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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Cowen, Ron. "Earths beyond Earth." Science News 151, no. 9 (1997): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3980657.

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Cowen, Ron. "Earths beyond earth." Science News 151, S1 (2009): S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591512711.

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Ghanshyam Yadav, Kunwar, and Shubham Shukla. "Earth Architecture: Earth as a Building Material." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research 9, no. 9 (2021): 8604674725–23. https://doi.org/10.70729/se21903105253.

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4

Zhang, Yifei. "History of Earth evolution." Applied and Computational Engineering 85, no. 1 (2024): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/85/20240962.

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The paper delves deeply into crucial subjects spanning the birth of our solar system to humanitys ascendancy on Earth. It aims to enable humankind to gain a deeper understanding of our own origins and the Earths genesis and evolution. Given that Earth is our sole habitat, we must gain insights into the conditions necessary for it to sustain life or identify potential terrestrial planets suitable for human habitation. Throughout its history, Earth has weathered countless encounters with meteorites, comets, and asteroids, dating back to the formation of the solar system. These events, though rar

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5

Kempton, Eliza M. R. "The properties of super-Earth atmospheres." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 6, S276 (2010): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311020205.

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AbstractExtrasolar super-Earths likely have a far greater diversity in their atmospheric properties than giant planets. Super-Earths (planets with masses between 1 and 10 M⊕) lie in an intermediate mass regime between gas/ice giants like Neptune and rocky terrestrial planets like Earth and Venus. While some super-Earths (especially the more massive ones) may retain large amounts of hydrogen either from accretion processes or subsequent surface outgassing, other super-Earths should have atmospheres composed of predominantly heavier molecules, similar to the atmospheres of the rocky planets and

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6

Johnson, Benjamin W., and Colin Goldblatt. "EarthN: A New Earth System Nitrogen Model." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 19, no. 8 (2018): 2516–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017gc007392.

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Ning, Yuantao. "Alloying and Strengthening Effects of Rare Earths in Palladium." Platinum Metals Review 46, no. 3 (2002): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214002x463108115.

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The effect of adding small amounts of rare earth elements to Palladium is to strengthen the Palladium. These strengthening effects are discussed here, based on known phase diagrams of Palladium-rare earths, Palladium-rare earth alloying behaviour and atomic (or ionic) size effects. The Solid solubilities of the rare earths in Palladium, transition temperatures of various intermediate phases and eutectic temperature in these systems are influenced by the ionic (or atomic) size of the rare earth elements. A parameter, Hs, the product of the relative difference in atomic weights and the relative

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8

Bozarov, Dilmurod Mirzarasulovich. "PULSARS ON EARTH." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 01, no. 01 (2021): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-01-02.

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In this article, Stephen Hawking is one of the founders of quantum cosmology, research area is cosmology and quantum gravity, to make scientific comparisons, he tried to relate events on Earth to the universe. In article substantiated that Hawking had discussions with many scientists and from a scientific point of view of his research activities.

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Sen, Subhasis. "Explaining the Earth System - A View Based on Earth Expansion Theory." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 6 (2021): 1037–41. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21609175600.

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10

de Campos, Marcos Flavio, Daniel Rodrigues, and José Adilson de Castro. "Perspectives for the Brazilian Industry of Rare-Earth Magnets." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.602.

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The Brazilian reserves of rare earths were updated. Brazil is among the countries with the largest reserves of rare earths in the world. Rare earths present a series of applications in the high technology industry. Magnet production is one of the applications requesting largest volumes of rare earths. Another relevant application is catalysis and Petrobras needs 1000 tons/year of La2O3 for petroleum refining. CBMM mine has a pilot plant able to produce tons of separated rare earth oxides, notably didymium (a mixing of Nd and Pr oxides) used in magnet manufacture. Serra Verde mine in Goiás als

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11

Döscher, Ralf, Mario Acosta, Andrea Alessandri, et al. "The EC-Earth3 Earth system model for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 7 (2022): 2973–3020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2973-2022.

