Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Earth surveying and photogrammetry'

Bibliography: leaves 140-146.
Target Centring Algorithms were investigated for use in the Near-Real-Time-Photogrammetry NRTP system: PHOENICS. PHOENICS, a Photogrammetric Engineering and Industrial digital Camera System, has been developed over the past three years in the Surveying Department of UCT to provide a semi-automatic system to determine three dimensional co-ordinates of surfaces and objects using a photogrammetric method. Targets are attached to an object in order to facilitate measurement of the shape, size and orientation of the object. The centre of the target uniquely defines the target co-ordinate. Target centres (from images of the same object) are used in photogrammetric models to locate the three dimensional (3-D) coordinates of the target. The accuracy of the target 3-D location is dependent on the accuracy of the target centring algorithm. A series of sub-algorithms were employed to arrive at a single target centring algorithm. Various combinations of these sub- algorithms were compared in order to obtain the optimal target centring algorithm. Three images were used to test various aspects of the target centring algorithms: their potential accuracy was tested on an image having symmetric synthetic targets their robustness was tested on an image having targets with artificial blemishes their performance in a real (noisy) environment was tested on an image with real targets on a control frame, captured by PHOENICS. When the target centring algorithms were run on the three images, target location with an accuracy of from 1/10 of a pixel for real images, to 1/1000 of a pixel for ideal synthetic targets was obtained.

Roads are an integral part of today's lifestyle. Indeed, a modern and efficient economy requires a satisfactory road network. The road network in the United Kingdom faces ever-increasing demands with 94% of passenger travel and 92% of freight transport undertaken by road. Maintenance of the network is essential. Prior to the commencement of any maintenance scheme, an accurate highway profile is measured by undertaking a detailed topographic survey of the road surface and the adjacent verges. Traditionally, this is carried out by land surveyors using, for example, a theodolite, EDM and level. Highway surveying by traditional methods is a slow, costly and dangerous process. A photogrammetric technique was devised by Photarc Surveys Ltd of Harrogate, UK to reduce the problems of speed, cost and safety. This helicopter based photographic system can yield topographic data at up to ±5mm rmse through photogrammetric analysis. It is necessary to install ground control points on the hard shoulder for use in the photogrammetric analysis. This research investigates the potential of both conventional aerial triangulation and in-flight GPS assisted aerial triangulation for reducing this ground control requirement. The original photographic system is extended to integrate a GPS positioning system and the performance of this system is assessed through a series of field trials. The results of the research show that the camera can be positioned by the GPS system to within 5 centimetres. The GPS positions can be included in the aerial triangulation to further reduce the requirement for ground control. It is shown that for mapping at the ± 5mm rmse level, there is no potential for height control reduction, even when GPS positions are used. However for mapping at up to ± 20mm, the GPS positions can enable a significant reduction in ground control.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
A presente dissertação tem por objectivo investigar e evidenciar as vantagens da aplicação da fotogrametria, e possíveis integrações com outros métodos de levantamento, como seja o varrimento laser terrestre, posicionamento por GPS, entre outros, para realizar levantamentos de construções patrimoniais ou eruditas e a respectiva produção de documentação base para viabilizar intervenções de conservação, restauro ou reabilitação. A motivação para a investigação advém da aplicação flexível, versátil, simples, acessível, e baixo-custo da fotogrametria em projectos de levantamento pequenos ou extensos. Tenciona-se igualmente colmatar as desvantagens tradicionais da fotogrametria, nomeadamente a transição entre espaços interiores e exteriores, e registo de espaços estreitos, de difícil acesso, e de geometrias complexas, num único projecto de documentação. Pretende-se ultrapassar estas dificuldades através da utilização máxima das potencialidades da fotogrametria com o uso de imagens olho de peixe e apenas como último recurso utilizar instrumentos complementares. No caso de estudo principal, o Castelo do Convento de Cristo, demonstra-se a aplicação dos métodos investigados. Nos casos de estudo secundários abordam-se problemas parcelares, desde elementos decorativos até à totalidade do edificado: Convento dos Capuchos, em Sintra; Alcáçova e trecho de muralha do Castelo de Sesimbra; Igreja de Stº André, em Mafra; entre outros. Os casos auxiliaram na determinação de procedimentos a generalizar posteriormente. Por fim, propõem-se algoritmos que auxiliam na produção de documentação.
ABSTRACT: The present dissertation aims to research and demonstrate the advantages of the application of photogrammetry, and its possible integrations with other methods, such as terrestrial laser scanning, GPS positioning, and among others, to perform surveys of heritage or erudite buildings and respective production of base documentation to enable interventions of conservation, restoration, or rehabilitation. The motivation for researching is due to the flexible, versatile, simple, affordable, and low-cost application of photogrammetry in small and extensive survey projects. It is also intended to overcome the traditional disadvantages of photogrammetry, such as the transition between interior and exterior spaces, and difficulty of recording narrow, hard-to-access, and complex geometric spaces, in a single project. It is intended to overcome such challenges by maximizing the potential uses of photogrammetry with the use of fisheye images and by using other survey instruments as a last resort. In the main case study, the Castle of the Convent of Christ, the application of the investigated methods is demonstrated. In the secondary case studies, partial problems are addressed, ranging from decorative elements to the entire building: Convento dos Capuchos, in Sintra; Citadel and section of a wall of the Castle of Sesimbra; Igreja de St André, in Mafra; among others; The case studies aided in determining general procedures. Finally, algorithms that accelerate the production of documentation are proposed.
N/A

Over recent years considerable advances have taken place in the field of space geodesy, resulting in a number of highly precise global positioning techniques. The increased resolution of many of the scientific products from the new observational techniques has stimulated the interest of not only geodesists but also geophysicists. Furthermore, their potential to determine the orientation of the earth's axis of rotation (polar motion) and the variations of the rate of rotation of the earth about that axis, was recognised by the scientific community. The result was the establishment of Project MERIT, to intercompare these new observational techniques. Satellite Laser Ranging, a method of measuring the distance from a point on the earth's surface to an artificial satellite by means of timing the flight of a short pulse of laser light, is currently the most accurate available means of tracking near earth satellites. However, in order to reach the accuracy requirements of current geodetic applications dedicated satellites, such as the NASA LAser GEOdynamic Satellite (LAGEOS), must be tracked and specialised processing software must be used. This Thesis describes the basic theory behind the analysis of Satellite Laser Ranging Observations, with a special emphasis on the determination of earth rotation parameters (the polar motion and the variations in the rate of rotation). The development and testing, at Nottingham, of the Satellite Orbit Determination and Analysis Package Of Programs, SODAPOP, for the processing of laser range data, is described. The thesis also presents and discusses the results of the analysis of laser range observations the LAGEOS satellite, from the short and main campaigns of project MERIT.

