Relevant bibliographies by topics / Earth entry

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Earth entry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Earth entry"

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Park, Chul, Richard L. Jaffe, and Harry Partridge. "Chemical-Kinetic Parameters of Hyperbolic Earth Entry." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 15, no. 1 (January 2001): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.6582.

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Dogra, Virendra K., James N. Moss, Richard G. Wilmoth, Jeff C. Taylor, and H. A. Hassan. "Blunt body rarefied wakes for Earth entry." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 9, no. 3 (July 1995): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.688.

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Johnston, Christopher O., and Aaron M. Brandis. "Features of Afterbody Radiative Heating for Earth Entry." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 52, no. 1 (January 2015): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a33084.

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Tauber, M. E., G. E. Palmer, and Lily Yang. "Earth atmospheric entry studies for manned Mars missions." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 6, no. 2 (April 1992): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.345.

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Johnson, Joshua E., Mark J. Lewis, and Ryan P. Starkey. "Multiobjective Optimization of Earth-Entry Vehicle Heat Shields." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.42565.

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Surzhikov, S. T., and J. S. Shang. "Coupled Radiation-Gasdynamic Model for Stardust Earth Entry Simulation." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 49, no. 5 (September 2012): 875–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a32027.

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Johnston, Christopher O., Peter A. Gnoffo, and Kenneth Sutton. "Influence of Ablation on Radiative Heating for Earth Entry." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 46, no. 3 (May 2009): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.40290.

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Orton, G., J. L. Ortiz, K. Baines, G. Bjoraker, U. Carsenty, F. Colas, A. Dayal, et al. "Earth-Based Observations of the Galileo Probe Entry Site." Science 272, no. 5263 (May 10, 1996): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5263.839.

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Phipps, Andy, Max Meerman, James Wilhelm, Dave Gibbon, James Northam, Alex da Silva Curiel, Jeff Ward, and Martin Sweeting. "An ‘entry level’ mission to a near Earth object." Acta Astronautica 59, no. 8-11 (October 2006): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.07.021.

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Li, Z., T. Yang, and Z. Feng. "Re-entry guidance method based on decoupling control variables and waypoint." Aeronautical Journal 123, no. 1262 (April 2019): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.4.

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ABSTRACTGenerally, earth rotating and non-spherical perturbation of the earth in re-entry motion model are simplified using the standard trajectory guidance method. The re-entry motion is also simplified to horizontal motion and vertical motion and controlled, respectively. The simplification of re-entry motion model will lead to loss of motion accuracy and location accuracy. The direct decomposition will lead to the reduction of control accuracy because the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are coupled in re-entry. To improve the standard trajectory guidance method, the standard trajectory guidance method based on decoupling control variables and waypoint is proposed in this paper. The proposed guidance method will not simplify earth rotating and non-spherical perturbation of the earth in motion equation or decompose the re-entry motion to horizontal motion and vertical motion. Trajectory waypoint is adopted to reduce the change frequency of tracking states, because tracking states change frequently if the entire standard trajectory is tracked in real time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earth entry"

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Johnston, Christopher Owen. "Nonequilibrium Shock-Layer Radiative Heating for Earth and Titan Entry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29769.