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Abstract. The Earth system model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different high-performance computing (HPC) systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behavior and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With

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12

Lai, Chenghao, Xiuli Wang, Hengkai Li, and Yanbing Zhou. "Unleashing the Power of Closed-Loop Supply Chains: A Stackelberg Game Analysis of Rare Earth Resources Recycling." Sustainability 16, no. 12 (2024): 4899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16124899.

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Due to the rapid development of the clean energy sector against the global backdrop of carbon emission reduction, the availability of rare earths is becoming scarce. The strategic recycling of rare earth resources serves the dual purpose of alleviating supply shortages and aligning with the global quest for carbon reduction and environmental preservation. This study establishes a second-level, closed-loop supply chain that includes a rare earth group (REG) that synergizes rare earth mining and smelting companies with rare earth material manufacturing companies, as well as a specialized rare ea

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13

Mohammed, Mohanad Hazim, Joseph Horvat, Zhen Xiang Cheng, and Shi Xun Cao. "Robustness in Coupling between Iron and Rare Earth Spins in Rare Earth Orthoferrites." Materials Science Forum 985 (April 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.985.29.

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We report on very accurate magnetic measurements on large rare earth orthoferrites single crystals of ErFeO3 and NdFeO3. Our results show that the interaction between rare earth and iron spin system does not change during the spin-flip process. This implies that the coupling between the iron and rare earth spin systems is robust enough to withstand the effects of spin flipping against the magnetic anisotropy energy. This is despite rare eath ions, polarized by the ordered iron ions, being in partly metastable state and their magnetic moment decays with time.

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14

Long, Fei, Ruan Chi, Dan Li, and Zhenyue Zhang. "Leaching Process of Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ore by Alkaline Earth Metal Carboxylate." Minerals 15, no. 3 (2025): 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030205.

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This study explores the use of alkaline earth metal carboxylates as sustainable alternatives to conventional ammonium-based lixiviants for the eco-friendly extraction of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. We investigated the impact of lixiviant concentration, pH, and leaching temperature on the extraction efficiency of rare earths and aluminum, utilizing magnesium acetate and calcium acetate alongside traditional ammonium salts. The results showed that a leaching rate exceeding 91% for rare earths was achieved, while aluminum leaching remained under 30% at 298 K, pH 6.5–7.0, an

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15

Wakoski, Diane, Maxine Kumin, and Ellery Akers. "Earth Mother, Earth Daughter." Women's Review of Books 7, no. 1 (1989): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4020537.

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16

King, Bruce, and James Berry. "Hot Earth Cold Earth." World Literature Today 70, no. 4 (1996): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40152506.

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17

Gemael, Camil. "Earth Tides in Brazil." Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil I 1985, no. 9-10 (1986): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zbl_geol_pal_1/1985/1986/1495.

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18

Nordstrom, Thomas. "Why the Earth Changes." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 9 (2021): 56–57. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21831132325.

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19

Oumarou, Halilou Almou, Harouna Tahirou Hima, Jean Michel Berenger, et al. "Bed bug control with various dusts: Efficacy comparison between silicon dioxide, diatomaceous earth, and Sommières earth." Parasite 31 (2024): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2024040.

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Bed bugs are considered a major public health problem in industrialized countries. Usually, bed bug infestations are managed using a combination of physical and chemical methods. In recent years, new strategies for bed bug control have emerged, particularly the use of dusts like diatomaceous earth and silicon dioxide. However, in Europe, the use of silicon dioxide is restricted to professional, while diatomaceous earth can be harmful to the lungs. This study aimed to assess bed bug mortality rates associated with Sommières earth, green clay, talc, and sodium bicarbonate compared to silicon dio

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20

Lim, Sang Bum. "A review of the relationship between China’s weaponization of rare earth elements and Myanmar’s military coup." Korean Association of Area Studies 39, no. 4 (2021): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.29159/kjas.39.4.3.