Fine-scale resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) created from data collected using high precision instruments have become ubiquitous in fluvial geomorphology. They permit a diverse range of spatially explicit analyses including hydraulic modeling, habitat modeling and geomorphic change detection. Yet, the intercomparison of survey technologies across a diverse range of wadeable stream habitats has not yet been examined. Additionally, we lack an understanding regarding the precision of DEMs derived from ground-based surveys conducted by different, and inherently subjective, observers. This thesis addresses current knowledge gaps with the objectives i) to intercompare survey techniques for characterizing instream topography, and ii) to characterize observer variability in instream topographic surveys. To address objective i, we used total station (TS), real-time kinematic (rtk) GPS, terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), and infrared airborne laser scanning (ALS) topographic data from six sites of varying complexity in the Lemhi River Basin, Idaho. The accuracy of derived bare earth DEMs was evaluated relative to higher precision TS point data. Significant DEM discrepancies between pairwise techniques were calculated using propagated DEM errors thresholded at a 95% confidence interval. Mean discrepancies between TS and rtkGPS DEMs were relatively low (≤ 0.05 m), yet TS data collection time was up to 2.4 times longer than rtkGPS. ALS DEMs had lower accuracy than TS or rtkGPS DEMs, but ALS aerial coverage and floodplain topographic representation was superior to all other techniques. The TLS bare earth DEM accuracy and precision were lower than other techniques as a result of vegetation returns misinterpreted as ground returns. To address objective ii, we used a case study where seven field crews surveyed the same six sites to quantify the magnitude and effect of observer variability on DEMs interpolated from the survey data. We modeled two geomorphic change scenarios and calculated net erosion and deposition volumes at a 95% confidence interval. We observed several large magnitude elevation discrepancies across crews, however many of these i) tended to be highly localized, ii) were due to systematic errors, iii) did not significantly affect DEM-derived metric precision, and iv) can be corrected post-hoc.

This creative project was a research effort in order to develop a computer program which could be of assistance to students learning the design process and the calculation of earth work cut and fill volumes. Two programs which calculate cut and fill volumes were analyzed. The first by Mark Lindult: 1980, and the second by E. Bruce MacDougal: 1981. Points of weakness were carefully studied and taken into consideration while developing the CATE program.CATE program (Calculating And Teaching Earth Work) has two major purposes. The first is to teach the grid method for calculating earth work. The second is to calculate cut and fill volumes using this method. It presents accurate results especially in basement and walls studies. The program is designed to be used by students who have no background in computers. The program has been tested twice to prove its abilities in teaching and calculating earth work.
Department of Landscape Architecture

Cette thèse étudie les problèmes posés par l’estimation automatique de modèles numériques d’élévation de la surface terrestre à partir de photographies prises par des satellites. Ce travail a bénéficié d’une collaboration avec le CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) sur le développement d’outils de vision stéréoscopique pour Pléiades, le premier satellite d’observation de la Terre capable de produire des paires ou triplets d’images quasi-simultanées. Le premier chapitre de la thèse décrit un modèle simplifié de caméra pushbroom destiné aux satellites d’observation de la Terre, et aborde le problème de la correction des données de calibration en faisant intervenir des mesures externes. Ce chapitre propose un nouvel algorithme pour affiner les paramètres d’orientation du satellite à partir d’un jeu de points de contrôle. Il est utilisable pour tous les satellites munis de caméras pushbroom. Dans le but d’appliquer aux images satellitaires les nombreux algorithmes de mise en correspondance stéréoscopique développés en traitement d’images et en vision par ordinateur, le deuxième chapitre explore l’adaptation de la théorie de la rectification épipolaire aux images prises par des caméras pushbroom. La rectification épipolaire est utilisée habituellement pour réduire la complexité du problème de mise en correspondance stéréoscopique, et permet d’appliquer les algorithmes les plus récents à des images satellitaires. Le chapitre suivant étudie les effets des erreurs de calibration géométrique sur la rectification et propose une méthode pour éliminer leur impact sur la mise en correspondance. Le quatrième chapitre décrit et analyse en détails une implémentation de l’algorithme Semi-Global Matching (SGM), classé actuellement parmi les meilleurs algorithmes de mise en correspondance stéréoscopique. En se fondant sur une réinterprétation récente de SGM, ce chapitre en propose une variante qui permet de réduire d’un facteur cinq son écart en énergie par rapport aux algorithmes de référence pour la minimisation de champs aléatoires de Markov. En assemblant les blocs algorithmiques décrits dans les chapitres précédents, le cinquième chapitre décrit S2P, une chaîne stéréoscopique complète qui produit des modèles numériques d’élévation à partir d’images satellitaires. Un modèle d’évolution de paysage est présenté dans le sixième chapitre comme exemple d’application. Le modèle est utilisé pour simuler numériquement la structure fine du réseau hydrographique sur des modèles numériques d’élévation obtenus à partir d’images prises par Pléiades. Le code source de la chaîne S2P2 est distribué en tant que logiciel open source. Afin d’assurer la reproductibilité des résultats obtenus, les algorithmes implémentés dans S2P sont en cours de publication dans le journal IPOL, accompagnés de descriptions et d’analyses détaillées, de codes sources documentés et de démonstrateurs en ligne
This thesis deals with the problem of computing accurate digital elevationmodels of the Earth's surface from optical images taken by pushbroomobservation satellites. It takes advantage of the collaboration of thedefendant with CNES (the French Space Agency) on the development ofstereo vision tools for Pléiades, the first Earth observation satelliteproducing quasi simultaneous stereo pairs or triplets with small baseline.The first chapter describes a simple pushbroom camera model for observationsatellites orbiting around the Earth and addresses the correction of theacquisition geometry by involving extrinsic information. This chapter proposesa new algorithm to refine the orientation parameters from a set of groundcontrol points, applicable to all pushbroom satellites.With the goal of testing for satellite imaging the thriving exploration ofstereo matching by the computer vision community, the second chapter exploresthe adaptation of the theory of epipolar resampling to pushbroom images.Epipolar resampling is traditionally used in stereo to reduce the matchingcomputational cost, and permits to test for satellite imaging the mostcompetitive computer vision algorithms. The third chapter discusses the effectsof geometric calibration inaccuracies and proposes a method to cancel itsimpact on stereo matching.The fourth chapter analyzes and describes a detailed implementation of theSemi-Global Matching (SGM) algorithm, which is currently among the top-rankedstereo vision algorithms. Based on a recently proposed interpretation of SGM asa min-sum Belief Propagation algorithm, a variant is proposed that allows toreduce by a factor five the energy gap of SGM with respect to referencealgorithms for Markov Random Fields with truncated smoothness terms.By wrapping together the algorithmic blocks described in the previous chapters,the fifth chapter describes S2P, a complete stereo pipeline for producingdigital elevation models from satellite images. As an application, a landscapeevolution model is presented in the sixth chapter. The model is used tosimulate numerically the fine structure of the river networks on digitalelevation models obtained from Pléiades Earth observation images.The source code of the S2P stereo pipeline is distributed as open source. Toensure reproducibility, the algorithms implemented in each step of the S2Ppipeline are submitted to the IPOL journal, with detailed descriptions of thealgorithms, documented source codes and online demonstrations for each block ofthe pipeline

