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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth surveying and photogrammetry'
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1
Kapica, Roman, Dana Vrublová, and Markéta Michalusová. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DOCUMENTATION OF CZECHOSLOVAK BORDER FORTIFICATIONS AT HLUČÍN-DARKOVIČKY." Geodesy and Cartography 39, no. 2 (June 28, 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2013.806243.
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The Institute of Geodesy and Mine Surveying of the Technical University Ostrava makes photogrammetric surveying of major built objects in the Moravian-Silesian region. The focus of the present study is on special monuments that form integral parts of regional history and make outstanding landmarks. Terrestrial photogrammetry was used as the surveying methods used. The primary goal of photogrammetric surveying is to identify geometric shapes and to create visualisations of objects. Photogrammetric surveying provides valuable documentary data for uses in the areas of the history of architecture and technical research as well as for renovations and advertising campaigns. Our 3D models were created by using terrestrial digital photogrammetry.
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Bryan, P. G., and M. Clowes. "Surveying Stonehenge By Photogrammetry." Photogrammetric Record 15, no. 89 (April 1997): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868x.00082.
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Nocerino, Erica, Fabio Menna, Armin Gruen, Matthias Troyer, Alessandro Capra, Cristina Castagnetti, Paolo Rossi, Andrew J. Brooks, Russell J. Schmitt, and Sally J. Holbrook. "Coral Reef Monitoring by Scuba Divers Using Underwater Photogrammetry and Geodetic Surveying." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183036.
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Underwater photogrammetry is increasingly being used by marine ecologists because of its ability to produce accurate, spatially detailed, non-destructive measurements of benthic communities, coupled with affordability and ease of use. However, independent quality control, rigorous imaging system set-up, optimal geometry design and a strict modeling of the imaging process are essential to achieving a high degree of measurable accuracy and resolution. If a proper photogrammetric approach that enables the formal description of the propagation of measurement error and modeling uncertainties is not undertaken, statements regarding the statistical significance of the results are limited. In this paper, we tackle these critical topics, based on the experience gained in the Moorea Island Digital Ecosystem Avatar (IDEA) project, where we have developed a rigorous underwater photogrammetric pipeline for coral reef monitoring and change detection. Here, we discuss the need for a permanent, underwater geodetic network, which serves to define a temporally stable reference datum and a check for the time series of photogrammetrically derived three-dimensional (3D) models of the reef structure. We present a methodology to evaluate the suitability of several underwater camera systems for photogrammetric and multi-temporal monitoring purposes and stress the importance of camera network geometry to minimize the deformations of photogrammetrically derived 3D reef models. Finally, we incorporate the measurement and modeling uncertainties of the full photogrammetric process into a simple and flexible framework for detecting statistically significant changes among a time series of models.
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Petrie, G. "SOME IMPRESSIONS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING IN POLAND." Photogrammetric Record 6, no. 31 (August 26, 2006): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1968.tb00917.x.
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Martínez-Carricondo, Patricio, Francisco Agüera-Vega, and Fernando Carvajal-Ramírez. "Use of UAV-Photogrammetry for Quasi-Vertical Wall Surveying." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142221.
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In this study, an analysis of the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to obtain point clouds from areas with a near-vertical inclination was carried out. For this purpose, 18 different combinations were proposed, varying the number of ground control points (GCPs), the adequacy (or not) of the distribution of GCPs, and the orientation of the photographs (nadir and oblique). The results have shown that under certain conditions, the accuracy achieved was similar to those obtained by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). For this reason, it is necessary to increase the number of GCPs as much as possible in order to cover a whole study area. In the event that this is not possible, the inclusion of oblique photography ostensibly improves results; therefore, it is always advisable since they also improve the geometric descriptions of break lines or sudden changes in slope. In this sense, UAVs seem to be a more economic substitute compared to TLS for vertical wall surveying.
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Kwiatkowski, Jacek, Wojciech Anigacz, and Damian Beben. "A Case Study on the Noncontact Inventory of the Oldest European Cast-iron Bridge Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetric Techniques." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 2745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172745.
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Conventional measurement technologies of transportation infrastructures consist of discrete surveys which can be inconvenient in practice. Furthermore, data obtained using these methods are restricted to several points (or elements) placed on the observed structures. Modern survey techniques—for example, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetric—allow for the surveying of quasi-continuous surfaces of examined structures. The examined object is an historic cast-iron suspension bridge in Ozimek (south of Poland). The bridge was constructed in 1825–1827 and constitutes the oldest European bridge of this type. The surveys were conducted using TLS and digital photogrammetric techniques. The data obtained were compared with traditional survey results (reference data) and the project. The achieved effects of the measurements show that the discrepancies between the applied techniques (TLS and photogrammetry) and reference methods varied only within several millimeters and can be regarded as satisfactory. Better compliance was obtained for TLS than photogrammetry. The main benefits of the applied techniques include reducing time in the field and obtaining a three-dimensional model of the structure that has satisfactory accuracy.
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Cooper, M. A. R., and P. A. Cross. "STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING." Photogrammetric Record 12, no. 71 (August 26, 2006): 637–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00612.x.
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Cooper, M. A. R., and P. A. Cross. "STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING (CONTINUED)." Photogrammetric Record 13, no. 77 (August 26, 2006): 645–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1991.tb00728.x.
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Wang, Xi, Zamaan Al-Shabbani, Roy Sturgill, Adam Kirk, and Gabriel B. Dadi. "Estimating Earthwork Volumes Through Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2630, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2630-01.
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Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly attractive for numerous surveying applications in civil engineering, agriculture, and many other fields. The unmanned systems and vehicles are capable of performing photogrammetric data acquisition with equipped digital cameras that allows for converting images to highly precise, georeferenced three-dimensional models. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate practical applications of UAS systems and UAVs on construction sites. In this project, UAS systems and UAVs and digital photogrammetry technology are introduced to estimate the earthwork volume of a highway extension project. The georeferenced images were processed by the photogrammetry software, Pix4Dmapper, which is a tool for converting images into an accurate and applicable three-dimensional point cloud model. Progress models were created over the course of several weeks. The volume of earth was computed by comparing the point cloud of the progress models after model processing. To ensure reliability, the accuracy of the UAS and UAV photogrammetry was verified by comparison with conventional ground survey methods and the results from different flights. The project presents the feasibility and effectiveness of using UAS systems and UAVs in estimating earthwork volumes on the basis of the results of an accuracy test and the efficiency of the survey.
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Brecher, H. H. "Surface Velocity Determination on Large Polar Glaciers by Aerial Photogrammetry." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001063.
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Aerial photogrammetric block triangulation, a standard and well-developed technique for extending accurate control for mapping into the interior of a region from a few points of known position on its perimeter, can be readily adapted to determine surface velocities on bodies of ice which are too large, and often too crevassed, to be studied effectively by conventional ground surveying. Velocities are calculated from the changes in positions of the same natural surface features determined from photography of two (or more) epochs and the elapsed time. This method is capable of providing many uniformly-spaced measurements over the whole, moving, ice surface, thus allowing the production of maps of velocity and strain-rate, which are valuable in analyzing the ice-flow regime. Results from measurements completed some years ago on Byrd Glacier, one of the largest outlet glaciers from the East Antarctic plateau, are presented as an example of what the method can yield. By means of Doppler satellite surveying, relative positions of control points for each photography epoch can be determined with sub-meter accuracy, making the technique suitable also in regions where no fixed land features exist. A brief description of a project under way in such an area, on Ice Stream B in West Antarctica, is given.