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This paper deals with the history and recent trends of how China has weaponized rare earthelements, a strategic resource called Vitamins of high-tech industries. China is the world slargest producer and reserve of rare earths, and has pursued so-called ‘rare earth hegemony’against the United States and other competitors in terms of energy security. Using its superiorposition, rare earths have been used as leverage in disputes and negotiations against Japanand the United States. However, China s market share and influence in the global rare earthmarket have gradually declined due to domestic an

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21

Taylor, Mark Lewis. "Earth Politics of the Spiritual Ground." CLR James Journal 27, no. 1 (2021): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/clrjames2021112986.

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Amid the coloniality of power, earth politics is a political spirituality. It fosters decolonizing practices that create what Colombian anthropologist Albán Achinte terms “re-existence”—a “redefining and re-signifying of life in conditions of dignity.” Earth politics’ spirituality can be read across the writings of Gloria Anzaldúa, Drucilla Cornell/Stephen Seely, and Paget Henry. Earth politics, in Henry’s words, is a “drama of consciousness” with a “spiritual ground,” a consciousness that is both “vertical” and “horizontal”—better, a spherical and ambient consciousness “grounding” an earthy a

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22

McAllister, Meredith L. "A Study Of Undergraduate Students Alternative Conceptions Of Earths Interior Using Drawing Tasks." Journal of Astronomy & Earth Sciences Education (JAESE) 1, no. 1 (2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jaese.v1i1.9104.

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Learning fundamental geoscience topics such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes requires students to develop a deep understanding of the conceptual models geologists use when describing the structure and dynamics of Earths interior. Despite the importance of these mental models underlying much of the undergraduate geoscience curriculum, surprisingly little research related to this complex idea exists in the discipline-based science education research literature. To better understand non-science-majoring undergraduates' conceptual models of Earths interior, student-generated drawings

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23

Prassides, Kosmas, Yasuhiro Takabayashi, and Takeshi Nakagawa. "Mixed valency in rare-earth fullerides." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1862 (2007): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2147.

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Mixed-valence phenomena associated with the highly correlated narrow-band behaviour of the 4f electrons in rare earths are well documented for a variety of rare-earth chalcogenides, borides and intermetallics (Kondo insulators and heavy fermions). The family of rare-earth fullerides with stoichiometry RE 2.75 C 60 (RE=Sm, Yb, Eu) also displays an analogous phenomenology and a remarkable sensitivity of the rare-earth valency to external stimuli (temperature and pressure) making them the first known molecular-based members of this fascinating class of materials. Using powerful crystallographic a

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24

Shoji, D., and K. Kurita. "Delamination in super-Earths extrapolated from the Earth model." Planetary and Space Science 109-110 (May 2015): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.01.016.

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25

Valencia, Diana, and Richard J. O'Connell. "Convection scaling and subduction on Earth and super-Earths." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286, no. 3-4 (2009): 492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.015.

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26

Schultz, David M., Jonathan G. Fairman, Stuart Anderson, and Sharon Gardner. "Build Your Own Earth: A Web-Based Tool for Exploring Climate Model Output in Teaching and Research." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 8 (2017): 1617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0121.1.

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Abstract Build Your Own Earth was designed as a web-based tool for the user to select various characteristics of a planet and see what the climate of that planet would be like. Because of the limitations of computer resources, presimulated Earths were run using the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model at relatively coarse resolution. The tool provides 50 different Earth configurations in three categories: Recent, Ancient, and Alien Earths. Recent Earths fix the continental configuration at the present day and vary the axial tilt, eccentricity, and greenhouse gas concentrations. Ancient Earths include a

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27

Rafalska-Lasocha, Alicja, Zofia Kaszowska, Wieslaw Lasocha, and Roman Dziembaj. "X-ray powder diffraction investigation of green earth pigments." Powder Diffraction 25, no. 1 (2010): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3308412.

