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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth compressed blocks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 September 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Danso, Humphrey. "Influence of Compacting Rate on the Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8780368.

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Compaction of blocks contributes significantly to the strength properties of compressed earth blocks. This paper investigates the influence of compacting rates on the properties of compressed earth blocks. Experiments were conducted to determine the density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and erosion properties of compressed earth blocks produced with different rates of compacting speed. The study concludes that although the low rate of compaction achieved slightly better performance characteristics, there is no statistically significant difference between the soil blocks produced with low compacting rate and high compacting rate. The study demonstrates that there is not much influence on the properties of compressed earth blocks produced with low and high compacting rates. It was further found that there are strong linear correlations between the compressive strength test and density, and density and the erosion. However, a weak linear correlation was found between tensile strength and compressive strength, and tensile strength and density.

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2

Kerali, A. G. "In-service deterioration of compressed earth blocks." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 23, no. 4 (August 2005): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-5116-1.

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3

Morel, Jean-Claude, Abalo Pkla, and Peter Walker. "Compressive strength testing of compressed earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 21, no. 2 (February 2007): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.021.

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4

Ma, Hongwang, Qi Ma, and Prakash Gaire. "Development and mechanical evaluation of a new interlocking earth masonry block." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219868931.

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An innovative interlocking compressed earth block, called interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, was developed for structural masonry. The locking mechanism of the interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University completely depends on the grout in the vertical holes. Therefore, there is no gap between the interlocking key and the blocks, which increases the wall stability and reduces the block manufacturing costs. Experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of the unit (the block) and the masonry (prism constructed with a dry interface) were performed in accordance with the related standards. Soil samples from the northern Gansu Province of China were collected and studied. Small cylindrical samples were tested to determine the compressive and splitting tensile strength. Subsequently, the compressive strength of the prisms with three dry-stack blocks and the shear behavior of the masonry through the triplet test were investigated. The results show that the compressive and shear strengths meet the related standards. This work may provide a valuable structural system for low-cost, eco-friendly dwelling in developing countries.

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5

B.O .Ugwuishiwu, B. O. Ugwuishiwu, B. O. Mama B.O. Mama, and N. M. Okoye N. M Okoye. "Effects of Natural Fiber Reinforcement on Water Absorption of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/nov2013/54.

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6

Yang, Xinlei, and Hailiang Wang. "Strength of Hollow Compressed Stabilized Earth-Block Masonry Prisms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7854721.

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Earth represents an ecological building material that is thought to reduce the carbon footprint at a point in its life cycle. However, it is very important to eliminate the undesirable properties of soil in an environmentally friendly way. Cement-stabilized rammed earth, as a building material, has gradually gained popularity due to its higher and faster strength gain, durability, and availability with a low percentage of cement. This paper covers a detailed study of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry prisms to establish the strength properties of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry. The test results for masonry prisms constructed with hollow compressed cement-stabilized blocks with two different strength grades and two earth mortars with different strengths are discussed.

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7

Egenti, Clement, and Jamal Khatib. "Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084188.

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Baked clay bricks (Impunyu) is the dominant wall construction material in Rwanda. Clay deposits in the country’s lowlands are utilized for baked clay bricks. Despite the ongoing campaign, the use of wood by some local brick producers is unfriendly to the environment. Recent research has called for alternative methods in order to reduce the cost and impact on the environment. Earlier efforts with compressed earth blocks were saddled with weight and a substantial use of cement for good surface texture and adequate resistance against surface erosion. This research explored the potentials of using an appropriate dose of clay (from Muhanzi), volcanic light aggregate (Amakoro, (from Musanze)), and cement to produce unbaked shelled compressed earth blocks (SCEB). SCEB is a compressed earth block with an outer shell and inner core of different cement content or materials, compressed into a unit block. The result is a masonry unit with a higher surface resistance, durability, and desirable architectural effect produced with a 60% reduction in cement content. A weight reduction of 12% was achieved with an optimum content of 33% of the volcanic lightweight aggregate. A cost reduction of 25% was recorded over conventional compressed earth brick walls and a 54% over sand-cement block walls. Possible future trends were also identified with appreciable prospects in earthen architecture.

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8

Russell, Stanley R., and Jana Buchter. "Waste Clay as a Green Building Material." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.501.

