Journal articles: 'Earth paint'

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Hawng, Hey-Zoo, Tea-Hak Roh, and Jin-Sil Lee. "Surface Hardness and Water Repellet of Earth Paint." KIEAE Journal 16, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12813/kieae.2016.16.3.083.

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He, Ke, Yong Liu, and Yanting He. "Novel Wall Paint for Decorative Style of Retro Rammed-Earth Wall Based on Dry Hanging." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2019.1873.

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Owing to its unique ornamental style, the decorative retro rammed-earth wall style has attracted widespread interest in recent years. With this motivation, a novel multi-coated rammed-earth paint using dry hanging has been studied. This paint could overcome the limitations of surface material shedding and low strength in an extreme external environment. It has the advantages of low construction cost, simple production, low embodied energy, recyclability, and excellent performance. The alkali-resistance test of the paint was carried out in a high-concentration alkaline solution. The paint demonstrated insignificant performance change after 96 h. It has also been determined that the weather resistance of the sample does not display any evidence of chalking after 10 cycles of freezing and heating experiments. Rain and sun exposure are considered extremely important factors in durability of paint and were also tested for in the climatic chamber. The environmental parameters in the chamber were modeled based on the environment of southern China. Later, the coating product was tested according to the Chinese national standard of JG-T24-2000 (synthetic resin emulsion sand wall structure), demonstrating excellent performance. Thus, the innovative products of earth wall paint discussed in this study have the potential to meet the needs of the market.

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Zhao, Su, Ying Yu Zhao, and Shuang Liu. "The Antibacterial Property of La³⁺/ZnO Rare Earth Compound Antibacterial Imitation Porcelain Paint." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2990.

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La3+/ZnO composite antibacterial agent is made by the combination of Nano-ZnO and Rare Earth LaCl3 whose antibacterial properties are better than Nano-ZnO and Rare Earth LaCl3 themselves, that is, Nano-ZnO whose photocatalysis can be significantly improved by doping La3+,with the obvious coordination function. In this Paper, antibacterial agent was used to prepare the La3+/ZnO Rare Earth compound antibacterial imitation porcelain paint. At the same time, the influence of the antibacterial agent with different amounts and the major component in imitation porcelain paint to antibacterial property are discussed respectively. It shows that, when the antibacterial agent is mixed in the range of 8-9%,the antibacterial property of coating is very satisfactory, the major component of the imitation porcelain paint not only cause no influence on the antibacterial property of the compound antibacterial coating, but also enhances its water resistance and alkali resistance .

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Ellens, J. Harold. "Why on Earth does God Have to Paint? Centripetal Art." CrossCurrents 61, no. 2 (June 2011): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3881.2011.00181.x.

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Bonneau, A., R. A. Staff, T. Higham, F. Brock, D. G. Pearce, and P. J. Mitchell. "Successfully Dating Rock Art in Southern Africa Using Improved Sampling Methods and New Characterization and Pretreatment Protocols." Radiocarbon 59, no. 3 (September 9, 2016): 659–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.69.

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AbstractWorldwide, dating rock art is difficult to achieve because of the frequent lack of datable material and the difficulty of removing contamination from samples. Our research aimed to select the paints that would be the most likely to be successfully radiocarbon dated and to estimate the quantity of paint needed depending on the nature of the paint and the weathering and alteration products associated with it. To achieve this aim, a two-step sampling strategy, coupled with a multi-instrument characterization (including SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy analysis) and a modified acid-base-acid (ABA) pretreatment, was created. In total, 41 samples were dated from 14 sites in three separate regions of southern Africa. These novel protocols ensure that the14C chronology produced was robust and could also be subsequently applied to different regions with possible variations in paint preparation, geology, weathering conditions, and contaminants.

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Dr. N.R.Vembu, Dr. M.Ganesan, Dr. K.Veerakumar, Dr R. Renuka, and Dr.Velavan. "Perception of Customer on Buying Branded Paints in Kumbakonam Town." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.11707.

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Painting provides better attraction and protection to the building. It is used for preventing the chemical attack, ultra virus light, protecting from extreme solar and moisture even it able protect from germs There are different types of brands are also playing the predominant role in the field of painting. Even the non-skid protective paint coatings are also used by the modern house to prevent slipping, while some exterior paints are used as attractive in the eyes of people. In general, the paints are protecting the building as well as attracting the people to have a positive opinion on the house. At this juncture, the research in this field is adding some extra feather to this painting industry. The present study is focused on to analyze the various factors which are influencing the consumer’s influence on purchase decision. At this juncture, the paint manufacturing companies are putting all efforts to hold the greater market share, it is very important to analyze the brand perception of consumers and their final purchase.

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Lee, Jae Ryeong, Ho Seok Jeon, Young Hyo Lee, and Hun Saeng Chung. "Preparation of Filling Materials for Antifouling Mineral Paint Using Rare Earth and their Anion Emission Properties." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.715.

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Tourmaline has unique electrical properties originated from its crystal structure such as pyroelectricity, piezioelectricity and emission of anion. These properties can derivate the making of feeble current around 0.06 mA. This weak current enables to electrolyze continuously and to make the hydroxyl anion, which may play a role of surface active agent against fouling of ocean organism. Two kinds of the mixture, tourmaline-monazite-quartz and tourmaline-monazite-illite-zeolite, were tested for the filling materials of antifouling paints. As a whole, the anion emits actively, at least around 4000 negative ion/cc. This high emission property maintains constantly for long time over 500 days. This implies that the tourmaline mixture treated mechanochemically can emit anion over 4000 negative ion/cc for a long time. These results enable us to make possible for application of the tourmaline containing mixture as the filling materials of antifouling paint

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Mazel, Aron D. "Paint and Earth: Constructing Hunter-Gatherer History in the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg, South Africa." Time and Mind 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169713x13500468476565.

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Hendriks, Laura, Irka Hajdas, Ester S. B. Ferreira, Nadim C. Scherrer, Stefan Zumbühl, Markus Küffner, Leslie Carlyle, Hans-Arno Synal, and Detlef Günther. "Selective Dating of Paint Components: Radiocarbon Dating of Lead White Pigment." Radiocarbon 61, no. 2 (October 18, 2018): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.101.

