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1

Murakami, Motohiko, Amir Khan, Paolo A. Sossi, Maxim D. Ballmer, and Pinku Saha. "The Composition of Earth's Lower Mantle." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 52, no. 1 (2024): 605–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-075657.

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Determining the composition of Earth's lower mantle, which constitutes almost half of its total volume, has been a central goal in the Earth sciences for more than a century given the constraints it places on Earth's origin and evolution. However, whether the major element chemistry of the lower mantle, in the form of, e.g., Mg/Si ratio, is similar to or different from the upper mantle remains debated. Here we use a multidisciplinary approach to address the question of the composition of Earth's lower mantle and, in turn, that of bulk silicate Earth (crust and mantle) by considering the eviden
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2

Sunil, K., and B. S. Sharma. "Thermoelastic properties of the earth lower mantle." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 14 (2017): 1750108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217501089.

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For investigating the pressure dependence of thermal expansivity of materials, we have developed a formulation using the Stacey relationship between the reciprocal of pressure derivative of bulk modulus and the ratio of pressure and bulk modulus. The formulation presented here satisfies the boundary conditions both at zero pressure and also in the limit of infinite pressure at extreme compression. A physically acceptable relationship has been obtained between the volume derivative of thermal expansivity and the pressure derivatives of bulk modulus under adiabatic condition. The seismological d
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3

Tsuchiya, Taku, Jun Tsuchiya, Haruhiko Dekura, and Sebastian Ritterbex. "Ab Initio Study on the Lower Mantle Minerals." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (2020): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071719-055139.

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Recent progress in theoretical mineral physics based on the ab initio quantum mechanical computation method has been dramatic in conjunction with the rapid advancement of computer technologies. It is now possible to predict stability, elasticity, and transport properties of complex minerals quantitatively with uncertainties that are comparable to or even smaller than those attached in experimental data. These calculations under in situ high-pressure ( P) and high-temperature conditions are of particular interest because they allow us to construct a priori mineralogical models of the deep Earth
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4

Bower, Dan J., Michael Gurnis, and Maria Seton. "Lower mantle structure from paleogeographically constrained dynamic Earth models." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 1 (2013): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gc004267.

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5

Nakagawa, Takashi, and Tomoeki Nakakuki. "Dynamics in the Uppermost Lower Mantle: Insights into the Deep Mantle Water Cycle Based on the Numerical Modeling of Subducted Slabs and Global-Scale Mantle Dynamics." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (2019): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060305.

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In this review, we address the current status of numerical modeling of the mantle transition zone and uppermost lower mantle, focusing on the hydration mechanism in these areas. The main points are as follows: ( a) Slab stagnation and penetration may play significant roles in transporting the water in the whole mantle, and ( b) a huge amount of water could be absorbed into the deep mantle to preserve the surface seawater over the geologic timescale. However, for further understanding of water circulation in the deep planetary interior, more mineral physics investigations are required to reveal
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6

Zhang, Li. "Bridgmanite across the lower mantle." Nature Geoscience 15, no. 12 (2022): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01099-7.

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7

Revenaugh, Justin, and Thomas H. Jordan. "Mantle layering fromScSreverberations: 4. The lower mantle and core-mantle boundary." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B12 (1991): 19811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jb02163.

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8

YAMAZAKI, Daisuke. "High Pressure Earth Science. Rheological Properties of the Lower Mantle." REVIEW OF HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9, no. 1 (1999): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.9.19.

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9

Bovolo, C. Isabella. "The physical and chemical composition of the lower mantle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1837 (2005): 2811–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1675.

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This article reviews some of the recent advances made within the field of mineral physics. In order to link the observed seismic and density structures of the lower mantle with a particular mineral composition, knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the candidate materials is required. Determining which compositional model best matches the observed data is difficult because of the wide variety of possible mineral structures and compositions. State-of-the-art experimental and analytical techniques have pushed forward our knowledge of mineral physics, yet certain properties, such as the el
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10

Day, James M. D., D. Graham Pearson, and Lawrence A. Taylor. "Highly Siderophile Element Constraints on Accretion and Differentiation of the Earth-Moon System." Science 315, no. 5809 (2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133355.