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Two of the primary waste components of the Phosphates benefaction process, sand and clay have been used as building materials for thousands of years. A process known as rammed earth has been used extensively around the world in buildings that have lasted for centuries. Because earth is the main ingredient in rammed earth it has recently enjoyed new popularity as a so called “green” building material. In a similar process earth is compressed into blocks which are then used in the same way as conventional masonry units to build walls. In the compressed earth block [CEB] method, individual units can be manufactured and stockpiled for later use rather than being fabricated on site as in the rammed earth process. This research project will investigate the potential use of waste clay and tailing sand from the phosphate benefaction process as the primary ingredients in compressed earth blocks for commercial and residential construction projects.

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9

Sturm, Thomas, Luís F. Ramos, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Characterization of dry-stack interlocking compressed earth blocks." Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (July 18, 2014): 3059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0379-3.

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10

Bezerra, Wesley V. D. C., and Givanildo A. Azeredo. "External sulfate attack on compressed stabilized earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 200 (March 2019): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.115.

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11

Namango, Saul Sitati, Diana Starovoytova Madara, Augustine B. Makokha, and Edwin Ataro. "Model for Testing Compressive and Flexural Strength of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Compressed Earth Blocks in the Absence of Laboratory Facilities." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss3.333.

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This study proposes a method of indirectly evaluating strength and therefore durability characteristics of compressed earth blocks in the absence of the normally expensive laboratory facilities. The method, with respect to compressed earth blocks reinforced with sisal fibres, is recommended for application particularly in rural areas of Africa. The developed method entails loading a compressed earth block sample with increasing amounts of weight till the sample raptures (total dead weight) under the load. The weight is then taken and a comparison is made with the standard value of compressive and flexural strength of the said sample. A conversion factor between this developed method and the conventional way of determining compressive and flexural strength has been computed. It has been established that the total dead weight is 47.25 times the flexural strength while the same is 66.4 times the compressive strength. The primary advantage of the proposed method is that it can easily be adapted at village level by people who have little scientific knowledge.

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12

Teixeira, Elisabete R., Gilberto Machado, Adilson de P. Junior, Christiane Guarnier, Jorge Fernandes, Sandra M. Silva, and Ricardo Mateus. "Mechanical and Thermal Performance Characterisation of Compressed Earth Blocks." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112978.

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The present research is focused on an experimental investigation to evaluate the mechanical, durability, and thermal performance of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) produced in Portugal. CEBs were analysed in terms of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, total water absorption, water absorption by capillarity, accelerated erosion test, and thermal transmittance evaluated in a guarded hotbox setup apparatus. Overall, the results showed that compressed earth blocks presented good mechanical and durability properties. Still, they had some issues in terms of porosity due to the particle size distribution of soil used for their production. The compressive strength value obtained was 9 MPa, which is considerably higher than the minimum requirements for compressed earth blocks. Moreover, they presented a heat transfer coefficient of 2.66 W/(m2·K). This heat transfer coefficient means that this type of masonry unit cannot be used in the building envelope without an additional thermal insulation layer but shows that they are suitable to be used in partition walls. Although CEBs have promising characteristics when compared to conventional bricks, results also showed that their proprieties could even be improved if optimisation of the soil mixture is implemented.

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13

Danso, Humphrey. "Improving Water Resistance of Compressed Earth Blocks Enhanced with Different Natural Fibres." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010433.

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Background: Studies have shown a great potential for the use of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) as a sustainable building material due to its economic, environmental and social benefits. Objective: This study investigates the water resistance characteristics of CEBs reinforced with different natural fibres. Methods: The fibres were sourced from coconut husk, sugarcane bagasse and oil palm fruit at 1 wt% added to two soil samples. The CEB specimen size of 290 × 140 × 100 mm was made at a constant pressure of 10 MPa and dried in the sun for 21 days. Accelerated erosion test was conducted to determine the resistance of the specimen to continuous rainfall condition. Results: It was discovered that the fibres helped in reducing the erodibility rate of the blocks, though there were some degrees of damage. The difference between the water resistance of the unreinforced and fibre reinforced CEBs were found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, the surface of the fibre reinforced blocks eroded rapidly in depth than the internal part, and there was reduction in the depth difference of the erosion with increase time of water spraying on the specimens. Conclusion: The study concludes that though the addition of fibres in soil blocks does not completely prevent the block from erosion, the impact of the fibres on the blocks significantly reduces the erosion.