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ABSTRACTLead white is a man-made white pigment commonly used in works of art. In this study, the possibility of radiocarbon dating lead white pigments alone and in oil paints was explored using well-dated lead white pigments and paints. Resulting14C ages on lead white pigments produced following the traditional stack process, where carbonate groups results from the incorporation of CO2originating from fermentation, matched the production years, while radiocarbon dating of lead white made using other industrial processes indicate that14C depleted CO2was used in their production. The method was applied to two case studies, where lead carbonate samples were dated in two oil paintings, one Baroque and one from the 20th century. We hereby show that the lead white pigment can be dated by14C and used as proxy for the time of creation of an artwork. Additionally, a two-step method was developed to allow14C analysis of both the lead white pigment and oil binder from the same sample. A single lead white paint sample can yield two distinct radiocarbon ages, one from the carbonate and one from the natural organic binder. This study thus proposes new strategies for14C dating of artworks.

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Zwaan, Tanja L. "Space debris: ex facto sequitur lex." Leiden Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (May 1988): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500000716.

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Unfortunately, today's exploration of outer space is exposed to a rapidly expanding collection of what has come to be called space debris. Innumerous objects of variable size ranging from tiny paint chips to entire - defunct - satellites and produced by various causes, such as collisions, explosions, or simply exhaustion of fuel, are rotating around the Earth and create dangers to our space missions.

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Turkmenoglu, Mustafa. "End of Life and Beginning of Life Thermal Analysis of a Micro Satellite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 798 (October 2015): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.798.551.

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Satellites with passive thermal control system use thermal coatings, secondary and first surface mirrors and paints to maintain the temperatures of their electronic equipment within operating temperatures. Satellite coatings are exposed to harsh space environments like ultraviolet radiation (UV) and atomic oxygen (AO) that cause thermal degradation. As nature of the space environment, degradation of the surface paints and coatings cause increase in temperatures of the equipment in time. Thermal designer must consider the thermal degradation of the coatings and paints and optimize the radiator sizes of the satellite at Beginning of Life (BOL) and End of Life (EOL) of the satellite in order to maintain the temperatures of equipment within their safe operation limits. For this analysis, a micro-class satellite using passive thermal control with surface paints and interface conductance within each equipment has been studied. The satellite top surface (+Z) faces the earth and bottom surface (-Z) faces deep space. The lateral sides of the satellite are covered with honeycomb solar panels and top and bottom surfaces are covered with white paint which act as satellite radiator. The satellite orbit has been considered as 700 km Sun-Synchronous Low Earth Orbit. In this analysis BOL and EOL thermo optical properties have been used to predict the satellite temperatures before and after degradation of paints. Thermal analysis have been performed and predicted temperatures obtained by using THERMICA thermal analysis software.

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Beer, Alexander R., James W. Kirchner, and Jens M. Turowski. "Graffiti for science – erosion painting reveals spatially variable erosivity of sediment-laden flows." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-885-2016.

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Abstract. Spatially distributed detection of bedrock erosion is a long-standing challenge. Here we show how the spatial distribution of surface erosion can be visualized and analysed by observing the erosion of paint from natural bedrock surfaces. If the paint is evenly applied, it creates a surface with relatively uniform erodibility, such that spatial variability in the erosion of the paint reflects variations in the erosivity of the flow and its entrained sediment. In a proof-of-concept study, this approach provided direct visual verification that sediment impacts were focused on upstream-facing surfaces in a natural bedrock gorge. Further, erosion painting demonstrated strong cross-stream variations in bedrock erosion, even in the relatively narrow (5 m wide) gorge that we studied. The left side of the gorge experienced high sediment throughput with abundant lateral erosion on the painted wall up to 80 cm above the bed, but the right side of the gorge only showed a narrow erosion band 15–40 cm above the bed, likely due to deposited sediment shielding the lower part of the wall. This erosion pattern therefore reveals spatial stream bed aggradation that occurs during flood events in this channel. The erosion painting method provides a simple technique for mapping sediment impact intensities and qualitatively observing spatially distributed erosion in bedrock stream reaches. It can potentially find wide application in both laboratory and field studies.

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Amaya-Ruiz, Jorge, Santiago Ordóñez-Carpio, Indira Salazar-Silva, María Cecilia Achig-Balarezo, Catalina Peñaherrera-Palacios, and Fausto Cardoso Martínez. "The production of earth-based paint as an endogenous resource in the province of Azuay, Ecuador." Estoa 7, no. 12 (January 1, 2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18537/est.v007.n012.a08.

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Song, Yan, Ben Xu, and Ce-Wen Nan. "Lattice and spin dynamics in multiferroic BiFeO3 and RMnO3." National Science Review 6, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz055.

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ABSTRACT The multiferroic materials BiFeO3 and RMnO3 exhibit coexisting magnetic order and ferroelectricity, and provide exciting platforms for new physics and potentially novel devices, where intriguing interplay between phonons and magnons exists. In this review, we paint a complete picture of bulk BiFeO3 together with orthorhombic and hexagonal RMnO3 (R includes rare-earth elements and yttrium) by summarizing the dynamics of spin and lattice and their magnetoelectric coupling, as well as the methods of controlling these characteristics under non-equilibrium conditions, from experimental and simulation perspectives.

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Rashidi, Sharareh, Ahmad Halaji Sani, and Shahab Razavi. "The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Removal of Organic Compounds from Color Sludge via Bioslurry Method." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2017): 1371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2582.