Um die Prozessstabilität in Verarbeitungsmaschinen auch bei hohen Ausbringungen bewerten und darauf aufbauend sicherstellen zu können ist eine geometrisch-kinematische Analyse des realen Verarbeitungsprozesses notwendig. Dazu wird im Beitrag ein optisches Hochgeschwindigkeits-Mehrkamera-Messsystem vorgestellt, mit dem auch schnelle Prozesse berührungslos analysiert werden können. Es wird gezeigt, wie durch die Zusammenführung von Bewegungsanalyse und Daten aus der Maschinensteuerung der Informationsgehalt und damit auch die Aussagefähigkeit von Messungen deutlich erhöht werden kann. Als Beispielprozess wird der intermittierende Transport kleinformatiger Stückgüter (z.B. Schokoladenriegel) gewählt.

Natural caves represent one of the most difficult environments to map with modern 3D technologies. In this study I tested two relatively new methods for 3D mapping in Tipton-Haynes Cave near Johnson City, Tennessee: Structure from Motion Photogrammetry and Computer Vision using Tango, an RGB-D (Red Green Blue and Depth) technology. Many different aspects of these two methods were analyzed with respect to the needs of average cave explorers. Major considerations were cost, time, accuracy, durability, simplicity, lighting setup, and drift. The 3D maps were compared to a conventional cave map drafted with measurements from a modern digital survey instrument called the DistoX2, a clinometer, and a measuring tape. Both 3D mapping methods worked, but photogrammetry proved to be too time consuming and laborious for capturing more than a few meters of passage. RGB-D was faster, more accurate, and showed promise for the future of low-cost 3D cave mapping.

In this report, two methods for three-dimensional modeling are evaluated against each other. The first method is terrestrial laser scanning (LiDAR) that uses a laser beam to record the surrounding environment, and the second one is called Structure from Motion (SfM). The SfM technique works on the same bases as photogrammetry, which is that an object of interest is photographed from multiple angles with overlapping images and mutual points are identified and used to create a three- dimensional model. Since both the equipment and the software used to produce LiDAR models are very expensive the main thought of this project was to produce the SfM model using a cellphone camera and free open source software. The study was carried out in such a way that a “before and after” -model was generated of a small snowy mound to see how well the SfM method performed compared to the LiDAR method. The final result revealed that SfM method deviated with approximately 8mm from the LiDAR method. One of the main difficulties during this project was to correctly reference the models against exact coordinate, which also could have been one reason to why the two models differed the way they did. Taking into consideration the user-friendliness and the low cost of the SfM method, it is a very promising tool for earth science related field research.
I denna rapport så kommer två metoder för att framställa tredimensionella modeller att jämföras mot varandra. Den ena metoden är markbunden laserscanning (LiDAR), vilket använder sig av en scanner som skickar ut en laserstråle som scannar av omgivningen. Den andra metoden använder en teknik som kallas för ”Structure-from- Motion” (SfM). SfMs grunder bygger på samma teknik som används inom fotogrammetri, vilket är att objektet av intresse fotograferas, med en vanlig kamera, med ett flertal överlappande bilder och gemensamma punkter i dessa bilder används för att producera en tredimensionell modell. Då både utrustning och programvaran för att producera laserscanningar är mycket kostsamma så är grundtanken med denna undersökning att endast använda en mobiltelefonkamera och gratis öppen källkod programvara för att producera SfM modellen. Själva undersökningen gick till på så sätt att en ”före och efter” modell skapades av en snöhög med båda teknikerna för att se hur bra SfM förhöll sig mot LiDAR metoden. Resultatet visade sig att SfM metoden avvek från LiDAR-resultatet med ungefär 8mm. En av de största svårigheterna med detta projekt var att korrekt referera modellerna till exakta koordinater, vilket även kan vara en av orsakerna till att modellerna inte korrelerade med varandra helt och hållet. Med tanke på användarvänligheten och kostnaden för SfM metoden så är detta ett mycket lovande verktyg för användning inom geovetenskap.

