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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Earth Construction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Earth Construction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Earth Construction"

1

Lu, Xiang Ting, and Yuan Ping Liu. "Rammed Earth Construction: A Sustainable Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3131.

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Abstract. Present concerns for sustainable development have led to a revival of Rammed earth construction using natural or recycled resources. In human history, rammed earth constructions has a long history and wide application. The rammed earth construction is a symbol of the coexistence between mankind and nature, and especially with today’s energy depletion and environmental degradation, it became the focus of attention for its excellent function. The factors contributing to raw soil construction’s bleak prospect are that architect rarely focus on the rammed earth buildings and lack of peop

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Thajeel, Marwah M., and György L. Balázs. "3D printing for earth construction - review." Concrete Structures 23 (2022): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.10.

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Concrete is the second frequently used material in our planet. Being the most consumed construction material for infrastructures and buildings, the demand for concrete is very high at present and expected to have the same significance in the future. On the other hand, conventional concrete could not be considered as an environmentally friendly construction material. This comes from the perspectives of reducing natural resources, high energy consumption, and produce a huge amounts of construction waste. 3D printing construction with earth materials provide the potential solutions to reshape the

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Barbosa, Normando Perazzo, and Khosrow Ghavami. "Earth Construction and Sustainability." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.433.

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This paper presents some considerations on the impacts of industrialized construction materials to Planet Earth. It comments about sustainability and show that large part of the present generation has not met their basic needs, starting with the house. So, in this context, with the actual economic model, it becomes difficult to ensure that future generations are able to meet their own needs. Some considerations about possibilities of building with reduced environmental impact is presented. Comments about raw earth as building material are made. New possibilities to give stability to this mater

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Yu, Hong, and Hai Jun Sun. "On-Site Inspection and Analysis on Earth Architecture’s Enclosure Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.492.

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In order to assess the human settlements situation of earth construction and analyse Environmental protection and energy saving effect of the earth construction's enclosure-construction, we choose Jinan's earth construction--adobe houses--to conduct the detection and analysis of energy saving and were based on the factual date to calculate enclosure-construction's heat transfer coefficient K and the actual energy consumption to analyses the influential factors of the energy consumption and determine the main part of the energy saving effect of energy consumption based on the Extensive research

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Arduin, Deborah, Lucas Rosse Caldas, Rayane de Lima Moura Paiva, and Fernando Rocha. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Earth Construction: A Systematic Literature Review Considering Five Construction Techniques." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 13228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013228.

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In the past decade, there has been an increase in the environmental performance assessment in earth construction through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A Systematic Literature Review verified LCA methodology trends of five earth construction techniques from 2016 to April 2022, resulting in 27 studies. The results have been analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis, considering LCA methodology. Considering embodied carbon (GWP) and embodied energy, transportation and binder content were the main factors that influenced environmental performance. Hence, earth-based constructio

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Maiti, Surjya K., and Jnanendra N. Mandal. "Rammed Earth House Construction." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 11 (November 1985): 1323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:11(1323).

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Jovanovic, Milena, Aleksandra Miric, Goran Jovanovic, and Momcilovic Petronijevic. "Earth as a material for construction of modern houses." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 16, no. 2 (2018): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160823001j.

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Earth was used for construction of residential buildings in the past. Due to the more widespread tendency toward the use of sustainable local materials, earth is present as one of the dominant materials for building of modern houses. The implemented techniques for construction of earth houses differ depending on the characteristics of a region and architectural tradition. This paper presents the characteristics of earth as a building material, traditional techniques for construction of residential buildings using earth, regulations which permit the construction in many countries of the world,

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Mousourakis, Αpostolos, Maria Arakadaki, Sofoklis Kotsopoulos, Iordanis Sinamidis, Tina Mikrou, Evangelia Frangedaki, and Nikos D. Lagaros. "Earthen Architecture in Greece: Traditional Techniques and Revaluation." Heritage 3, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 1237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040068.

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A big part of traditional architecture both in rural and urban areas in the Greek territory has been built with raw earth. The aim of this paper is to present earthen buildings’ constructions in Greece and show their important contribution to our heritage. The use of earth as a basic constructing material has given different earthen building cultures and techniques. Earthen construction encloses many varied uses and applications, as walls or as plasters. In different periods of time and historical contexts, from the indigenous inhabitants to the neighborhoods of the refugees of Asia Minor Cata

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Vyncke, Johan, Laura Kupers, and Nicolas Denies. "Earth as Building Material – an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902001.

