of Earth Buildings for Rural People." Applied Mechanics and Materials 147 (December 2011): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.147.50.

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The earth building is a building type with enormous quantity and widely being used in rural section of south-western part. It will dominate for a long time. The environment of traditional earth buildings is very poor because of out-dated ideological limitations and construction mode, it can’t meet the needs of increasingly demanding of local people. So these buildings must recur to modern technologies to integrate fine parts in tradition and form new appropriate technologies. This paper took Yi minority’s houses in Yongren as an example to look for a road opening to rural buildings’ sustainable development.

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27

Groot, Caspar J. W. P., and Salina Maïga. "Earth Building as an Art Form." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 13, no. 4 (July 1985): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218508551216.

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28

Qi, Feng, John Z. Zhai, and Gaihong Dang. "Building height estimation using Google Earth." Energy and Buildings 118 (April 2016): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.02.044.

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29

Plaček Otcovská, Tereza, Barbora Mužíková, and Pavel Padevět. "DETERMINATION OF DRYING TIME OF THE RAMMED EARTH WALLS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 15 (December 31, 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2018.15.0081.

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The unburned earth is a building material with long history of use. Buildings made of unburned clay are all over the world. But at present, unburned earth is minority building material and its properties are not sufficiently investigated. The rammed earth is one of main kind of unburned earth. This paper is focused on drying rate of the rammed earth of known composition. The significant part of the paper is focused on principle of our own research and the main idea of our research is explained here. The second part of the paper is devoted to drying rate experiment and measured results from this experiment. Determination of drying time of universal rammed earth walls is the main result of the experiment.

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30

Liu, Xiangfeng, Miao Xu, Juanli Guo, and Renjie Zhu. "CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARTH TUBE COOLING SYSTEM FOR A TALL BUILDING." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 2 (March 2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.2.1.

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Earth tubes are earth-to-air heat exchangers that are frequently utilized in energy conscious low-rise buildings, but are scarcely reported for tall buildings. The feasibility of applying earth tube cooling to tall buildings in a hot summer and cold winter climate zone was studied in this paper. Firstly, the designed cooling load of a tall building was obtained from the energy simulation using the baseline and the modified models with applicable energy efficiency measures. Based on the load, the required cooling capacity, the overall section area and the effective length of the earth tube system was deduced from the heat transfer and fluid flow calculation analytically. Then the performance of the earth tube system was crosschecked and verified via the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. In the CFD simulation, earth tubes with different diameters and lengths, as well as a full-scale earth tube model with surrounding soil above the depth of constant temperature, were investigated. The outlet air temperatures of the full-scale models were computed with the consideration of different axial distances between adjacent tubes. Meanwhile, multiple conceptual design schemes and the tunnel construction method for the earth tube system were proposed from the perspective of performance enhancement, constructability, efficiency and economy. It revealed that earth tube systems are conditionally feasible for some tall buildings if their design guidelines for climate, underground spaces, construction method, friction of tube interior surface, optimization of effective length and axial distance, as well as synergy with other energy efficiency measures are followed. Even the cooling capacity of earth tubes degrade with time due to the accumulated heat underground, but in a hot summer and cold winter climate zone it can still possibly produce cooled air for a tall building with a Floor Area Ratio of less than 7 effectively in summer.

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31

Schroeder, Horst, and Manfred Lemke. "Sustainability of earth building materials - Environmental product declarations as an instrument of competition in building material industry." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2015.4474.

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<p>The evaluation of the building process in terms of their environmental impact in all life cycle phases of a building leads to the key principle of sustainable building: the analysis of the life cycle of the materials used in a building. The goal of this analysis is to reduce waste and keep the environmental impact as low as possible by “closing” the cycle. During an inventory, the entire life cycle is assessed. This includes the sourcing and extracting of the raw material, the use of the raw material to produce building products, elements and structures, the use in finished buildings including emission of pollutants, decay and maintenance, and, finally, the demolition of the building and the recycling of the demolition materials. Transportation between the individual phases as well as production-related material and energy flows are also included in this evaluation.</p><p>Several European and national norms and regulations define core rules and a special instrument for the evaluation of the sustainable quality of a building product based on a quantitative analysis of the life cycle of the materials used in a building: the Environmental Product Declaration EPD. These documents are voluntary standards, commitments or guarantees for building products. They are provided by producers, organizations and quality assurance associations in order to establish the “environmental performance” of buildings in the form of a certificate. Such declarations must fully include all phases of the life cycle of a product by describing the environmental impact during production and use as well as possible health hazards for the users.</p><p>Until now, EPDs for earth building products do not exist. This paper will give current information about a project for developing EPDs for earth mortars and earth blocks started by the German Dachverband Lehm e.V. (DVL).</p>

