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Hunt, Sherry L., Darrel M. Temple, Mitchell L. Neilsen, Abdelfatah Ali, and Ronald D. Tejral. "WinDAM C: Analysis Tool for Predicting Breach Erosion Processes of Embankment Dams Due to Overtopping or Internal Erosion." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 3 (2021): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14334.
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HighlightsThe computational models comprising the current version of WinDAM, called WinDAM C, are summarized.WinDAM C estimates the response of an earthen embankment subjected to overtopping or internal erosion.WinDAM C is a model that quantifies erosion/breach processes observed in physical embankment failure tests.Understanding the current technology and limitations provides a basis for further model development.Abstract. Internal erosion and overtopping erosion of earthen embankments are the leading causes for earthen embankment failures. Challenges like reservoir sedimentation, structural deterioration, rodent damage or tree root growth, and changing hazard classification from low to significant or high have arisen with aging dams. To address these challenges, new technology and tools for predicting the performance of homogeneous, cohesive earthen embankments during overtopping or internal erosion are needed. Windows Dam Analysis Modules (WinDAM) is a modular software application developed through collaborative efforts of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and Kansas State University (KSU) in response to this need. WinDAM uses a simple storage routing model to simulate flow through a reservoir and incorporates algorithms for predicting the progression of erosion resulting from embankment overtopping or flow through an internal discontinuity in the embankment. These algorithms are based on existing literature and data and observations from physical model experiments of homogeneous, cohesive embankments conducted by scientists at the USDA-ARS Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The resulting computational model is a simplified representation of the observed process of progressive erosion that may lead to embankment breach. This paper reviews the components of the erosion/breach process and the way in which these components are quantified and integrated into the current WinDAM software, WinDAM C. The scope of application of the software, limitations, and computational assumptions are also discussed. Keywords: Breach, Dams, Erodibility, Erosion Process, Failure, Internal erosion, Model, Overtopping, Piping.
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Al-Fares, Walid. "Characterization of the leakage problem in Salhab earthen dam using electrical resistivity tomography and SP measurements, Syria." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/congeo-2019-0023.
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Abstract The earthen dam of Salhab is located in the southern margins of Al-Ghab plain at 3–4km of Salhab town northern-west of Syria. The dam consists of two separated embankments: the main one extends east-west along a distance of 895 m with 14.5 m height, while the second embankment towards northwest-southeast over a distance of 510 m and 11 m of height. The dam crest has a constant topographic elevation of 220 m above sea level (a.s.l). Electrical Resistivity Tomography surveys (ERT) combined with a Self-Potential measurements (SP), were implemented at the upstream and at the top of the main and the secondary embankments of the dam in order to identify the possible leakage zones under the dam’s body. The interpretation of the ERT sections and the SP measurements, carried out at the upstream side, revealed a distinct zone of leakage extending along the beginning and the end parts under the main embankment. Moreover, many punctual anomalous spots of low resistivity values were recognized within the dam’s clay core. One of those spots was confirmed by the implementation of a detailed ERT profile and by a piezometric borehole drilled at the top of the dam. Whereas, the clay core of the secondary embankment seems relatively coherent and homogeneous as well as a trace of a tectonic fault was identified under the end part of the embankment body but no manifestations of leakage were observed under and behind the secondary dam body.
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Lobbestael, Adam J., Adda Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, and Josh Colley. "Factor of Safety Reduction Factors for Accounting for Progressive Failure for Earthen Levees with Underlying Thin Layers of Sensitive Soils." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/893602.
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The effects of progressive failure on flood embankments with underlying thin layers of soft, sensitive soils are investigated. Finite element analysis allows for investigation of strain-softening effects and progressive failure in soft and sensitive soils. However, limit equilibrium methods for slope stability analysis, widely used in industry, cannot capture these effects and may result in unconservative factors of safety. A parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of thin layers of soft sensitive soils on the stability of flood embankments. A flood embankment was modeled using both the limit equilibrium method and the finite element method. The foundation profile was altered to determine the extent to which varying soft and sensitive soils affected the stability of the embankment, with respect to progressive failure. The results from the two methods were compared to determine reduction factors that can be applied towards factors of safety computed using limit equilibrium methods, in order to capture progressive failure.