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This thesis examines the modeling of the shock-layer radiative heating associated with hypersonic vehicles entering the atmospheres of Earth and Titan. For Earth entry, flight conditions characteristic of lunar-return are considered, while for Titan entry, the Huygens probe trajectory is considered. For both cases, the stagnation region flowfield is modeled using a two-temperature chemical nonequilibrium viscous shock layer (VSL) approach. This model is shown to provide results that are in agreement with the more computationally expensive Navier-Stokes solutions. A new radiation model is developed that applies the most up-to-date atomic and molecular data for both the spectrum and non-Boltzmann modeling. This model includes a new set of atomic-lines, which are shown to provide a significant increase in the radiation (relative to previous models) resulting from the 1 - 2 eV spectral range. A new set of electronic-impact excitation rates was compiled for the non-Boltzmann modeling of the atomic and molecular electronic states. Based on these new rates, a novel approach of curve-fitting the non-Boltzmann population of the radiating atomic and molecular states was developed. This new approach provides a simple and accurate method for calculating the atomic and molecular non-Boltzmann populations. The newly-developed nonequilibrium VSL flowfield and nonequilibrium radiation models were applied to the Fire II and Apollo 4 cases, and the resulting radiation predictions were compared with the flight data. For the Fire II case, the present radiation-coupled flowfield model provides intensity values at the wall that predicted the flight data better than any other previous study, on average, throughout the trajectory for the both the 0.2 - 6.0 eV and 2.2 - 4.1 eV spectral ranges. The present results over-predicted the calorimeter measurements of total heat flux over most of the trajectory. This was shown to possibly be a result of the super-catalytic assumption for the wall boundary condition, which caused the predicted convective heating to be too high. For the Apollo 4 case, over most of the trajectory the present model over-predicted the flight data for the wall radiative intensity values between 0.2 - 6.2 eV. For the analysis of Huygens entry into Titan, the focus of the radiation model was the CN violet band. An efficient and accurate method of modeling the radiation from this band system was developed based on a simple modification to the smeared rotational band (SRB) model. This modified approach, labeled herein as SRBC, was compared with a detailed line-by-line (LBL) calculation and shown to compare within 5% in all cases. The SRBC method requires many orders-of-magnitude less computational time than the LBL method, which makes it ideal for coupling to the flowfield. The non-Boltzmann modeling of the CN electronic states, which govern the radiation for Huygens entry, is discussed and applied. The radiation prediction resulting from the non-Boltzmann model is up to 70% lower than the Boltzmann result. A new method for treating the escape factor in detail, rather than assuming a value equal to one, was developed. This treatment is shown to increase the radiation from the non-Boltzmann model by about 10%.
Ph. D.
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Shorts, Daniel Calvert. "Impact Characterization of Earth Entry Vehicle for Terminal Landing (on Soil)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87727.

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In order to more accurately predict loads subjected to the EEV (Earth Entry Vehicle) upon impact with a variety of materials, finite element simulations of soil/EEV impact were created using the program LS-DYNA. Various modeling techniques were analyzed for accuracy through comparison with physical test data when available. Through variation of numerical methods, mesh density, and material definition, an accurate and numerically efficient representation of physical data has been created. The numerical methods, Lagrangian, arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), and spherical particle hydrodynamics (SPH) are compared to determine their relative accuracy in modeling soil deformation and EEV acceleration. Experimentally validated soil material parameters and element formulations were then used in parametric studies to gain a perspective on effects of EEV mass and geometry on its maximum acceleration across varying soil moisture content. Additionally, the effects of EEV orientation, velocity, and impact material were explored. Multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MMALE) formulation possess the most effective compromise between its ability to: accurately display qualitative soil behavior, accurately recreate empirical test data, be easily utilized in parametric studies, and to maintain simulation stability. EEV acceleration can be minimized through increase of EEV mass (with constant geometry), allowing for maximum penetration depth, and longest deceleration time. A critical orientation was discovered at 30⁰ from normal, such that maximum EEV surface area impacts the soil surface instantaneously, resulting in maximum acceleration. Off-nominal impact with concrete is predicted to increase acceleration by up to 630% from impact with soil.
MS
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Hamm, Michael K. "Ablative heat shield studies for NASA Mars/Earth return entry vehicles." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA238159.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Henline, William D. ; Platzer, Max F. Second Reader: Chandrasekhara, M. S. "September 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on December 21, 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): Ceramic materials, ablative materials, heat shields, reusable equipment, space flight, thermal insulation, atmospheric entry, hypersonic flow, Mars probes, arc heaters, melting, glass, RSI (reusable surface insulaiton), aerodynamic heating, stagnation pressure, mathematical prediction, theses. Author(s) subject terms: Ablative, hypersonic, NASA, Mars, heat shield. Includes bibliographical references (p. 110). Also available in print.
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Johnson, Joshua E. "Aerothermodynamic optimization of earth entry blunt body heat shields for lunar and Mars return." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9177.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Aerospace Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Annaloro, Julien. "Elaboration of collisional-radiative models applied to atmospheric entry into the Earth and Mars atmospheres." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915497.