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Rodríguez Cielos, Ricardo, Julián Aguirre de Mata, Andrés Díez Galilea, Marina Álvarez Alonso, Pedro Rodríguez Cielos, and Francisco Navarro Valero. "Geomatic methods applied to the study of the front position changes of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica, between 1957 and 2013." Earth System Science Data 8, no. 2 (August 18, 2016): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-341-2016.
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Abstract. Various geomatic measurement techniques can be efficiently combined for surveying glacier fronts. Aerial photographs and satellite images can be used to determine the position of the glacier terminus. If the glacier front is easily accessible, the classic surveys using theodolite or total station, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) techniques, laser-scanner or close-range photogrammetry are possible. When the accessibility to the glacier front is difficult or impossible, close-range photogrammetry proves to be useful, inexpensive and fast. In this paper, a methodology combining photogrammetric methods and other techniques is applied to determine the calving front position of Johnsons Glacier. Images taken in 2013 with an inexpensive nonmetric digital camera are georeferenced to a global coordinate system by measuring, using GNSS techniques, support points in accessible areas close to the glacier front, from which control points in inaccessible points on the glacier surface near its calving front are determined with theodolite using the direct intersection method. The front position changes of Johnsons Glacier during the period 1957–2013, as well as those of the land-terminating fronts of Argentina, Las Palmas and Sally Rocks lobes of Hurd glacier, are determined from different geomatic techniques such as surface-based GNSS measurements, aerial photogrammetry and satellite optical imagery. This provides a set of frontal positions useful, e.g., for glacier dynamics modeling and mass balance studies.Link to the data repository: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.845379.
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Casella, Elisa, Jan Drechsel, Christian Winter, Markus Benninghoff, and Alessio Rovere. "Accuracy of sand beach topography surveying by drones and photogrammetry." Geo-Marine Letters 40, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-020-00638-8.
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Newby, P. R. T. "QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR SURVEYING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY and DIGITAL MAPPING AT THE ORDNANCE SURVEY†." Photogrammetric Record 14, no. 79 (August 26, 2006): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1992.tb00207.x.
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Chen, Xi. "Application of UAV Digital Photogrammetry Technology in Marine Topographic Surveying and Mapping." Journal of Coastal Research 93, sp1 (September 23, 2019): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si93-092.1.
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Tucci, Grazia, Antonio Gebbia, Alessandro Conti, Lidia Fiorini, and Claudio Lubello. "Monitoring and Computation of the Volumes of Stockpiles of Bulk Material by Means of UAV Photogrammetric Surveying." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121471.
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The monitoring and metric assessment of piles of natural or man-made materials plays a fundamental role in the production and management processes of multiple activities. Over time, the monitoring techniques have undergone an evolution linked to the progress of measure and data processing techniques; starting from classic topography to global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technologies up to the current survey systems like laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry. Last-generation 3D data management software allow for the processing of increasingly truer high-resolution 3D models. This study shows the results of a test for the monitoring and computing of stockpile volumes of material coming from the differentiated waste collection inserted in the recycling chain, performed by means of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric survey and the generation of 3D models starting from point clouds. The test was carried out with two UAV flight sessions, with vertical and oblique camera configurations, and using a terrestrial laser scanner for measuring the ground control points and as ground truth for testing the two survey configurations. The computations of the volumes were carried out using two software and comparisons were made both with reference to the different survey configurations and to the computation software.
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Schwarz, K. P., E. H. Knickmeyer, and H. Martell. "The use of strapdown technology in surveying." CISM journal 44, no. 1 (April 1990): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1990-0003.
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Inertial technology has been successfully used in surveying and geodesy for more than a decade. Although results in positioning and gravity vector determination have been excellent, the high cost of the stable platform systems, their bulkiness and their susceptibility to down times in a rough production environment, have somewhat limited the use of this new technology. In addition, a number of interesting applications could not be attempted because raw accelerations and angular velocities at a high data rate were not available. The Department of Surveying Engineering at the University of Calgary has therefore studied the use of strapdown technology for surveying applications and the paper summarizes results achieved during the last two years. They show that strapdown technology offers an economic, versatile and reliable way to solve surveying problems in a number of areas where platform systems could not be used or were not competitive. Four developments will be specifically highlighted. The testing of a Strap-down Inertial Survey System (SISS), the development of an inertial pipeline monitoring system, the testing of an integrated INS/GPS for airborne photogrammetry and line imaging, and studies leading to the development of an inertial system for industrial alignment surveys. In each case, the concept of the specific application will be outlined and a brief discussion of the results achieved to date will be given.
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Bartoš, Karol, Katarína Pukanská, Peter Repáň, Ľubomír Kseňak, and Janka Sabová. "Modelling the Surface of Racing Vessel’s Hull by Laser Scanning and Digital Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131526.
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The knowledge of the hull shape and geometry of a racing vessel is one of the most important factors for predicting boat performance. The Offshore Racing Congress (ORC) rating system specifies the calculation parameters of the hydrodynamic forces of boat lift and drag on the basis of input data as the length of waterline while sailing, displacement, wetted surface and the volume distribution along the hull. It is represented by sophisticated calculations for national as well as international events and races. Measurement using a reflectorless total station in a coordinate system defined by the sailboat hull is the most established method approved by the ORC organisation. The determination of these geometric parameters by new, unconventional technologies, which should provide a quicker and more detailed measurement while preserving the quality and accuracy of results necessary for the handicap calculations was our main objective. Geometrical shapes of a cabin sailboat hull were determined by the technology of terrestrial laser scanning and two methods of digital close-range photogrammetry—convergence case of photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) method. High-Definition Surveying (HDS) targets for laser scanning and coded targets for digital photogrammetry were used throughout all methods in order to transform the resulting data into a single local coordinate system. The resulting models were mutually compared by visual, geometrical and statistical comparison. In conclusion, both technologies were considered suitable, however, with various advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, although labour intensive, the SfM photogrammetry can be considered the most suitable method if the correct procedures are followed.
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Fraser, Clive S. "On the role of the surveying engineer in industrial measurement." CISM journal 44, no. 1 (April 1990): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1990-0007.
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Over the past five years or so three-dimensional coordinate measuring techniques traditionally associated with surveyors and photogrammetrists have gained a significant place in industrial metrology. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the automobile, shipbuilding and aerospace manufacturing sectors in the U.S. From the outset, optical triangulation techniques such as digital theodolite systems and automated photogrammetry have been widely employed, but more recently laser trilateration and total station systems have found limited application. In this paper the present role of the surveying engineer in the burgeoning field of industrial measurement is discussed, and prospects for the future are considered. One question that arises regarding the use of surveying technologies in this new area is whether the services and expertise of the surveyor are being called upon at a rate commensurate with that at which the traditional “tools of his trade” are being applied. Although the paper centers on the scene in the U.S. there is reason to believe that trends there will also be witnessed in other countries of the industrialized world.
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Kavaliauskas, Paulius, Daumantas Židanavičius, and Andrius Jurelionis. "Geometric Accuracy of 3D Reality Mesh Utilization for BIM-Based Earthwork Quantity Estimation Workflows." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060399.
