Journal articles: 'Earth plaster'

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Liuzzi, Stefania, and Pietro Stefanizzi. "Experimental Investigation on Lightweight and Lime Stabilized Earth Composites." Key Engineering Materials 666 (October 2015): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.666.31.

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An experimental investigation on different clay-based plasters with straw (lightweight plaster) and lime (stabilized plaster) was carried out. The aim of the study was to increase the knowledge on earthen materials in terms of final performance in building applications. In the first part of the study different thermal and hygric parameters were measured: thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, sorption capacity, water vapour permeability. Furthermore, in order to test the suitability of the unfired clay as mortar, an analysis on the mechanical strengths was carried out, measuring the compressive and the bending strength. The results show, on one hand, that when straw is added to the basic mixture a significant improvement of the sorption capacity occurs, while, the addition of lime enhances the thermal properties. On the other hand, no significant improvement of mechanical strengths can be appreciated when using these additives. Nomenclature

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Zemanová, Lucie, Jaroslav Pokorný, Milena Pavlíková, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Properties of Modified Lime-Based Plasters for Renewal of Historical Buildings Exposed to Accelerated Carbonation Test." Materials Science Forum 909 (November 2017): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.909.286.

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This paper deals with determination of basic physical, mechanical, thermal and water transport properties of lime–based plasters whose composition was modified by the addition of diatomaceous earth. To eliminate possible deterioration of original lime plaster by natural weathering, the hydrophobic admixtures on the stearate and oleate basis were added into the plaster mixtures and boiled linseed oil as a painting was applied. All studied material parameters were tested after 28 days of wet curing and after exposition to accelerated carbonation. The results of examined properties of developed plasters gave promising outcomes for the use of hydrophobised materials in renewal of historical buildings. Based on the obtained data, plaster made of lime hydrate, diatomite, and combination of water repellent agents can be recommended for renovation purposes.

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Adedeji, A. A. "Interaction analysis and optimal design of composite action of plastered straw bale." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 7, no. 2 (August 9, 2011): 146–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/15736101111157091.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of cement‐ and earth‐plastered straw bale walls against the appropriate vertical loads.Design/methodology/approachThe effects of contact between two common types of plasters and the stacked straw bale by the optimal design analysis have been assessed in this work with the use of finite element method.FindingsCement‐ and earth‐plastered straw bale walls have shown adequate resistance against the appropriate vertical loads and showed that the earth‐plaster can bear higher stress than the cement plastered straw bale. There is the implication that the collapse or response of the earth‐straw bale wall will be significantly higher compared to that of cement‐straw bale wall.Practical implicationsThe stress stability obtained of the analytical walls is adequate after using the best fit variables for the wall height and thickness.Originality/valueThe paper shows that the allowable stresses of 70.14 kN/m2 for cement plastered straw bale wall and 73.14 kN/m2 for earth‐plastered straw bale wall are higher than the calculated stress values using SAP2000 of 18.836 and 64.2 kN/m2 for cement plastered straw bale wall, respectively.

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Lagouin, M., A. Laborel-Préneron, C. Magniont, and J.-E. Aubert. "Development of a high clay content earth plaster." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 660 (December 4, 2019): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/660/1/012068.

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Pedergnana, Matthieu, and Soofia Tahira Elias Ozkan. "Hygro-Thermal, Hydric, and Mechanical Properties of Fibre and Aggregate-Reinforced Earth Plasters." International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdibe.2021070103.

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Earth plasters have been used as a protective coating for buildings but, due to their low strength and low resistance to weather conditions, they have been abandoned for more resistant materials which in return lack vapour permeability. Earth plasters have usually a high moisture sorption rate, and their water vapour permeability is high, allowing the transfer of humidity through the material. These properties make them an interesting material for controlling vapour movement in humid rooms. Improving their strength can be done by adding aggregates and/or fibres, but the real impact of using one type or another of fibres or aggregate is unknown. This research aims to understand the consequence of the choice of fibre or sand in the improvement of strength of plasters and the conservation of the plaster hygro-thermal properties. Properties of plasters using alternative fibres or aggregates such as wool, cow hair, pine needles, sand aimed for concrete mixes, or not properly graded sand have been compared to plasters made more traditionally with chaff fibres and mason sand.

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Všianský, Dalibor. "Plaster Pigments in Traditional Folk Architecture - A Case Study from Moravia (Czech Republic)." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.289.

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The results of analyses of coloured plasters are given in the paper. The samples come from traditional folk earth houses from SE and Central Moravia and were chosen so as all of the most common colours of the Central European folk architecture are present among them: red, yellow, blue, green, and black. The analyses were conducted by the means of light microscopy, which is also a powerful tool for stratigraphical analyses, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectrometry, end electron microanalysis. Hematite of industrial origin was identified as the red pigment, the yellow one was formed by yellow earth, which also may be a precursor for traditional production of red dye. The widest used blue pigment was ultramarine in the 19th and the first half of 20th century in Moravia. The analysed green pigments were formed by an organic dye of green earth and the black one consisted of soot. Based on the sort and composition of pigment and plaster, the age of the material is also discussed.

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Santos, Tânia, Paulina Faria, and Vítor Silva. "Can an earth plaster be efficient when applied on different masonries?" Journal of Building Engineering 23 (May 2019): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.02.011.

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Toffolo, Michael B., Lior Regev, Eugenia Mintz, Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri, Francesco Berna, Stéphan Dubernet, Xin Yan, Johanna Regev, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Structural Characterization and Thermal Decomposition of Lime Binders Allow Accurate Radiocarbon Age Determinations of Aerial Lime Plaster." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (May 27, 2020): 633–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.39.