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32

Burt, Richard A., Gernot Minke, and Clough Williams-Ellis. "Earth Construction Handbook: The Building Material Earth in Modern Architecture." APT Bulletin 32, no. 4 (2001): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504775.

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33

Erawati, Teguh, and Andrea Meylita Widyasti Parera. "PENGARUH KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK, SANKSI PERPAJAKAN, PENGETAHUAN PERPAJAKAN, DAN PELAYANAN FISKUS." Jurnal Akuntansi 5, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24964/ja.v5i1.255.

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This study aimed to examine the effect of awareness of taxpayers, tax penalties, tax knowledge, and service tax authorities on tax compliance and building earth. The sampling technique in this study using a convenience sampling (convenience sampling) to 110 taxpayer earth and office buildings in the Department of Revenue, Finance and Asset Management Area (DPPKAD) Yogyakarta that meet the criteria. The data used are primary data through questionnaires, which contain a respondent's answers. Analysis of the data in this study using descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The first hypothesis: awareness taxpayer positive effect on tax compliance on land and buildings, both: tax penalty positive effect on tax compliance on land and buildings, three: knowledge of taxation positive effect on tax compliance on land and buildings, a fourth: the service tax authorities positive effect on tax compliance and building earth. The fourth hypothesis can be proved by the results of the study showed that awareness of taxpayers, tax penalties, tax knowledge, and service fiskus positive effect on tax compliance and building earth. Keywords: Awareness of taxpayers, tax penalties, tax knowledge, Service tax authorities, taxpayers Compliance

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34

Yang, Jing Ning, Gao Feng Shen, and Wen Feng Bai. "Light Weight Earth Material and its Application in the Alteration of Log Dwellings." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.500.

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In the construction of log building, the building's insulation effect is mainly achieved by the timber tightly connected, which usually requires a large flat timber that lead to the consumption of high-quality wood.In recent years, by the decline in quality of forest resources, existing log buildings are constructed with fast-growing wood which small diameter, and larger curvature. Compared with the traditional log building, the log wall constructed with fast-growing wood has wider gap, poor insulation and poor pest control.So it greatly increased consumption of firewood for heating.To compensate for this defect, this paper make a study of log building constructions wall structured with light weight earth material. Mixture of plant fibre and cement, is used as main reinforce component, together with raw soil to enhance the ability of anti-cracking and heat preservation, fixing the mixture of ligth clay on inner side of the construcion's wall to enhance the ability of heat preservation and getting smooth wall surface by fill the gap in the wall, and easy for decorating interior wall.

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35

Wang, Zhen Jiang. "Design Strategy of the Environmental Adaptability of Buildings - Taking Example by Earth-Sheltered Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 2492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.2492.

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It is a trend of the development of the construction industry to realize building energy efficiency. The climate adaptability of building monomer is under study in order to make full use of natural conditions to achieve a harmonious unity of human, architecture and nature. Using earthsheltered building is a good way to counter the harsh outdoor environment and climate.They can meet the need of people's life and can keep natural original topography, landform, vegetation and water system, to minimize the damage to the natural.Many advantages of earth-sheltered buildings can be applied to the many buildings on the ground.

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36

Zhao, Peng Fei, and Bin Tao. "An Analysis of Earth Folk Houses Along Shandong Canal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1938.

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Earth folk houses refer to a type of traditional dwelling with their main structure built with raw earth through simple treatment without being baked in a kiln. The article discusses two types of folk houses found along Shandong Canal, including thatched earth cottages and shallow-vaulted earth cottages. It studies the layout, architectural features, building methods and materials of these buildings and explains their historical, cultural, and ecological significance.

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37

Zhang, Dong Xu, Da Ping Liu, Meng Xiao, and He Li. "Application of Traditional Local Materials and Suitable Technology in the Modern Low-Carbon Buildings: A Case Study of Rammed Earth Building." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.69.