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L'entrée hypersonique d'un objet dans la haute atmosphère d'une planète entraîne la création d'un plasma à la suite de la compression très intense du gaz incident à l'objet. Cette compression s'effectue dans une couche de choc présentant une grande richesse en déséquilibres dont la méconnaissance limite notre capacité à prédire avec précision les contributions convective, radiative et catalytique de la densité de flux d'énergie pariétale, pourtant cruciale pour l'optimisation du dimensionnement du système de protection thermique de l'objet. Les contributions précédentes dépendent fortement des densités de population des états excités qui échappent à un comportement de type boltzmanien et présentent une distribution dépendant des phénomènes élémentaires collisionnels et radiatifs. Dans ces circonstances, le but de ces travaux était d'étudier, dans les situations d'entrée dans l'atmosphère de Mars et de la Terre, le comportement des états excités de mélanges complexes (CO2 -N2 -Ar et N2 -O2 -Ar, respectivement) basée sur le développement de modèles collisionnels-radiatifs (CR) électro-vibrationnels spécifiques. Deux modèles CR ont ainsi été développés : CoRaM-MARS pour l'atmosphère martienne (22 espèces, 10^6 processus élémentaires) et CoRaM-AIR pour l'atmosphère terrestre (13 espèces, 500000 processus élémentaires). Ces modèles, mis en œuvre dans une approche lagrangienne à pression et température constantes dans des conditions thermodynamiques représentatives des situations d'entrée (notamment le cas FIRE II pour les entrées terrestres), ont montré que le rayonnement présente une influence très faible sur la cinétique des mélanges étudiés et que les écarts à la distribution de Boltzmann sont systématiques. Le très grand nombre d'états à prendre en compte interdit une intégration directe des modèles CR précédents dans des codes aérodynamiques. Cependant, une réduction à l'azote de ces modèles a été réalisée. Le modèle CR ainsi constitué (CoRaM-N2 , 5 espèces, 150 états, 40000 processus élémentaires) a été intégré à un code eulérien traitant les écoulements monodimensionnels d'après-choc ou de tuyère divergente. L'accord avec des résultats expérimentaux acquis en tube à choc à fort nombre de Mach est très satisfaisant. Pour des applications 2D ou 3D, des taux globaux ont par ailleurs été déterminés théoriquement pour (1) l'ionisation/recombinaison par impact électronique de l'azote, de l'oxygène, du carbone et de l'argon, (2) la dissociation/recombinaison de N2 , O2 par impact de N, N2 , O, O2 et (3) la dissociation/recombinaison de CO2 par impact de lourd. La comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux montre un accord en général très satisfaisant. Les taux directs et inverses étant calculés de manière indépendante, il est montré que leur rapport s'écarte de la constante d'équilibre globale correspondante à mesure que la température augmente.
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Gouy, Pierre-Alban. "Etudes spectrométriques de plasmas de rentrées atmosphériques (Mars-Terre) par torche plasma à couplage inductif à basse pression." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22608/document.

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La mise en œuvre de missions spatiales demande à développer de nombreuses technologies clés afin de surmonter certaines étapes cruciales. L’une d’entre elle concerne la rentrée atmosphérique : lorsque le véhicule pénètre dans la couche d’atmosphère, sa vitesse relative très grande par rapport au sol va engendrer des frottements importants ainsi qu’une augmentation de pression. L’énergie cinétique de l’objet va donc être transformée en énergie thermique et chauffer le gaz en formant une onde de choc. Les températures dépendent de la vitesse initiale, de la composition de l’atmosphère et de sa pression. Le gaz ainsi chauffé va s’ioniser et devenir un plasma, il va donc transférer sa chaleur au corps de la sonde non seulement par convection mais aussi par rayonnement. Afin de se protéger, le véhicule dispose d’un bouclier thermique pouvant résister aux phénomènes extrêmes rencontrés lors de la descente. Les contraintes supplémentaires vont imposer une géométrie particulière et un lourd bouclier. Ainsi l’objectif est d’avoir les protections les plus légères et efficaces possibles afin de permettre à la sonde de maximiser son emport en équipement scientifique. Pour cela, un des paramètres clés est de connaître le comportement et le rayonnement du plasma produit lors de la rentrée dans l’atmosphère. Cette thèse se positionne dans ce domaine d’étude: les expériences montées et réalisées ont pour objectif d’observer par moyens spectroscopiques un plasma correspondant à celui rencontré par les sondes spatiales
Many key technologies, to overcome some crucial steps, are needed for space missions. One of them concerns the re-entry: when the vehicle enters the atmosphere layer, its high velocity relative to the ground will generate significant friction and an increase in pressure. The kinetic energy of the object will be converted into heat energy and heat the gas forming a shock wave. Temperatures depend on the initial velocity, the atmosphere composition and its pressure. The gas is ionized and become plasma, it will therefore transfer its heat to the body of the probe not only by convection but also by radiation. To protect itself, the vehicle has a heat shield that can withstand extreme phenomena encountered during the descent. Additional constraints will impose a particular geometry and a heavy shield. So the goal is to have the lightest possible and effective protections to allow the probe to maximize its payload. For this, one of the key parameters is to know the behavior of the plasma and radiation produced during re-entry into the atmosphere. This thesis is positioned in this area of ​​study: experiments to create a re-entry plasma are intended to be observed by a spectrometer
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Wells, Grant. "A comparison of multiple techniques for the reconstruction of entry, descent, and landing trajectories and atmospheres." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39611.