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ABSTRACT: Every industrial activities resultes in the pollution of environment. This pollution could be in the shape of voice, weather, and water or earth pollution. The amount of pollution in industries is different and it depends on the type of industry. So to purify and remove pollution, should know accuracy the amount and the type of pollutants. The sewage in the automotive industry includes 2 parts: Paint sludge produced in the automotive industry has the highest pollutant capability because of weighty elements. So, the removal of it in the wrong way will cause damage to the environment. In this research, a number of experiments were carried out to identify the main pollutants in the paint sludge. In this research, the method of research and data gathering was the use of a slurry bioreactor with the capability of the regulation of the amount of aeration and mixing speed to remove organic compounds of paint sludge. The experiment was designed according to the Taguchi method, which 9 experiments were designed to achieve the desired result. The results of the two experiments showed a significant reduction in the initial COD of 76 and 80% biologically pure and it became clear that aerobic bacteria purify the paint sludge more. Also, after analyzing all the results of Mini-Soft software, optimal purification conditions for effective environmental parameters were pH = 7, stirring speed = 14 rpm, dissolved oxygen concentration = 5.5 ppm. Finally, after the activation of the reactors to filter 1 kg of paint sludge for 30 days and at ambient temperature, the result of the two experiments showed a significant reduction in the initial COD of the biological treatment of 76 and 80%, and it was found that the aerobic bacteria do more the color sludge purification. Also, after analyzing all the results with mini-tab software, the optimum refining condition for effective environmental parameters was pH = 7, active sludge = 0.5 kg, stirring speed = 14 rpm, dissolved oxygen concentration = 5.5 ppm.

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Khramchenkova, Rezida, Corina Ionescu, Airat Sitdikov, Polina Kaplan, Ágnes Gál, and Bulat Gareev. "A pXRF In Situ Study of 16th–17th Century Fresco Paints from Sviyazhsk (Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation)." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020114.

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Twenty frescoes from “The Assumption” Cathedral located in the island town of Sviyazhsk (Tatarstan Republic, Russian Federation)—dated back to the times of Tsar Ivan IV “the Terrible”—were chemically analyzed in situ with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer. The investigation focused on identifying the pigments and their combinations in the paint recipes. One hundred ninety-three micropoints randomly chosen from the white, yellow, orange, pink, brown, red, grey, black, green, and blue areas were measured for major and minor elements. The compositional types separated within each color indicate different recipes. The statistical processing of the data unveiled the most important oxides (CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, PbO, SO3, Sb2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, and P2O5) and their relationships. The results allowed to infer the mineral composition of the paints, and, hence, the recipes used by the Russian artisans. Slaked lime and slaked dolomitic lime mixed with variable amounts of “antimony white” and “bone white” were used for white, pink, yellow, and orange paints and for preparing a basic batch for all other colors. Mostly yellow ochre, red ochre, and lead minerals, and occasionally blue ochre, green earth, realgar, orpiment, bone black, galena, stibnite, and magnetite were the pigments involved in various amounts in preparing the paints.

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Sharp, Hasana. "Not all Humans." Environmental Philosophy 17, no. 1 (2020): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/envirophil20202793.

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Earth scientists have declared that we are living in “the Anthropocene,” but radical critics object to the implicit attribution of responsibility for climate disruption to all of humanity. They are right to object. Yet, in effort to implicate their preferred villains, their revised narratives often paint an overly narrow picture. Sharing the impulse of radical critics to tell a more precise and political story about how we arrived where we are today, this paper wagers that collective action is more effectively mobilized when we identify multiple agencies and diverse historical processes as sites in need of urgent intervention.

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Gordo, Paulo, Tiago Frederico, Rui Melicio, and António Amorim. "Implementation of a Cryogenic Facility for Space Debris Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030948.

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This paper has resulted from a continued study of spacecraft material degradation and space debris formation. The design and implementation of a thermal vacuum cycling cryogenic facility for the evaluation of space debris generation at a low Earth orbit (LEO) is presented. The facility used for spacecraft external material evaluation is described, and some of the obtained results are presented. The infrastructure was developed in the framework of a study for the European Space Agency (ESA). The main purpose of the cryogenic facility is to simulate the LEO spacecraft environment, namely thermal cycling and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation to simulate the spacecraft material degradation and the generation of space debris. In a previous work, some results under LEO test conditions showed the effectiveness of the cryogenic facility for material evaluation, namely: the degradation of satellite paints with a change in their thermo-optical properties, leading to the emission of cover flakes; the degradation of the pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) used to glue Velcro’s to the spacecraft, and to glue multilayer insulation (MLI) to the spacecraft’s. The paint flakes generated are space debris. Hence, in a scenario of space missions where a spacecraft has lost the thermal shielding capability, the failure of PSA tape and the loss of Velcro properties may contribute to the release of the full MLI blanket, contributing to the generation of space debris that presents a growing threat to space missions in the main Earth orbits.

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Grasby, Stephen E., Barry C. Richards, Christine E. Sharp, Allyson L. Brady, Gareth M. Jones, and Peter F. Dunfield. "The Paint Pots, Kootenay National Park, Canada — a natural acid spring analogue for Mars." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 1 (January 2013): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-060.

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The Paint Pots are a natural Fe–SO4 acid spring system along the Kicking Horse Rim, a major geological feature that has controlled fluid flow and mineralization over geologic time. The very low pH (∼3) and extremely high trace metal concentrations of the springs are anomalous and greatly exceed health limits (Zn = 35.8 mg/L, Pb = 0.461 mg/L, As = 82.7 ppb). Sulphur isotopes (δ34S and δ18O in sulphate equal to +11.4 and –12.1 ‰, respectively) are consistent with sulphide oxidation. Mass balance calculations indicate that the springs must have derived their acidity and metal content from natural weathering of a pyrite-rich ore deposit in the vicinity. Several ore deposit types occur along the Kicking Horse Rim, with the Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) style being the most consistent with the source of the spring waters. At the spring outlet, Fe-rich waters oxidize, forming large cone features of Fe–O precipitates, predominantly goethite. A diverse microbial community has been identified in the site that is distinct from those found at acid mine drainage sites. At one site, there was a high proportion of the bacterial candidate division WPS-2, the first time that this group has been detected as the predominant phylum in a community. Compared with anthropogenically influenced acid mine drainage sites that have been studied to date as Mars analogues, the unique uncultured organisms found in the Paint Pots provide a distinct analogue site that can offer insights into the diversity of extremophilic organisms in more natural environments.

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Mithen, Steven J. "To Hunt or to Paint: Animals and Art in the Upper Palaeolithic." Man 23, no. 4 (December 1988): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802599.

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KNIGHT, DENISE D. "“I could Paint Still Life as well as any one on Earth”: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the World of Art." Women's Studies 35, no. 5 (July 2006): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497870600716415.