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This paper presents an overview of the different earth building techniques, the latest innovations and the normative aspects. The oldest man made earth constructions known to exist date back to 10 000 BC. Since then, earth has remained a popular building material throughout history. With time, different techniques evolved, starting from sundried adobe blocks to cob constructions, rammed earth walls and compressed earth bricks. Today these techniques are still being optimized and alternative binders, specifically adapted admixtures and surface treatments are being developed. Even though nearly

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Kim, Jinsung, Hyeonggil Choi, Keun-Byoung Yoon, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092050.

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Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of the existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method was introduced herein. When constructing an autonomous rammed-earth construction method, an alternative means of assuring the performance at the initial age of the binder in terms of materials is needed. In this study, in order to satisfy the performance

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earth Construction"

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Guo, Jing. "Freeform Rammed Earth Shell Construction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491312964445038.

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Jaquin, Paul A. "Analysis of historic rammed earth construction." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2169/.

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Rammed earth is an ancient construction technique which has recently become popular for sustainable building. Soil is compacted in removable formwork to make a homogeneous wall. A lack of experimental evidence and a poor fundamental understanding means that current design guidelines are highly conservative and inappropriate for the analysis of historic rammed earth buildings. This thesis shows that rammed earth can be viewed in a geotechnical engineering framework and that doing so helps to explain many aspects of the material behaviour. Rammed earth walls were built and tested in the laborato

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Kurtz, Robert Kevin. "Construction, Adaptation, and Preservation of Earth Homes on the Northern Plains." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29008.

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The earth home, in its many varieties and styles, played an important role in the development of the American Great Plains during the mid-nineteenth century. However, the lack of further study into the material culture of these homes has allowed many of these homes to be misrepresented in the historical record as temporary shelters. Not all of the earth homes constructed during this period were temporary. Further study of the materials used, the locations in which they were built, and their construction methods suggest that many of these homes were built to last. The three case studies used in

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Okoronkwo, Chijioke David. "Developing sustainable and environmentally friendly building materials in rammed earth construction." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/612020.

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Building rammed earth structures provides a sustainable alternative to concrete. As a building material, rammed earth exhibits very varied physical and material properties depending on the proportion of constituting soil types. When very sandy soil is used in rammed earth production, the properties are different from when a clayey soil is used. This variability can be seen as a very great advantage in the use of rammed earth as a building material. Builders are able to adjust specific properties by changing mix proportions to obtain a desirable balance in the characteristics of the resulting r

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Hamard, Erwan. "Rediscovering of vernacular adaptative construction strategies for sustainable modern building : application to cob and rammed earth." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET011/document.

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L'utilisation de matériaux locaux, naturels et non transformés offre des solutions prometteuses de construction à faible impact environnemental. La grande variabilité spatiale de ces matériaux est cependant un obstacle à une utilisation à plus grande échelle. Les stratégies de construction développées par les anciens bâtisseurs ont été dictées par le climat local et la qualité ainsi que la quantité de matériaux de construction disponibles localement. Ces stratégies de construction peuvent être considérées comme une gestion optimisée des ressources locales, naturelles et variables et sont une s

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Abele, Nathan Daniel. "A Field Study of Construction Deformations in a Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etd/etdc/view?accnum=toledo1165597471.

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Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of Toledo, 2006.<br>Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Civil Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 53-55.

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Mayon, Isaac Dompo. "Exploring Earth-Building Technology for Liberia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1896.

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This paper discusses earth as a building material and the extent to which earth building technology has evolved over the years. In particular it addresses the adobe, compressed and rammed earth techniques of earth building as suitable techniques for Liberia consumption. In addition, the paper investigates the suitability of the Latosols soils of Liberia for earth building construction purposes using standardized earth building principles and requirements. A local Johnson City, Tennessee, earth sample found to have the same physical characteristics of the Latosols of Liberia was used to simulat

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Cheung, Kwong-chung. "Reinforced earth wall design & construction in northern access road for Cyberport Development /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3676288X.

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Richardson, Jacob Armstrong. "Modeling the Construction and Evolution of Distributed Volcanic Fields on Earth and Mars." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6136.

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Magmatism is a dominant process on Earth and Mars that has significantly modified and evolved the lithospheres of each planet by delivering magma to shallow depths and to the surface. Two common modes of volcanism are present on both Earth and Mars: central-vent dominated volcanism that creates large edifices from concentrating magma in chambers before eruptions and distributed volcanism that creates many smaller edifices on the surface through the independent ascent of individual magmatic dikes. In regions of distributed volcanism, clusters of volcanoes develop over thousands to millions of y

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Cheung, Kwong-chung, and 張光中. "Reinforced earth wall design & construction in northern access road for Cyberport Development." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014279.