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A new combined rhenium-osmium– and platinum-group element data set for basalts from the Moon establishes that the basalts have uniformly low abundances of highly siderophile elements. The data set indicates a lunar mantle with long-term, chondritic, highly siderophile element ratios, but with absolute abundances that are over 20 times lower than those in Earth's mantle. The results are consistent with silicate-metal equilibrium during a giant impact and core formation in both bodies, followed by post–core-formation late accretion that replenished their mantles with highly siderophile elements.
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11

Gülcher, Anna Johanna Pia, Maxim Dionys Ballmer, and Paul James Tackley. "Coupled dynamics and evolution of primordial and recycled heterogeneity in Earth's lower mantle." Solid Earth 12, no. 9 (2021): 2087–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2087-2021.

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Abstract. The nature of compositional heterogeneity in Earth's lower mantle remains a long-standing puzzle that can inform about the long-term thermochemical evolution and dynamics of our planet. Here, we use global-scale 2D models of thermochemical mantle convection to investigate the coupled evolution and mixing of (intrinsically dense) recycled and (intrinsically strong) primordial heterogeneity in the mantle. We explore the effects of ancient compositional layering of the mantle, as motivated by magma ocean solidification studies, and of the physical parameters of primordial material. Depe
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12

KUSHWAH, S. S., and N. K. BHARDWAJ. "HIGHER ORDER THERMOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE EARTH LOWER MANTLE AND CORE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 09 (2010): 1187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055238.

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We have used some of the most reliable high pressure equations of state (EOS) to determine the thermoelastic Grüneisen parameter and its higher order volume derivatives for the lower mantle, outer core and inner core of the Earth. The cross derivatives of bulk modulus with respect to pressure and temperature have also been obtained for the deep interior of the Earth using the results based on the modified free volume theory for the Grüneisen parameter. We have used five EOS viz. (a) modified Rydberg EOS, (b) modified Poirier–Tarantola EOS, (c) Hama–Suito EOS, (d) Stacey EOS, and (e) Kushwah EO
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13

Stewart, D. N., F. H. Busse, K. A. Whaler, and D. Gubbins. "Geomagnetism, Earth rotation and the electrical conductivity of the lower mantle." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 92, no. 3-4 (1995): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03035-4.

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14

Ritsema, Jeroen, and Vedran Lekić. "Heterogeneity of Seismic Wave Velocity in Earth's Mantle." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (2020): 377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082119-065909.

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Seismology provides important constraints on the structure and dynamics of the deep mantle. Computational and methodological advances in the past two decades improved tomographic imaging of the mantle and revealed the fine-scale structure of plumes ascending from the core-mantle boundary region and slabs of oceanic lithosphere sinking into the lower mantle. We discuss the modeling aspects of global tomography including theoretical approximations, data selection, and model fidelity and resolution. Using spectral, principal component, and cluster analyses, we highlight the robust patterns of sei
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15

Fiquet, G., F. Guyot, and J. Badro. "The Earth's Lower Mantle and Core." Elements 4, no. 3 (2008): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.4.3.177.

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16

Ferreira, Ana M. G., Manuele Faccenda, William Sturgeon, Sung-Joon Chang, and Lewis Schardong. "Ubiquitous lower-mantle anisotropy beneath subduction zones." Nature Geoscience 12, no. 4 (2019): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0325-7.

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17

DeFelice, C., S. Mallick, A. E. Saal, and S. Huang. "An isotopically depleted lower mantle component is intrinsic to the Hawaiian mantle plume." Nature Geoscience 12, no. 6 (2019): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0348-0.

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18

Hermann, Andreas, and Mainak Mookherjee. "High-pressure phase of brucite stable at Earth’s mantle transition zone and lower mantle conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (2016): 13971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611571113.

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We investigate the high-pressure phase diagram of the hydrous mineral brucite, Mg(OH)2, using structure search algorithms and ab initio simulations. We predict a high-pressure phase stable at pressure and temperature conditions found in cold subducting slabs in Earth’s mantle transition zone and lower mantle. This prediction implies that brucite can play a much more important role in water transport and storage in Earth’s interior than hitherto thought. The predicted high-pressure phase, stable in calculations between 20 and 35 GPa and up to 800 K, features MgO6 octahedral units arranged in th
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19

Machetel, Philippe. "Short-wavelength lower mantle seismic velocity anomalies." Geophysical Research Letters 17, no. 8 (1990): 1145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl017i008p01145.