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Current surveying techniques are typically applied to survey the as-is condition of buildings, brownfield sites and infrastructure prior to design. However, within the past decade, these techniques evolved significantly, and their applications can be enhanced by adopting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for data acquisition, up-to-date software for creating 3D reality mesh, which in turn opens new possibilities for much more efficient construction site surveying and constant updating and process management. In this study the workflows of three UAV-based photogrammetry techniques: Real Time Kinematic (RTK), Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) and Global Positioning System (GPS) based on control points were analyzed, described, and compared to conventional surveying method with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. Tests were performed under realistic conditions in 36 ha quarry in Lithuania. The results of the relationship between ground sample distance (GSD) and the comparison of volume measurements under each technique, including conventional method were analyzed. The deviation of data collected on field vs. generated in reality mesh, including ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CHPs) with different configurations, was investigated. The research provides observations on each workflow in the terms of efficiency and reliability for earthwork quantity estimations and explains processing schemes with advanced commercial software tools.
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Tomaštik, Julián, and Daniel Tunák. "COMPASS MEASUREMENT – STILL A SUITABLE SURVEYING METHOD IN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS." Geodesy and Cartography 41, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2015.1011863.
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The compass measurement is one of the customary surveying methods that is used almost from the beginning of systematic geodesy and cartography. After the periods of the decreased use of this method, it was partially renewed by the ascension of the Field-Map technology that connects the compass measurement with the software tools for the environment mapping. It is currently mostly used for the forestry under-canopy mapping and other special tasks, where the current progressive technologies, especially photogrammetry and GNSS, can be used only with complication. The Field-Map set can include either the laser rangefinder Impulse LR 200 with MapStar Compass Module II compass, or TruPulse laser rangefinder that allows also the azimuth measurement. The research was aimed on the accuracy of mentioned devices. The measured lengths and azimuth were evaluated primarily. The evaluation of the field condition results showed the mean length error 0.07–0.09 m for Impulse rangefinder, while 0.25–0.29 m for TruPulse rangefinder. The mean azimuth error was around 0.5 degree for MapStar compass and above 3 degrees for TruPulse. After this basic evaluation the data were used for the computation of four compass traverses using various measurement and computation methods. The results showed, that the compass measurement, especially using the Impulse + MapStar set, can be still a suitable method for lower accuracy surveying, although effective only in specific conditions.
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Anderson, Karen, Matthew J. Westoby, and Mike R. James. "Low-budget topographic surveying comes of age: Structure from motion photogrammetry in geography and the geosciences." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 43, no. 2 (April 2019): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319837454.
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Crawford, Anna, Derek Mueller, and Gabriel Joyal. "Surveying Drifting Icebergs and Ice Islands: Deterioration Detection and Mass Estimation with Aerial Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning." Remote Sensing 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2018): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10040575.
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Teppati Losè, Lorenzo, Filiberto Chiabrando, and Fabio Giulio Tonolo. "Documentation of Complex Environments Using 360° Cameras. The Santa Marta Belltower in Montanaro." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183633.
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Low-cost and fast surveying approaches are increasingly being deployed in several domains, including in the field of built heritage documentation. In parallel with mobile mapping systems, uncrewed aerial systems, and simultaneous location and mapping systems, 360° cameras and spherical photogrammetry are research topics attracting significant interest for this kind of application. Although several instruments and techniques can be considered to be consolidated approaches in the documentation processes, the research presented in this manuscript is focused on a series of tests and analyses using 360° cameras for the 3D metric documentation of a complex environment, applied to the case study of a XVIII century belltower in Piemonte region (north-west Italy). Both data acquisition and data processing phases were thoroughly investigated and several processing strategies were planned, carried out, and evaluated. Data derived from consolidated 3D mapping approaches were used as a ground reference to validate the results derived from the spherical photogrammetry approach. The outcomes of this research confirmed, under specific conditions and with a proper setup, the possibility of using 360° images in a Structure from Motion pipeline to meet the expected accuracies of typical architectural large-scale drawings.
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Habib, Maan, Yazan Alzubi, Ahmad Malkawi, and Mohammad Awwad. "Impact of interpolation techniques on the accuracy of large-scale digital elevation model." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0012.
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AbstractThere is no doubt that the tremendous development of information technology was one of the driving factors behind the great growth of surveying and geodesy science. This has spawned modern geospatial techniques for data capturing, acquisition, and visualization tools. Digital elevation model (DEM) is the 3D depiction of continuous elevation data over the Earth’s surface that is produced through many procedures such as remote sensing, photogrammetry, and land surveying. DEMs are essential for various surveying and civil engineering applications to generate topographic maps for construction projects at a scale that varies from 1:500 to 1:2,000. GIS offers a powerful tool to create a DEM with high resolution from accurate land survey measurements using interpolation methods. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of estimation techniques on generating a reliable and accurate DEM suitable for large-scale mapping. As a part of this study, the deterministic interpolation algorithms such as ANUDEM (Topo to Raster), inverse distance weighted (IDW), and triangulated irregular network (TIN) were tested using the ArcGIS desktop for elevation data obtained from real total station readings, with different landforms to show the effect of terrain roughness, data density, and interpolation process on DEM accuracy. Furthermore, comparison and validation of each interpolator were carried out through the cross-validation method and numerous graphical representations of the DEM. Finally, the results of the investigations showed that ANUDEM and TIN models are similar and significantly better than those attained from IDW.
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Deliry, Sayed Ishaq, and Uğur Avdan. "Accuracy of Unmanned Aerial Systems Photogrammetry and Structure from Motion in Surveying and Mapping: A Review." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 49, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 1997–2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12524-021-01366-x.
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Ghassoun, Yahya, Markus Gerke, Yogesh Khedar, Jan Backhaus, Markus Bobbe, Henry Meissner, Prashant Kumar Tiwary, and Ralf Heyen. "Implementation and Validation of a High Accuracy UAV-Photogrammetry Based Rail Track Inspection System." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030384.
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The regular inspection of the crane tracks of storage cranes at the Container Terminal Altenwerder (CTA), Hamburg requires high accuracy of measurements to determine its position. The allowed tolerances are in the range of 10 mm in the XY plane on a track length of 300 m. The traditional semi-automatic surveying methods are slow and require the interruption of the activities in the storage blocks. The research project AeroInspekt proposed a fully automatic measurement of the position of the tracks using UAV-based photogrammetry. In this paper, the results of the test campaign, carried out in June 2020, were presented where different cameras (150 mm and 80 mm telelens) and flight speeds (1.1 m/s and 1.9 m/s) at a 35 m flying height were performed. Furthermore, an automated rail delineation in the derived surface model was developed and evaluated with ground reference measurements. The results show that the required accuracy of the rail position with an RMSE of 3 mm in XY plane and 8 mm in altitude can be achieved with comparatively less disruption of regular block activities.
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Croce, Valeria, Gabriella Caroti, Livio De Luca, Kévin Jacquot, Andrea Piemonte, and Philippe Véron. "From the Semantic Point Cloud to Heritage-Building Information Modeling: A Semiautomatic Approach Exploiting Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030461.