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The primary importance of trajectory reconstruction is to assess the accuracy of pre-flight predictions of the entry trajectory. While numerous entry systems have flown, often these systems are not adequately instrumented or the flight team not adequately funded to perform the statistical engineering reconstruction required to quantify performance and feed-forward lessons learned into future missions. As such, entry system performance and reliability levels remain unsubstantiated and improvement in aerothermodynamic and flight dynamics modeling remains data poor. The comparison is done in an effort to quantitatively and qualitatively compare Kalman filtering methods of reconstructing trajectories and atmospheric conditions from entry systems flight data. The first Kalman filter used is the extended Kalman filter. Extended Kalman filtering has been used extensively in trajectory reconstruction both for orbiting spacecraft and for planetary probes. The second Kalman filter is the unscented Kalman filter. Additionally, a technique for using collocation to reconstruct trajectories is formulated, and collocation's usefulness for trajectory simulation is demonstrated for entry, descent, and landing trajectories using a method developed here to deterministically find the state variables of the trajectory without nonlinear programming. Such an approach could allow one to utilize the same collocation trajectory design tools for the subsequent reconstruction.
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Strey, Fábio. "A contradição entre a importância e o uso do google earth como recurso didático." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/49.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-26
The main objective of this research is to search for answers, trough the use of Google Earth images, to teach the subject of Geography in Paraná's public schools, utilizing for sampling the schools belonging to the Regional Education Nucleus of Francisco Beltrão. As well as reflect about the teaching of Geography looking into the didactic-pedagogical process in the domain of categories and geotechnological information techniques in some aspects of the pedagogical relations, especially the reading of spatial representations. We seek to understand how teachers utilize Google Earth as a teaching resource in their classes. The justification for this theme lies on the value of cartographic visualization obtained from the images to the process of teaching and learning. The importance of this resource has been acknowledged by teachers. There is a contradiction, however, as all recognize the value of utilizing Google Earth but many do not actually utilize it. This can be explained by the impossibility of working Google Earth on the school, due to the lack o technology do to so. Still the merits of utilizing this resource in teaching Geography prevail, as was proved by the investigation and evaluation of the activities developed by the first year students of the Geography course of the State University of West Paraná, Francisco Beltrão campus.
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi a busca de respostas, a partir do uso das imagens do Google Earth, para o ensino de conteúdos da Geografia, nas escolas públicas do Paraná, utilizando como recorte e amostragem escolas do Núcleo Regional de Educação de Francisco Beltrão e também refletir sobre o ensino da Geografia ao abordar como ocorre o processo didático-pedagógico no domínio das categorias e da técnica da informação geotecnológica em alguns aspectos das relações pedagógicas, principalmente a leitura das representações espaciais. O desafio consiste na compreensão do espaço geográfico por meio do uso da tecnologia no ensino uma vez que a Geografia utiliza-se de práticas pedagógicas vinculadas às imagens para comunicar e informar, no intuito de oportunizar conhecimento sobre o espaço geográfico. Procurou-se entender como e se os professores utilizam o Google Earth como recurso didático em suas aulas, evidenciando a importância da visualização cartográfica nas imagens, por ele disponibilizadas para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Isso ficou reconhecido pelos professores, porém há contradição entre a importância e o uso do Google Earth. Buscou-se, então, trazer alguns indicativos metodológicos utilizando imagens do Google Earth para visualização e análise do relevo, da hidrografia, da expansão da malha urbana, das coordenadas geográficas, no cálculo de distâncias bem como sobre noções de orientação e localização no intuito de que isso possa auxiliar no processo de ensino e na constituição do aluno mapeador.
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Silva, Mauro Francisco Pinheiro da. "Síntese e caracterização de compostos de adição entre tiocianatos de terras rara e tripiperidinofosfinóxido." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46134/tde-12032018-144856/.