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Shuku, Takayuki, and Shin-ichi Nishimura. "Sensitivity analysis in stability evaluation of earthen embankments." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 49 (2016): 1723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.jpn-034.
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Utili, S., R. Castellanza, A. Galli, and P. Sentenac. "Novel Approach for Health Monitoring of Earthen Embankments." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 141, no. 3 (March 2015): 04014111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001215.
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Utili, Stefano. "Monitoring of earthen long linear embankments by geophysical tools integrated with geotechnical probes." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501031.
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The use of electrical conductivity measurements from a non-invasive hand held electromagnetic probe is showcased to monitor the water content of earthen embankments at routine inspections. A methodology to convert the electrical conductivity measurements from the electromagnetic device into water content values is illustrated. The methodology is based on measuring the soil electrical conductivity variation with respect to a baseline reference condition and calibrating a water content – electrical conductivity relationship by comparing electrical conductivity readings from the electromagnetic probes with water content readings taken from geotechnical probes installed in a few sections of the embankment. The values of water content converted from the conductivity measurements according to the proposed procedure were found to be in very good agreement with independent measures of water content taken at times well beyond the calibration period.
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Gnezdilova, Irina, Anastasiya Nesterkina, Elena Solovieva, and Aleksander Soloviev. "Korean Peninsula and Japanese Islands: Forming Features and Borrowing Cultural Traditions during the Paleometall Epoch (Materials for Educational Course “Archaeology of Foreign Asia”)." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 7 (2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-7-9-17.
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Purpose. The period of the most intensive contacts of the ancient population of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese Islands (3rd – 7th centuries AD) is of special interest for study. The period witnessed a wide spread of the tradition of building burial mounds (kurgans). Due to the artifacts found in the kurgans, it becomes possible to study various aspects of the people’s social life, including cultural contacts. We aimed at studying territorial alliances based on the cultural and historical background, such as the spread of agriculture based on wet rice cultivation, bronze and iron production, the emergence of states. Results. The kurgan tradition on the Korean peninsula is associated with the era of the Three Kingdoms (3rd – 7th centuries AD). The tradition of erecting mounds started in Koguryo state in the 1st century BC, then from the 3rd century AD it continued in Baekje, Silla and Kaya, and disappeared in the middle of the 6th century AD because of adopting Buddhism. Common barrows had stone embankments, but they are also found with earthen mounds. Burial chambers were first constructed vertically, then horizontal ones appeared. On the Japanese Islands, kurgans first appeared during the Yayoi period (3rd century BC – 3rd century AD) and were widely constructed during the Kofun period (3rd – 7th centuries AD). The barrows had earthen embankments with burial chambers inside. The barrows differed in the form of their embankment and size. The burials of the Kofun period in Japan continued the Yayoi period traditions to a certain extent. They had earthen embankments and were decorated with bronze mirrors and stone ornaments in the burial chambers. In addition, their feature is clay haniva figurines around the perimeter of the embankment. Starting from approximately the 5th century AD, there began to appear a certain homogeneity in the funerary structures of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Sueci ceramics became a typical element of the funeral rite, as well as bronze and iron objects, gold jewelry and luxury items which appeared in burial chambers. The construction of kurgans acquired some new features, such as stone chambers with side corridors. Both on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands, we observe similar types of embankments, such as round (embun), square (ho:fun), double round (so:embun), double square (so:ho:fun) and in the form of a “Japanese sea scallop” (hatategaishikikofun). Conclusion. The study of the structural features of the kurgans on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands allows us to conclude that there are similarities in the forms and materials of embankments and the forms of burial chamber construction. The main difference is the larger size of Japanese kurgans. The similarities we revealed can be explained by the mutual influence of the population of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese islands.
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Koś, Karolina, Andrzej Gruchot, and Eugeniusz Zawisza. "Bottom Sediments from a Dam Reservoir as a Core in Embankments—Filtration and Stability: A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031221.