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Amano, T., B. J. Beaudry, K. A. Gschneidner, and F. C. Laabs. "Effects of some rare earth oxides and/or SiO2 additions to a commercial ZrO2 paint for coating SiGe thermoelectric materials." Journal of Materials Science 24, no. 11 (November 1989): 3837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01168944.

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Bartlett, Stuart, and Michael L. Wong. "Defining Lyfe in the Universe: From Three Privileged Functions to Four Pillars." Life 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10040042.

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Motivated by the need to paint a more general picture of what life is—and could be—with respect to the rest of the phenomena of the universe, we propose a new vocabulary for astrobiological research. Lyfe is defined as any system that fulfills all four processes of the living state, namely: dissipation, autocatalysis, homeostasis, and learning. Life is defined as the instance of lyfe that we are familiar with on Earth, one that uses a specific organometallic molecular toolbox to record information about its environment and achieve dynamical order by dissipating certain planetary disequilibria. This new classification system allows the astrobiological community to more clearly define the questions that propel their research—e.g., whether they are developing a historical narrative to explain the origin of life (on Earth), or a universal narrative for the emergence of lyfe, or whether they are seeking signs of life specifically, or lyfe at large across the universe. While the concept of “life as we don’t know it” is not new, the four pillars of lyfe offer a novel perspective on the living state that is indifferent to the particular components that might produce it.

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Fulcher, Kate, Ruth Siddall, Trevor F. Emmett, and Neal Spencer. "Multi-Scale Characterization of Unusual Green and Blue Pigments from the Pharaonic Town of Amara West, Nubia." Heritage 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 2563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030145.

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Pigments from paint palettes and a grindstone excavated from the pharaonic town of Amara West (c. 1300–1050 BCE), which lies between the Second and Third Cataracts of the Nile, were examined using polarized light microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Most of the pigments were consistent with the typical ancient Egyptian palette, but the greens and some blues were unusual. Two types of green pigment were identified, chlorite (varieties clinochlore and penninite) and copper chloride hydroxide (atacamite type). The former constitutes a type of green earth which has only rarely been identified in pharaonic Egyptian contexts and may be more widespread than is currently reported. The majority of the blue pigment samples were Egyptian blue, but some were found to be a blue earth, the main component of which being sodic amphibole riebeckite. The use of this mineral as a pigment has not previously been reported in any Nile Valley context. These results prompt questions around local and potentially indigenous practices within an ancient colonial context, and highlight avenues for future research.

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Ridgwell, A., D. N. Schmidt, C. Turley, C. Brownlee, M. T. Maldonado, P. Tortell, and J. R. Young. "From laboratory manipulations to earth system models: predicting pelagic calcification and its consequences." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 3455–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-3455-2009.

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Abstract. The variation in pH-dependent calcification responses of coccolithophores paint a highly incoherent picture, particularly for the most commonly cultured "species", Emiliania huxleyi. The disparity between magnitude and even sign of the calcification change at higher CO2 (lower pH), raises challenges to quantifying future carbon cycle changes and feedbacks, by introducing significant uncertainty in parameterizations used for global models. Putting aside the possibility of methodological differences that introduce an experimental bias, we highlight two pertinent observations that can help resolve conflicting interpretations: (1) a calcification "optimum" in environmental conditions (pH) has been observed in other coccolithophore species, and (2) there exists an unambiguous direction to the CO2-calcification response across mesocosm and shipboard incubations. We propose that an equivalence can be drawn between integrated ecosystem calcification as a function of pH (or other carbonate system parameter such as calcite saturation state) and a widely used description of plankton growth rate vs. temperature – the "Eppley curve". This provides a conceptual framework for reconciling available experimental manipulations as well as a quasi-empirical relationship for ocean acidification impacts on carbonate production that can be incorporated into models. By analogy to the Eppley curve temperature vs. growth rate relationship, progressive ocean acidification in the future may drive a relatively smooth ecosystem response through transition in dominance from more to less heavily calcified coccolithophores in addition to species-specific calcification changes. However, regardless of the model parameterization employed, on a century time-scale, the CO2-calcification effect is a minor control of atmospheric CO2 compared to other C cycle feedbacks or to fossil fuel emissions.

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Jeminatu, Aliu Okpo, Itiowe Kiamuke, and Avwenagha Enivwenaye Oghenero. "Geochemical composition, mineralogy, geotechnical characteristics of some clay deposits in parts of the southern Niger Delta, Nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v19i1.4.

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Clay soil samples from the Afo-Okpella and Okpekpe in parts of the southern Niger Delta were analyzed for their geochemical composition, mineralogical and geotechnical characteristics. X-ray fluorescence analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis and index property tests were carried out to determine elemental composition, mineralogical nature and geotechnical attributes of the clay. The XRF reveals that SiO2 and Al2O3 are the predominant oxides. The XRD analysis shows that kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral with varying amount of quartz also traces of illite, smectite. The geotechnical index test shows that the clay soil samples studied also contains considerable amounts of silt-size particles (18%-70%) which makes them unsuitable in their raw state for use as fillers, raw materials in the paint industries. The clays were generally of medium to high plasticity and medium to high compressibility, however the classification of degree of expansion as regard to percentage linear shrinkage places the entire clay bodies studied in the critical degree of expansion. The study reveals that they are good for the production of quality bricks, ceramics and other industrial usage such as rubber, paper and paint industries.

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Brooke, Christopher, Howell Edwards, Peter Vandenabeele, Sylvia Lycke, and Michelle Pepper. "Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of an Early 20th Century English Painted Organ Case by Temple Moore." Heritage 3, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 1148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040064.

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An organ case from Lincoln, England, designed by the architect Temple Moore in 1907 was examined during conservation work using Raman spectroscopy in order to analyze the decorative paint composition. Samples from the six principal colours were extracted and examined using a Bruker Senterra R200-L spectrometer. The results are the first known formal analysis of a painted scheme by this architect, and they reveal a mixture of commonly used pigments for the period and the unexpected use of simpler, earth pigments, along with an unusual admixture in the red, along with an organic additive. The findings are of importance to both the conservation of Temple Moore’s artwork, in understanding the experimentation used in early twentieth-century England, and in furthering our knowledge of ecclesiastical decorative artwork of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Seth, Rajesh, and Edwin K. L. Tam. "Toxic impact assessment of a manufacturing process: illustrative application to the automotive paint process." International Journal of Environmental Studies 63, no. 4 (August 2006): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230600802080.