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Neste trabalho a síntese e caracterizaçcão de adutos entre tiocianatos de terras raras trivalentes (La, Ce Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm Yb, Lu e Y) e tripiperidinofosfinóxidos (tpppO) são reportados. Os adutos foram preparados pela reação entre tiocianatos de lantanídeos e tpppO em soluções etanólicas. Os complexos foram caracterizados por análises elementares, análises termogravimétricas, medidas de condutância em soluções milimolares, espectroscopias de absorção na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de absorção na região do visível do complexos de neodímio, espectroscopia de emissão na região do visível do composto de európio, térbio e disprósio, difratograma de raios -X pelo método do pó e difratogramas de raios -X pelo método do mono cristal do composto de praseodímio. As análises elementares sugeriram fortemente a fórmula [Ln(SCN)3(tpppO)3] como representativa de toda a série de complexos. As medidas de condutividade de soluções milimolares em acetonitrila resultaram em valores entre 22 e 75 S cm2 mol-1. Esses valores sugeriram a natureza não eletrolítica dos adutos. Os difratogramas pelo método do pó sugeriram a existência de três séries isomorfas, formadas pelos seguintes elementos: 1) La; 2) Ce, Nd, Pr; 3) Sm, Gd, Eu, Ho, Er, To, Lu, Y. Todos os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho dos adutos são semelhantes e exibem ν(CN)na região de 2050 cm-1.Isso é indicativo da coordenação do ânion a através do átomo de nitrogênio. Os complexos são portanto da classe dos isotiocianatos. Adicionalmente esses pico estão desdobrados em dois picos ( exceto para o Eu e Tb), evidenciando que esses ãnions não são todos equivalentes. Nos espectros de infravermelho observou-se ainda o pico δ(NCS) at ca. 470-480 nm e isso indica também a coordenação através do átomo de nitrogênio. O pico atribuído ao estiramento da ligação PO, ν (PO), está deslocado para regiões menos energética do espectro quando comparado ao espectro do ligante não coordenado. Isso indica a coordenação do tpppO pelo átomo de oxigênio. Nota-se também que os picos ν (PN) apresentando um desvio consistente para regiões mais energéticas para toda a série de complexos sintetizados. O espectro de absorção na região do visível do complexo de neodímio foi registrado e apresentou a banda atribuída á transição 4G5/2, 2G7/2 ← 4I9/2. A banda atribuída à transição 2P1/2 ← 4I9/2 não pode ser observada. A primeira transição foi observada a 17124 cm-1 Desse valor foram calculados: o parâmetro nefelauxético, β = 0,989; o fator de covalência, b 1/2 = 0,072; e o fator de covalência de Sinha δ = 1,06. Esses valores mostram a natureza eletrostática das ligações entre o íon da terra rara e os ligantes. O espectro de emissão do composto de európio, a 77 K, apresenta uma pico atribuído à transição 5D0 →7D0 (578 nm), três picos à 5D0 → 7D1 (593 , 595, 597nm), e cinco à 5D0 → 7D2 (611, 614, 617, 618, 620 nm). Sabendo que a presença do pico 5D0 → 7D0 e os desdobramentos dos picos 5D0 → 7D1 e 5D0 → 7D2 a simetria C3v é a mais provável para o poliedro de coordenação. As análises térmicas foram conduzidas para os complexos de Ce, Nd, Gd. A curva de Tg-DTG mostra perdas de massa começando em 284 -320 ºC e terminando em 1000 ºC. Em 1200 ºC, outra perda de massa ocorre. As curvas, no entanto, mostram algumas diferenças entre si. Enquanto o complexo de cério apresenta cinco eventos não resolvidos entre 300 e 400 ºC, o complexo de Nd apresenta dois eventos não resolvidos e o complexo de Gd apresenta apenas um pico largo na mesma faixa de temperatura. As massas dos resíduos finais de aquecimento (temperaturas maiores que 1300 ºC) são compatíveis com as de fosofatos dos respectivos lantanídeos e o espectro de absorção na região do infravermelho desses resíduos confirmam esses resultados. A análise de difração de raios -X do composto de preseodímio mostrou como sitema critalino o monoclínico, o grupo espacial é o Cc, com quatro moléculas por célula unitária. O Poliedro de coordenação é um prisma trigonal levmente distrocido com simetria de C3V. O número de coordenação é seis com os ânions tiocianatos coordenados pelo nitrogênio, enquanto os os tpppO estão coodenados pelos átomo de hidrogênios.
In this work the synthesis and characterization of trivalent rare earth (La, Ce Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm Yb, Lu and Y) adducts between isothiocyanate with tripiperidinophosphinoxide (tpppO) are reported. The rare earth adducts were prepared by the reaction between lanthanides thiocyanates and tpppO in ethanolic solution. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis, conductance measurements in millimolar acetonitrila solutions, IR absorption spectroscopy, uv-vis absorption spectrum of the neodymium compound, emission spectrum of europium, dysprosium and terbium compounds, X- ray powder patterns and X-ray diffraction through the monocrystal method of the praseodymium compound. Elemental analyses data strongly suggest the general formula [Ln(SCN)3(tpppO)3] for the complete series. Electrolytic conductivity measurements in milllimolar acetonitrile solutions yielded values in range 75 to 22 S cm2 mole-1. These values suggest the nonelectrolyte natures of the adducts. X-Ray powder diffraction pattern suggest the existence of three isomorphous series: 1) La; 2) Ce, Nd Pr; 3) Sm, Gd, Eu, Ho, Er, Tb, Lu and Y. All absortption spectra in IR region are similar and exhibit ν(CN) in the region of 2050 cm-1. This is indicative that the anion is coordinated through the nitrogen atom, or, in other words, the anion is in the isothiocyanate form. ln addition, these bands are split into two components in all complexes ( except for Eu and Tb ), evidencing that these anions are not all equivalent. In the IR spectra it is also possible to observe δ(NCS) at ca. 470-480 cm-1 and this also point out coordination through the nitrogen atom. In the IR spectra also ν (PO) is shifted to lower energies by ca. 10 cm1 with respect to free tpppO. This indicat coordination through the phosphoryl oxygen. It is also nortworthy that ν (PN) presents a consistent positive shift throghout the whole series of complexes. Absorption spectra of a neodymium compound were recorded. The hypersensitive band 4G5/2, 2G7/2 ← 4I9/2 appears, while the 2P1/2← 4I9/2 could not be observed experimentally. The first transition was observed to be centered at 17124 cm-1. From this value, the nephelauxetic parameter, β = 0,989, covalente factor, bl/2 = 0,072 and Sinha covalence parameter δ = 1,06 were calculated. These value point out the essentially electrostactic nature of metal-ligand bonds. The emission spectra of europium compound at 77 K presents one 5D0 → 7D0 peak (578 nm), three 5D0 → 7D1 peaks (593,595, 597nm) and five for 5D0 → 7D2 band (611,614, 617, 618, 620 nm). Taking into account the presence of 5D0 → 7D0 and the splits of 5D0 → 7D2 and 5D0 → 7D1 peaks the C3v symmetry can be proposed for this coordination polyhedron. Thermal analyses were carried out for Ce, Nd and Gd complexes. Tg-DTG curves show mass lasses starting at 284-320 ºC up to 1000 ºC. At 1200 ºC another mass loss occurs. The curves , however, are quite different whereas the Ce complex shows five non-resolved events between 300 and 400ºC, the Nd adducts shows two non-resolved events and the Gd only a broad peak. The mass of the final residues (above 1300ºC) are consistent with the corresponding lanthanide phosphate. Infrared spectra of these residues were recorded, confirming this assumption. Single- crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the Pr complex was carried out. The crystal system is the monoclinic, space group Cc, with four molecules per unit cell. The coordination polyhedron is a slightly distorted trigonal antiprism with C3v symmetry. The coordination number is 6. All anion are in the thyocianate form and coordinated through their nitrogen atoms in one base of antiprism whereas the ligand (tpppO) are bonded to the other base through their oxygen atoms.
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GALLAND, Olivier. "Interactions mécaniques entre la tectonique compressive et le magmatisme : expériences analogiques et exemple naturel." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008498.