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Laboratory X-ray powder diffraction was used to investigate mineralogical compositions of green pigments labeled by suppliers as “green earths.” It was found that glauconite and celadonite—minerals historically considered as the main ingredient of this pigment—were present only in Bohemian green earth, green earth from Thuringen (glauconite), and Bavarian green earth (celadonite). Other investigated pigments consist of mineralogical-component minerals with added synthetic organic colorants. The obtained results may be useful for scientists, restorers, and artists in proper choices of the pigme

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28

Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, and Wei Lv. "Application of Rare Earth Elements in Lead-Free “Green Steel”." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.687.

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In this paper, free cutting austenitic stainless steel containing rare earths was investigated. The machinability tests were conducted by using an YDC-Ⅲ85 dynamometer on a CA6164 lathe. The metallurgical properties, machinability and mechanical properties of lead-free “green steel” were compared with those of the conventional austenitic stainless steel. The results have shown that globular shape MnS inclusions were obtained, and rare earths elements were enwrapped in sulfides. The machinability of austenitic stainless steel containing sulfur and rare earth was improved. A satisfactory mechanic

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29

Mahavir. "Digital Earth – A sustainable Earth." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 18 (February 25, 2014): 012117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012117.

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30

Huadong, Guo. "Making Digital Earth on Earth." International Journal of Digital Earth 6, no. 1 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.756135.

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31

Guo, Huadong. "Digital Earth: Big Earth Data." International Journal of Digital Earth 7, no. 1 (2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2014.878969.

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32

Huadong, Guo. "Digital Earth and Future Earth." International Journal of Digital Earth 9, no. 1 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2015.1135667.

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33

de Meijer, R. J., F. D. Smit, F. D. Brooks, R. W. Fearick, H. J. Wörtche, and F. Mantovani. "Towards Earth AntineutRino TomograpHy (EARTH)." Earth, Moon, and Planets 99, no. 1-4 (2006): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11038-006-9104-8.

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34

M., A. ZAYED, S. RIZK M., KHALIFA H., and F. OMER W. "Use of EDTA for Potentiometric Back-titration of Rare Earths and Analysis of their Mixtures." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 64, Jan 1987 (1987): 49–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6196437.

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Advantage was taken of the stoichiometric reaction between mercury(n), rare earths, alkaline earths, heavy metal ions and EDTA in urotropine buffered media to determine rare earths by back-titration of excess EDT A in the course or estimating a variety or lanthanides or anal) sing their binary mixture with one of the alkalise earth metals by selective control of pH; or analysing their binary mixtures with heavy metals using fluoride as a good m sking agent for rare earths ; or analysing their ternary mixtures with both heavy and alkaline earth metals in two steps, one by selecti

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35

Miller-Ricci, Eliza, Sara Seager, and Dimitar Sasselov. "The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Super-Earths." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S253 (2008): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308026483.

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AbstractExtrasolar super-Earths (1-10 M⊕) are likely to exist with a wide range of atmospheres. While a number of these planets have already been discovered through radial velocities and microlensing, it will be the discovery of the firsttransitingsuper-Earths that will open the door to a variety of follow-up observations aimed at characterizing their atmospheres. Super-Earths may fill a large range of parameter space in terms of their atmospheric composition and mass. Specifically, some of these planets may have high enough surface gravities to be able to retain large hydrogen-rich atmosphser

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36

Ji, Xue Bin. "Evaluation, Prediction and Control on the Earth's Health." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.68.

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To study the current state of the Earths health, we divide the Earth into dozens of regions and construct a complex network. Based on the network, we analyze the Earths present health and predict its developing trend. Moreover, the reasonable health level of the Earth can be reached via pinning control. Taking the population for example, we analyze the trend of population in the dynamic network both with control and without control. The results indicate that human behaviors and government policies have great impact on population growth.