Generation of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from stereo satellite (spaceborne) images is classically performed by Ground Control Points (GCPs) which require site visits and precise measurement equipment. However, collection of GCPs is not always possible and such requirement limits the usage of spaceborne imagery. This study aims at developing a fast, fully automatic, GCP-free workflow for DSM generation. The problems caused by GCP-free workflow are overcome using freely-available, low resolution static DSMs (LR-DSM). LR-DSM is registered to the reference satellite image and the registered LR-DSM is used for i) correspondence generation and ii) initial estimate generation for 3-D reconstruction. Novel methods are developed for bias removal for LR-DSM registration and bias equalization for projection functions of satellite imaging. The LR-DSM registration is also shown to be useful for computing the parameters of simple, piecewise empirical projective models. Recent computer vision approaches on stereo correspondence generation and dense depth estimation are tested and adopted for spaceborne DSM generation. The study also presents a complete, fully automatic scheme for GCPfree DSM generation and demonstrates that GCP-free DSM generation is possible and can be performed in much faster time on computers. The resulting DSM can be used in various remote sensing applications including building extraction, disaster monitoring and change detection.

Every year, thousands of people all over the world are loosing their lives in natural disasters. As a second most widespread hazard, landslides are still a disaster problem for Turkey. The long-term monitoring studies of instability phenomena have a paramount importance for Turkey to reduce its both direct and indirect effects. The objective of this thesis is to monitor the activity of the Bü
lbü
lderesi and Bakacak landslides in Asarsuyu Catchment for 42 years period by the digital aerial photogrammetric techniques while evaluating the possible use of archive aerial photography in such analysis. To achieve the purpose of the study an orthophoto map was generated by aerial photographs belonging to 1994 year. The orthophoto map was utilized as a base map for aerial photo interpretation of different sets of aerial photographs corresponding to 1952, 1972, 1984 and 1994 years. As a result of this, 4 landslide activity maps are obtained. In addition, the characteristics of these landslides are analyzed by utilizing digital elevation model (DEM) created from stereo photographs of 1994. As a result of the study, no considerable variation is detected in the position of main boundaries of Bü
lbü
lderesi and Bakacak landslides except some minor differences. However, within the landslides many topographical changes were observed between 1952 and 1994 period. Based on the profiles from toe to crest of the Bü
lbü
lderesi landslide, the approximate length was measured as 4773m whereas the approximate width was about 2614m. The areal extent was calculated as ~12km2 having an approximate slope gradient ranging between 10-15°
with local variations. On the other hand, the approximate length of Bakacak landslide was 4420m and the approximate width was 832m from toe to crest with an area of ~4km2 and with an approximate slope angle 9-14°
.

A considerable part of the global pool of terrestrial carbon is stored in high latitude soils. In these soils, repeated cycles of freezing and thawing creates soil motion (cryoturbation) that in combination with other cryogenic disturbance processes may play a profound role in controlling the carbon balance of the arctic soil. Conditions for cryogenic soil processes are predicted to dramatically change in response to the ongoing climate warming, but little is known how these changes may affect the ability of arctic soils to accumulate carbon. In this thesis, I utilize a patterned ground system, referred to as non-sorted circles, as experimental units and quantify how cryogenic soil processes affect plant communities and carbon fluxes in arctic soils. I show that the cryoturbation has been an important mechanism for transporting carbon downwards in the studied soil over the last millennia. Interestingly, burial of organic material by cryoturbation appears to have mainly occurred during bioclimatic events occurring around A.D. 900-1250 and A.D. 1650-1950 as indicated by inferred 14C ages. Using a novel photogrammetric approach, I estimate that about 0.2-0.8 % of the carbon pool is annually subjected to a net downward transport induced by the physical motion of soil. Even though this flux seems small, it suggests that cryoturbation is an important transporter of carbon over centennial and millennial timescales and contributes to translocate organic matter to deeper soil layers where respiration proceeds at slow rates. Cryogenic processes not only affect the trajectories of the soil carbon, but also generate plant community changes in both species composition and abundance, as indicated by a conducted plant survey on non-sorted circles subjected to variable differential frost heave during the winter. Here, disturbance-tolerant plant species, such as Carex capillaris and Tofieldia pusilla, seem to be favoured by disturbance generated by the differential heave. Comparison with findings from a previous plant survey on the site conducted in the 1980s suggest that the warmer temperatures during the last decades have resulted in decreased differential heave in the studied non-sorted circles. I argue that this change in cryogenic activity has increased abundance of plants present in the 1980s. The fact that the activity and function of the non-sorted circles in Abisko are undergoing changes is further supported by their contemporary carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. Here, my measurements of CO2 fluxes suggest that all studied non-sorted circles act as net CO2 sources and thus that the carbon balance of the soils are in a transition state. My results highlight the complex but important relationship between cryogenic soil processes and the carbon balance of arctic soils.