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Le magmatisme a lieu principalement aux limites des plaques lithosphériques, où la déformation tectonique peut être importante. Afin d'étudier les interactions mécaniques entre la tectonique compressive et le magmatisme, nous avons développé une nouvelle technique expérimentale, dans laquelle un fluide (simulant les magmas) est injecté dans de la poudre de silice (simulant la croûte) en raccourcissement. Une première série d'expériences, dans laquelle la poudre de silice est homogène, montre que la présence de magmas induit la formation de chevauchements arqués et d'un plateau non déformé. Inversement, la déformation favorise la mise en place horizontale des magmas, et contrôle leur mise en place relativement passive dans un espace accommodé par la surrection tectonique du plateau. Dans une seconde série d'expériences, nous avons introduit des hétérogénéités dans la poudre de silice, afin de simuler une stratification. Nous montrons que les hétérogénéités peuvent contrôler la mise en place des magmas à l'interface entre les niveaux de comportements différents. Afin de valider nos résultats expérimentaux, les expériences sont comparées à un exemple naturel, le volcan Tromen en Argentine. Au cours de trois missions sur le terrain, nous avons effectué une étude cartographique, structurale et géochronologique du Tromen. Nous montrons que le contexte tectonique du Tromen pendant sa période d'activité volcanique était compressif. De plus, les résultats obtenus montrent des similitudes entre les structures observées sur le Tromen et celles obtenues dans nos expériences (chevauchements arqués, plateau peu déformé) validant ainsi nos résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, les structures obtenues dans nos expériences montrent également des similitudes avec les structures observées dans les Andes Centrales à l'échelle crustale. Cette comparaison nous permet de proposer un nouveau modèle de formation des hauts plateaux, tels l'Altiplano et le Tibet, qui demeurent de grandes énigmes géologiques.
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Books on the topic "Earth entry"