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37

Cheng, Shi, Tingping Hou, Yihang Zheng, Chaochao Yin, and Kaiming Wu. "Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of Nb-Containing Microalloyed Steels." Materials 17, no. 7 (2024): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071701.

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The present investigation endeavors to explore the influence of rare earth elements on the strength and plasticity characteristics of low-carbon microalloyed steel under tensile loading conditions. The findings from the conducted tensile tests indicate that the incorporation of rare earths leads to a notable enhancement in the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility properties of the steel. A comparative analysis of the microstructures reveals that the presence of rare earths significantly refines and optimizes the microstructure of the microalloyed steel. This optimization is

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38

Li, Shuangquan, Xiao Yan, Xuezhe Zhu, et al. "The effect of a new process on the environment of soil in ion adsorption rare earth ores." E3S Web of Conferences 490 (2024): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449001009.

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Rare earths are a kind of mineral resource with important strategic value, playing an irreplaceable key role in modern high-tech development and other fields. However, how to realize the efficient and green mining of rare earth resources has been a key issue that the rare earth industry has been trying to break through, because the rare earth mining process is prone to pollute ecological environments such as soil and water. Ion adsorption rare earth ore, mainly distributed in the south of China, is one of the rare earths, for which rare earth researchers have developed a new process leaching s

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39

Yanchukovsky, Valery. "Solar activity and Earth seismicity." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 7, no. 1 (2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-71202109.

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Using the results of continuous long-term observations over 50 years (including solar cycles 20–24), we study the relationship between Earth’s seismicity and solar activity. An increase in the number of strong earthquakes on the planet occurs during the decline phase of solar activity when charged particle fluxes from high-latitude coronal holes increase, as well as during solar minimum when the intensity of galactic cosmic rays reaches a maximum. The change in the number of strong earthquakes (with magnitude 6) is considered in terms of variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays, For

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40

Gomez Gomez, Alberto. "Biruni's Measurement of the Earth." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 3 (2023): 1535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23326005322.

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41

von Bloh, W., C. Bounama, M. Cuntz, and S. Franck. "Habitability of super-Earths: Gliese 581c & 581d." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S249 (2007): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308017031.

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AbstractThe unexpected diversity of exoplanets includes a growing number of super-Earth planets, i.e., exoplanets with masses smaller than 10 Earth masses. Unlike the larger exoplanets previously found, these smaller planets are more likely to have similar chemical and mineralogical composition to the Earth. We present a thermal evolution model for super-Earth planets to identify the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The photosynthesis-sustaining habitable zone (pHZ) is determined by the limits of biological productivity on the planetary surface. We apply our model to calculate

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42

Chartres, CJ, RW Cumming, JA Beattie, GM Bowman, and JT Wood. "Acidification of soils on a transect from plains to slopes, south western New-South-Wales." Soil Research 28, no. 4 (1990): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900539.

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Samples were collected from unimproved road reserves and adjacent paddocks on a 90 km transect crossing red-brown earth soils in the west and red earth soils in the east. Measurements of pH in water and CaCl2 indicated that the red earths have been acidified by approximately 0.5 pH units over the last 30-40 years. Small increases in CaCl2-extractable A1 were also recorded for the acidified red earths. The red-brown earths do not appear to have been markedly affected by soil acidification to date. Clay mineralogical data and measurements of cation exchange capacity of the <2 �m fraction indi

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43

McKenzie, James. "Magnets that don’t cost the rare earth." Physics World 36, no. 11 (2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/36/11/24.

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Rare-earth elements are vital for the magnets found in electric cars, wind turbines and other parts of the “green economy”. But with uncertainties over the supply of these materials, James McKenzie reports on the importance of magnets that avoid rare earths entirely.

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44

Lambrechts, Michiel, Alessandro Morbidelli, Seth A. Jacobson, et al. "Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration." Astronomy & Astrophysics 627 (July 2019): A83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834229.