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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) dating of anthropogenic carbonates (CaCO3) such as ash, lime plaster and lime mortar, has proven a difficult task due to the occurrence of a number of contaminants embedded within the CaCO3 pyrogenic binder. These include 14C-free geologic components and/or secondary phases bearing an unknown amount of 14C, and thus the alteration of the original pyrogenic isotopic signature of the material results in major age offsets when carbon recovery is performed through acid hydrolysis. Here we present a characterization/quantification approach to anthropogenic carbonates that includes Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, thin section petrography, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy coupled with high-resolution cathodoluminescence, with which we identified the pyrogenic CaCO3 fraction in an aerial lime plaster and two hydraulic mortars. The preserved pyrogenic component was then isolated by density separation and its purity checked again using FTIR. Carbon was recovered through thermal decomposition in vacuum. The resulting 14C age matches the expected age of the lime plaster, whereas hydraulic mortars are slightly offset due to the carbonation of calcium hydroxide lumps. This approach highlights the importance of a dedicated characterization strategy prior to dating and may be applied to aerial lime plasters to obtain accurate ages.

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Novotný, Martin, and Dalibor Všianský. "Regional Variations of Traditional Folk Houses Plaster Pigments in South East and Central Moravia, Czech Republic." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.85.

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Colouring of folk houses, its variations in time and sorts of pigments used has been very little explored in the region of interest so far. The paper shows the results of the investigation of twenty four coloured plaster and render samples from six object from two ethnographic regions of Moravia, Czech Republic. Polarizing microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were the principal analytical methods were. The results show that all the blue colours were due to ultramarine application, red one was caused by industrial by-product of iron processing and the yellow one by ochre. The deep green was due to organic synthetic pigment, whereas the lighter shades due to green earth, a natural glauconite clay in these cases. Based on the examined set of samples, no qualitative difference in the composition of pigments were found between South Eastand Central Moravia. In both the regions not only lime but also plaster or Paris or a mixture of both the material was used to produce plasters and renders in the past.

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Bass, Angelyn, Douglas Porter, Mike Spilde, Matthew Guebard, Katherine Shaum, and Nicholas Ferriola. "Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Ancient Earthen Plasters from the American Southwest." MRS Advances 2, no. 39-40 (2017): 2145–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.240.

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ABSTRACT We have studied earthen plasters and wall materials from three ancient Native American sites in the American Southwest that include a twelfth-century, subterranean kiva used for textile production in Natural Bridges National Monument (Utah), a thirteenth-century, defensive, cliff dwelling at Montezuma Castle (Arizona), and a mid-fourteenth-century, puddled earth Great House at Casa Grande National Monument (Arizona). In each case, the data collected has been used to develop long-term preservation strategies and monitoring plans for each site. To understand the conservation issues, earthen materials were analyzed. Characterization included examination of BSE-SEM micrographs of polished thin sections prepared from a total of 36 samples from the three sites, and XRD of twelve samples. Research goals included: 1) determining the microstructure, micro-composition, porosity, mineralogy of aggregates and phases in the binding matrix for each sample; 2) reconstructing plaster technologies and their variation within and between sites, including material selection, preparation and application sequences, and; 3) identifying principal deterioration conditions and processes. Our findings support the idea that plaster materials were collected locally and manipulated to optimize their performance to suit the unique site conditions and needs of the ancient people using the structures.

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Zhou, Tie Gang, Chen Ma, and Ying Xu. "Research on Structural Composition and Seismic of Gypsum - Adobe Wall Dwellings." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1111.

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Gypsum-adobe wall structure is a new type of green earth building. The feature of its structure is that the wall uses adobe and plaster as its main materials.The wall is erected by putting rods or stems of plants between layers of adobe, and is poured gypsum slurry into the gaps between adobe bricks and on the wall surface. Then adobe and plaster solidify and come to a composite wall structure. Finally，Gypsum and adobe bricks interact and bear stress together. This paper focuses on fully describing the shaking table test of a 1/4 scale house model of the structure. The Test results and engineering practice show that the single-storey gypsum-adobe wall structure has a good seismic performance and is worth promoting in residential construction of the drought areas.

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Ashour, Taha, and Wei Wu. "An experimental study on shrinkage of earth plaster with natural fibres for straw bale buildings." International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2010.504379.

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13

Solebello, Louis P. "Industrial Mineral Microscopy." Microscopy Today 1, no. 5 (August 1993): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006805x.

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What is industrial mineral microscopy? It is the application of any micro-analytical technique used to characterize and identify non-metallic and non-fuel earth materials. Humans have used industrial minerals since ancient times. The earliest known scientific work which dealt expressly with minerals and artificial products derived from them is Theophrastus On Stones. Theophrastus, a pupil and friend of Aristotle, described the use of fuller's earth and gypsum for whitening discolored cloth garments in the latter half of the 4th century, B.C. Fuller's earth is still used today as a decolorizing agent by manufacturers of oil and fat products. Gypsum, of course, is widely used in plaster of paris, cement, and paper.Today, industrial minerals are encountered often by people in everyday life. Electronic, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, construction, paper, and plastics industries use industrial minerals in a multitude of products.

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Hammond, Norman, Amanda Clarke, and Sara Donaghey. "The Long Goodbye: Middle Preclassic Maya Archaeology at Cuello, Belize." Latin American Antiquity 6, no. 2 (June 1995): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972147.

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Completed excavations at this important Preclassic Maya site have produced 350 m2 of Middle Preclassic (1200-400 B. C.) deposits dug to bedrock; a continuous section 47 m long through the Preclassic deposits documents the architectural history of the site. Nine more Middle Preclassic burials, the remains of earth- and plaster-floored houses with associated yard surfaces, and a chultun chamber containing well-preserved plant remains document economic and ritual behavior in the Swasey and Bladen phases (1200-650 B. C.).

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Ashour, Taha, Hansjörg Wieland, Heiko Georg, Franz-Josef Bockisch, and Wei Wu. "The influence of natural reinforcement fibres on insulation values of earth plaster for straw bale buildings." Materials & Design 31, no. 10 (December 2010): 4676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.026.

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Korkmaz, S. Z., M. Kamanli, H. H. Korkmaz, M. S. Donduren, and M. T. Cogurcu. "Experimental study on the behaviour of nonductile infilled RC frames strengthened with external mesh reinforcement and plaster composite." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2010): 2305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2305-2010.