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Odozi, T. O., and J. O. E. Otaigbe. "Stoved paint from epoxidised natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) waste—Natural rubber thread." Biological Wastes 19, no. 2 (January 1987): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(87)90108-x.

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Markowitz, Gerald. "Peter C. English. Old Paint: A Medical History of Childhood Lead‐Paint Poisoning in the United States to 1980. 272 pp., notes, index. Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001. $69 (cloth)." Isis 94, no. 4 (December 2003): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386494.

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Kruzel, Robert, and Paweł Helbrych. "A technical and economic analysis of the thermal modernization of historic buildings using an innovative thermal insulating paint." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2019.28.2.20.

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Due to the need for making the thermal modernization of buildings of historical value, where the Conservation Officer often does not approve the thermal insulation of the building’s facade with a traditional method using expanded polystyrene (EPS), an innovative paint has been proposed to be used, which can substitute for an EPS layer for the thermal insulation of buildings where everything that is the most beautiful is often situated on the building’s external facade. The article analyzes two different thermal modernization methods: the traditional method and the one using an innovative thermal insulating paint. During selecting the material, the main aspects were: material strength and durability, workmanship, the execution cost of a sample project, and the behaviour of materials during operation. All advantages and disadvantages of either of the external wall thermal insulation technologies are indicated. Cost calculation figures for the project under consideration carried out using the above-mentioned technologies have also been examined. It has been found that the technology using the innovative thermal insulating paint is fairly expensive and the obtained coefficients of heat transfer through the partition are not competitive compared to the traditional method using expanded polystyrene. However, by using the innovative technology for historic buildings, we are able to improve the aesthetic appearance of the facade and, at the same time, the thermal properties of the partition during carrying out a single project, while not spoiling the historical look of the building.

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Kőszegi, Szilvia, and Éva Dénes. "Paintability of Traditional and Chromium(VI)-Free Conversion Layers on Galvanized Steels." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.415.

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Continuous hot dip galvanized steel samples have been treated with traditional chromium(VI)-containing passivator and environment friendly rare-earth metal containing ceriumsalt and lanthanum-salt based solutions using different immersion times. The treated surfaces have been examined by scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. After the pre-treatment the samples have been spray-painted with epoxy-based organic paint. The adhesion was tested with bending and cross-cut test. Thereafter salt spray test was performed on duplex systems. After 48 hours samples have been taken out from the corrosion chamber in order to perform electrochemical impedance measurements for 24 hours. Based on the results the most promising passivation among the chromium(VI)-free solutions has been found to be the cerium-salt based treatment. The adhesion of the organic coating was better on cerium-chloride treated substrate than on chromated one, while the anti corrosion properties of the two duplex systems were comparable.

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Stojanovic, Sofija, Maja Gajic-Kvascev, and Ljiljana Damjanovic. "Spectroscopic study of an icon painted on wooden panel." Chemical Industry 69, no. 4 (2015): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140430053s.

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Russian icon painted on wooden panel analyzed in this work is interesting for art historians because there is no precise information in which workshops it was made or who the author was. Similar icons are often found in churches and monasteries in our region. In order to obtain information about materials used for creation of investigated icon two micro-analytical techniques were used: Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Obtained results confirmed presence of following materials: lead-white, vermilion, minium, ultramarine, brown and green earth pigments and silver in combination with yellow organic varnish, which served to an iconographer for gilding. Ground layer was made of calcite. Blue pigment ultramarine was probably used for blue colour as well as for obtaining particulars hues in several parts of the paint layer. This can be important information for further research concerning particular workshop in which the icon was made. Identified materials are typical for Russian iconography of the 19th century.

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Glade, Rachel C., Michael M. Fratkin, Mehdi Pouragha, Ali Seiphoori, and Joel C. Rowland. "Arctic soil patterns analogous to fluid instabilities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 21 (May 21, 2021): e2101255118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101255118.

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Slow-moving arctic soils commonly organize into striking large-scale spatial patterns called solifluction terraces and lobes. Although these features impact hillslope stability, carbon storage and release, and landscape response to climate change, no mechanistic explanation exists for their formation. Everyday fluids—such as paint dripping down walls—produce markedly similar fingering patterns resulting from competition between viscous and cohesive forces. Here we use a scaling analysis to show that soil cohesion and hydrostatic effects can lead to similar large-scale patterns in arctic soils. A large dataset of high-resolution solifluction lobe spacing and morphology across Norway supports theoretical predictions and indicates a newly observed climatic control on solifluction dynamics and patterns. Our findings provide a quantitative explanation of a common pattern on Earth and other planets, illuminating the importance of cohesive forces in landscape dynamics. These patterns operate at length and time scales previously unrecognized, with implications toward understanding fluid–solid dynamics in particulate systems with complex rheology.

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Mansoor, Aga. "Removal of Heavy Metal Mn+2 by The Adsorbent Wollastonite and Effect of pH." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, no. 02 (December 25, 2015): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v7i2.8635.

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Water, no doubt, is the first and foremost legitimate friend of living beings on the earth. Toxic heavy metals have been a chief reason of water pollution. Several unfortunate accidents due to heavy metal contamination in aquatic environment stepped up the awareness about heavy metal toxicity and attracted attention towards their studies. Out of these Minimata tragedy in Japan due to mercury poisoning (1953-1960) and Itai disease in Japan due to cadmium toxicity (1947) are immerable. Waste containing metals may come out of a variety of separate operations such as chemical, metal processing, electroplating, metal polishing, metal cleaning, paint manufacture, battery manufacture etc. The source of wastes in metal processing is quite in good number and also highly variable, both in quality and quantity. Metals can be had in source as particle of pure metals in suspension to metal ions and complexes in solution. In the present study the adsorbent wollastonite is used to remove Mn (II) from the water of Sai river and also studied the effect of pH.