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This work presents a semi-automatic approach to the 3D reconstruction of Heritage-Building Information Models from point clouds based on machine learning techniques. The use of digital information systems leveraging on three-dimensional (3D) representations in architectural heritage documentation and analysis is ever increasing. For the creation of such repositories, reality-based surveying techniques, such as photogrammetry and laser scanning, allow the fast collection of reliable digital replicas of the study objects in the form of point clouds. Besides, their output is raw and unstructured, and the transition to intelligible and semantic 3D representations is still a scarcely automated and time-consuming process requiring considerable human intervention. More refined methods for 3D data interpretation of heritage point clouds are therefore sought after. In tackling these issues, the proposed approach relies on (i) the application of machine learning techniques to semantically label 3D heritage data by identification of relevant geometric, radiometric and intensity features, and (ii) the use of the annotated data to streamline the construction of Heritage-Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) systems, where purely geometric information derived from surveying is associated with semantic descriptors on heritage documentation and management. The “Grand-Ducal Cloister” dataset, related to the emblematic case study of the Pisa Charterhouse, is discussed.
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Geissler, Joschka, Christoph Mayer, Juilson Jubanski, Ulrich Münzer, and Florian Siegert. "Analyzing glacier retreat and mass balances using aerial and UAV photogrammetry in the Ötztal Alps, Austria." Cryosphere 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 3699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3699-2021.
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Abstract. We use high-resolution aerial photogrammetry to investigate glacier retreat in great spatial and temporal detail in the Ötztal Alps, a heavily glacierized area in Austria. Long-term in situ glaciological observations are available for this region as well as a multitemporal time series of digital aerial images with a spatial resolution of 0.2 m acquired over a period of 9 years. Digital surface models (DSMs) are generated for the years 2009, 2015, and 2018. Using these, glacier retreat, extent, and surface elevation changes of all 23 glaciers in the region, including the Vernagtferner, are analyzed. Due to different acquisition dates of the large-scale photogrammetric surveys and the glaciological data, a correction is successfully applied using a designated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey across a major part of the Vernagtferner. The correction allows a comparison of the mass balances from geodetic and glaciological techniques – both quantitatively and spatially. The results show a clear increase in glacier mass loss for all glaciers in the region, including the Vernagtferner, over the last decade. Local deviations and processes, such as the influence of debris cover, crevasses, and ice dynamics on the mass balance of the Vernagtferner, are quantified. Since those local processes are not captured with the glaciological method, they underline the benefits of complementary geodetic surveying. The availability of high-resolution multi-temporal digital aerial imagery for most of the glaciers in the Alps provides opportunities for a more comprehensive and detailed analysis of climate-change-induced glacier retreat and mass loss.
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Girod, Luc, Christopher Nuth, Andreas Kääb, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Jack Kohler. "Terrain changes from images acquired on opportunistic flights by SfM photogrammetry." Cryosphere 11, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-827-2017.
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Abstract. Acquiring data to analyse change in topography is often a costly endeavour requiring either extensive, potentially risky, fieldwork and/or expensive equipment or commercial data. Bringing the cost down while keeping the precision and accuracy has been a focus in geoscience in recent years. Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetric techniques are emerging as powerful tools for surveying, with modern algorithm and large computing power allowing for the production of accurate and detailed data from low-cost, informal surveys. The high spatial and temporal resolution permits the monitoring of geomorphological features undergoing relatively rapid change, such as glaciers, moraines, or landslides. We present a method that takes advantage of light-transport flights conducting other missions to opportunistically collect imagery for geomorphological analysis. We test and validate an approach in which we attach a consumer-grade camera and a simple code-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver to a helicopter to collect data when the flight path covers an area of interest. Our method is based and builds upon Welty et al. (2013), showing the ability to link GNSS data to images without a complex physical or electronic link, even with imprecise camera clocks and irregular time lapses. As a proof of concept, we conducted two test surveys, in September 2014 and 2015, over the glacier Midtre Lovénbreen and its forefield, in northwestern Svalbard. We were able to derive elevation change estimates comparable to in situ mass balance stake measurements. The accuracy and precision of our DEMs allow detection and analysis of a number of processes in the proglacial area, including the presence of thermokarst and the evolution of water channels.
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Grechi, Guglielmo, Matteo Fiorucci, Gian Marco Marmoni, and Salvatore Martino. "3D Thermal Monitoring of Jointed Rock Masses through Infrared Thermography and Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050957.
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The study of strain effects in thermally-forced rock masses has gathered growing interest from engineering geology researchers in the last decade. In this framework, digital photogrammetry and infrared thermography have become two of the most exploited remote surveying techniques in engineering geology applications because they can provide useful information concerning geomechanical and thermal conditions of these complex natural systems where the mechanical role of joints cannot be neglected. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for generating point clouds of rock masses prone to failure, combining the high geometric accuracy of RGB optical images and the thermal information derived by infrared thermography surveys. Multiple 3D thermal point clouds and a high-resolution RGB point cloud were separately generated and co-registered by acquiring thermograms at different times of the day and in different seasons using commercial software for Structure from Motion and point cloud analysis. Temperature attributes of thermal point clouds were merged with the reference high-resolution optical point cloud to obtain a composite 3D model storing accurate geometric information and multitemporal surface temperature distributions. The quality of merged point clouds was evaluated by comparing temperature distributions derived by 2D thermograms and 3D thermal models, with a view to estimating their accuracy in describing surface thermal fields. Moreover, a preliminary attempt was made to test the feasibility of this approach in investigating the thermal behavior of complex natural systems such as jointed rock masses by analyzing the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of surface temperature ranges under different climatic conditions. The obtained results show that despite the low resolution of the IR sensor, the geometric accuracy and the correspondence between 2D and 3D temperature measurements are high enough to consider 3D thermal point clouds suitable to describe surface temperature distributions and adequate for monitoring purposes of jointed rock mass.
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Duffy, James, Jamie Shutler, Matthew Witt, Leon DeBell, and Karen Anderson. "Tracking Fine-Scale Structural Changes in Coastal Dune Morphology Using Kite Aerial Photography and Uncertainty-Assessed Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091494.
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Coastal dunes are globally-distributed dynamic ecosystems that occur at the land-sea interface. They are sensitive to disturbance both from natural forces and anthropogenic stressors, and therefore require regular monitoring to track changes in their form and function ultimately informing management decisions. Existing techniques employing satellite or airborne data lack the temporal or spatial resolution to resolve fine-scale changes in these environments, both temporally and spatially whilst fine-scale in-situ monitoring (e.g., terrestrial laser scanning) can be costly and is therefore confined to relatively small areas. The rise of proximal sensing-based Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetric techniques for land surface surveying offers an alternative, scale-appropriate method for spatially distributed surveying of dune systems. Here we present the results of an inter- and intra-annual experiment which utilised a low-cost and highly portable kite aerial photography (KAP) and SfM-MVS workflow to track sub-decimetre spatial scale changes in dune morphology over timescales of between 3 and 12 months. We also compare KAP and drone surveys undertaken at near-coincident times of the same dune system to test the KAP reproducibility. Using a Monte Carlo based change detection approach (Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2)) which quantifies and accounts for survey uncertainty, we show that the KAP-based survey technique, whilst exhibiting higher x, y, z uncertainties than the equivalent drone methodology, is capable of delivering data describing dune system topographical change. Significant change (according to M3C2); both positive (accretion) and negative (erosion) was detected across 3, 6 and 12 months timescales with the majority of change detected below 500 mm. Significant topographic changes as small as ~20 mm were detected between surveys. We demonstrate that portable, low-cost consumer-grade KAP survey techniques, which have been employed for decades for hobbyist aerial photography, can now deliver science-grade data, and we argue that kites are well-suited to coastal survey where winds and sediment might otherwise impede surveys by other proximal sensing platforms, such as drones.