1

Sutton, Kenneth. Equilibrium radiative heating tables for earth entry. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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Portree, David S. F. Orbital debris and near-Earth environmental management: A chronology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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Portree, David S. F. Orbital debris and near-Earth environmental management: A chronology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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Howe, John T. Estimates of thermochemical relaxation lengths behind normal shock waves relevant to manned lunar and Mars return missions, the aeroassist flight experiment, and Mars entry. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1991.

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Gala, Antonio. La Alhambra: Entre el cielo y la tierra = between heaven and earth. Aljucer: Dàrànà, 2001.

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Dawson, George Mercer. Rapport sur la région avoisinant les rivières aux Arcs et du Ventre, Territoire du Nord-Ouest: Embrassant le territoire compris entre la base des Montagnes-Rocheuses à l'est et la longitude 110 ̄45', et entre la 49 ̄parallèle au nord et la lattitude 51 ̄20 ̄. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Dawson, George Mercer. Rapport préliminaire sur les caractères physiques et géologiques de la porion des montagnes Rocheuses située entre les lattitudes 49 ̊et 51 ̊31. [S.l: s.n., 1986.

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Carozzi, Albert V. Histoire des sciences de la terre entre 1790 et 1815 vue à travers les documents inédites de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève: Trois grands protagonistes: Marc-Auguste Pictet, Guillaume-Antoine Deluc et Jean Tollot. Genève: Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève, 1990.

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Canada, Canada Foreign Affairs. Science : arrangement between the Government of Canada and the European Space Agency concerning participation by the government of Canada in the Info Terra/TerraSAR element of the European Earth Watch Programme, Paris, 22 September 2003, in force 22 September 2003 =: Science : arrangement entre le gouvernement du Canada et l'Agence spatiale européenne concernant la participation du gouvernment du Canada à l'élément Info Terra/TerraSAR du Programme européen de surveillance de la terre, Paris, le 22 septembre 2003, en vigueur le 22 septembre 2003. Ottawa, Ont: Public Works and Government Services Canada = Travaux publics et services gouvernementaux Canada, 2007.

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Nystrom-Schut, Michael Jean. Worldview 101: 101 Entry Level Looks at Life on Earth. AuthorHouse, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earth entry"

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Szymkiewicz, Adam. "Flow in Binary Media with Heterogeneous Air-Entry Pressure." In GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences, 215–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23559-7_7.

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"Gravitational Model of the Earth." In Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry, 541–43. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600861741.0541.0543.

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"Precursor ionization during high-speed Earth entry." In Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics, edited by Gianpiero Colonna. IOP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-2563/aae894ch9.

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"Earth's Form and Gravitational Field." In Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry, 47–75. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600861741.0047.0075.

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"The flux of meteoroids over time: meteor emission spectroscopy and the delivery of volatiles and chondritic materials to Earth." In Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics, edited by Gianpiero Colonna. IOP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-2563/aae894ch4.

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"Heating Rate Distributions at Mach 10 on a Circular Body Earth-to-Orbit Transport Vehicle." In Thermophysical Aspects of Re-Entry Flows, 341–72. New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600865770.0341.0372.

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"Global Indigenism and Spaceship Earth: Convergence, Space, and Re-entry Friction Jim Igoe." In The Globalization of Environmental Crisis, 107–8. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315869193-18.

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Smith, Ali. "Talk." In Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, 131–54. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439657.003.0010.

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This transcript of a talk given by Ali Smith at the National Portrait Gallery in London on 23 October 2014 is published here for the first time. A recording of the talk may be heard at https://soundcloud.com/npglondon/getting-virginia-woolfs-goat-a-lecture-by-ali-smith ‘Well it is five minutes to ten: but where am I, writing with pen & ink? Not in my studio.’ No, unusually, in this diary entry from May 1932, Woolf is miles from home and miles from England, a foreigner on holiday in Greece, sitting in a dip of land ‘at Delphi, under an olive tree […] on dry earth covered with white daisies’. Leonard is next to her. His holiday reading is a Greek grammar. She sees a butterfly go past. ‘I think, a swallow tail.’ It’s all part of the desire to catalogue where we are. She describes simply for her diary what’s around her: the bushes and rocks and trees, the ‘huge bald gray & black mountain’, the earth, the flies, the flowers, the sound of goat bells....
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Calabia, Andres, and Shuanggen Jin. "Characterization of the Upper Atmosphere from Neutral and Electron Density Observations." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2020_123.