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It has been the consensus shared by every member of the society that we should protect the earth, benefit the future generations and take the road of sustainable development which is natural-based and coordinated with environment carrying capacity. Currently, no one can doubt the importance of low carbon living and low carbon architecture. Numerous new materials and high technologies have been used in the country all over the world in the course of low carbon architecture’s development, some of which has had a favorable result, such as London zero carbon emissions pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. But China still is a developing country, for various reasons, it is premature to widely promote the expensive high-tech low-carbon buildings, and especially in the vast rural areas, the traditional local materials and suitable technology still could have general applicability. This paper takes the rammed earth building as example, by introducing the history of rammed earth building, the application status and some of the latest instances, and summarizes several advantages of rammed earth building: the first is that easy manufacturing processing could reduce the energy consumption; the second is that local materials could lower transportation costs; the third is that the clay materials with good thermal performance such as heat insulation and moisture property could ensure comfortable indoor environment, the last is that long service life and easy reclamation could recycle building materials. Then the author looks forward to the future development trends of rammed earth buildings, explores the new construction practices of rammed earth buildings. Finally this paper concludes that traditional local materials and suitable technology would play an important role in the modern low-carbon architecture.

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38

Rempel, Alan W., and Alexandra R. Rempel. "Frost Resilience of Stabilized Earth Building Materials." Geosciences 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080328.

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Earth-based building materials are increasingly valued in green design for their low embodied energy, humidity-buffering ability, and thermal stability. These materials perform well in warm dry climates, but greater understanding of long-term durability is needed for successful adoption in colder and/or wetter climates. The presence of stabilizers dramatically improves resistance to surface erosion from wind and rain, compared to unstabilized adobe and cob counterparts, and the influences of soil composition, fiber type, and diverse binders, on rain and wind surface erosion have been investigated in detail. Frost and freeze-thaw resistance, however, have been less well-studied, despite strong interest in stabilized earth materials in northern North America, Europe, and Asia. In particular, recent studies have relied on a widespread misunderstanding of the mechanism by which frost damage occurs in porous materials that will impede efforts to create valid models for material design and improvement. In addition, the influence of radiative thermal stresses on wall surfaces has been overlooked in favor of focus on ambient air temperatures. Here, we apply contemporary understanding of cracking by segregated ice growth to develop a macroscopic damage index that enables comparison between performance of different materials subject to different weather patterns. An examination of predicted damage patterns for two stabilized earth building materials and two conventional materials in twelve cities over two time periods reveals the dominant factors that govern frost vulnerability. We find that the frost resilience of earth building materials is comparable to that of the conventional materials we examined, and that assessments that neglect expected variations in water content by assuming full saturation are likely to yield misleading results. Over recent years, increased winter temperatures in several cities we examined predict reduced material vulnerability to frost damage, but we also find that accompanying increases in humidity levels have made some cities much more vulnerable.

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Dyer, Christopher. "Building in Earth in Late-Medieval England." Vernacular Architecture 39, no. 1 (December 2008): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174962908x365046.

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40

Perkins, S. "From hell on Earth, life's building blocks." Science 346, no. 6215 (December 11, 2014): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.346.6215.1279.

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41

Busch, Paul. "Earth Day: On building an environmental ethic." Environmental Science & Technology 24, no. 4 (April 1990): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00074a614.

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42

Colinart, T., T. Vinceslas, H. Lenormand, A. Hellouin De Menibus, E. Hamard, and T. Lecompte. "Hygrothermal properties of light-earth building materials." Journal of Building Engineering 29 (May 2020): 101134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101134.

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43

Navarro, C., and A. Samartín. "Seismic earth thrust against massive building walls." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13, no. 4 (July 1989): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610130402.

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44

Merrick, N. P., and G. Hocking. "Detection of Earth Anchors at building sites." Exploration Geophysics 23, no. 4 (September 1992): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg992571.

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45

Guedes, João M., Tiago Ilharco, Alexandre A. Costa, Bruno Quelhas, Valter Lopes, Joana Vasconcelos, and Gabriela Vasconcelos. "Earth construction: traditional building techniques of Bhutan." Conservar Património 28 (2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14568/cp2017024.