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Jania, J., L. Kolondra, and S. Rudowski. "Annual Activity of Hans Glacier/Spitsbergen/ as Determined by Photogrammetry and Micro-Tremors Recording (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001579.
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In the period from 1982 to 1984, the Silesian University Expeditions investigated the annual cycle of the Hans Glacier velocity and front fluctuations. They also analysed the factors influencing these processes (J.Jania, L.Kolondra, E. Bukowska-Jania 1983). Surrounding the Hans Glacier frontal zone, permanent tripods had been installed (by cementation in monolithic rocks) for the photo-theodolite, to establish three stereo-photogrammetric bases. While two of the three bases were used for surveying the fluctuations of the glacier front along the entire width (ca. 2.5 km), the remaining one was installed to record the velocity of the glacier by the time-parallactic method. Photogrammetric pictures were reiterated approximately every 10 days during August in 1982, 1983 and 1984. During the polar winters of 1982/83 and 1983/84, the oscillations of the glacier front were recorded at one base only. Pictures were taken once a month (also by moonlight). Using a Gornik-type seismograph, natural micro-tremors coming from the glacier were recorded continually, The seismograph works at the nearby Polish Polar Station, which operates a meteorological station. The application of permanent metal tripods with an auto-centering disc made it possible to take successive pictures at the same external orientation of the camera on one hand, while, on the other hand, improving the convergent photographs (a similar approach was reported by U. Voigt 1966). On the glacier surface, ground points of control were signalled with a Maltese cross. The investigators made use of natural reference points, i.e. some characteristic features of the glacier surface. Maximum errors of the photogrammetric survey were mxy = ±0.3 m, mz = ±0.1 m. The results of glacier tongue velocity measurements (ca 50 ma−1), as well as the results of measuring the fluctuations of the glacier front position enabled the rate of calving to be calculated. Thus, the calving velocity amounts to ca 100 ma−1 and the mass loss at the contact with sea water approaches ca 20% of the annual mass loss due to ablation. The calving speed and the velocity of the glacier undergo variations in different periods of the year and the maxima of the processes do not overlap. While the glacier velocity reaches its maximum value at the beginning of the summer season (July), maximum calving speed is recorded in autumn (September-October). However, there may appear a shift in the time at which these maxima occur. It depends on the meteorological conditions and the thermal state of the sea in the given year. The effect produced by the two “antagonistic” glacial processes is the change in position of the glacier front in the sea. Its maximum and minimum extension appears by the end of July and in October, respectively. The amplitude of the Hans Glacier front fluctuations, measured for the period of August, 1982 to August, 1983, amounted to 60 ma−1 on the centre line. The results of photogrammetric surveying by C. Lipert, from 1957 to 1959, have shown that the maximum changes in the extension of the glacier front amount to 250 ma−1. These fluctuations display regularities similar to those reported for the Columbia Glacier, Alaska by C.S. Brown, M.F. Meier and A. Post (1982). Analyses of micro-tremors coming from the glacier involved their variability in scale and frequency from one day to the next and throughout the year, as well as photogrammetric survey. Attempts were also made to find the englacial source of those micro-tremors. Source location was attempted in the summer of 1980, by using three geophones situated in the frontal part of the glacier. Thus, the majority of the micro-tremors owe their origin to the zone situated at a distance of 200 to 300 m from the front line and not to the ice cliff, as had been expected (A. Cichowicz, personal communication). It is worth noting that there exists an overlap of the annual distribution of the frequency of micro-tremor occurrence with the curve of glacier velocity variations. This enabled the investigator to determine the glacier dynamics by tremor recording.
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Benson, Carl, Roman Motyka, Stephen McNutt, Martin Lüthi, and Martin Truffer. "Glacier–volcano interactions in the North Crater of Mt Wrangell, Alaska." Annals of Glaciology 45 (2007): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282462.
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AbstractGlaciological and related observations from 1961 to 2005 at the summit of Mt Wrangell (62.00° N, 144.02°W; 4317m a.s.l.), a massive glacier-covered shield volcano in south-central Alaska, show marked changes that appear to have been initiated by the Great Alaska Earthquake (Mw = 9.2) of 27 March 1964. The 4×6 km diameter, ice-filled Summit Caldera with several post-caldera craters on its rim, comprises the summit region where annual snow accumulation is 1–2m of water equivalent and the mean annual temperature, measured 10 m below the snow surface, is –20°C. Precision surveying, aerial photogrammetry and measurements of temperature and snow accumulation were used to measure the loss of glacier ice equivalent to about 0.03 km3 of water from the North Crater in a decade. Glacier calorimetry was used to calculate the associated heat flux, which varied within the range 20–140Wm–2; total heat flow was in the range 20–100MW. Seismicity data from the crater’s rim show two distinct responses to large earthquakes at time scales from minutes to months. Chemistry of water and gas from fumaroles indicates a shallow magma heat source and seismicity data are consistent with this interpretation.
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Taddia, Yuri, Laura González-García, Elena Zambello, and Alberto Pellegrinelli. "Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Models for Façade and Building Reconstruction Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193144.
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Aerial photogrammetry by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is a widespread method to perform mapping tasks with high-resolution to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) building and façade models. However, the survey of Ground Control Points (GCPs) represents a time-consuming task, while the use of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) drones allows for one to collect camera locations with an accuracy of a few centimeters. DJI Phantom 4 RTK (DJI-P4RTK) combines this with the possibility to acquire oblique images in stationary conditions and it currently represents a versatile drone widely used from professional users together with commercial Structure-from-Motion software, such as Agisoft Metashape. In this work, we analyze the architectural application of this drone to the photogrammetric modeling of a building with particular regard to metric survey specifications for cultural heritage for 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, and 1:200 scales. In particular, we designed an accuracy assessment test signalizing 109 points, surveying them with total station and adjusting the measurements through a network approach in order to achieve millimeter-level accuracy. Image datasets with a designed Ground Sample Distance (GSD) of 2 mm were acquired in Network RTK (NRTK) and RTK modes in manual piloting and processed both as single façades (S–F) and as an overall block (4–F). Subsequently, we compared the results of photogrammetric models generated in Agisoft Metashape to the Signalized Point (SP) coordinates. The results highlight the importance of processing an overall photogrammetric block, especially whenever part of camera locations exhibited a poorer accuracy due to multipath effects. No significant differences were found between the results of network real-time kinematic (NRTK) and real-time kinematic (RTK) datasets. Horizontal residuals were generally comparable to GNSS accuracy in NRTK/RTK mode, while vertical residuals were found to be affected by an offset of about 5 cm. We introduced an external GCP or used one SP per façade as GCP, assuming a poorer camera location accuracy at the same time, in order to fix this issue and comply with metric survey specifications for the widest architectural scale range. Finally, both S–F and 4–F projects satisfied the metric survey requirements of a scale of 1:50 in at least one of the approaches tested.