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14

Konrád, Petr, Peter Gallo, Radoslav Sovják, Šárka Pešková, and Jan Valentin. "Effect of Various Input Parameters on Compressed Earth Block’s Strength." Key Engineering Materials 838 (April 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.81.

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In the framework of this study, compressed earth blocks (CEB) were produced using waste materials and various parameters. Material parameters included waste soil, recycled concrete, fly ash, cement, admixtures and water contents. Manufacturing parameters were vibration during manufacturing, confinement pressure, curing environment and curing time. Specimens used in this study were cubes and compressive strength testing was used to evaluate different mixtures and manufacturing methods. In terms of compressive strength, compressed earth blocks made of these materials could be used for manufacturing bricks and other structural elements.

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15

Toukourou, Chakirou, Guy Semassou, Clément Ahouannou, Sèfiou Avamasse, Antoine Vianou, and Gérard Degan. "Thermomechanical Characterisation of Compressed Earth Blocks Added with Sawdust." Physical Science International Journal 12, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2016/29393.

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16

Miloudi, Yassine, Naima Fezzioui, Boudjamaa Labbaci, Adel Benidir, Claude-Alain Roulet, and Yacine Ait Oumeziane. "Hygrothermal Characterization of Compressed and Cement Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE) 10, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irece.v10i4.15975.

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17

Chaibeddra, S., and F. Kharchi. "Performance of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks in sulphated medium." Journal of Building Engineering 25 (September 2019): 100814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100814.

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18

Ongpeng, J., E. Gapuz, J. J. S. Andres, D. Prudencio, J. Cuadlisan, M. Tadina, A. Zacarias, D. Benauro, and A. Pabustan. "Alkali-activated binder as stabilizer in compressed earth blocks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 849 (May 30, 2020): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/849/1/012042.

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19

MANGO-ITULAMYA, Lavie A., Frédéric COLLIN, Pascal PILATE, Fabienne COURTEJOIE, and Nathalie FAGEL. "Evaluation of Belgian clays for manufacturing compressed earth blocks." Geologica Belgica 22, no. 3-4 (December 3, 2019): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2019.002.

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This study aims to characterize Belgian clays in order to evaluate their use for manufacture of compressed earth blocks (CEB). Nineteen Belgian clay deposits were sampled in 56 sites and 135 samples were collected and analyzed. The analyses focus on the determination of particle size, plasticity, nature and mineralogy as the main characteristics for assessing the suitability of the raw clays to make CEB. These analyses allow for classifying the sampled clay deposits in three categories: clays that can be used unchanged to make CEB (2 clay deposits), clays that are suitable for the manufacture of CEB but require addition of sand and gravel particles (13 clay deposits) and clays that are suitable for the manufacture of CEB if they are mixed with other raw clays (4 clay deposits). In order to verify the use of these clays, five of them served as a model for making CEB. The strength of these bricks was evaluated by testing for compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The results of these tests confirm the suitability or not of the sampled clays for the manufacture of CEB.

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20

Ferreira, Regis de Castro, and Maria Luiza de Carvalho Ulhôa. "Mechanical and thermal behaviors of stabilized compressed earth blocks." Ciência & Engenharia 25, no. 1 (November 4, 2016): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/19834071.2016.34012.

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21

Prastyatama, Budianastas, and Anastasia Maurina. "Structural Performance of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block with Ijuk (Arenga pinnata) Fiber as Stabiliser." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v3i1.51.

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Modular block building materials have been well-known in the design and construction of built-environment. In its simplest form, the modular block is known as brick, red brick, lime brick, conblock, etc. The modularity of its unit lends itself for easy of production, application and transport. The drawbacks, however, are the generallyrelated to high energy consumption and pollution level in the production process (brick burning, high temp heating of cement and lime). In the perspective of sustainable and environmentally friendly built environment, the drawbacks need to be addressed in order to minimize its carbon footprint in human habitation. The challenge is how to obtain modular blocks with low energy consumption, while achieving stability and structural performance up to the standard. In this research, the earthen block test units were conducted without burning or use of cement and lime. Ijuk fibre (Arenga pinnata) was chosen as replacement of cement and lime was choses as stabilizer in producing modular blocks. The main test units and their comparisons underwent a compression test in the compressive testing machine to evaluate the structural performance. The comparison test blocks were blocks with similar form, dimension and production method, while the diffrentiating factor was the mixture. The standards SNI 15-2094-2000 (Indonesia) and IS 1077 : 1992 (India) were used as reference to compressive strength of common fired brick.