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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to report on an experimental study about Turkish Earthquake Code on suggested strengthening method. The proposed method uses existing brick infill walls and the strengthening is done with the application of external mesh reinforcement and plaster. 5 nonductile 1/2 scaled, one bay, two storey RC specimens were tested under a reversed cyclic loading. The first two specimens were reference specimens and the other ones were strengthened with the proposed method. The specimens contained several design and construction mistakes such as low concrete quality and improper steel detailing. Strength, stiffness and storey drifts of the test specimens were measured. The results of the test on these frames were compared with the reference specimens. The effects of the reinforced mesh plaster application for strengthening on behaviour, strength, stiffness, failure mode and ductility of the specimens were investigated. Unexpected failure modes were observed during the testing and the results were summarized in this paper.

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Ashour, Taha, and Wei Wu. "The influence of natural reinforcement fibers on erosion properties of earth plaster materials for straw bale buildings." Journal of Building Appraisal 5, no. 4 (March 2010): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jba.2010.4.

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Ali, Mona, Hanaa Shawki, and Hussein Marey Mahmoud. "Material characterization and restoration of mural paintings of El-Muzzawaka Tombs, Dakhla Oases, Egypt." Ge-conservacion 18, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v18i1.773.

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The present study demonstrates scientific procedures applied to study mural paintings in two Graeco-Roman tombs of El-Muzzawaka, Dakhla Oases, Egypt. First, a series of analytical methods was applied to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of pigment and plaster samples collected from the studied tombs. The analyses were performed by means of digitalized optical microscopy (OM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy attached with X-ray microanalysis detector (SEM−EDS), X−ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT−IR). Analyses of the pigment samples revealed Egyptian blue, Egyptian green, green earth, black magnetite, and red/yellow ochres. The paintings were applied on a coarse plaster layer made of gypsum, anhydrite, calcite, and quartz. The preparation layer was made of two phases of calcium sulphate (gypsum and anhydrite). Further, the detection of an organic binder, of gum Arabic, confirms the application of tempera technique. The results showed that the bed rock samples contain variable amounts of quartz, anhydrite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, gypsum, and sodium chloride (halite). In situ observations showed several deterioration forms on the studied mural paintings. The destructive climatic condition of the region and the defects of the rock structure have contributed seriously in the deterioration process. Based on experimental tests, multi restoration procedures were applied in form of cleaning, reattaching paint flakes, applying injection grouts to detached layers, reconstruction of missing parts in the plaster, repair of wide-open cracks, and final protective consolidation of the painted surfaces. Further, recommendations to minimize any future damage were discussed.

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Dick, Kris J., Farhoud Delijani, and Andy Yuen. "MOISTURE AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF HEMP MAT FOAM STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANEL SPECIMENS." Journal of Green Building 9, no. 2 (July 2014): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618-9.2.87.

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The use of structural insulated panels (SIPs) for wall and roof assemblies in residential and commercial buildings is a well-known construction technique. SIPs typically use a combination of either expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) or polyurethane foam (PUR) as the core material. The covering or skin is predominantly oriented strand board (OSB). The OSB is either bonded to the foam with adhesive in the case of EPS, while polyurethane is used to provide adhesion with PUR SIPs. This paper presents the results of research that investigated the use of industrial hemp mat used as a skin for soy-based polyurethane foam panels. A series of tests were conducted to investigate moisture resistance and flexural behaviour on hemp mat foam panels. Moisture absorption behaviour was evaluated on three specimen types: uncoated, earth plaster and tung oil treated hemp mat. The absorption coefficient Aw was determined for all specimens. The tung oil treated specimens exhibited a water absorption coefficient that was 5.3% of that for untreated hemp mat panel specimens. Flexural tests were conducted on dry specimens with earth-plastered hemp mat, tung oil coated hemp mat, OSB and, untreated hemp mat skins. Tung oil provided resistance to tension failure and increased capacity to withstand considerable deformation without tensile failure in flexural specimens. Compared with pure foam specimens, untreated hemp mat improved flexural performance by 16.3%.

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La Noce, Michele, Alessandro Lo Faro, and Gaetano Sciuto. "Clay-Based Products Sustainable Development: Some Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031364.

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Clay has a low environmental impact and can develop into many different products. The research presents two different case studies. In the first, the clay is the binder of raw earth doughs in order to produce clay-bricks. We investigate the effects of natural fibrous reinforcements (rice straws and basalt fibers) in four different mixtures. From the comparison with a mix without reinforcements, it is possible to affirm that the 0.40% of basalt fibers reduce the shrinkage by about 25% and increase the compressive strength by about 30%. Future studies will focus on identifying the fibrous effects on tensile strength and elastic modulus, as well as the optimal percentage of fibers. In the second study, the clay, in form of brick powder (“cocciopesto”), gives high alkaline resistance and breathability performance, as well as rendering and color to the plaster. The latter does not have artificial additives. The plaster respects the cultural instance of the original building. The research underlines how the use of a local (and traditional) material such as clay can be a promoter of sustainability in the contemporary building sector. Future studies must investigate further possible uses of clay as well as a proper regulatory framework.

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Sanewirush, U. Sangwanna, M. Buaheepkaew, O. Kosasang, and P. Saewong. "Properties of Waste Derived Mullite." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.605.

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Waste sediment (WS) from three different aluminum factories and rice husk ash (RHA) from power plants are used as precursors. Each WS is calcined to remove structural water then mixed and wet milled with RHA by 70 wt% until a homogeneous slip is obtained. The samples are formed by means of slip casting in plaster molds and fired at 1400 °C for 2 hours. The fired samples normally contain ~94 wt% mullite, 6 wt% residual silica and small amount of oxides of alkali and alkaline earth elements. It is found that their density and flexural strength are affected by alkali and alkaline earth contents and generally range from 1.53 to 2.38 g/cm3 and 18.11 to 76.37 MPa, respectively. While thermal expansion coefficient varies from 5.78 x 10-6 to 8.16 x 10-6 /°C and thermal shock resistance (T) from =200 to 300 °C.

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Ashour, Taha, Heiko Georg, and Wei Wu. "An experimental investigation on equilibrium moisture content of earth plaster with natural reinforcement fibres for straw bale buildings." Applied Thermal Engineering 31, no. 2-3 (February 2011): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.09.009.