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Dubois, C., B. Jutzi, M. Olijslagers, C. Pathe, C. Schmullius, M. A. Stelmaszczuk-Górska, D. Vandenbroucke, and M. Weinmann. "KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS RELATED TO ACTIVE OPTICAL SENSORS IN THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE FOR EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION (EO4GEO BOK)." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-5-2021 (June 17, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-5-2021-9-2021.
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Abstract. The field of Earth Observation (EO) and Geoinformation (GI) is gaining more and more importance due to the increasing number of data and data processing algorithms to respond even more accurately to a variety of challenges in many application areas. In order to follow recent activities and align the exponential evolution of datasets and recent processing trends with market and academic training requirements, the EO*GI sector needs an updated and new definition of knowledge and skills. To this goal, a specific body of knowledge for Earth Observation and Geoinformation (EO4GEO BoK) is currently being implemented with the aim of providing interconnected concepts and job-oriented skills. One novelty of the BoK is to include topics related to Earth Observation, in particular to introduce the different sensors used in this field. Active optical sensors are at the crossroad between Earth Observation and close-range photogrammetry and have not been described in any other existing BoK. This paper introduces therefore the part of the EO4GEO BoK that is dedicated to active optical sensors. Such systems are used in various job-oriented applications such as archeology, mobile mapping, indoor or outdoor, or for surveying purposes, just to name a few. The structure of this part of the BoK is explained and specific descriptions and relationships between the identified concepts are given. Finally, the skills acquired by completing these BoK concepts are presented and discussed in terms of how they can be used in a professional context or in the definition of job-oriented learning paths.
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Zhang, Jianyong, Yanling Zhao, A. Lynn Abbott, Randolph H. Wynne, Zhenqi Hu, Yuzhu Zou, and Shuaishuai Tian. "Automated Mapping of Typical Cropland Strips in the North China Plain Using Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) Photogrammetry." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202343.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate mapping of agricultural fields is needed for many purposes, including irrigation decisions and cadastral management. This paper is concerned with the automated mapping of cropland strips that are common in the North China Plain. These strips are commonly 3–8 m in width and 50–300 m in length, and are separated by small ridges that assist with irrigation. Conventional surveying methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming for this application, and only limited performance is possible with very high resolution satellite images. Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) images could provide an alternative approach to ridge detection and strip mapping. This paper presents a novel method for detecting cropland strips, utilizing centimeter spatial resolution imagery captured by sUAS flying at low altitude (60 m). Using digital surface models (DSM) and ortho-rectified imagery from sUAS data, this method extracts candidate ridge locations by surface roughness segmentation in combination with geometric constraints. This method then exploits vegetation removal and morphological operations to refine candidate ridge elements, leading to polyline-based representations of cropland strip boundaries. This procedure has been tested using sUAS data from four typical cropland plots located approximately 60 km west of Jinan, China. The plots contained early winter wheat. The results indicated an ability to detect ridges with comparatively high recall and precision (96.8% and 95.4%, respectively). Cropland strips were extracted with over 98.9% agreement relative to ground truth, with kappa coefficients over 97.4%. To our knowledge, this method is the first to attempt cropland strip mapping using centimeter spatial resolution sUAS images. These results have demonstrated that sUAS mapping is a viable approach for data collection to assist in agricultural land management in the North China Plain.
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Martín-Lerones, Pedro, David Olmedo, Ana López-Vidal, Jaime Gómez-García-Bermejo, and Eduardo Zalama. "BIM Supported Surveying and Imaging Combination for Heritage Conservation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081584.
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As the basis for analysis and management of heritage assets, 3D laser scanning and photogrammetric 3D reconstruction have been probed as adequate techniques for point cloud data acquisition. The European Directive 2014/24/EU imposes BIM Level 2 for government centrally procured projects as a collaborative process of producing federated discipline-specific models. Although BIM software resources are intensified and increasingly growing, distinct specifications for heritage (H-BIM) are essential to driving particular processes and tools to efficiency shifting from point clouds to meaningful information ready to be exchanged using non-proprietary formats, such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). This paper details a procedure for processing enriched 3D point clouds into the REVIT software package due to its worldwide popularity and how closely it integrates with the BIM concept. The procedure will be additionally supported by a tailored plug-in to make high-quality 3D digital survey datasets usable together with 2D imaging, enhancing the capability to depict contextualized important graphical data to properly planning conservation actions. As a practical example, a 2D/3D enhanced combination is worked to accurately include into a BIM project, the length, orientation, and width of a big crack on the walls of the Castle of Torrelobatón (Spain) as a representative heritage building.
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Neverman, Andrew J., Ian C. Fuller, Jon N. Procter, and Russell G. Death. "Terrestrial laser scanning and structure-from-motion photogrammetry concordance analysis for describing the surface layer of gravel beds." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 43, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133318822966.
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Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and structure-from-motion photogrammetry (SfMp) offer rapid, non-invasive surveying of in situ gravels. Numerous studies have used the point clouds derived from TLS or SfMp to quantify surface layer characteristics, but direct comparison of the methods for grain-scale analysis has received relatively little attention to date. Comparing equivalent products of different data capture methods is critical as differences in errors and sampling biases between the two methods may produce different outputs, effecting further analysis. The sampling biases and errors related to SfMp and TLS lead to differences in the point clouds produced by each method. The metrics derived from the point clouds are therefore likely to differ, potentially leading to different inputs for entrainment threshold models, different trends in surface layer development being identified and different trajectories for physical processes and habitat quality being predicted. This paper provides a direct comparison between TLS and SfMp surveys of an exposed gravel bar for three different survey periods following inundation and reworking of the bar surface during high flow events. The point clouds derived from the two methods are used to describe changes in the character of the surface layer between bar inundation events, and comparisons are made with descriptions derived from conventional pebble counts. The results found differences in the metrics derived using each method do exist, but the grid resolution used to detrend the surfaces and identify spatial variations in surface layer characteristics had a greater impact than survey method. Further research is required to understand the significance of these variations for quantifying surface texture and structure and for predicting entrainment thresholds and transport rates.
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Chekalin, V. F., and A. A. Sukhov. "On the problems of calibrating Russian measuring devices on the satellites for remote sensing the Earth." Geodesy and Cartography 948, no. 6 (July 20, 2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-948-6-39-47.
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The article deals with modern photogrammetric production’s problems appearing at processing the Russian Earth remote sensing data. It is found out that todaythe main of them consists in the absence till now of the working system fortransferring linear and angular measures from national standard to the workingmeasuring devices. The necessity of creating a three-staged calibration scheme, which would guarantee the highest accuracy and stability of operating on-board measuring equipment, is justified. In addition, it is noted, that the existing technology of Earth remote sensing data processing does notprovide correct using of calibrated metrological parameters of the measuring equipment. The suggestions for eliminating that imperfection are given. The essence of the flight calibration principle foron-board equipment is formulated. The necessary list of the surveying systems’ metrological parameters and target equipment is defined.
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Wells, Robert R., Henrique G. Momm, and Carlos Castillo. "Quantifying uncertainty in high-resolution remotely sensed topographic surveys for ephemeral gully channel monitoring." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 3 (July 6, 2017): 347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-347-2017.