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22

Ruiz, Gonzalo, Xiaoxin Zhang, Walid Fouad Edris, Ignacio Cañas, and Lucía Garijo. "A comprehensive study of mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 176 (July 2018): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.077.

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23

Walker, Peter, and Trevor Stace. "Properties of some cement stabilised compressed earth blocks and mortars." Materials and Structures 30, no. 9 (November 1997): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02486398.

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24

Mansour, Mohamed Ben, Ahmed Jelidi, Amel Soukaina Cherif, and Sadok Ben Jabrallah. "Optimizing thermal and mechanical performance of compressed earth blocks (CEB)." Construction and Building Materials 104 (February 2016): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.024.

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25

Cabrera, Santiago Pedro, Yolanda Guadalupe Aranda-Jiménez, Edgardo Jonathan Suárez-Domínguez, and Rodolfo Rotondaro. "Bloques de Tierra Comprimida (BTC) estabilizados con cal y cemento. Evaluación de su impacto ambiental y su resistencia a compresión." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.02.05.

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This work presents the evaluation of the environmental impact and compressive strength of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) stabilized with hydrated aerial lime and Portland cement. For this, 12 series of blocks stabilized with different proportions of lime and cement were manufactured and the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology was used. After conducting these assays and simulations, it could be concluded that, using earth and sand typical of the city of Santa Fe (Argentina), stabilized with certain percentages of Portland cement between 5 and 10% in weight, CEB can be produced with sufficient levels of strength for them to be used in load-bearing walls, in this way minimizing the negative environmental impact associated with their manufacturing. It is also concluded that the stabilization with aerial lime does not increase the CEB’s compressive strength and, on the contrary, significantly increases their negative impact on the environment.

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26

Edris, W. F., Y. Jaradat, A. O. Al Azzam, H. M. Al Naji, and S. A. Abuzmero. "Effect of volcanic tuff on the engineering properties of compressed earth block." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 106 (November 1, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5928.

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Purpose: of this paper is to investigate the durability and the mechanical properties, including compressive and flexural strengths, of the locally compressed earth blocks manufactured from soil in Irbid, Jordan. Moreover, effect of volcanic tuff as new stabilizer material on properties of compressed earth block (CEB). Compressed earth block is a technique that was created to solve environmental and economic problems in construction sector. It is widespread in many countries around the world but hasn't been used in Jordan yet. Design/methodology/approach: 9 mixtures were carried out. One of this mixture is the control mix, beside other mixtures were performed by replacing soil with 40%, 10%, 10%, of sand, volcanic tuff, and lime respectively. In addition, polypropylene fibre was used. After 28 days of curing, the CEB were dried in oven at 105ºC for 24 hours then tested. Findings: Show that absorption and erosion were decreased when the lime used in the soil. On the other hand, the fibres presence significantly improved the durability and mechanical properties in all mixtures. Moreover, the higher compressive strength was obtained in the mixtures which contain lime only while the higher tensile strength was obtained in the mixtures which contain lime with sand replacement. The using of volcanic tuffs produced average compressive strength values. The reason is that in the presence of lime and pozzolana (volcanic tuff) reactions take place at low and slow rate at early ages. Research limitations/implications: volcanic tuff can produce favourable compressive strengths at later ages and this is a point of interest in the future work. Originality/value: Searching for a new material as stabilizer material that improves the properties of the compressed earth block (CEB).

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27

Poullain, Philippe, Nordine Leklou, Armel Laibi, and Moussa Gomina. "Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks Made of Traditional Materials from Benin." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 29, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/rcma.290407.

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28

Tatiana, Kamga Djoumen, Codjo Luc Zinsou, Vouffo Marcel, and Ngapgue François. "Physical Characterization of Alterites for the Manufacture of Compressed Earth Blocks." Open Civil Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010187.