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Super-Earths – planets with sizes between the Earth and Neptune – are found in tighter orbits than that of the Earth around more than one third of main sequence stars. It has been proposed that super-Earths are scaled-up terrestrial planets that also formed similarly, through mutual accretion of planetary embryos, but in discs much denser than the solar protoplanetary disc. We argue instead that terrestrial planets and super-Earths have two clearly distinct formation pathways that are regulated by the pebble reservoir of the disc. Through numerical integrations, which combine pebble accretion

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45

Lin, Yin, Kai Lu, and Ying Li. "Earth’s Health Model Based on System Dynamics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 2003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.2003.

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The earth is a complex network. This paper establishes a system dynamics network to measure the earths health.We set up a 3 layers network (earth layer, main system network and subsystem network). The earth layer reflects the global health condition directly. The main system network includes 4 interrelated elements (population, economy, resource and environment). The subsystem network includes elements in detail. We build the network based on the system dynamics, taking internal and external dynamic relations into account. We use the Simgua software to test and simulate our model. Parameters i

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46

Pillis, M. F., Edval G. de Araújo, and Lalgudi Venkataraman Ramanathan. "Effect of Addition of Rare Earth Oxide Concentrates on Oxidation Resistance of AISI 304L." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.99.

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Rare earth elements are often added to chromium dioxide forming alloys to improve its high temperature oxidation resistance. The rare earths can be also added as oxide dispersions. Significant cost reductions are possible if rare earth oxide concentrates can be used instead of pure rare earth oxides, the former being the precursor to obtaining pure rare earth oxide. In this study the effect of adding pure and concentrates of rare earth oxides to AISI 304L on its oxidation behavior has been evaluated. AISI 304L stainless steel powder compacts containing 2 vol% of pure lanthanum and yttrium oxid

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47

Spiridigliozzi, Luca, Claudio Ferone, Raffaele Cioffi, Mauro Bortolotti, and Gianfranco Dell’Agli. "New Insights in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare-Earth Carbonates." Materials 12, no. 13 (2019): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132062.

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The rare-earth carbonates represent a class of materials with great research interest owing to their intrinsic properties and because they can be used as template materials for the formation of other rare earth phases, particularly of rare-earth oxides. However, most of the literature is focused on the synthesis and characterization of hydroxycarbonates. Conversely, in the present study we have synthesized both rare-earth carbonates—with the chemical formula RE2(CO3)3·2-3H2O, in which RE represents a generic rare-earth element, and a tengerite-type structure with a peculiar morphology—and rare

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48

Giacalone, Joseph A., and Genai Greenidge. "China, The World Trade Organization, And The Market For Rare Earth Minerals." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 3 (2013): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i3.7669.

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Rare earth elements (also referred to as rare earth minerals, rare earth metals, green elements, rare earths or simply REEs) are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. On the supply side of the market, China is currently the largest producer of rare earth elements in the world, mining at least 90% of total world production. Consequently, many countries around the world rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on t

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49

Qiu, Chuan, Xian Zheng Gong, Wen Juan Chen, Zhi Hong Wang, Feng Gao, and Xiao Qing Li. "Materials Flows Analysis on the Beneficiation and Roasting Processes of a Typical Rare Earth Mineral." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.352.

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The aim of this paper is to explore material flow analysis, study the resource consumption and environmental impact of the production preparation process of typical rare earth materials. The results showed that in the beneficiation processes, producing one ton of rare earth concentrates (Rare Earth Oxide, REO50%) will also produces 27 tons of iron ore and 21 tons of tailings. The recovery of rare earths is only 16.8%. In roasting processes, roasting one ton (REO50%) of rare earth concentrates will emits 150 ~ 200Kg sulfuric acid mist, 500 ~ 600Kg sulfur dioxide, 30 ~ 40Kg fluoride, 30 ~ 50Kg s

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50

Douglas, Ian, Anne H. Ehrlich, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "Earth." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13, no. 1 (1988): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622782.

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