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Abstract. Spatio-temporal measurements of landform evolution provide the basis for process-based theory formulation and validation. Over time, field measurements of landforms have increased significantly worldwide, driven primarily by the availability of new surveying technologies. However, there is no standardized or coordinated effort within the scientific community to collect morphological data in a dependable and reproducible manner, specifically when performing long-term small-scale process investigation studies. Measurements of the same site using identical methods and equipment, but performed at different time periods, may lead to incorrect estimates of landform change as a result of three-dimensional registration errors. This work evaluated measurements of an ephemeral gully channel located on agricultural land using multiple independent survey techniques for locational accuracy and their applicability in generating information for model development and validation. Terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry platforms were compared to terrestrial lidar, defined herein as the reference dataset. Given the small scale of the measured landform, the alignment and ensemble equivalence between data sources was addressed through postprocessing. The utilization of ground control points was a prerequisite to three-dimensional registration between datasets and improved the confidence in the morphology information generated. None of the methods were without limitation; however, careful attention to project preplanning and data nature will ultimately guide the temporal efficacy and practicality of management decisions.
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Eltner, Anette, Andreas Kaiser, Carlos Castillo, Gilles Rock, Fabian Neugirg, and Antonio Abellán. "Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry – merits, limits and developments." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 2 (May 19, 2016): 359–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-359-2016.
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Abstract. Photogrammetry and geosciences have been closely linked since the late 19th century due to the acquisition of high-quality 3-D data sets of the environment, but it has so far been restricted to a limited range of remote sensing specialists because of the considerable cost of metric systems for the acquisition and treatment of airborne imagery. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software tools enable the generation of 3-D and 4-D models of complex geomorphological features by geoscientists and other non-experts users. In addition, very recent rapid developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allow for the flexible generation of high-quality aerial surveying and ortho-photography at a relatively low cost.The increasing computing capabilities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by computer-based vision and visual perception research fields, have extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure-from-motion (SfM) workflows are based upon algorithms for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information, examples including robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out well-established fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors, still needs to be adapted in the common scientific practice.This review intends not only to summarise the current state of the art on using SfM workflows in geomorphometry but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application. Furthermore, this article aims to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales, using different strategies in order to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that some lessons learned from former articles, scientific reports and book chapters concerning the identification of common errors or "bad practices" and some other valuable information may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.
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Wang, Guoquan, Xin Zhou, Kuan Wang, Xue Ke, Yongwei Zhang, Ruibin Zhao, and Yan Bao. "GOM20: A Stable Geodetic Reference Frame for Subsidence, Faulting, and Sea-Level Rise Studies along the Coast of the Gulf of Mexico." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030350.
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We have established a stable regional geodetic reference frame using long-history (13.5 years on average) observations from 55 continuously operated Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The regional reference frame, designated as GOM20, is aligned in origin and scale with the International GNSS Reference Frame 2014 (IGS14). The primary product from this study is the seven-parameters for transforming the Earth-Centered-Earth-Fixed (ECEF) Cartesian coordinates from IGS14 to GOM20. The frame stability of GOM20 is approximately 0.3 mm/year in the horizontal directions and 0.5 mm/year in the vertical direction. The regional reference frame can be confidently used for the time window from the 1990s to 2030 without causing positional errors larger than the accuracy of 24-h static GNSS measurements. Applications of GOM20 in delineating rapid urban subsidence, coastal subsidence and faulting, and sea-level rise are demonstrated in this article. According to this study, subsidence faster than 2 cm/year is ongoing in several major cities in central Mexico, with the most rapid subsidence reaching to 27 cm/year in Mexico City; a large portion of the Texas and Louisiana coasts are subsiding at 3 to 6.5 mm/year; the average sea-level-rise rate (with respect to GOM20) along the Gulf coast is 2.6 mm/year with a 95% confidence interval of ±1 mm/year during the past five decades. GOM20 provides a consistent platform to integrate ground deformational observations from different remote sensing techniques (e.g., GPS, InSAR, LiDAR, UAV-Photogrammetry) and ground surveys (e.g., tide gauge, leveling surveying) into a unified geodetic reference frame and enables multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary research.
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Yurtseven, Huseyin. "Comparison of GNSS-, TLS- and Different Altitude UAV-Generated Datasets on The Basis of Spatial Differences." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040175.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, different in-situ and close-range sensing surveying techniques were compared based on the spatial differences of the resultant datasets. In this context, the DJI Phantom 3 Advanced and Trimble UX5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms, Zoller + Fröhlich 5010C phase comparison for continuous wave-based Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) system and Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver were used to obtain the horizontal and vertical information about the study area. All data were collected in a gently (mean slope angle 4%) inclined, flat vegetation-free, bare-earth valley bottom near Istanbul, Turkey (the size is approximately 0.7 ha). UAV data acquisitions were performed at 25-, 50-, 120-m (with DJI Phantom 3 Advanced) and 350-m (with Trimble UX5) flight altitudes (above ground level, AGL). The imagery was processed with the state-of-the-art SfM (Structure-from-Motion) photogrammetry software. The ortho-mosaics and digital elevation models were generated from UAV-based photogrammetric and TLS-based data. GNSS- and TLS-based data were used as reference to calculate the accuracy of the UAV-based geodata. The UAV-results were assessed in 1D (points), 2D (areas) and 3D (volumes) based on the horizontal (X- and Y-directions) and vertical (Z-direction) differences. Various error measures, including the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), ME (Mean Error) or MAE (Mean Average Error), and simple descriptive statistics were used to calculate the residuals. The comparison of the results is simplified by applying a normalization procedure commonly used in multi-criteria-decision-making analysis or visualizing offset. According to the results, low-altitude (25 and 50 m AGL) flights feature higher accuracy in the horizontal dimension (e.g., mean errors of 0.085 and 0.064 m, respectively) but lower accuracy in the Z-dimension (e.g., false positive volumes of 2402 and 1160 m³, respectively) compared to the higher-altitude flights (i.e., 120 and 350 m AGL). The accuracy difference with regard to the observed terrain heights are particularly striking, depending on the compared error measure, up to a factor of 40 (i.e., false positive values for 120 vs. 50 m AGL). This error is attributed to the “doming-effect”—a broad-scale systematic deformation of the reconstructed terrain surface, which is commonly known in SfM photogrammetry and results from inaccuracies in modeling the radial distortion of the camera lens. Within the scope of the study, the “doming-effect” was modeled as a functional surface by using the spatial differences and the results were indicated that the “doming-effect” increases inversely proportional to the flight altitude.
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Idrizi, Bashkim, and Mirdon Kurteshi. "Web System for Online and Onsite Usage of Geoinformation by Surveying Sector in Kosovo. Case Study: Ferizaj Municipality." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i3.13469.
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The purpose of research to determine and contribute in more efficient services to geoinformation stakeholders, as well as to give positive impact on increasing income in geo business sector, voluntary based web system for online usage of geoinformation in Kosovo has been developed. The method used was puting in to one place many sourcec via WMS and WFS services, by creating thematic SDI, in order to have online system with dynamic data comming from official databases with update from last day on 5 pm. System is open for usage by all interested parts, however official registration is required. It contains geoinformation from many databases such as cadastral, orthophoto, municipal, and basemaps from open layers. The results show that the system is extendable and it is permanently including new datasets based on the user requirements. All available data is linked via web services, which gives an opportunity to users to use the updated version of datasets as they are published by responsible institution via www (world wide web).
Keywords: web map, geoportal, geoinformation, web services, Kosovo
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Balce, A. E. "Development and Implementation of a Photogrammetric Control System in Alberta." Canadian Surveyor 39, no. 2 (June 1985): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1985-0011.