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Introduction: In the present work, the physical characteristics of two alterites (S1 and S2) used for Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) manufacture were studied. The results obtained have shown that S1 and S2 consist of inorganic clays. Methods: The material S1 is a plastic soil of very soft consistency and S2 is a low plastic soil of very soft consistency. It was shown that the natural alterites studied are not suitable for the CEB manufacture. In order to improve the granulometry of these materials, a physical correction by adding sand in various proportions were proposed. With the aim of verifying the validity of the elaborated proposals, samples of CEB manufactured from materials stabilized with sand were manufactured and tested in the laboratory. Results and Conclusion: The results obtained show that, concerning the S1 material, the tensile strength is satisfactory for the sand/soil ratios of 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3. The abrasion resistance and the water absorption coefficient are satisfactory for the ratios of 1/3 and 1/2, respectively. For all the sand/soil ratios, the compressive strength has remained lower than that required for CEB as materials for load-bearing walls. For the S2 material, all the sand/soil ratios enable the improvement of the CEB characteristics, but these still below the required values. From all the foregoing, it follows that the studied alterites, improved by the addition of sand, can be used for the manufacture of compressed earth blocks to be used for the construction of non-load bearing walls.

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29

McGregor, Fionn, Andrew Heath, Enrico Fodde, and Andy Shea. "Conditions affecting the moisture buffering measurement performed on compressed earth blocks." Building and Environment 75 (May 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.009.

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30

Malkanthi, S. N., and AADAJ Perera. "Durability of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks with Reduced Clay and Silt." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 431 (November 8, 2018): 082010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/431/8/082010.

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31

Ben Mansour, Mohamed, Erick Ogam, Z. E. A. Fellah, Amel Soukaina Cherif, Ahmed Jelidi, and Sadok Ben Jabrallah. "Characterization of compressed earth blocks using low frequency guided acoustic waves." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 5 (May 2016): 2551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4948573.

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32

Cid-Falceto, Jaime, Fernando R. Mazarrón, and Ignacio Cañas. "Assessment of compressed earth blocks made in Spain: International durability tests." Construction and Building Materials 37 (December 2012): 738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.019.

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33

Nagaraj, H. B., and C. Shreyasvi. "Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks Using Iron Mine Spoil Waste - An Explorative Study." Procedia Engineering 180 (2017): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.281.

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34

Zamer, M. M., J. M. Irwan, N. Othman, S. K. Faisal, L. H. Anneza, A. F. Alshalif, and T. Teddy. "Biocalcification using Ureolytic Bacteria (UB) for strengthening Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks (ICEB)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 311 (February 2018): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/311/1/012019.

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35

Irwan, J. M., M. M. Zamer, and N. Othman. "A Review on Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks (ICEB) with Addition of Bacteria." MATEC Web of Conferences 47 (2016): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164701017.

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36

Sravan, Muguda Viswanath, and Honne Basanna Nagaraj. "Potential Use of Enzymes in the Preparation of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, no. 9 (September 2017): 04017103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001947.

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37

Bogas, J. Alexandre, Miguel Silva, and M. Glória Gomes. "Unstabilized and stabilized compressed earth blocks with partial incorporation of recycled aggregates." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1442891.

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38

Malkanthi, S. N., N. Balthazaar, and A. A. D. A. J. Perera. "Lime stabilization for compressed stabilized earth blocks with reduced clay and silt." Case Studies in Construction Materials 12 (June 2020): e00326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00326.

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39

Elahi, Tausif E., Azmayeen Rafat Shahriar, and Mohammad Shariful Islam. "Engineering characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and fly ash." Construction and Building Materials 277 (March 2021): 122367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122367.

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40

Bishweka, Cherif, Marcelline Blanche Manjia, Francois Ngapgue, and Chrispin Pettang. "CHARACTERIZATION OF LATERITIC SOILS FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCKS (CEB)." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 08 (August 31, 2021): 768–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13325.