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Books on the topic "Earth Construction"

1

Middleton, G. F. Earth-wall construction. 4th ed. Chatswood: National Building Technology Centre, 1987.

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United Nations Centre for Human Settlements., ed. Earth construction technology. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), 1986.

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CRAterre, Ecole d'architecture de Grenoble, and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements., eds. Bibliography on soil construction. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlement (Habitat), 1989.

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (U.S.), ed. Earth-sheltered houses. [Merrifield, VA] (P.O. Box 3048, Merrifield 22116): Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse, 1997.

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1950-, Watson Linda, Harries Rex, and University of Plymouth, eds. Out of Earth II: National conference on earth buildings. Plymouth: University of Plymouth, 1995.

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1957-, Walker Peter, ed. Rammed earth: Design and construction guidelines. Watford: BRE Bookshop, 2005.

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Diop, Baba. Matam: Construction en terre patrimoine intemporel. [Dakar]: Editions CUAD, 2018.

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J, Milititsky, and Woods Robert, eds. Earth pressure and earth-retaining structures. 2nd ed. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993.

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Hutchinson, I. T. Construction & maintenance of unsealed roads. Wellington, N.Z: Transfund New Zealand, 1997.

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Clayton, C. R. I. Earth pressure and earth-retaining structures. 2nd ed. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earth Construction"

1

Torgal, Fernando Pacheco, and Said Jalali. "Earth Construction." In Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials, 157–81. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-892-8_8.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "Prelims - Earth Construction." In Earth Construction, i—xiv. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.000.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "1. Earth Construction." In Earth Construction, 2–15. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.001.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "2. Soil." In Earth Construction, 16–42. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.002.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "3. Soil Identification." In Earth Construction, 43–70. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.003.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "4. Soil Stabalization." In Earth Construction, 71–104. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.004.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "5. Soil Suitability." In Earth Construction, 105–28. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.005.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "6. Tests." In Earth Construction, 129–42. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.006.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "7. Characteristics." In Earth Construction, 143–60. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.007.

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Houben, Hugo, and Hubert Guillard. "8. Construction Methods." In Earth Construction, 161–90. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444826.008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Earth Construction"

1

Leonard, R. S. "Mass Drivers for Space Construction." In Earth and Space 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479179.036.

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Roedel, H., M. D. Lepech, and D. J. Loftus. "Protein-Regolith Composites for Space Construction." In Earth and Space 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479179.033.

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Howe, A. Scott, Brian Wilcox, Chris McQuin, David Mittman, Julie Townsend, Raul Polit-Casillas, and Todd Litwin. "Modular Additive Construction Using Native Materials." In Earth and Space 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479179.034.

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Mueller, Robert P., Laurent Sibille, Paul E. Hintze, Thomas C. Lippitt, James G. Mantovani, Matthew W. Nugent, and Ivan I. Townsend. "Additive Construction Using Basalt Regolith Fines." In Earth and Space 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479179.042.

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Henwood, Justin T., and Khamis Y. Haramy. "Rockery Design and Construction Guidelines." In Earth Retention Conference (ER) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41128(384)85.

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MA, BAOMIN, and LEI LIN. "EARTH ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN CITY CONSTRUCTION." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0123.

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MASROUR, Ilham. "Naturally Strengthening Rammed Earth: The Promising Potential of Biopolymers." In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-25.

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Abstract. Sustainable construction has become a global imperative due to the growing awareness of the harmful environmental impacts of the construction industry. The use of cement and lime in traditional methods of stabilizing earth constructions is a significant problem due to their high carbon footprint. This article examines an ecological alternative to stabilizing earth structures with biopolymers. These Bio-based materials can be used to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry while also ensuring the structure's stability and durability. The purpose of this article is

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Ghali, Haidy S., Yasmeen A. S. Essawy, Abdelhamid Abdullah, and Khaled Nassar. "Simulation of an Earth Embankment Dam in Adverse Rainy Weather." In Construction Research Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483961.140.

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Jin, Shiyu, Liuwang Kang, Yuan-Chih Peng, Zhenpeng He, Ruitao Song, Lingfeng Qian, and Liangjun Zhang. "Autonomous Excavator System for Construction Earth Moving." In 2nd ICRA 2023 Future of Construction Workshop. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/icra2023/0009.

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Lowe, Steven R., Frederick C. Rhyner, and Edward J. Schluter. "Selection and Construction of a Permanent Anchored Soldier Pile Wall." In Earth Retention Conference (ER) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41128(384)19.