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Haruna, F., Z. N. Garba, and E. B. Agbaji. "Elemental composition of some building materials used in Zaria, Kaduna State." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.27s.

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This study investigates the elemental composition of Cement, Granite, Ceramic tiles and Plaster of Paris (POP) which are extensively used as building material in Zaria, Kaduna State. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was employed in this work to determine the elemental composition of the building materials. The samples were crushed to a fine powder, sieved through a 250 mm mesh and dried in an oven at 1100 C to ensure the complete removal of moisture. The results showed the presence of (Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Sn, Cl, Ti, S, P, Mn, Co, Zn, Mo, Pb, Cr,V, Cu, Br, Cd, Ba, Hg, and Ni) in various concentrations. Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Sn, Cl, Ti and S were available in relatively high concentration in all the samples with P, Mn, Co, Zn, Mo and Pb, found in relatively lower concentrations in some of the samples while Cr and Ni were only present in Ceramic tile samples; which was attributed to coloring agents used in the tile making process. This shows that the elemental composition is in agreement with the composition of the earth crust which is the source of the building materials. The analysis is of importance and useful to the construction industry as well as dwellers of the Zaria built environment. Keyword: Composition, Plaster of Paris, Cement, Granite, Ceramic Tile

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Anil, Umit Engin, Ebru Al, Kagan Kayaci, and Ferhat Kara. "Fabricating of Diatomite Based Ceramic Water Filter by a Novel Casting Method." Advances in Science and Technology 91 (October 2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.91.48.

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In this study, a ceramic water filter with micron sized pores was developed based on diatomite raw material. The slip with diatomite earth which has tubular shaped particles was prepared by using agar. Agar is a gelatinous material derived from sea alges and used as a gelling agent in order to form ceramic filters by gel casting method. Rheology of the slip was investigated by rheometry. In the forming process, polymer and metal molds were used instead of plaster molds. After de-molding, ceramic filter samples were dried and fired at 1200 °C/ h for 2 hours. Density, phase analysis and microstructure properties of porous diatomite based filter material were measured and characterized by He picnometer, XRD and SEM, respectively. Water filtration performance and microbiological test results were also investigated.

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Hajdas, Irka, Mantana Maurer, and Maria Belen Röttig. "Development of 14C Dating of Mortars at ETH Zurich." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (June 2020): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.40.

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ABSTRACTThe ages of mortars and plaster can help reveal the history of monuments, their construction, or restoration times. However, these anthropogenic carbonates pose a challenge when it comes to separation of the atmospheric radiocarbon (14C) signal of the CO2 fixed in the mortar at the time of consolidation, i.e., the time of binder formation. The variety and heterogeneity of mortars require individual assessments of each sample and 14C results. Here we present our current preparation method and summarize experience based on results collected during the last 20 years of mortar dating at the ETH laboratory.

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Poppe, Sam, Eoghan P. Holohan, Michael Rudolf, Matthias Rosenau, Olivier Galland, Audray Delcamp, and Matthieu Kervyn. "Mechanical properties of quartz sand and gypsum powder (plaster) mixtures: Implications for laboratory model analogues for the Earth's upper crust." Tectonophysics 814 (September 2021): 228976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228976.

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Stavi, Ilan, Matan Chocron, Sagi Filin, Reuma Arav, Oren Ackermann, and Boaz Zissu. "Intentional, dual purpose of ancient wine presses as cisterns for runoff water harvesting in drylands." Holocene 28, no. 7 (April 12, 2018): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618761550.

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Rock-quarried wine presses were prevalent across the Mediterranean Basin throughout ancient times and particularly during the Late Roman and Byzantine ages. Archeological surveys have uncovered many presses across Israel. Overall, a ratio of ~5 m−1 has been recorded between treading floor area (in m2) and volume of collecting vat (in m3). A recent survey of two presses located at the transition zone between the semi-arid northern Negev, Judean Lowlands, and Southern Hebron Hills of Israel revealed a considerably smaller ratio between the treading floor and collecting vat. In addition, extensive rock exposures were located around the treading floors of the two presses. A 3D laser scanning revealed that the surrounding rock exposure formed a drainage network which flows to the treading floor. Moreover, indications for light modifications of the surrounding rock exposure were recorded for the two presses. In one of the presses, this modification was indicated by remnants of ancient plaster, which were found filling several gaps in the surrounding rock exposure. It is suggested that the purpose of the plaster was for allowing hydrological connectivity between the upslope and downslope edges of these gaps. In the second press, this modification included the chiseling of adjacent bedrock, for the purpose of, it is suggested, channeling runoff water to the treading floor. The findings suggest the intentional collection of raindrops falling on the surrounding rock exposure, together with those falling on the treading floor, which were drained as runoff into the collecting vat. The collected runoff could be used for domestic consumption in this dryland region, augmenting the provision of water for the local populations during the agricultural off-season.

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Povinec, Pavel P., Alexander Cherkinsky, Jozef Dorica, Irka Hajdas, A. J. Timothy Jull, Ivan Kontuľ, Mihály Molnár, Ivo Svetlik, and Eva Maria Wild. "RADIOCARBON DATING OF ST. GEORGE’S ROTUNDA IN NITRIANSKA BLATNICA (SLOVAKIA): INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM RESULTS." Radiocarbon 63, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2021.31.

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ABSTRACTAn international consortium of radiocarbon (14C) laboratories was established to date the origin of the St. George’s Rotunda in Nitrianska Blatnica (Slovakia), because its age was not well established in previous investigations. Altogether, 20 samples of wood, charcoal, mortar and plaster were analyzed. The 14C results obtained from the different laboratories as well as between the different sample types were in good agreement, resulting in a 14C calibrated age of 783–880 AD (94.2% probability) for the Rotunda. Although the 14C results have very good precision, the specific plateau-shape of the calibration curve in this period caused the wide range of the calibrated age. The probability distribution from OxCal calibration shows, however, that about 86% of the probability distribution lies in the period before 863 AD, implying that the Rotunda could have been constructed before the arrival of Constantine (St. Cyril) and St. Methodius to Great Moravia. The Rotunda thus probably represents the oldest standing purpose-built Christian church in the eastern part of Central Europe.