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Soil is a widespread natural resource. It comes from the degradation of the mother rock, following the phenomenon of climatic and chemical erosion. Therefore, all soils have very different characteristics depending on their origin [1,2]. Today it is estimated that more than one third of the worlds population lives in earthen housing [3]. In view of the advantages offered by the earth material, several developing countries have adopted the raw earth construction in order to face the housing crisis that is intensifying nowadays. Among the advantages of raw earth, we can highlight the low energy required for its implementation, its aesthetic qualities and good thermal inertia, which allows a cool habitat in summer and retains heat in winter. But the problem with earthen constructions is that they suffer from a lack of resistance, systematic cracking due to shrinkage and problems related to their sensitivity to water [4]. From ancient times to the present day, man has sought to avoid the disadvantages of the earth material, using several means of stabilization to improve its performance and its sensitivity to water, which has given rise to several earth products: adobe, adobe, cob, compressed earth block (CEB) and others. Stabilizing the earth is to give it the properties reversible against physical stresses [5], it is currently confirmed that the stabilization of CEB by binders and bitumen improves their mechanical resistance and insensitivity to water [6]. Thus, scientific studies have been conducted on the stabilization of raw earth by mineral binders (cement and lime) for the most part [7] and by fibers (animal, vegetable and synthetic). However, the use of these mineral binders in high proportions may call into question the ecological character of the material [8]. The knowledge of the physical characteristics of lateritic soils is very important for their better use in the manufacture of compressed and stabilized earth blocks. Some social strata for the manufacture of CEB use lateritic soils without control of their physical characteristics, which leads to consequences such as progressive crumbling of walls, cracks, poor performance of plasters, and discouragement of the use of the said technology. In this study we intend to compile the most reliable experimental data on the physical properties of natural earth and the mechanical properties of CEB. We will take inventory of the performances determined in previous works by several research teams regarding the characterization and stabilization of lateritic soils to be used in the manufacture of CEB. We will give an overview of the state of knowledge concerning the different properties (physical, mechanical and hygrometric properties). Finally, a literature review will also give some orientations for future scientific research.

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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, Nurmin Bt. Bolong, Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Bt. Asman, Hidayati Bte Asrah, and Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah. "Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review." Materials Science Forum 997 (June 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.

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Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.

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Milohin, Gbénondé Sèna Gladys, Sènouhoua Victor Gbaguidi, André Donnot, Malahimi Anjorin, and Riad Benelmir. "Mechanical and thermal characterization of compact blocks made of clayey earth with wood ashes addition." MATEC Web of Conferences 307 (2020): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030701030.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of wood ashes on the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the clayey earth-ashes compound (CEAC) compressed blocks. Variable mass percentages of 0% to 60% of wood ashes were incorporated to clayey earth stabilized with 10% of cement. The physical characteristics of the clayey earth were determined according to the protocols of the french association of normalization. The manufactured blocks were subjected to mechanical tests: simple compression and tensile by bending. The thermal conductivity was then appreciated by the method of the hot strip. The blocks made with a mixture of “90% clayey earth” and “10% cement”, usually used in construction in Benin, served as a reference material. From the results obtained, it appears that the clayey earth used is a soil A2ts: fine clayed sand in a very dry state. The results of the mechanical and thermal tests show that for an addition of wood ashes between 10% and 20% by weight, the performances of the blocks are significantly improved. The CEAC blocks formulated from 80% of the mixture “90% of clayey earth and 10% of cement” and 20% of wood ashes can be used as building materials.

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HB, Nagaraj, Anand KV, and Devaraj NC. "Utilization of granite sludge in the preparation of durable compressed stabilized earth blocks." MOJ Civil Engineering 4, no. 4 (2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojce.2018.04.00124.

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Buson, Márcio, Nuno Lopes, Humberto Varum, Rosa Maria Sposto, and Paulo Vila Real. "Fire resistance of walls made of soil-cement and Kraftterra compressed earth blocks." Fire and Materials 37, no. 7 (July 10, 2012): 547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.2148.

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Jayasinghe, C. "Comparative Performance of Burnt Clay Bricks and Compressed Stabilized Earth Bricks and Blocks." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 40, no. 2 (April 23, 2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v40i2.7137.

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Elahi, Tausif E., Azmayeen Rafat Shahriar, Mohammad Shariful Islam, Farzana Mehzabin, and Nashid Mumtaz. "Suitability of fly ash and cement for fabrication of compressed stabilized earth blocks." Construction and Building Materials 263 (December 2020): 120935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120935.

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Loaiza, A. Martínez, J. F. Pérez-Sánchez, E. J. Suárez-Domínguez, M. T. Sánchez-Medrano, V. M. García Izaguirre, and A. Palacio-Pérez. "Morphological Evaluation of Surface Degradation and Mechanical Properties of Compressed-Earth Blocks (CEB)." Civil Engineering and Architecture 9, no. 4 (July 2021): 992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2021.090403.

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Acchar, Wilson, Jaquelígia B. Silva, Vamberto M. Silva, Luciano Costa Góis, and Ana M. Segadães. "Incorporation of Fired Ceramic Waste into Binary and Ternary Earth-Binder (S) Mixtures for Compressed Blocks." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.498.