Meiolania platyceps is the stratigraphically youngest, and osteologically best-known members of the enigmatic Paleogene-Holocene testudinatan clade Meiolaniidae. This study generated digital reconstructions of intervertebral mobility using the complete cervical series of M. platyceps as a functional model for inferring feeding habits in giant meiolaniid taxa. A combined photogrammetric and CT data approach was used to compile surface meshes for each individual vertebra, which were then scaled, articulated, and animated to visualise maximal movement through segments radiating from the dorsoventral and mediolateral planes. The results show that M. platyceps was incapable of any kind of neck retraction, which is not surprising given the massive skull and prong-like squamosal horns. In addition, impeded dorsal flexibility via the vertebral processes and projecting anterior margin of the carapace suggests that browsing would have been difficult. Indeed, the neck of M. platyceps was best capable of downward mobility allowing the skull to tilt forward. This presumably brought the muzzle into a grazing position and allowed the animal to feed upon low growing herbaceous vegetation, ferns and palm fruits. Because of the insularity and the skull configuration of this aberrant turtle, an intraspecific combat behaviour has also been suggested in the reconstruction of the lifestyle of M. platyceps.
Meiolania platyceps, en stor behornad sköldpadda som levde under Pleistocen, är en av de yngsta och osteologiskt mest välkända medlemmarna av den enigmatiska Paleogen-Holocena gruppen av testudinata sköldpaddor, dit familjen Meiolaniidae hör. Genom att digitalt rekonstruera exemplarets kompletta nacke, inklusive samtliga halsryggens kotor, kunde artens matvanor såväl som dess potentiella stridsbeteende mellan individer inom arten beskrivas. De individuella kotorna fogades samman genom att kombinera fotogrammetri med CT-data, och efter att ha justerat deras respektive storlekar samt artikulerat dem kunde kotornas maximala rörelsevidd animeras såväl dorsoventralt som mediolateralt. Den mjukvaran som användes för detta var framförallt 3D Studio Max, dock i mindre utsträckning även Agisoft Photoscan Geomagic. Resultatet från de 3D-modeller som genererats i denna undersökning stöder hypotesen att M. platyceps saknade förmågan att dra in dess huvud och hals i skalet, vilket inte är helt överraskande med tanke på dess massiva skalle och utstickande squamosala horn. Skillnaden i hur nacken böjs ventralt jämfört med dorsalt tyder dock på att denna sköldpaddas betningstekniker varit desto mer utvecklade, särskilt eftersom vegetationen under denna tid bestod till största delen av palmer. Skallens position och konfiguration hos detta märkliga djur ger ytterligare information om artens beteende, och det verkar som att intraspecifika slagsmål kan ha förekommit hos M. platyceps.
Meiolania platyceps est l’un des derniers et mieux connus membre de l’énigmatique clade des Meiolaniidae de la période du Paléogène-Holocène. Notre étude fut de générer des reconstructions digitales de la mobilité intervertébrale en utilisant la série complète de cervicales de M. platyceps en tant que modèle fonctionnel afin d’inférer le comportement alimentaires du taxon des meiolanides. Une combinaison de données photogrammétriques et de scannes fut utilisée afin de compiler des surfaces en 3D pour chaque vertèbre, mises à l’échelle, articulées et animées afin de visualiser les mouvements optimaux selon les plans dorsoventral et mediolateral. Les résultats montrent nettement que M. platyceps était incapable de rétracter son cou, ce qui n’est pas surprenant considérant sa tête massive et ses impressionnantes cornes. Qui plus est, la flexibilité dorsale, entravée par les apophyses vertébrales et la marge antérieure de la carapace, suggère que le « browsing » aurait été difficile. En effet, le cou de M. platyceps était mieux à même d’une mobilité ventrale permettant au crâne de basculer vers l'avant. Ce qui aurait entraîné le museau dans une position de « grazing » et aurait permis à l’animal de se nourrir de végétation herbacée, de fougères et de fruits de palmiers. En raison de l'insularité et de la configuration du crâne de cette tortue aberrante, un comportement de combat intraspécifique a également été suggéré dans la reconstruction de la vie de M. platyceps.

La cartographie, l'inventaire et le suivi de glissements de terrain sont indispensables pour l'évaluation de l'aléa glissements de terrain et la gestion des catastrophes. La disponibilité croissante des satellites THR, des drones et des appareils photo numériques grand public offre un grand potentiel pour soutenir ces tâches à l'échelle régionale et locale en complément detechniques établies telles que l'instrumentation in-situ, radar, et les acquisitions par scanner laser. Un manque d'outils de traitement d'image pour l’extraction efficace d’informations pertinentes à partir de différents types d'imagerie optique complique encore l'exploitation des données optiques et entrave la mise en oeuvre de services opérationnels. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'élaboration et l'application de techniques de traitement d'image pour la cartographie, la caractérisation et la surveillance des glissements de terrain en exploitant des données d'imagerie optique. Un état de l'art approfondi des techniques de télédétection innovantes pour la surveillance des glissements de terrain est proposé et démontre le potentiel et les limites des techniques et propose des critères pour le choix des capteurs disponibles (plateformes et méthodes d'analyse d'images) selon le processus observé et les besoins des utilisateurs. Pour la cartographie rapide des glissements de terrain lors de catastrophes majeures, une méthode qui combine segmentation d'image et apprentissage supervisé est développée pour l'analyse des images satellitaires THR à travers plusieurs exemples en Chine, au Brésil, à Haïti, en Italie et en France. Pour l'analyse de glissements de terrain à l'échelle locale, la recherche a élaboré des chaînes de traitement d'images pour la détection de fissures à partir de séries temporelles d'images de drones comme possible géo-indicateurs de l'activité des glissements, la mesure des champs de déplacements horizontaux à partir d'images satellitaires THR utilisant en utilisant des méthodes stéréophotogrammétrie et par corrélation d’image, et les mesures 3D à partir de photographies terrestres basées sur des méthodes de photogrammétrie multi-images
Landslide inventory mapping and monitoring are indispensable for hazard assessment and disaster management. The enhanced availability of VHR satellites, UAVs and consumer grade digital cameras offers a great potential to support those tasks at regional and local scales, and to complement established techniques such as in situ instrumentation, radar, andlaser scanning. A lack of image processing tools for the efficient extraction process-relevant information from different types of optical imagery still complicates the exploitation of optical data and hinders the implementation of operational services. This doctoral thesis is dedicated to the development and application of image processing techniques for the mapping,characterization and monitoring of landslides with optical remote sensing data. A comprehensive review of innovative remote sensing techniques for landslide monitoring shows the potential and limitations of available techniques and guides the selection of the most appropriate combination of sensors – platforms – image analysis methods according to the observed process and end-user needs. For the efficient detection of landslides after major triggering events at the regional scale, a method for rapid mapping combining image segmentation, feature extraction, supervised learning is developed. For detailed landslide investigations at the local scale, this study elaborates image processing chains for detection of surface fissures in time-series of UAV images as geo-indicators of landslide activity, the measurement of horizontal surface displacements from VHR satellite images using stereo-photogrammetric and image correlation methods, and 3D measurements from terrestrial photographs based on multi-view open-source photogrammetry

H παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία Μεταπτυχιακής Ειδίκευσης με θέμα «Μελέτη Μικρομετακινήσεων σε Κατολισθαίνοντα Πρανή στην περιοχή της Πιτίτσας, με Επίγειες και Φωτογραμμετρικές Μεθόδους Αποτύπωσης» ανατέθηκε από τον Επίκουρο Καθηγητή κ. Ιωάννη Κουκουβέλα στα πλαίσια του Προγράμματος Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών «Γεωεπιστήμες και Περιβάλλον», στην Κατεύθυνση «Γεωλογία Χρήσεων Γης», του τμήματος Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών και εκπονήθηκε από τη μεταπτυχιακή φοιτήτρια Μαριάννα Παπαθάνου. Η εργασία αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε ως μια μελέτη με σκοπό την ποιοτική και ποσοτική προσέγγισή της εξέλιξης του φαινομένου των κατολισθήσεων στην περιοχή της Πιτίτσας σε βάθος χρόνου περίπου 20 ετών. Ως περιοχή μελέτης έχει επιλέγει η ευρύτερη περιοχή της Πιτίτσας για τους εξής λόγους : Στην περιοχή έχουν συμβεί μια σειρά κατολισθήσεων οι θέσεις των οποίων έχουν πολλές φορές επαναδραστηριοποιηθεί μετά την κατασκευή του δρόμου. Η δομή των πετρωμάτων (ρήγματα, λιθολογική σύσταση), και η κατασκευή του δρόμου είναι πρακτικά οι μόνοι παράγοντες που επιδρούν στις κατολισθήσεις της περιοχής, ενώ οι βροχοπτώσεις είναι σχεδόν σταθερές και η ανθρώπινη παρέμβαση, εκτός από την κατασκευή του δρόμου, είναι περιορισμένη. Στις κατολισθήσεις που αναλύθηκαν διακρίνονται όσο το δυνατό περισσότερα ιστολογικά στοιχεία των κατολισθήσεων της περιοχής. Η περιοχή παρουσιάζει εμφανή στοιχεία ολισθήσεων όπως διαρρήξεις στην άσφαλτο ή δευτερεύουσες ουλές, οι οποίες δείχνουν στοιχεία ενεργότητας. Προκειμένου να εξαχθούν ασφαλή ποοτικά και ποσοτικά συμπεράσματα για την εξέλιξη των κατολισθήσεων ακολουθήθηκε η εξής μεθοδολογία : Η συλλογή όσο το δυνατό περισσότερων γεωμετρικών και γεωγραφικών στοιχείων διαφορετικών χρονολογιών για την περιοχή. Τα στοιχεία αφορούν αποτυπώσεις αλλά και αεροφωτογραφίες της περιοχής. Η επεξεργασία των στοιχείων με σκοπό την σύνταξη τοπογραφικών χαρτών και τη χάραξη τομών σ’αυτούς, ώστε να είναι εφικτή η σύγκριση των διαφορετικών χρονολογιών. Η σύγκριση των τοπογραφικών χαρτών και τομών διαφορετικών χρονολογιών με σκοπό την εξαγωγή αποτελεσμάτων και τη στατιστική επεξεργασία. Για τη μελέτη των κατολισθητικών φαινομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίγειες τοπογραφικές αλλά και φωτογραμμετρικές μέθοδοι αποτύπωσης . Αρχικά χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένας τοπογραφικός χάρτης της Διεύθυνσης Έργων της Νομαρχιακής Αυτοδιοίκησης Αχαΐας που εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια της Μελέτης Βελτίωσης του δρόμου Σαλμενίκο – Πιτίτσα το 2000 και επιλέχθηκαν συγκεκριμένες κατολισθήσεις που αναγνωρίσθηκαν στον χάρτη αυτόν. Στη συνέχεια στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας αποτυπώθηκαν εκ νέου οι παραπάνω κατολισθήσεις τα έτη 2004 και 2005. Από τη σύγκριση των χαρτών των τριών χρονολογιών προέκυψαν όχι μόνο ποιοτικά αλλά και ποσοτικά συμπεράσματα για τις κατολισθήσεις. Δηλαδή αναγνωρίσθηκαν οι κινήσεις υλικού αλλά επιπλέον χαράχθηκαν διατομές με βάση τις οποίες υπολογίσθηκαν οι όγκοι του υλικού που κατολίσθησε. Τέλος με βάση τους υπολογισμούς του όγκου του υλικού που κατολίσθησε, υπολογίστηκε ένας μέσος ετήσιος ρυθμός διάβρωσης. Επίσης στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας παρελήφθη από τη Γεωγρφική Υπηρεσία Στρατού μια σειρά αεροφωτογραφιών της ευρύτερης περιοχής του 1986. Από την επεξεργασία των αεροφωτογραφιών ανά στερεοσκοπικά ζεύγη κατασκευάστηκαν ψηφιακά μοντέλα εδάφους και ορθοφωτοχάρτες των κατολισθήσεων που είχαν επιλεγεί παραπάνω, για τη χρονολογία 1986. Στη συνέχεια, με σκοπό τη σύγκριση των χρονολογιών 1986 και 2000, χαράχθηκαν τομές στους ορθοφωτοχάρτες του 1986. Από τη σύγκριση των χαρτών και των τομών ανάμεσα στις χρονολογίες 1986 και 2000 προέκυψαν επίσης σημαντικά ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά συμπεράσματα για τις κατολισθήσεις. Η παρούσα εργασία αναφέρεται στη μελέτη της εξέλιξης των κατολισθητικών φαινομένων, στην περιοχή της Πιτίτσας, σε βάθος χρόνου σχεδον 20 ετών. Με βάση την παρούσα μελέτη τέλος προέκυψαν συμπεράσματα για τις κατολισθήσεις που αποτυπώθηκαν που αφορούν στα ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά χαρακτηριστικά τους, στη μορφή και στην κίνησή τους, στην ενεργότητα και στο ρυθμό εξέλιξής τους και στις ανθρωπογενείς παρεμβάσεις που δέχτηκαν στο διάστημα αυτό των 20 περίπου ετών.
The present Master Diploma Thesis entitled “Small scale Displacementσ within Landslides in the region of Pititsa using Earth Surveying and Photogrammetry” was assigned by Professor Ioannis Koukouvelas within the framework of the Graduate Studies Program “Geosciences and Environment”, of “Geology of Land Use”, of the University of Patras, Geology department, and was elaborated by the post-graduate student Marianna Papathanou. This project was implemented as a study aiming to approach, qualitative and quantitative, the landslide phenomena in the region of Pititsa over the last 20 years. The region of Pititsa was selected as a case study for the following reasons: The region is characterized by a series of small scale landslides, most of them experiencing reactivation which is damaging the asphalt covered road from Pititsa to Salmeniko villages. The structure of rocks (faults, lithologic composition etc.) and the construction of the road are practically the only factors affecting the landslides, since the precipitation is almost stable within the study area and the man-made modification, apart from the road construction, is limited. A wide range of morphological features within the landslides of the region was detected. The region offers evident elements of slide, for example asphalt fissures or secondary seams, presenting evidence of continuous activity. Qualitative and quantitative conclusions of the landslides was based on the following methodology: The collection of as many as possible geographic and geometric elements of the region, of different chronologies. These elements include different periods of surveying and airphotographs. The process of elements, aiming to set out contour plans. In order to define mass-balance cross-sections were composed to compare the evolution over the different chronologies. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of the contour plans, topographic maps and cross-sections of different chronologies aiming conclusions and statistical elaboration. For the study of landslide phenomena we used earth Surveying methods (repeated on 2004 and 2005 campaing) and Photogrammetry. Initially we used a topographic map provided from the Department of Public Works of the Prefectural Government of Achaia elaborated within the framework of the Improvement Study for the road Salmeniko - Pititsa in 2000, selecting specific locations of landslides identified on this map. The comparison of the sequential maps of the three chronologies resulted in qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding landslides. Which means that the movements of material were recognized, but moreover cross-sections were composed whereby the volumes of the landslided material was calculated. Also an average rate of landslide-erosion per year was calculated. Furthermore, within the framework of the present project, a set of airphotographs of the wider region of 1986 was received from the Military Geographical Service. From the process on stereopairs of these airphotographs, digital models (DTM) of land and orthophotomaps were created, regarding the chosen landslides for the year 1986. In order to compare the two chronologies 1986 and 2000, cross-sections were composed from the orthophotomaps of 1986. Important qualitative and quantitative conclusions were resulted from the comparison of the maps and the cross-sections between the two chronologies 1986 and 2000. From the repeated surveying and the photogrammetry it concluded that the present project refers to the evolution of the landslides of the Pititsa region, for a period of 20 years. These data suggest continuous erosion increasing from 1986 and onwards at a rate of between 0.34 m/yr to 0.0186m/yr for the last 5 yers. Based on the present project important conclusions, for the mapped landslides, were extracted regarding their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, their shapes and movements, their development for this period of 20 years and also evidence that they are continuously creeping.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
105
The rationality of the special planning in coastal areas requires to grasp primarily the change mechanism of site topography. Therefore, this research takes the advantages of direct field measurements and indirect remote sensing, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) which is convenient to carry, flying at low altitude and moving quickly, Global Position System(GPS) and Position and Orientation(POS) of Inertial Measurement System(IMU) are combined and used as measurement tools to monitor the beach topography. Image feature point can be matched out and point location (PL) of relative sand topography can be achieved through image technology of aero photogrammetry and aero triangulations methods, then coordinating with Virtual Base Station RTK (VBS-RTK) and Ground Control Point(GCP) to survey coordinates and to correct actual coordinates for achieving PL of actual sand topography and further comparing the terrain variance between the image matching point cloud and direct results of measurements. The results showed that the ground resolution(GSD) is 3.26cm, the average elevation error is with 3.20m, RMSE is with 0.169m, and the correlation index is 0.990 at the place with flight height of 70 meters,which is in accordance with the certification standard of ±25 cm difference of elevation stipulated in relative laws and regulations of Water Resources Agency. The results of this research serve to improve the efficiency of traditional artificial sampling and reduce the cost of using indirect surveying observation, achieving the reduction of error problems in measurements and measurement cost saving.