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20

van den Berg, Arie P., and David A. Yuen. "Is the lower-mantle rheology Newtonian today?" Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 16 (1996): 2033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl02065.

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21

Weber, M., and M. Körnig. "Lower mantle inhomogeneities inferred from PcP precursors." Geophysical Research Letters 17, no. 11 (1990): 1993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl017i011p01993.

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22

Mashino, Izumi, Motohiko Murakami, Nobuyoshi Miyajima, and Sylvain Petitgirard. "Experimental evidence for silica-enriched Earth’s lower mantle with ferrous iron dominant bridgmanite." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 45 (2020): 27899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917096117.

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Determination of the chemical composition of the Earth’s mantle is of prime importance to understand the evolution, dynamics, and origin of the Earth. However, there is a lack of experimental data on sound velocity of iron-bearing Bridgmanite (Brd) under relevant high-pressure conditions of the whole mantle, which prevents constraints on the mineralogical model of the lower mantle. To uncover these issues, we have conducted sound-velocity measurement of iron-bearing Brd in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) up to 124 GPa using Brillouin scattering spectroscopy. Here we show that the sound velocities o
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23

Zhang, Baolong, Xiangfang Zeng, Jun Xie, and Vernon F. Cormier. "Validity of Resolving the 785 km Discontinuity in the Lower Mantle with P′P′ Precursors?" Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (2020): 3278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200210.

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Abstract P ′ P ′ precursors have been used to detect discontinuities in the lower mantle of the Earth, but some seismic phases propagating along asymmetric ray paths or scattered waves could be misinterpreted as reflections from mantle discontinuities. By forward modeling in standard 1D Earth models, we demonstrate that the frequency content, slowness, and decay with distance of precursors about 180 s before P′P′ arrival are consistent with those of the PKPPdiff phase (or PdiffPKP) at epicentral distances around 78° rather than a reflection from a lower mantle interface. Furthermore, a beamfor
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24

Sharma, S. K. "Volume thermal expansivity for lower mantle region of earth under adiabatic condition." Physica B: Condensed Matter 419 (June 2013): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2013.03.007.

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25

Yuen, David A., Nicola Tosi, and Ondrej Čadek. "Influences of lower-mantle properties on the formation of asthenosphere in oceanic upper mantle." Journal of Earth Science 22, no. 2 (2011): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12583-011-0166-9.

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26

Cordier, Patrick, Karine Gouriet, Timmo Weidner, et al. "Periclase deforms more slowly than bridgmanite under mantle conditions." Nature 613, no. 7943 (2023): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05410-9.

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AbstractTransport of heat from the interior of the Earth drives convection in the mantle, which involves the deformation of solid rocks over billions of years. The lower mantle of the Earth is mostly composed of iron-bearing bridgmanite MgSiO3 and approximately 25% volume periclase MgO (also with some iron). It is commonly accepted that ferropericlase is weaker than bridgmanite1. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to study assemblages representative of the lower mantle under the relevant pressure and temperature conditions2,3. However, the natural strain rates are 8 to 10 orde
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27

Romanowicz, Barbara. "3D structure of the Earth's lower mantle." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 335, no. 1 (2003): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0713(03)00012-9.

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28

Gasperini, Paolo, David A. Yuen, and Roberto Sabadini. "Postglacial rebound with a non-Newtonian upper mantle and a Newtonian lower mantle rheology." Geophysical Research Letters 19, no. 16 (1992): 1711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92gl01456.

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29

Petersen, Robert I., Dave R. Stegman, and Paul J. Tackley. "The subduction dichotomy of strong plates and weak slabs." Solid Earth 8, no. 2 (2017): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-339-2017.