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In Brazil, the majority of construction and demolition waste materials (CDW) is sent to waste dumps or landfill sites. Having low cost applications in mind, this work has the purpose of investigating the effect of the incorporation of fired ceramic rubble reclaimed from CDW obtained directly from the building construction industry on the final properties of compressed earth blocks, which are especially interesting in low-income and marginalized communities. To this aim, clay-based mixtures containing up to 5 wt.% of ceramic rubble were prepared. Lime and cement were added as binders (6, 8, 10 and 12 wt.%). Cylindrical test pieces were produced by uniaxial compression and left to harden at ambient conditions for 7, 28 and 56 days. The hardened specimens were characterized in terms of microstructure (SEM), compressive strength, water absorption and wear resistance. The results obtained in physical and mechanical evaluation tests demonstrated that small contents of ceramic rubble from the building construction industry can easily be incorporated into compressed earth blocks without degradation of typical properties, enabling savings in cement addition.

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Dmdok, Dissanayake. "Properties of Compressed Interlock Earth Blocks Manufactured from Locally Available Lateritic Soil for Low Cost Housing Projects." Advanced Engineering Forum 39 (February 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.39.85.

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This investigation was carried out to identify the engineering properties of compressed interlock earth blocks manufactured from locally available lateritic soil and introduce to use the manufactured soil blocks to minimize the material and finishing cost for the low cost housing projects. The soil samples used in this study were well-graded lateritic sandy soil which has the composition of 1.9% gravel, 94% sand and 4.1% silt / clay. These soil samples were passed through the 100-mesh sieve and mixed with ordinary Portland cement to prepare the admixture. While compressing through a hydraulics jack by varying the compositions and the volume of soil-cement admixtures, compaction soil blocks were manufactured in a locally fabricated 250 mm x125 mm x100 mm standard steel mould. The manufactured soil blocks allowed to cure while spraying small quantity of water and covering with polythene for 28 days. Average compressive strengths of soil blocks made with 5% cement with 1.6:1 and 1.8:1 volume compactions were 1.3 Mpa and 1.9 Mpa, respectively. However, both compressive strength values were less than the standard limits of 2.8 MPa stated in SLS 1382:2009, local standards for soil blocks used for construction industry. However, soil blocks made with 10% cement under same compaction ratios attained compressive strengths of 3.0 MPa and 3.6 MPa respectively and it is above the required standards limits. However, 15% and 20% cement containing earth blocks have much higher compressive strengths but increase the cost of production. Regression analysis results confirmed the strong correlation between cement content and the compressive strength of the soil bricks. The soil bricks manufactured with more than 12.06% cement soil mix by maintaining compaction ratio into 1.6:1 or Soil bricks manufactured with more than 5.16% cement mix by maintaining compaction ratio into 1.8:1 will produce standards soil bricks for construction industry and these results further confirmed that wet and dry compressive strength of soil bricks will increase with increasing the compaction ratio and the cement content. However, when considering the compressive strength, water absorption level and cost effectiveness, soil bricks manufactured by maintaining compaction ratio into 1.8:1 with more than 5.16% cement mix will produce required standards cost effective soil bricks for construction industry.

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Zhemchuzhnikov, Alexandr, Khosrow Ghavami, and Michéle dal Toé Casagrande. "Static Compaction of Soils with Varying Clay Content." Key Engineering Materials 668 (October 2015): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.668.238.

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The use of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) is widespread in the field of earth construction. They present better mechanical performance than adobe and the equipment for their production is simple. Laboratory testing of compressed earth blocks requires large amounts of material. There are variations of unconfined strength testing procedures such as testing halves of the blocks with layers of mortar between them or testing whole blocks in diverse directions. This complicates the interpretation of test results as the shape factor and mortar characteristics influence the results significantly. Static compaction test can be used to produce cylindrical samples representative of CEBs. The water content of soil used for the production of CEBs is often determined in standard Proctor test while experimental data indicate that the optimum moisture content for static and dynamic compaction is different. The present article addresses the behavior of four soil mixes with varying clay content compacted statically with a constant rate of strain. Static compaction curves were compared with those obtained in standard Proctor test. For all the soil mixes the static optimum moisture content was found to correspond to the start of consolidation. The compaction curve presented no wet side of optimum in contrast to Proctor test. The energy needed to achieve a desired density by static compaction was analyzed for soils with varying clay contents. Static compaction was found to be more efficient than dynamic for clayey soils. An increase in water content was observed to help achieving higher densities at low pressures, which can improve the performance of manual CEB presses.

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