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A new service and system within the Alberta Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ABSM) is briefly described. The system has been developed using a computer system development methodology, adopted as the standard within the Alberta government. Details of services and materials available are included for the benefit of the industry. Future plans and capabilities of the new system are summarized.
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Collins, A. L., and D. E. Walling. "Documenting catchment suspended sediment sources: problems, approaches and prospects." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 28, no. 2 (June 2004): 159–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp409ra.
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Establishing catchment suspended sediment sources is fraught with difficulty. Data collection comprises indirect and direct approaches and an overview is provided. The indirect approach uses a range of techniques to measure or evaluate sediment mobilization. Yet, although recent technological advances in surveying, remote sensing and photogrammetry provide improved resolution of temporal and spatial patterns of catchment erosion, these procedures take no account of source-river connectivity and the uncertainties associated with sediment routing. It is therefore only possible to infer the provenance of suspended sediment loads on the exclusive basis of on-site erosion data for different portions of the upstream catchment unless supportive information on sediment delivery is readily available. In contrast, the direct approach attempts to link sediment sources and flux using alternative means and therefore avoids the need for complementary information. Sediment fingerprinting best represents the direct approach to sediment sourcing and there remains substantial scope for exploiting the potential of this technique. The spatial complexity of sediment mobilization and transfer at the catchment scale necessitates a distributed approach to modelling. Recent developments in computer power and programming techniques are proving useful in this respect, but assembling the input and validation data required by distributed models continues to pose problems and it is frequently difficult to apportion the relative contributions from individual sediment sources. General prospects for future developments are discussed.
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Balce, A. E. "STATUS AND APPLICATIONS OF THE ALBERTA PHOTOGRAMMETRIC CONTROL SYSTEM." Canadian Surveyor 41, no. 1 (March 1987): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1987-0002.
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The Alberta Photogrammetric Control System (APCS) offers a wide range of applications including map compilation, quantity determination, map revision, land surveying and land information services. Accuracies of derived coordinates using an analytical stereoplotter are in the order of 0.11 to 0.21 m for horizontal and 0.10 to 0.17 m for vertical in urban areas. In rural areas, accuracies are 2.05 m for horizontal and 1.05 m for vertical. These accuracies are well within the standard accuracies of map products compiled using APCS data. The status of the system is presented.
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Bennett, Rohan, Peter van Oosterom, Christiaan Lemmen, and Mila Koeva. "Remote Sensing for Land Administration." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152497.
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Land administration constitutes the socio-technical systems that govern land tenure, use, value and development within a jurisdiction. The land parcel is the fundamental unit of analysis. Each parcel has identifiable boundaries, associated rights, and linked parties. Spatial information is fundamental. It represents the boundaries between land parcels and is embedded in cadastral sketches, plans, maps and databases. The boundaries are expressed in these records using mathematical or graphical descriptions. They are also expressed physically with monuments or natural features. Ideally, the recorded and physical expressions should align, however, in practice, this may not occur. This means some boundaries may be physically invisible, lacking accurate documentation, or potentially both. Emerging remote sensing tools and techniques offers great potential. Historically, the measurements used to produce recorded boundary representations were generated from ground-based surveying techniques. The approach was, and remains, entirely appropriate in many circumstances, although it can be timely, costly, and may only capture very limited contextual boundary information. Meanwhile, advances in remote sensing and photogrammetry offer improved measurement speeds, reduced costs, higher image resolutions, and enhanced sampling granularity. Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), laser scanning, both airborne and terrestrial (LiDAR), radar interferometry, machine learning, and artificial intelligence techniques, all provide examples. Coupled with emergent societal challenges relating to poverty reduction, rapid urbanisation, vertical development, and complex infrastructure management, the contemporary motivation to use these new techniques is high. Fundamentally, they enable more rapid, cost-effective, and tailored approaches to 2D and 3D land data creation, analysis, and maintenance. This Special Issue hosts papers focusing on this intersection of emergent remote sensing tools and techniques, applied to domain of land administration.
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Chen, Yang, Guanlan Liu, Yaming Xu, Pai Pan, and Yin Xing. "PointNet++ Network Architecture with Individual Point Level and Global Features on Centroid for ALS Point Cloud Classification." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472.
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Airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud has been widely used in the fields of ground powerline surveying, forest monitoring, urban modeling, and so on because of the great convenience it brings to people’s daily life. However, the sparsity and uneven distribution of point clouds increases the difficulty of setting uniform parameters for semantic classification. The PointNet++ network is an end-to-end learning network for irregular point data and highly robust to small perturbations of input points along with corruption. It eliminates the need to calculate costly handcrafted features and provides a new paradigm for 3D understanding. However, each local region in the output is abstracted by its centroid and local feature that encodes the centroid’s neighborhood. The feature learned on the centroid point may not contain relevant information of itself for random sampling, especially in large-scale neighborhood balls. Moreover, the centroid point’s global-level information in each sample layer is also not marked. Therefore, this study proposed a modified PointNet++ network architecture which concentrates the point-level and global features on the centroid point towards the local features to facilitate classification. The proposed approach also utilizes a modified Focal Loss function to solve the extremely uneven category distribution on ALS point clouds. An elevation- and distance-based interpolation method is also proposed for the objects in ALS point clouds which exhibit discrepancies in elevation distributions. The experiments on the Vaihingen dataset of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and the GML(B) 3D dataset demonstrate that the proposed method which provides additional contextual information to support classification achieves high accuracy with simple discriminative models and new state-of-the-art performance in power line categories.
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Paolini, P., G. Forti, G. Catalani, S. Lucchetti, A. Menghini, A. Mirandola, S. Pistacchio, U. Porzia, and M. Roberti. "FROM ”SAPIENZA” TO “SAPIENZA, STATE ARCHIVES IN ROME”. A LOOPING EFFECT BRINGING BACK TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE COMUNICATION AND CULTURE BY INNOVATIVE AND LOW COST 3D SURVEYING, IMAGING SYSTEMS AND GIS APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W8 (April 7, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xl-5-w8-17-2016.
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High Quality survey models, realized by multiple Low Cost methods and technologies, as a container to sharing Cultural and Archival Heritage, this is the aim guiding our research, here described in its primary applications. The SAPIENZA building, a XVI century masterpiece that represented the first unified headquarters of University in Rome, plays since year 1936, when the University moved to its newly edified campus, the role of the main venue for the State Archives. By the collaboration of a group of students of the Architecture Faculty, some integrated survey methods were applied on the monument with success. The beginning was the topographic survey, creating a reference on ground and along the monument for the upcoming applications, a GNNS RTK survey followed georeferencing points on the internal courtyard. Dense stereo matching photogrammetry is nowadays an accepted method for generating 3D survey models, accurate and scalable; it often substitutes 3D laser scanning for its low cost, so that it became our choice. Some 360° shots were planned for creating panoramic views of the double portico from the courtyard, plus additional single shots of some lateral spans and of pillars facing the court, as a single operation with a double finality: to create linked panotours with hotspots to web-linked databases, and 3D textured and georeferenced surface models, allowing to study the harmonic proportions of the classical architectural order. The use of free web Gis platforms, to load the work in Google Earth and the realization of low cost 3D prototypes of some representative parts, has been even performed.