Resource managers frequently require moderate to high resolution imagery within short turnaround periods for use in a GIS-based management system. These spatial data can greatly enhance their ability to make timely, cost-saving decisions and recommendations. MBB Consulting Engineers, Inc., of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa had for many years made use of airborne videography to provide the imagery for several resource-based applications. Applications included detailed land use mapping in various South African river catchments and identification, density classification and mapping of alien vegetation. While the system was low cost and easy to operate, MBB had found that their system was inherently limited, particularly by its lack of automation and poor spatial resolution. This project was started because of a need to address these limitations and provide an airborne remote sensing system that was more automated and could produce higher resolution imagery than the existing system. In addition, the overall cost and time required to produce a map of the resource of interest needed to be reduced. The system developed in this project aimed to improve upon the pre-flight planning and in-flight image acquisition aspects of the existing system. No new post-flight image processing procedures were developed, but possible future refinement of the post-flight image processing routine was considered throughout the development of the system. A pre-flight planning software package was developed that could quickly and efficiently calculate the positions offlight lines and photographs or images with a minimum of user input. The in-flight image acquisition setup developed involved the integration of a high resolution digital still camera, a Global Positioning System (GPS), and camera control software. The use of the rapidly developing and improving technology of a digital still camera was considered to be a better alternative than a video graphic or traditional film camera system for a number of reasons. In particular, digital still cameras produce digital imagery without the need for development and scanning of aerial photographs or frame grabbing of video images. Furthermore, the resolution of current digital still cameras is already significantly better than that of video cameras and is rivalling the resolution of 35rnm film. The system developed was tested by capturing imagery of an urban test area. The images obtained were then rectified using photogrammetric techniques. Results obtained were promising with planimetric accuracies of 5 to 1 Om being obtained. From this test it was concluded that for high accuracy applications involving numerous images, use would be made of softcopy photogrammetric software to semi-automatically position and rectify images, while for applications requiring fewer images and lower accuracy, images could be rectified using the simpler technique of assigning GCPs for each image from scanned orthophotos.
Thesis (MSc.)- University of Natal,Pietermaritzburg, 2000.