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Everdingen, Robert O. van, M. Asif Shakur, and Frederick A. Michel. "Oxygen- and sulfur-isotope geochemistry of acidic groundwater discharge in British Columbia, Yukon, and District of Mackenzie, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-177.

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The Paint Pots in Kootenay National Park (British Columbia) appear to derive the Fe, Zn, Pb, and [Formula: see text] contents of their water from sulfide mineralization in Lower and Middle Cambrian carbonates. The Fe, Zn, Ni, and [Formula: see text] contents of groundwater discharging into a tributary of Engineer Creek (Yukon) are likely derived from sulfide mineralization in Devonian or Ordovician black shales exposed in the area. The high Fe and [Formula: see text] contents of a natrojarosite deposit northeast of Fort Norman (Northwest Territories) are probably derived from pyritiferous Cretaceous shales in that area. Isotope analyses of water and of dissolved and precipitated sulfur species from these three sites where acidic, heavy-metal-bearing groundwater is being discharged revealed that between 38 and 74% of the oxygen used in the subsurface oxidation of metal sulfides is supplied by H2O molecules rather than by molecular (dissolved) oxygen. The available data also suggest that lower percentages of water oxygen in the secondary sulfates reflect increasing activity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or similar bacteria in the oxidation process.

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Satyanarayan, Shanta, and S. N. Kaul. "Performance evaluation of a pure oxygen‐based activated sludge system treating a combined paint industry wastewater and domestic sewage." International Journal of Environmental Studies 58, no. 4 (June 2001): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230108711343.

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Jensen, Øystein, and Svein Vigeland Rottem. "The politics of security and international law in Norway's Arctic waters." Polar Record 46, no. 1 (September 2, 2009): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409990076.

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ABSTRACTSecurity policy challenges in the high north should be approached both as an insight into the international legal framework on which co-existence in the region rests and as a sober realpolitik analysis. Against this background, the objective of this article is to paint a more balanced picture of security policy options in Norway's Arctic waters, rather than observing contemporary general discourse on the topic might suggest. Management of marine resources, delimitation of unresolved maritime boundaries and relations with Russia in the northern maritime areas are used as examples to substantiate our main thesis which is that dispassionate diplomacy is more likely to resolve disputes than is military confrontation.

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Morra, Linda. "“Like Rain Drops Rolling Down New Paint”: Chinese Immigrants and the Problem of National Identity in the Work of Emily Carr." American Review of Canadian Studies 34, no. 3 (October 2004): 415–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722010409481206.

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De Souza, Marcelo Henrique, and Felipe Perdigão Barbosa. "A PRÁTICA DA GEOTECNOLOGIA NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II NO MUNDO TÉCNICO-CIENTÍFICO-INFORMACIONAL." Geoingá: Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia (PGE/UEM) 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/geoinga.v11i1.49403.

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O uso da geotecnologia no mundo contemporâneo constitui-se numa ferramenta primordial para o estudo do espaço geográfico, isso ocorre mediante a representação dos fatos e fenômenos observados na superfície terrestre. Partindo desse entendimento, este artigo traz uma abordagem seguido de algumas práticas sobre as ferramentas digitais, que permite a elaboração de croquis, plantas e mapas nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental II e outro ciclos de estudo. Utilizou-se livro didático do 6º ano, Expedições Geográficas de Melhen Adas e Sérgio Adas (2015), concomitante a obra de Paulo Roberto Fitz (2008), Geoprocessamento sem complicações; notebook e date show para aulas teóricas; softwares: paint 3D, word, power point, google earth; folhas de papel A4, réguas, lápis, borrachas, mesa ampliada para confecção e sobreposição de cartas. Os resultados mostraram que realmente pode-se fazer a diferença com essas ferramentas digitais no ensino/aprendizado. Conclui-se que apesar de ser uma ferramenta inovadora para essa faixa etária, as meninas tiveram um desempenho um pouco inferior que os meninos, nem todos alunos da turma conseguiram acompanhar as práticas desenvolvidas. Mas, as expectativas são otimistas para um futuro mais includente numa globalização tão excludente na qual estamos atrelados.

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Keshelava, Grigol. "The Cosmos in “Ginevra de’ Benci’’ by Leonardo da Vinci." International Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v9i1.5109.

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Leonardo observed the celestial phenomena to study the phenomenon of light and shadow, which was to be used in painting. The object of the research is the painting “Ginevra de’ Benci’’. This work was created in 1474-1478 by Leonardo da Vinci. In the left half of the painting the oval shape detail bordered with faint contour is observed. Trough the Paint X program, we moved this detail to the right part of the painting in the place of a round shadow near the face of Ginevra. According to our interpretation, the bright and oval face of Ginevra de’ Benci is a metaphorical image of the moon. The dark background around it is a cosmos with numerous stars. Below the displaced detail is a quarter of the sphere that resembles the Earth’s surface and is associated with our planet. The displaced detail represents the oval and is associated with the moon. The layout of the dark spots on the sphere is compared to the relief of the moon, which is described on a modern photo. Finally we can think that the painting describes the earth, the moon, the cosmos, and the stars.

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Alakian, Alexandre, and Véronique Achard. "Classification of Hyperspectral Reflectance Images With Physical and Statistical Criteria." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142335.

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A classification method of hyperspectral reflectance images named CHRIPS (Classification of Hyperspectral Reflectance Images with Physical and Statistical criteria) is presented. This method aims at classifying each pixel from a given set of thirteen classes: unidentified dark surface, water, plastic matter, carbonate, clay, vegetation (dark green, dense green, sparse green, stressed), house roof/tile, asphalt, vehicle/paint/metal surface and non-carbonated gravel. Each class is characterized by physical criteria (detection of specific absorptions or shape features) or statistical criteria (use of dedicated spectral indices) over spectral reflectance. CHRIPS input is a hyperspectral reflectance image covering the spectral range [400–2500 nm]. The presented method has four advantages, namely: (i) is robust in transfer, class identification is based on criteria that are not very sensitive to sensor type; (ii) does not require training, criteria are pre-defined; (iii) includes a reject class, this class reduces misclassifications; (iv) high precision and recall, F 1 score is generally above 0.9 in our test. As the number of classes is limited, CHRIPS could be used in combination with other classification algorithms able to process the reject class in order to decrease the number of unclassified pixels.