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Reports on the topic "Earth Construction"

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Mchugh, Power, and Randell. L51973 Encroachment Monitoring Via Earth Observation Data. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011273.

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The objective of the pipeline encroachment monitoring was to demonstrate the feasibility of using earth observation (EO) satellites for early detection of third party encroachment activities. Examples of encroachment activities include road construction, cable laying, farming, and residential or commercial development. Such activities may not occur directly on the pipeline right-of-way, but the associated heavy equipment may drive over the pipeline.

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Christian, J. E. Detailed thermal performance measurements and cost effectiveness of earth-sheltered construction: a case study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5284616.

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Hancher, Donn, Thomas White, and David Iseley. Construction Specifications for Highway Projects Requiring Horizontal Earth Boring and/or Pipe Jacking Techniques. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314166.

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McHugh, Power, and Randell. L51972 Encroachment Monitoring via Earth Observation Data. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011240.

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The objective of the pipeline encroachment monitoring project was to demonstrate the feasibility of using Earth observation (EO) satellites for early detection of third-party encroachment activities. Examples of encroachment activities include road construction, cable laying, farming, and residential or commercial development. Optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images taken from space-borne platforms were evaluated for use in detecting encroachment activities. C-CORE and TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. conducted an encroachment field program near Whitecourt, Alberta. Various encroachment ac

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Hancher, Donn, Thomas White, and David Iseley. Construction Specifications for Highway Projects Requiring Horizontal Earth Boring and/or Pipe Jacking Techniques : Executive Summary. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314167.

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Ziolkowski, Christopher. DTPH56-16-T-00020 Pipeline Defense with Combined Vibration Earth Movement and Current Sensing. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011937.

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The project objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of a pipeline right-of-way defense system based on a suite of stationary sensors mounted on, and adjacent to, the pipeline. The sensor data from multiple locations along the pipe are wirelessly forwarded to a central location for further analysis. Analytics residing at a central location correlate the data from multiple sensors to alert operators to events of interest occurring in the ROW with minimal latency. The purpose of this project is to design, test, and demonstrate in the field a system that automatically monitors the right-of-wa

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Tehrani, Fariborz M., Kenneth L. Fishman, and Farmehr M. Dehkordi. Extending the Service-Life of Bridges using Sustainable and Resilient Abutment Systems: An Experimental Approach to Electrochemical Characterization of Lightweight Mechanically Stabilized Earth. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2225.

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Bridges are critical components of transportation infrastructure. This research addresses the need to extend the service life of bridges by improving the safety and reliability of bridge abutments and reducing their life-cycle cost and footprints. Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) is a known strategy to enhance the economy and performance of bridge abutments. In addition, the application of rotary-kiln-manufactured lightweight aggregate backfills improves the performance of MSE bridge abutments with a leaner structural system. Such improvements include a reduction of structural demands due t

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Ting, Wang, and Jeff Sutherland. PR-469-143708-R02 In-line Inspection and Assessment for Pipeline Girth Weld Defects. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011487.

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During 2010 to 2012, the United States reported a total of eight girth weld failures and economic loss amounted to $4,382,000 [Summarized from data provided by PHMSA, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/flagged-data-files]. PRCI has several projects (current and historic) that investigate various integrity concerns of vintage girth weld defects. Globally, the integrity of girth welds of oil and gas pipelines has increased as a concern due to failures with high consequences. A primary integrity issue to pipelines that has been the motivation of this project, considers defects o

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DeSantis, John, and Jeffery Roesler. Longitudinal Cracking Investigation on I-72 Experimental Unbonded Concrete Overlay. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-002.

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A research study investigated longitudinal cracking developing along an experimental unbonded concrete overlay (UBOL) on I-72 near Riverton, Illinois. The project evaluated existing literature on UBOL (design, construction, and performance), UBOL case studies, and mechanistic-empirical design procedures for defining the mechanisms that are contributing to the observed distresses. Detailed distress surveys and coring were conducted to assess the extent of the longitudinal cracking and faulting along the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint. Coring over the transverse contraction joints in the drivi

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Grant, Charles. Diaphragm Walls as Permanent Basement Walls in Regions of High Seismicity. Deep Foundations Institute, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2012-slwl-1.

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Reinforced concrete structural slurry walls have been used in the United States since the early 1960s. The typical practice, and one that makes the economics of slurry walls particularly attractive, is to design the walls to act as both temporary excavation support and permanent basement walls. They often serve as multi-story basements and below grade parking for buildings, for tunnels, subway stations, and other buried structures. One of the early applications was for a foundation for a subway station in San Francisco, but for the most part they have been used more extensively in regions of l

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