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Lotidis, Michail A., Pavlos P. Nomikos, and Alexandros I. Sofianos. "Numerical Study of the Fracturing Process in Marble and Plaster Hollow Plate Specimens Subjected to Uniaxial Compression." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 52, no. 11 (June 15, 2019): 4361–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01884-8.

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Unković, Nikola, Milica Ljaljević Grbić, Miloš Stupar, Željko Savković, Aleksa Jelikić, Dragan Stanojević, and Jelena Vukojević. "Fungal-Induced Deterioration of Mural Paintings:In Situand Mock-Model Microscopy Analyses." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, no. 2 (February 26, 2016): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616000544.

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AbstractFungal deterioration of frescoes was studiedin situon a selected Serbian church, and on a laboratory model, utilizing standard and newly implemented microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray confirmed the limestone components of the plaster. Pigments used were identified as carbon black, green earth, iron oxide, ocher, and an ocher/cinnabar mixture.In situmicroscopy, applied via a portable microscope ShuttlePix P-400R, proved very useful for detection of invisible micro-impairments and hidden, symptomless, microbial growth. SEM and optical microscopy established that observed deterioration symptoms, predominantly discoloration and pulverization of painted layers, were due to bacterial filaments and fungal hyphal penetration, and formation of a wide range of fungal structures (i.e., melanized hyphae, chlamydospores, microcolonial clusters,Cladosporium-like conidia, andChaetomiumperithecia and ascospores). The all year-round monitoring of spontaneous and induced fungal colonization of a “mock painting” in controlled laboratory conditions confirmed the decisive role of humidity level (70.18±6.91% RH) in efficient colonization of painted surfaces, as well as demonstrated increased bioreceptivity of painted surfaces to fungal colonization when plant-based adhesives (ilinocopie, murdent), compared with organic adhesives of animal origin (bone glue, egg white), are used for pigment sizing.

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Marrocchino, Elena, Chiara Telloli, and Carmela Vaccaro. "Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Construction Materials from Historical Buildings of Ferrara (Italy)." Geosciences 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010031.

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This paper presents a chemical-mineralogical characterization of construction materials from medieval Renaissance buildings of Ferrara (NE Italy) to provide an insight into the nature and provenance of the raw materials used. Biagio Rossetti was an Italian architect and urbanist from the city of Ferrara. From 1483, he was the architect of the Duke of Ferrara Ercole I d’Este who in 1492 assigned him the project of enlarging the city of Ferrara. Biagio Rossetti is still famous because he designed and built many notable palaces and churches in Ferrara, e.g., the Palazzo Roverella, the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie and the renovation of the church of San Andrea. To date, only the first two historic buildings are still in use and consequently restored, while the church of San Andrea has been abandoned over the years and the remains have been subject to decay. Different kinds of samples (bricks, cotto, plaster and mortars) were collected from the three sampling sites and analyzed in X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffractometer to investigate the construction materials through the evaluation of their chemical composition, historic building activity and degradation degree. These investigations should provide knowledge useful for restoration and conservation processes.

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Goren, Y., and A. N. Goring-Morris. "Early pyrotechnology in the Near East: Experimental lime-plaster production at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Kfar HaHoresh, Israel." Geoarchaeology 23, no. 6 (November 2008): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.20241.

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Brouard, Yoann, Naima Belayachi, Dashnor Hoxha, Stéphane Méo, and Wajih Abdallah. "Hygrothermal Behavior of Clay - Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Rape Straw (Brassica napus) Plaster Bio-Composites for Building Insulation." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.242.

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The aim of this experimental investigation is to study and compare hygrothermal properties of different materials based on vegetable aggregates and clay in order to prove the performance of the developed composite in the framework of BIOCOMP project. Crude earth is known to have very high capacities to regulate indoor humidity. Vegetable aggregate is characterized by high porosity leading also to very effective natural indoor climate regulators. Then, we expect the mix of these two material will to produce an insulation bio-composite with enhanced thermal and hygroscopic performance. Sunflower stem, rape straw and clay used in this investigation are considered as a very low carbon footprint because they are real local agricultural byproducts. Clay-sunflower and rape bio-composites seem to be appropriate and effective biobased insulating plasters, further investigations must be performed in order to characterize more accurately their interesting hygrothermal properties as long as the acoustical and mechanical aspects. Samples have been manufactured with four different vegetable aggregates (rape straw, sunflower bark, sunflower pith and a mix of sunflower pith and bark) at a same binder/aggregate ratio. The same clay soil is used as a binder for the four bio-composites. The thermal properties for the different bio-composites were obtained from the thermal conductivity measurements after various relative humidity, in order to evaluate the impact of the water content on the thermal parameters. For the hydraulic properties, the sorption-desorption isotherms for the four composites are obtained. The results show a significant effect of the different aggregates on the hygrothermal behavior of the bio-composite based on clay.

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Baranova, Margarita Nicolaevna, Daria Igorevna Vasilieva, and Svetlana Genrihovna Kazantseva. "Disturbed lands objects use for the formation of technical universities students’ ecological culture (for example quarries sulfur deposits «Vodinskoe» in the Samara Region)." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20164301.

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The following article deals with the problem of technical college students ecological culture formation on the example of disturbed lands objects study. The authors describe the features of pedagogical conditions that are necessary for creation of responsible personality attitude to the surrounding environment. The authors also analyze methods allowing to develop and create students valuable relation to the surrounding environment. Vodinsky sulfur pit near the settlement of Novosemeykino of the Krasnoyarsk district of the Samara region was used as an object of the disturbed lands. The uniqueness of this deposit is that the biggest sulfur crystal in the world was found here. Now, besides large sulfur crystals, crystals of other minerals - a tselestin, plaster, calcite, pyrites are also found here. The paper studies the possibility of one of the available fulfilled pits allocation as a standard of a natural mineralogical museum and especially protected natural territory in the region. The paper contains an analysis of fulfilled pits structure and location and their recultivation features. The authors consider the researched territory possible influence on its modern use. This kind of object will allow future engineers to understand a geoecological situation on Earth that will help to expand the knowledge of ecological culture.