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Abstract Upper-atmospheric processes under different space weather conditions are still not well understood, and the existing models are far away from the desired operational requirements due to the lack of in-situ measurements input. The ionospheric perturbation of electromagnetic signals affects the accuracy and reliability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), satellite communication infrastructures, and Earth observation techniques. Furthermore, the variable aerodynamic drag, due to variable thermospheric mass density, disturbs orbital tracking, collision analysis, and re-entry calculations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) objects, including manned and unmanned artificial satellites. In this paper, we use the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique to study and compare the main driver-response relationships and spatial patterns of total electron content (TEC) estimates from 2003 to 2018, and total mass density (TMD) estimates at 475 km altitude from 2003 to 2015. Comparison of the first TEC and TMD PCA mode shows a very similar response to solar flux, but annual cycle shown by TEC is approximately one order of magnitude larger. A clear hemispheric asymmetry is shown in the global distribution of TMD, with higher values in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. The hemispheric asymmetry is not visible in TEC. The persistent processes including a favorable solar wind input and particle precipitation over the southern magnetic dip may produce a higher thermospheric heating, which results in the hemispheric asymmetry in TMD.
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Miguel Antonio, Domínguez-Crespo, Brachetti-Sibaja Silvia, Torres-Huerta Aidé, Onofre Edgar, López-Oyama Ana, and Rodil Sandra. "Corrosion Protective Coatings: Fabrication of Sputtered CeO2-La2O3 and La2O3-CeO2 Bilayers." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000216.

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This entry provides a comparative study on the corrosion protection efficiency of Ce, La films as well as Ce/La- and La/Ce-bilayered coatings deposited onto AA7075 and AA6061 substrates by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The coating thickness ranged from ~12 to 835 nm, which changed with the deposition parameters and substrate composition. The relationship between microstructure, roughness, and electrochemical performance is examined. The reactivity and crystallinity of rare earth (RE) films can be tailored by adjusting the sputtering parameters. Sputtered La films with a thickness of ~390 nm and an average roughness of 66 nm showed the best corrosion protection properties in chloride medium as determined by potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The method to obtain RE-bilayered coatings, i.e., La/Ce or Ce/La as well as the substrate composition and applied power, conditioned their inhibition properties. The RE-bilayered coatings displayed better barrier properties than Ce films, which were worser than those featured by La films.
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Conference papers on the topic "Earth entry"

1

Brandis, Aaron M., Christopher O. Johnston, and Brett A. Cruden. "Non-equilibrium Radiation for Earth Entry." In 46th AIAA Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3690.

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Kellas, Sotiris. "Passive earth entry vehicle landing test." In 2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2017.7943744.

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Agrawal, Parul, Steven Sepka, Jose Aliaga, Ethiraj Venkatapathy, and Jamshid Samareh. "Thermal Soak Analysis of Earth Entry Vehicles." In 43rd AIAA Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-3010.

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Park, Chul, Richard Jaffe, and Harry Partridge. "Chemical-kinetic parameters of hyperbolic Earth entry." In 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-210.

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Soubrie, T., O. Rouzaud, and L. Tesse. "COUPLED RADIATION EFFECTS FOR EARTH ENTRY FLOWS." In Annals of the Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conference 13. Begell House Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc13.p4.40.

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KEENAN, JAMES, and GRAHAM CANDLER. "Simulation of ablation in Earth atmospheric entry." In 28th Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-2789.

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Johnston, Christopher O., and Aaron M. Brandis. "Features of Afterbody Radiative Heating for Earth Entry." In 11th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-2675.

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TAUBER, M., G. PALMER, and LILY YANG. "Earth atmospheric entry studies for manned Mars missions." In 5th Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-1699.

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Mitcheltree, R., S. Kellas, J. Dorsey, P. Desai, and C. Martin. "A passive Earth-entry capsule for Mars Sample Return." In 7th AIAA/ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-2851.

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Johnson, Joshua, Mark Lewis, and Ryan Starkey. "Analysis of Optimal Earth Entry Heat Shield/Trajectory Configurations." In 15th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-2594.

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