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Abstract. A key element of plate tectonics on Earth is that the lithosphere is subducting into the mantle. Subduction results from forces that bend and pull the lithosphere into the interior of the Earth. Once subducted, lithospheric slabs are further modified by dynamic forces in the mantle, and their sinking is inhibited by the increase in viscosity of the lower mantle. These forces are resisted by the material strength of the lithosphere. Using geodynamic models, we investigate several subduction models, wherein we control material strength by setting a maximum viscosity for the surface pla
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30

Davis, J. Peter, and Michael Weber. "Lower mantle velocity inhomogeneity observed at GRF array." Geophysical Research Letters 17, no. 2 (1990): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl017i002p00187.

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31

Petersons, H. F., and S. Constable. "Global mapping of the electrically conductive lower mantle." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 12 (1996): 1461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl01412.

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32

Meade, Charles, Paul G. Silver, and Satoshi Kaneshima. "Laboratory and seismological observations of lower mantle isotropy." Geophysical Research Letters 22, no. 10 (1995): 1293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95gl01091.

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33

Sleep, Norman H. "Simple features of mantle-wide convection and the interpretation of lower-mantle tomograms." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 335, no. 1 (2003): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0713(03)00008-7.

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34

Dorfman, Susannah M., Farhang Nabiei, Charles-Edouard Boukaré, et al. "Composition and Pressure Effects on Partitioning of Ferrous Iron in Iron-Rich Lower Mantle Heterogeneities." Minerals 11, no. 5 (2021): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050512.

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Both seismic observations of dense low shear velocity regions and models of magma ocean crystallization and mantle dynamics support enrichment of iron in Earth’s lowermost mantle. Physical properties of iron-rich lower mantle heterogeneities in the modern Earth depend on distribution of iron between coexisting lower mantle phases (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite, (Mg,Fe)SiO3 bridgmanite, and (Mg,Fe)SiO3 post-perovskite. The partitioning of iron between these phases was investigated in synthetic ferrous-iron-rich olivine compositions (Mg0.55Fe0.45)2SiO4 and (Mg0.28Fe0.72)2SiO4 at lower mantle condition
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35

Ryabchikov, I. D. "Conditions of diamond formation in the Earth’s lower mantle." Doklady Earth Sciences 438, no. 2 (2011): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x11060110.

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36

Hirose, Kei, Ryosuke Sinmyo, and John Hernlund. "Perovskite in Earth’s deep interior." Science 358, no. 6364 (2017): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8561.

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Silicate perovskite-type phases are the most abundant constituent inside our planet and are the predominant minerals in Earth’s lower mantle more than 660 kilometers below the surface. Magnesium-rich perovskite is a major lower mantle phase and undergoes a phase transition to post-perovskite near the bottom of the mantle. Calcium-rich perovskite is proportionally minor but may host numerous trace elements that record chemical differentiation events. The properties of mantle perovskites are the key to understanding the dynamic evolution of Earth, as they strongly influence the transport propert
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37

Kuskov, O. L., E. V. Kronrod, and V. A. Kronrod. "Effect of thermal state on the chemical composition of the mantle and the sizes of the moon’s core." Геохимия 64, no. 6 (2019): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-7525646567-584.

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Based on the joint inversion of seismic and gravity data in combination with the Gibbs free energy minimization method for calculating phase equilibria in the framework of the Na2O-TiO2-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, the influence of the thermal state on the chemical composition models of the mantle and the sizes of the Fe-S core of the Moon has been studied. The boundary conditions used are seismic models from Apollo experiments, mass and moment of inertia from the GRAIL mission. As a result of solving the inverse problem, constraints on the chemical composition (concentration of rock-forming
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38

Fukuhara, Mikio, Alexander Yoshino, and Nobuhisa Fujima. "Earth factories: Creation of the elements from nuclear transmutation in Earth’s lower mantle." AIP Advances 11, no. 10 (2021): 105113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0061584.

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39

Dubrovinsky, L., C. McCammon, K. Glazyrin, et al. "Interplay between structural and electronic behavior in iron-bearing earth lower mantle minerals." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 66, a1 (2010): s42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767310099058.

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40

SRIVASTAVA, S. K. "VOLUME DEPENDENCE OF GRÜNEISEN RATIO FOR LOWER MANTLE AND CORE OF THE EARTH." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 18 (2011): 1549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026449.