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Asscher, Yotam, Aliza van Zuiden, Chen Elimelech, Peter Gendelman, Uzi ‘Ad, Jacob Sharvit, Michele Secco, Giulia Ricci, and Gilberto Artioli. "Prescreening Hydraulic Lime-Binders for Disordered Calcite in Caesarea Maritima: Characterizing the Chemical Environment Using FTIR." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.20.

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ABSTRACTHydraulic lime binders are considered a technological marvel which revolutionized construction techniques in antiquity. The core material is made of a binder that is a mixture of calcite and hydraulic phases, which are amorphous silicate compounds that nanostructurally polymerize into insoluble phases that harden even underwater, formed during the reaction between lime and reactive silicates such as volcanic ash. This is also what makes hydraulic lime so hard to radiocarbon (14C) date. These insoluble phases contain carbonates that may set centuries following their application, resulting in younger ages, which may contaminate the calcite fraction that is favorable for 14C dating. This calcite fraction forms upon the incorporation of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the setting of the hydrated lime. Therefore, different characterization methods are being constantly developed for identifying and characterizing the components of hydraulic lime-binders. In this work, we present a rapid characterization technique based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that characterizes the atomic disorder and chemical environment of the carbonates and silicates fractions in the binder. The atomic disorder of the calcite crystallites was determined by the ν2 and ν4 vibrational modes, and the silicates were characterized by the main peak asymmetry and full width at half maximum (FWHM). Different hydraulic binders from Caesarea Maritima were examined, including Herodian mortars from the underwater breakwater and on-land plasters and mortars from the portʼs warehouse and vaults. Hydraulic binders, in which the calcite fraction in the binder shows atomic disorder that is comparable to modern plaster binders, was associated with silicates that have asymmetry and FWHM of clays and quartz. These materials are considered to be in good preservation state for 14C dating since their carbonates crystallites are disordered and did not interact with the environment chemically to form stable and ordered crystals. Interestingly, the atomic disorder of binders that underwent chemical alterations and recrystallization processes, are associated with reactive silicates aggregates such as volcanic ash (pozzolana). These results suggest a new way to prescreen materials for radiocarbon dating based on the composition of lime-binders and preservation state of the carbonate fraction and hydraulic products.

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Matskovsky, Vladimir, Umalat Gadiev, Andrey Dolgikh, Alexander Cherkinsky, Polina Polumieva, Vsevolod Panov, Arseniy Kudikov, Nikita Lomakin, and Ekaterina Dolgova. "Radiocarbon Dating of Medieval Buildings in the Mountainous Part of Ingushetia (Northern Caucasus, Russia)." Radiocarbon 61, no. 03 (May 20, 2019): 777–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.33.

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ABSTRACTThere are hundreds of preserved medieval buildings in the mountainous part of Ingushetia, including Christian churches, crypts, temples, sanctuaries, battle towers, and living buildings. The chronology of their construction period is still questioned, as there are no radiocarbon (14C) dates published for these buildings and their dating is mainly based on architectural features, a few historical sources, and sometimes on accompanying archaeological material. The aim of this study is to assess more precisely the period of their construction. To do this, we selected the 10 most prominent medieval buildings that contain wooden construction elements and sampled these wooden elements in order to apply 14C accelerator mass-spectrometry dating (AMS) followed by wiggle-matching. From two of these buildings, plaster and mortar were also sampled for 14C AMS dating. This is the first time that these kinds of analyses have been performed for medieval buildings from the mountainous part of Ingushetia. For 6 out of 10 buildings, we acquired sufficiently precise dates that helped us to clarify their construction period. For the other 4 buildings, the acquired dates are still informative but could be refined further with additional 14C analyses. The calibrated dates obtained cover the period from AD 662 until recent time with the majority of them concentrated in 15th–17th centuries.

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Karkanas, Panagiotis. "Identification of lime plaster in prehistory using petrographic methods: A review and reconsideration of the data on the basis of experimental and case studies." Geoarchaeology 22, no. 7 (2007): 775–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.20186.

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Rodrigues Padovan, João Vitor, Gabriel Banos Rodrigues, Alan Dos Santos Cardoso, Hiago Augusto Amaral Sacco, João Leonardo Miranda Bellotte, Eduardo Leal Oliveira Camargo, and Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa. "APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM ASSOCIATED WITH NITROGEN FERTILIZATION: AN APPROACH TO THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN PASTURE AND SOIL." AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 6 (December 5, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36725/agries.v6i0.3591.

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Brazilian soil presents serious problems with plant production, due to its low fertility and high acidity content, besides that the toxicity caused by the chemical element aluminum. To overcome these problems, agricultural gypsum is used to neutralize the action of aluminum and, together with the assistance of nitrogen sources, ensures greater forage productivity. The objective of this work was to recover a pasture area with the application of agricultural gypsum associated with nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications, in a 2x4 factorial scheme with 50 kg ha-1 of N in the form of ammonium nitrate and 50 kg ha-1 of N in the form of urea, plus four doses of agricultural plaster, of which: 0; 750; 1500 and 3000 kg ha-1 in pasture installed in Urochloa humidicola. The dose of 1884 kg ha-1 of gypsum provided the highest concentration of calcium when applied in conjunction with ammonium nitrate. For sulfur, a linear response was observed, regardless of the nitrogen source used. The use of urea significantly increased the nitrogen levels in the leaves. The application of gypsum, regardless of the nitrogen source, provided a linear response in the calcium and sulfur levels in the leaves.

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Josiah Marut, Johnson, John Okwe ALAEZI, and Igwe Christopher OBEKA. "A Review of Alternative Building Materials for Sustainable Construction Towards Sustainable Development." Journal of Modern Materials 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.7.1.68-78.