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Poornima M. and Jaya Lakshmi Nair. "Universalisation of Secondary Education." Social Change 49, no. 3 (September 2019): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719863907.

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The importance of investing and promoting secondary education in any developing country cannot be overemphasised. Secondary education plays a crucial role in ensuring economic growth, creating a pool of people that promote national growth, thereby reducing poverty levels and, reinforcing gender development and equality. However, despite such positive outcomes, the importance of secondary education has been neglected in India. Available statistics on the growth of secondary education and the performance of states in terms of enrolment and educational attainment paint a dismal picture. Many key concerns in this area have not even received the attention of educational planners and policymakers. Against this background, the Council for Social Development organised an international seminar, ‘Universalisation of Secondary Education’ to discuss critical policy issues and the practical problems hindering the development of secondary education. This is a brief summary of the proceedings of the seminar.

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Beck, Lucile, Cyrielle Messager, Stéphanie Coelho, Ingrid Caffy, Emmanuelle Delqué-Količ, Marion Perron, Solène Mussard, et al. "Thermal Decomposition of Lead White for Radiocarbon Dating of Paintings." Radiocarbon 61, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 1345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.64.

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ABSTRACTLead carbonates were used as cosmetic and pigment since Antiquity. The pigment, known as lead white, was generally composed of cerussite and hydrocerussite. Unlike most ancient pigments, lead white was obtained by a synthetic route involving metallic lead, vinegar and organic matter. Fermentation of organic matter produces heat and CO2 emission, leading to the formation of carbonates. As lead white is formed by trapping CO2, radiocarbon (14C) dating can thus be considered. We have developed a protocol to prepare lead white. We selected modern pigments for the experiment implementation and ancient cosmetic and paintings for dating. After characterization of the samples by XRD, thermal decomposition of cerussite at various temperatures was explored in order to select the appropriate conditions for painting samples. CO2 extraction yield, SEM and XPS were used to characterize the process. Thermal decomposition at 400°C was successfully applied to mixtures of lead white with other paint components (oil as binder, calcite as filler/extender) and to historical samples. We obtained radiocarbon measurements in agreement with the expected dates, demonstrating that thermal decomposition at 400°C is efficient for a selective decomposition of lead white and that paintings can be directly 14C-dated by dating lead white pigment.

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Ellis, Cameron, Annie Visser-Quinn, Gordon Aitken, and Lindsay Beevers. "Quantifying Uncertainty in the Modelling Process; Future Extreme Flood Event Projections Across the UK." Geosciences 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010033.

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With evidence suggesting that climate change is resulting in changes within the hydrologic cycle, the ability to robustly model hydroclimatic response is critical. This paper assesses how extreme runoff—1:2- and 1:30-year return period (RP) events—may change at a regional level across the UK by the 2080s (2069–2098). Capturing uncertainty in the hydroclimatic modelling chain, flow projections were extracted from the EDgE (End-to-end Demonstrator for improved decision-making in the water sector in Europe) multi-model ensemble: five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) General Circulation Models and four hydrological models forced under emissions scenarios Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP 8.5 (5 × 4 × 2 chains). Uncertainty in extreme value parameterisation was captured through consideration of two methods: generalised extreme value (GEV) and generalised logistic (GL). The method was applied across 192 catchments and aggregated to eight regions. The results suggest that, by the 2080s, many regions could experience large increases in extreme runoff, with a maximum mean change signal of +34% exhibited in East Scotland (1:2-year RP). Combined with increasing urbanisation, these estimates paint a concerning picture for the future UK flood landscape. Model chain uncertainty was found to increase by the 2080s, though extreme value (EV) parameter uncertainty becomes dominant at the 1:30-year RP (exceeding 60% in some regions), highlighting the importance of capturing both the associated EV parameter and ensemble uncertainty.

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Machado, N., L. M. Heaman, T. E. Krogh, W. Weber, and M. T. Corkery. "Timing of Paleoproterozoic granitoid magmatism along the northwestern Superior Province margin: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Thompson Nickel BeltThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 2 (February 2011): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-079.

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The U–Pb geochronology of three granitoid plutons and three granitic pegmatite dykes, largely from the Thompson Nickel Belt located along the northwestern Superior craton margin, was investigated to place constraints on the timing of felsic magmatism associated with closure of the Manikewan Ocean and final continent–continent collision to form the Trans-Hudson Orogen. These data indicate that 1840–1820 Ma granite magmatism along the Superior margin was more active than previously thought and that some magmatism extended beyond the Thompson Nickel Belt sensu stricto, including the 1836 ± 3 Ma Mystery Lake granodiorite, 1822 ± 5 Ma Wintering Lake granodiorite, and the 1825 ± 8 Ma Fox Lake granite located in the Split Lake Block. Granitic pegmatites within the Thompson Nickel Belt were emplaced late in the collisional history in the period 1.79–1.75 Ga and include a 1770 ± 2 Ma dyke exposed at the Thompson pit, a 1767 ± 6 Ma dyke at the Pipe Pit, and a 1786 ± 2 Ma dyke located at Paint Lake. The final stage of crustal amalgamation in the eastern Trans-Hudson Orogen involved Superior Province crustal thickening and partial melting forming 1.84–1.82 Ga granite magmas and then final collision at ∼1.8 Ga between the Superior Province and a continental block to the west consisting of the previously amalgamated Sask and Hearne cratons. Heating of the Superior craton margin and granitic magmatism continued past peak metamorphism (1790–1750 Ma); this thermal event is represented by the emplacement of numerous late pegmatite dykes and evidenced by cooling dates recorded by metamorphic minerals (e.g., titanite) in reworked Archean gneisses and Proterozoic intrusions.

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Wilks, M. E., and E. G. Nisbet. "Stratigraphy of the Steep Rock Group, northwest Ontario: a major Archaean unconformity and Archaean stromatolites." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 370–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e88-040.