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In this study, we have examined the various formulations for volume dependence of the Grüneisen ratio, γ. The thermodynamic constraints for γ∞, q∞ and λ∞ have been used to discuss the validity of various relationships. The volume dependence of γ and its derivatives, reported by Stacey and Davis [F. D. Stacey and P. M. Davis, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.142 (2004) 137–184], are analyzed. The Al'tshuler et al.'s relationship of γ(V), widely used in recent literature, has been found to be inadequate on the variation of λ with compression. The estimates of γ, q and λ are obtained with the combinatio
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41

Nie, Chuanhui, Jinghua Wei, and Lifang Yu. "Anderson–Grüneisen parameter for lower mantle region of the Earth under adiabatic condition." High Pressure Research 32, no. 3 (2012): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08957959.2012.722212.

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42

Ni, Huaiwei, Yong-Fei Zheng, Zhu Mao, Qin Wang, Ren-Xu Chen, and Li Zhang. "Distribution, cycling and impact of water in the Earth's interior." National Science Review 4, no. 6 (2017): 879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx130.

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Abstract The Earth's deep interior is a hidden water reservoir on a par with the hydrosphere that is crucial for keeping the Earth as a habitable planet. In particular, nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) in the silicate Earth host a significant amount of water by accommodating H point defects in their crystal lattices. Water distribution in the silicate Earth is highly heterogeneous, and the mantle transition zone may contain more water than the upper and lower mantles. Plate subduction transports surface water to various depths, with a series of hydrous minerals and NAMs serving as water car
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43

Timmerman, Suzette, Anna V. Spivak, and Adrian P. Jones. "Carbonatitic Melts and Their Role in Diamond Formation in the Deep Earth." Elements 17, no. 5 (2021): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.5.321.

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Carbonatitic high-density fluids and carbonate mineral inclusions in lithospheric and sub-lithospheric diamonds reveal comparable compositions to crustal carbonatites and, thus, support the presence of carbon-atitic melts to depths of at least the mantle transition zone (~410–660 km depth). Diamonds and high pressure–high temperature (HP–HT) experiments confirm the stability of lower mantle carbonates. Experiments also show that carbonate melts have extremely low viscosity in the upper mantle. Hence, carbonatitic melts may participate in the deep (mantle) carbon cycle and be highly effective m
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44

Dorfman, Susannah M., James Badro, Farhang Nabiei, Vitali B. Prakapenka, Marco Cantoni, and Philippe Gillet. "Carbonate stability in the reduced lower mantle." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 489 (May 2018): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.035.

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45

McCammon, C., I. Kantor, O. Narygina, et al. "Stable intermediate-spin ferrous iron in lower-mantle perovskite." Nature Geoscience 1, no. 10 (2008): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo309.

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46

Duffy, Thomas S. "Some recent advances in understanding the mineralogy of Earth's deep mantle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1883 (2008): 4273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0172.

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Understanding planetary structure and evolution requires a detailed knowledge of the properties of geological materials under the conditions of deep planetary interiors. Experiments under the extreme pressure–temperature conditions of the deep mantle are challenging, and many fundamental properties remain poorly constrained or are inferred only through uncertain extrapolations from lower pressure–temperature states. Nevertheless, the last several years have witnessed a number of new developments in this area, and a broad overview of the current understanding of the Earth's lower mantle is pres
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47

Wang, Yanbin, and Donald J. Weidner. "Thermoelasticity of CaSiO3perovskite and implications for the lower mantle." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 10 (1994): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl00976.

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48

Weber, M. "Lamellae inD″?: An alternative model for lower mantle anomalies." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 23 (1994): 2531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl01859.

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49

Domeier, Mathew, Pavel V. Doubrovine, Trond H. Torsvik, Wim Spakman, and Abigail L. Bull. "Global correlation of lower mantle structure and past subduction." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 10 (2016): 4945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068827.

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50

Aktas, Kadircan, and David W. Eaton. "Upper-mantle velocity structure of the lower Great Lakes region." Tectonophysics 420, no. 1-2 (2006): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.01.020.

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