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The study reviewed Alternative Building Materials for sustainable construction towards sustainable development. The study was able to identify some Alternative Building Materials, their features, classes (types), and importance for sustainable construction toward sustainable development. The study uses a systematic literature review and content analysis. Some of the Alternative Building Materials include laterite soil, brick wastes, rice husk ash burnt refuse ash, fly ash, periwinkle shell powder, earthworm cast, pulverized burned clay, periwinkle shell aggregate, tubali, earth/mud blocks or bricks, laterite blocks, bamboo for roofing & ceiling, palm front roofing, clay/mud plaster. The classes of the Alternative Building Materials include: modified conventional industrial materials, unconventional/ indigenous/ traditional materials, and modified unconventional/traditional indigenous materials. The features of sustainable construction materials include recyclability, insulation and thermal conductivity and deconstruct ability, availability, manufacturing and price, flexibility and high life time expectancy. The importance of Alternative Building Materials includes: the protection of the environment through reduce energy use and also cutting down CO2 emission, provision of affordable housing, energy conservation, meeting increasing demands for housing stock, provision of employment opportunities, the development and propagation of indigenous technological ingenuity and skills of our local people. The study advocates for the integration of the entire stakeholders in the construction industry towards utilisation of Alternative Building Materials for sustainable construction towards sustainable development. The study also advocates for the cataloguing of all Alternative Building Materials so as to create awareness to all the potential clients and stakeholders of the industry regarding their availability and importance.

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Lotidis, Michail A., Pavlos P. Nomikos, and Alexandros I. Sofianos. "Laboratory Study of the Fracturing Process in Marble and Plaster Hollow Plates Subjected to Uniaxial Compression by Combined Acoustic Emission and Digital Image Correlation Techniques." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 53, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 1953–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02025-x.

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Zhang, Z. Y., Hong Qi Li, H. X. Zhou, Jin Sheng Liang, H. Huang, Ming Zhi Wang, and J. K. Yu. "Study on Microstructure and Nanotribology Property of Antibacterial Bone China Film." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1479.

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Fracture surface and surface of two kind of membrane of antibacterial bone china, which includes 3% and 5% of weight of composite phosphate containing rare earth respectively, were characterized by SEM and nanoindenter, respectively. Nanohardness and nanoscale friction coefficients were measured by nanoindenter. Friction coefficients were conducted at the maximal load being 300un,500un,1000un and scratching speed 15um/s, 0.75um/s, 0.5um/s, respectively. The nanohardness and friction coefficients of ceramic membrane including 3% and 5% of rare earths are 2.03GPa,0.18282 and 8.54GPa,0.051998, respectively. The two kind of ceramic membrane has stable nanotribology property. Obvious plastic flow and pile-up scratch impression of ceramic membrane including 3% rare earths is observed by AFM in situ imaging, but scratch impression of 5% has no plastic flow and take on the sink-in topography. Nanohardness and friction coefficients of this two kind of ceramic membrane have strong relationships each other but weak relations with elastic modulus.

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Vignola, M., D. Bosia, R. Pennacchio, and M. Zerbinatti. "MORTARS AND PLASTERS PRODUCED WITH EARTH-BASED SUSTAINABLE MIXES: A METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL FOR RECOVERY OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN ROERO, PIEDMONT (ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 1049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1049-2020.

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Abstract. The work presented is the achievement of a master degree project, developed at Politecnico di Torino. The paper aims to provide standards for the formulation and mixing of earth-based mortars, for the rehabilitation of historic buildings of the Roero area, in Piemonte region. Roero presents a large architectural heritage, consisting mainly of fired or earth bricks rural and residential buildings, which was anciently protected using lime or earth-based plasters perfectly integrated with local landscape and environment colours appearance. In recent decades (and still to present days), vernacular plasters are frequently replaced by cement-based products, resulting hardly compatible with local bearing walls materials and landscape aesthetic features. While Roero traditional buildings plasters were produced using local earth and sands coming from streams, today, aggregates extraction in watercourses proximity is not allowed, or strictly regulated by rules and regional regulations. The paper presents a classification of the characteristics of different soils from Roero area, through different types of particle distribution size analysis and diffractometric tests, and propose a method for the production of local earth-based plasters stabilized with lime, making use of earth and rocks from local excavation sites, considered in Italy as secondary raw materials or special waste. Produced plasters compressive and bending strength have been tested, while their suitability for building maintenance and restoration, as their compatibility with Roero architecture and landscape, have been verified through spectrophotometric measures.

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Maestrelli, Sylma Carvalho, C. D. Roveri, N. A. Mariano, L. M. Faustino, G. F. Aielo, L. P. A. Pinto, C. Manochio, A. G. P. Nunes, T. M. L. Cal, and F. F. Ribeiro. "Study of the Application of Non-Plastic Clays from Poços De Caldas - MG." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1490.

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The manufacture of ceramic products involves the knowledge of the whole process, starting with the raw materials that are traditionally treated as clays. The term clay according to Santos [1] means a material with earthy texture and low grain size, which develops plasticity when mixed with a limited amount of water. The clay (or mudstone from the geological point of view) is a finely divided rock, consisting mainly of clay minerals, plastic materials and minerals that may contain non-plastic, and some materials which are not considered clay minerals, such as calcite, dolomite, gibbsite, quartz, alumina, pyrite, and others. Chemically, clays are composed of hydrated silicates of aluminum and iron, containing also a certain amount of alkaline and earth alkaline elements.

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Lima, José, Paulina Faria, and António Santos Silva. "Earth Plasters: The Influence of Clay Mineralogy in the Plasters’ Properties." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 14, no. 7 (February 17, 2020): 948–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1727064.

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Lima, José, Paulina Faria, and António Santos Silva. "Earthen Plasters Based on Illitic Soils from Barrocal Region of Algarve: Contributions for Building Performance and Sustainability." Key Engineering Materials 678 (February 2016): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.678.64.