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The Archaean Steep Rock Group of northwest Ontario, situated in the Wabigoon Subprovince of the Superior Province, Canada, comprises five formations: Wagita Formation (clastics), Mosher Carbonate, Jolliffe Ore Zone, Dismal Ashrock, and Witch Bay Formation (metavolcanics). Reinvestigation of the geology of the group has shown that the basal clastics of the Wagita Formation (0–150 m) unconformably overlie the Marmion Complex (a massive tonalite – tonalite gneiss terrane, 3 Ga old). Overlying the basal elastics is the Mosher Carbonate (0–500 m), containing diverse stromatolite morphologies. Extensive zones of carbonate breccia occur adjacent to fault zones and mafic dykes. Stratigraphically above the Mosher Carbonate is the Jolliffe Ore Zone (100–400 m), which is divided into a lower Manganiferous Paint Rock Member and an upper Goethite Member. Within the Jolliffe Ore Zone thin layers of "Buckshot Ore" occur. These are horizons of haematitic pisolites and fragments, set in a lighter ferruginous matrix of kaolinite and gibbsite. Overlying the Jolliffe Ore Zone is the Dismal Ashrock, a dominantly high-Mg pyroclastic rock (22% MgO) with minor interbedded lava flows (15% MgO). In contact with the Dismal Ashrock are the metavolcanics of the Witch Bay Formation. This juxtaposition is not exposed in the Steep Rock mine section, and the Witch Bay Formation may be separated from the Dismal Ashrock by a structural break. The Witch Bay Formation is only provisionally included in the Steep Rock Group.The group is interpreted as a sequence deposited in an extensional or rifting environment. The unconformity has regional significance, and it may be possible to define an extensive cratonic nucleus of 3 Ga or older age in northwest Ontario.

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Ali, Mona, Hanaa Shawki, and Hussein Marey Mahmoud. "Material characterization and restoration of mural paintings of El-Muzzawaka Tombs, Dakhla Oases, Egypt." Ge-conservacion 18, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v18i1.773.

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The present study demonstrates scientific procedures applied to study mural paintings in two Graeco-Roman tombs of El-Muzzawaka, Dakhla Oases, Egypt. First, a series of analytical methods was applied to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of pigment and plaster samples collected from the studied tombs. The analyses were performed by means of digitalized optical microscopy (OM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy attached with X-ray microanalysis detector (SEM−EDS), X−ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT−IR). Analyses of the pigment samples revealed Egyptian blue, Egyptian green, green earth, black magnetite, and red/yellow ochres. The paintings were applied on a coarse plaster layer made of gypsum, anhydrite, calcite, and quartz. The preparation layer was made of two phases of calcium sulphate (gypsum and anhydrite). Further, the detection of an organic binder, of gum Arabic, confirms the application of tempera technique. The results showed that the bed rock samples contain variable amounts of quartz, anhydrite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, gypsum, and sodium chloride (halite). In situ observations showed several deterioration forms on the studied mural paintings. The destructive climatic condition of the region and the defects of the rock structure have contributed seriously in the deterioration process. Based on experimental tests, multi restoration procedures were applied in form of cleaning, reattaching paint flakes, applying injection grouts to detached layers, reconstruction of missing parts in the plaster, repair of wide-open cracks, and final protective consolidation of the painted surfaces. Further, recommendations to minimize any future damage were discussed.

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Bychkov, Victor. "Metaphysics of a landscape in symbolism." Культура и искусство, no. 4 (April 2020): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2020.4.31966.

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This research is dedicated to examination of a specific role of landscape in symbolism. Based on comprehensive analysis of the works of symbolists and artists of their circle – Segantini, Böcklin, Gauguin, Nesterov, Čiurlionis, the author attempts to determine the characteristic features of using the images of nature in the overall system of pictorial artistic-aesthetic expression. Special attention is paid to the problem of inscription of human figures into landscape, as in doing so many symbolists and artists of their circle were bringing the landscape to life, forming a special creative space. Landscape of symbolists is viewed as a peculiar animated space that carries a mediating role between the visually palpable images and indescribable pleroma of metaphysical being. Such approach to symbolism is considered innovative. In the course of this research, it is demonstrated that special artistic space as a carrier of symbolic meanings or a spirit of symbolism in painting emerges in each painters a set of artistic means of expression characteristic only to their works. At the same time, some symbolists view the unreachable in external forms of visible nature by focusing attention of the opposition of earth and sky, life and death, human and divine beginning, reality and its mythological grounds. Some symbolists create the world of practically abstract and musically accented color forms and graphic solutions. While others paint landscape imbued with tranquility, tenderness and picturesque hymns of the Creator. In general, symbolic landscape leans towards a fairly vivid philosophical aspect.

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Zeng, Fanrong, Zahid Imran Mallhi, Naeem Khan, Muhammad Rizwan, Shafaqat Ali, Awais Ahmad, Afzal Hussain, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli, and Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. "Combined Citric Acid and Glutathione Augments Lead (Pb) Stress Tolerance and Phytoremediation of Castorbean through Antioxidant Machinery and Pb Uptake." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074073.

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Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic elements on earth. The main origins of Pb pollution are automobiles, paint and electroplating industries. Pb-induced stress has very toxic effects on plant growth and biomass. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells significantly increases under Pb stress, which interrupts the biochemical cycles in cells and leads to cell death. Therefore, it is essential to clean up the Pb-polluted soils. Among all techniques that are used to clean soil that is metal-contaminated, the best technique is phytoremediation. The present study intends to determine the role of citric acid (CA) and glutathione (GSH) in the phytoremediation of Pb by using castor bean plants. Plant biomass was significantly reduced due to Pb stress. Lead toxicity was also harmful to the photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes activities. In reverse, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 concentration and electrolyte leakage (EL) were increased under Pb stress. The combined application of GSH and CA enhanced photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities and plant biomass and minimized MDA, H2O2 and EL under Pb stress. The amount of Pb in roots and leaves remarkably increased by the joint application of CA and GSH. The combined application of CA and GSH (5 mM + 25 mM, respectively) was proven to be beneficial compared to the control. From the present results, we can conclude that the combined application of CA and GSH promoted the phytoremediation of Pb and helped the host plant to combat Pb toxicity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth paint'

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