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46

Gallipoli, Domenico, Agostino Walter Bruno, Céline Perlot, and Joao Mendes. "A geotechnical perspective of raw earth building." Acta Geotechnica 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2017): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0521-1.

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47

Peng, Xing Qian, Kun Shao, and Zhi Fei Gao. "The Study of Wind Load Characteristics of Round Earth Building Roof Based on Wind Tunnel Test and Numerical Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5171.

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Since the "Fujian Earth Building" was on the list of the world heritage list, the protecting work of Earth Building gets more and more important. This paper adopts the method combining wind tunnel test and numerical simulation, using CFD software to establish the representative building model of round monolayer Earth Building and get the wind load characteristics in different wind direction. And the wind tunnel tests confirmed the reliability of simulated results. The results provide reference to the protection and wind-resistant design for Earth Building and modern building of Earth Building mode.

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48

Šibal, Jan, and Miloš Kalousek. "Exploitability of Renewable Resources in Administrative Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.803.

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The evaluation of energy flow measurements in two very special buildings under the name of Open Gardens, located in Brno, resulted in confirming that the resources of renewable energy in the Czech Republic can be sufficiently utilized. This energy is derived from photovoltaic elements and earth heat pumps and, additionally, it gets also accumulated in building structures. The energy from renewable resources is utilized for heating, cooling, warm water preparation, for raising air temperature, and it also partially covers the demand for electricity in the building. During the summer period, if the solar gains are considerable, the buildings need being cooled. This is ensured by an earth heat pump enabling the storage of waste heat in deep earth bore holes, offering the advantage of recuperating the heat for heating the rooms during the winter months. At the same time all electricity produced in the building gets utilized, covering roughly 1/3 of the consumption. A plan of comprehensive measurements aiming at the optimization of the most demanding electric appliances has been conceived for this compound of buildings, in order to ensure the best possible utilization of the produced electricity.

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Lourenço, José Marco, Laura Aelenei, Jorge Facão, Helder Gonçalves, Daniel Aelenei, and João Murta Pina. "The Use of Key Enabling Technologies in the Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Monitoring, Control and Intelligent Management." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175524.

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The 2018 revision of the European Performance Building Directive (EPBD) requires that from the year 2020 onwards, all new buildings will have to be “nearly zero energy buildings”. It also further promotes smart building technologies, raising awareness amongst building owners and occupants of the value behind building automation. The European Commission also identified, in 2011, Key Enabling Technologies (KETs), which provide the basis for innovation in the EU. In the frame of the SUDOKET project, the Solar XXI building was used as a pilot case, as innovative integrated solutions and technologies are monitored and controlled. The objective of this paper is to validate a simulation of the laboratorial test room in EnergyPlus with data obtained experimentally and determine the impact of the control systems on energy needs and on thermal comfort. Two systems, in particular, were studied: the Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) and the earth tubes. Once validated, the simulation of the test room without the systems was created, allowing their impact to be determined. The results show that, for the analysed periods, BIPVs reduced the heating consumption by 22% while also increasing thermal comfort, and the earth tube system would reduce the cooling needs by 97%.

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Morris, Hugh, and Richard Walker. "Observations of the performance of earth buildings following the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.358-367.

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A reconnaissance survey of earth walled buildings in the Christchurch area was carried out following the February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake. Twenty six earth buildings were inspected during the survey including historic earth buildings and recent reinforced earth buildings. Some of these buildings had previously been inspected following the September 2010 Darfield Earthquake. The February 2011 Earthquake caused comparable patterns of damage to earth buildings as the September 2010 Darfield earthquake except for unreinforced pressed brick buildings which performed particularly badly. Reinforced earth buildings constructed since the 1990’s performed well during the February 2011 earthquake provided the overall wall bracing was adequate and detailing of the reinforcement and connections were generally in accordance with the NZ Earth Building Standards. Some older unreinforced rammed earth buildings constructed between 1950 and 1980, all of which had reinforced concrete foundations and bond beams, performed relatively well with only minor cracking. Unreinforced cob and adobe buildings in the area of strong shaking suffered significant damage and will require reconstruction or repair of the walls and strengthening of the upper floor or ceiling diaphragms. The performance of six houses are discussed as case studies that cover the range of buildings observed.

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