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Clayish earth-based mortars can be considered eco-efficient products for indoor plastering since they can contribute to improve important aspects of building performance and sustainability. Apart from being products with low embodied energy when compared to other types of mortars used for interior plastering, mainly due to the use raw clay as natural binder, earth-based plasters may give a significant contribution for health and comfort of inhabitants. Due to high hygroscopicity of clay minerals, earth-based mortars present a high adsorption and desorption capacity, particularly when compared to other type of mortars for interior plastering. This capacity allows earth-based plasters to act as a moisture buffer, balancing the relative humidity of the indoor environment and, simultaneously, acting as a passive removal material, improving air quality. Therefore, earth-based plasters may also passively promote the energy efficiency of buildings, since they may contribute to decreasing the needs of mechanical ventilation and air conditioning. This study is part of an ongoing research regarding earth-based plasters and focuses on mortars specifically formulated with soils extracted from Portuguese ‘Barrocal’ region, in Algarve sedimentary basin. This region presents high potential for interior plastering due to regional geomorphology, that promote the occurrence of illitic soils characterized by a high adsorption capacity and low expansibility. More specifically, this study aims to assess how clayish earth and sand ratio of mortars formulation can influence the physical and mechanical properties of plasters. For this assessment four mortars were formulated with different volumetric proportions of clayish earth and siliceous sand. The results from the physical and mechanical characterization confirmed the significantly low linear shrinkage of all the four mortars, as well as their extraordinary adsorption-desorption capacity. These results presented a positive correlation with mortars ́ clayish earth content and are consistent with the mineralogical analysis, that confirmed illite as the prevalent clay mineral in the clayish earth used for this study. Regarding mechanical resistance, although the promising results of the adhesion test, the flexural and compressive strength results suggest that the mechanical resistance of these mortars should be slightly improved. Considering the present results the mortars mechanical resistance improvement may be achieved through the formulation of mortars with higher clayish earth content, or alternatively, through the addition of natural fibers to mortars formulation, very common in this type of mortars. Both those options will be investigated in future research.

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Demming, Anna. "Plastic that doesn't cost the Earth." Physics World 33, no. 5 (May 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/33/5/29.

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Noble, Brian. "Ilja Nieuwland. American Dinosaur Abroad: A Cultural History of Carnegie’s Plaster Diplodocus. xvii + 318 pp., notes, bibl., index. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. $40 (cloth); ISBN 9780822945574. Paperback and e-book available." Isis 111, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): 896–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/712367.

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Stubbins, Aron, Kara Lavender Law, Samuel E. Muñoz, Thomas S. Bianchi, and Lixin Zhu. "Plastics in the Earth system." Science 373, no. 6550 (July 1, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0354.

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Plastic contamination of the environment is a global problem whose magnitude justifies the consideration of plastics as emergent geomaterials with chemistries not previously seen in Earth’s history. At the elemental level, plastics are predominantly carbon. The comparison of plastic stocks and fluxes to those of carbon reveals that the quantities of plastics present in some ecosystems rival the quantity of natural organic carbon and suggests that geochemists should now consider plastics in their analyses. Acknowledging plastics as geomaterials and adopting geochemical insights and methods can expedite our understanding of plastics in the Earth system. Plastics also can be used as global-scale tracers to advance Earth system science.

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Supiatun, Supiatun, Miftahul Jannah, Ela Nindriyani, and Neta Dian Lestari. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Botol Plastik dan Kaca Menjadi Produk Kreatif." Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmbk.v5i2.9915.

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The problem of waste is a common problem in the world, in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, ready-to-eat food and beverage products resulted in piles of waste which resulted in environmental pollution. Waste that can damage the environment is waste that cannot be decomposed by nature. As a form of saving the earth to reduce the waste of plastic bottles and glass bottles, the younger generation should be able to use them such as pencil boxes, plastic flower vases, chairs, multipurpose storage places and bross. Meanwhile, waste glass bottles can be made into products such as miniatures, flower pots and home decorations. Permasalahan sampah menjadi masalah bersama didunia, pada era Revolusi Industri 4.0, produk makanan dan minuman kemasan siap saji mengakibatkan timbunan sampah yang mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan. Sampah yang dapat merusak lingkungan adalah sampah yang tidak dapat terurai oleh alam. Sebagai bentuk penyelamatan bumi mengurangi limbah botol plastik dan botol kaca, sebagai generasi muda harus dapat memanfaatkan seperti kotak pensil, vas bunga bunga dari plastik, kursi, tempat penyimpanan serbaga guna dan bross. Sedangkan limbah botol kaca dapat dibuat produk seperti miniatur, pot bunga dan hiasan rumah.

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dos Santos, Clarissa Armando, Lisiane Ilha Librelotto, and Claudio Jacintho. "Building with Earth - Brazil's Most Popular Raw Earth Building Techniques and the Opinion of Experienced Builders." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.123.

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Earth building construction techniques bring the promise of being environmentally friendly, thermally comfortable, easy to maintain and aesthetically interesting. Therefore, the ideae is beginning to spread in Brazil, being divulgated mainly by institutes and groups involved with Permaculture studies. The possibility of building sustainably and independently has contributed to the increasing number of people embracing the cause and starting constructing with earth and other raw materials. But what are their opinions after the end of the process? This work brings a review on some of the most popular earth building techniques in the Brazilian Federal District and state of Santa Catarina (superadobe, hyperadobe, rammed earth, cob, stucco, and double stucco filled with plastic bottles), as well as interviews with builders and users of the resulting houses. The research showed that the houses were built mostly by the owners themselves, with only a few having relied on professional help at some point. The drawbacks appointed were the lack of qualified professionals well-acquainted with these building techniques, the difficulties in managing large groups of voluntary builders and the high physical effort demanded by some of the techniques. Actually, many houses were composed by more than one technique. Some were built using a different technique to each wall. Superadobe was the preferred one at first, however most builders decided to change to other techniques for the practicability or just for the sake of experimenting. The experimenting of different techniques was more frequent in the cases when the house was the first construction of the builder (s). Unfortunately, the lack of experience had serious consequences, for it was noticed that some buildings showed construction pathologies, such as pending walls and peeling plasters. Nonetheless, most of the users declared to be satisfied and considered earth building a good investment. In fact, the houses had good thermal performance, used low impact materials and had a medium cost of approximately BRL 310.00 per square meter. A considerably lower price than the average BRL 670.00 per square meter, estimated by Brazilian authorities for the same locations and building patterns at the time of the constructions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth plaster'

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