In 1887, following the completion of the CPR to the Pacific, William Stewart Drewry took part in the Topographical Survey of Canada's first experiment with photographic surveying, which he applied to the Rocky Mountain Railway Belt. He then surveyed the rich mining districts of BC during the Kootenay hardrock mining boom (1893-1909). In 1909, he became BC's first and only Chief Water Commissioner and, in 1911, he returned to surveying as BC's Inspector of Surveys. From 1913 until his retirement in 1929, he surveyed for government and in private practice. Throughout his career, Drewry operated between two land systems: first, a system based on customary rights and local obligations; and, second, a system based on private property and market exchange. Drewry implemented the latter capitalist system, attempting to empower the settlement society, which had the effect of ensuring corporate dominance and, to Drewry's dismay, monopolization of the BC landscape.

Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2009.
The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on July 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Geography.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-174). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11927

Esta dissertação está focada no levantamento arquitetónico conjugado com a fotogrametria, esperando-se que a conjugação destas metodologias se torne mais eficaz para o levantamento e documentação do edifício, o que possibilitará aumentar a quantidade de informações detalhadas para o estudo do fenómeno de alteração com provável origem biológica, denominado por manchas negras, que ocorre em algumas igrejas dos séculos XV e XVI do norte de Portugal. A sua aplicação está focada a um caso de estudo, em particular, da igreja de Santa Marinha, Paroquial de Vila Marim, em Vila Real. A fotogrametria e o levantamento arquitetónico por si não são novidade. Contudo, a sua conjugação para dar suporte a uma leitura integrada do problema das manchas negras, pretende ser um contributo no sentido de possibilitar a ampliação da abordagem ao problema da biodeterioração da pintura mural por manchas negras e a necessidade da sua compreensão através da integração de variáveis como a morfologia do edifício, sua tipologia construtiva, os materiais empregues na sua construção, a ação de agentes meteorológicos, a localização das pinturas no edifício e as manchas negras nas pinturas, e a possibilidade de estabelecer ou não uma corelação entre as mesmas. Através deste estudo almeja-se compreender melhor o processo de formação das manchas negras e possivelmente sustentar as variáveis plausíveis da origem deste problema, considerando as técnicas e materiais utilizados durante sua construção e/ou reformas posteriores, que possam ter sido a causa ou a agravante ao normal funcionamento do esquema construtivo. De igual modo, visa-se ainda fornecer uma ferramenta que possa vir a ser usada na gestão de conservação para este fenómeno. Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o levantamento arquitetónico com o mapeamento das anomalias, trabalhando-o por fotogrametria e registo vetorial no edifício da Igreja de Santa Marinha da freguesia de Vila Marim em Vila Real. A base teórico-metodológica para realização desta dissertação consiste na compilação de diversos trabalhos como a consulta de um artigo relativo à História da Construção e os Construtores do Mosteiro de Alcobaça e, em particular, no trabalho desenvolvido na dissertação de mestrado de Alexandra Marco, dedicados ao tema da biodeterioração em pintura mural a Norte de Portugal. Através do levantamento arquitetónico do interior e exterior, atualizaram-se os dados acerca do estado de conservação do edifício, criaram-se diversos mapas de danos observáveis no edifício e nas pinturas murais, para então caracterizar o estado de conservação geral do imóvel, e compreender quais as necessidades emergentes da conservação dos espaços.
This dissertation focuses on the architectural surveying combined with photogrammetry of the Vila Marim parish church, located in Vila Real district, in the Northern part of Portugal, whose mural paintings dating from the 15th 16th present an alteration process of black stains, of possible biological origin. This study aims to obtain a more effective tool towards the understanding of the black stains phenomena, which occurs in other mural paintings of the region. The technique of photogrammetry and the architectural survey aren’t new applied to cultural heritage study. Although, combined intend to support an integrated reading of the black stains problem and being a contribution, to a new approach to the comprehension of the biodeterioration on mural painting by black stains through the integration of multiple variables. Thus, we aim to gather different issues that can be or cannot be related with the black stains occurrence, such as materials used in the building construction, building typology, the action of the atmospheric agents, previous reforms and restorations that could have been contributed to change the hygrothermal inertia of the building. Besides we hope to obtain a conservation management tool to the future. This dissertation presents an initial part of architectural survey and the anomaly mappings, using photogrammetry and vectorial register of the church of Santa Marinha located in Vila Marim, in Vila Real district. The theoretical and methodological basis used in this dissertation consists of the compilation of several previous studies such as an article on the history of Building and Builders of the Alcobaça Monastery (Melo&Ribeiro: 2011) and the data gathered in Alexandra Marco's masters dissertation (2016), dedicated to the theme of biodeterioration in mural painting in northern Portugal. Through the architectural survey of the interior and exterior of the building, the state of conservation data was updated, and several maps of the damages were created both for the building and for the murals, to help with the characterization of the state of conservation and to use as a tool to plan the emerging needs for local conservation.