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A possibility of using bottom sediments from dam reservoirs in earth structures was considered. Sediments from the Rzeszow reservoir (Poland) were used as research material, which, according to geotechnical standards, were classified as low permeable silt with high organic content. As fine, cohesive soil with a low coefficient of permeability, the sediments can be used in sealing elements of hydraulic engineering embankments. In order to verify the suitability of the sediments, stability and filtration calculations were carried out for embankments with a sealing in the form of a core made of the sediments. It was stated that by using a core made of sediments, the volume of seepage on the downstream side during continuous or variable backwater was significantly lower in relation to an embankment without a core, and the phreatic line did not extend to the downstream slope. It is estimated that, in the case of a planned dredging in Rzeszow Reservoir, the amount of dredged sediment would exceed 1.5 million m3, and therefore, the possibility of their economic use is essential. The search for materials that could replace natural soil in earthen structures is an important issue from both the ecological and economic points of view.
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Sharif, Yusuf A., Mohamed Elkholy, M. Hanif Chaudhry, and Jasim Imran. "Experimental Study on the Piping Erosion Process in Earthen Embankments." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 141, no. 7 (July 2015): 04015012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001019.
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Ali, Abdelfatah K., Sherry L. Hunt, and Ronald D. Tejral. "Embankment Breach Research: Observed Internal Erosion Processes." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 2 (2021): 745–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13701.
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HighlightsThis study provides data from internal erosion tests on four intermediate-scale homogeneous embankment dams.Soil properties influence the breach formation process and breach timing.Results showed that observed erosion rates of the internal flow path varied by several orders of magnitude.Quality control of embankment construction can greatly influence breach development.Abstract. Internal erosion and embankment overtopping are the two most common causes of embankment dam and levee failures and incidents. Internal erosion is the removal of soil material by the flow of water through a continuous defect, cavity, or crack within a compacted fill and/or its foundation. Internal erosion initiates from vulnerabilities within the embankment. The embankment soil material plays a key role in both the erosion process and rate of failure, but characterizing soil properties and how they relate to the rate of failure can be challenging. Soil properties such as texture, density, strength, moisture content, and erodibility can vary greatly; thus, it is important to study the effects of these properties on the breach formation process and breach timing. The USDA Agricultural Research Service performed internal erosion breach experiments on four intermediate-scale homogeneous earthen embankments constructed of soils ranging from a silty sand to a lean clay material. The embankments were constructed to a height of 1.3 m, a top width of 1.8 m, and upstream and downstream slopes of 3(H):1(V). The embankment materials were characterized by water content, density, texture, strength, and erodibility. Erodibility was measured using a jet erosion test (JET) apparatus. A 40 mm diameter, continuous steel pipe was placed through each embankment during construction and removed to form an open-ended void through the embankment connected to the upstream reservoir. The removal of the pipe initiated internal erosion. The objectives of the experiments were to observe the development of the internal erosion process over time and to examine the influence of soil properties on the erosion rate, breach timing, geometry of the breach opening, and breach outflow. The rate of erosion and failure observed in these tests varied by several orders of magnitude, with the silty sand embankment eroding most rapidly and the lean clay embankment with a mean moisture content of 18% dry basis at standard compaction eroding the slowest. These observations were indicative of the soil textures. Although the two lean clay embankments were constructed of similar soils, the difference in erosion rates speak to the importance of quality control (e.g., compaction moisture content) during construction. Soil properties including soil texture, erodibility, and compaction moisture content are key predictors of erosion rate and observed failure. Keywords: Breach, Dam failure, Dams, Embankments, Erodibility, Internal erosion, Levees, Overtopping.
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Ozeren, Yavuz, Daniel G. Wren, and Hakan Yasarer. "Assessment of Levee Treatments for an Irrigation Reservoir in Arkansas." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12983.
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Abstract. On-farm irrigation reservoirs, together with tailwater recovery systems, are commonly used to store water in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial floodplain to supplement limited groundwater resources. The inner slopes of the earthen embankments that enclose these reservoirs are subjected to continuous erosion due to wind-generated waves. Various methods have been used to protect the embankments, but none of them have been shown to be both sustainable and cost-effective. In an effort to assess levee protection strategies, a range of treatment techniques, including levee configurations and surface treatments, were applied on the embankments of the University of Arkansas Pine Bluff (UAPB) Lonoke Demonstration Reservoir in 2007. The treatment techniques included 17 different slope configurations along the east and west embankments and five chemical and mechanical treatments along the north and south embankments. Embankment erosion was measured by comparing new surveys conducted in 2015 and 2017 with as-built information provided by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The change in levee profile between the surveys and the as-built profiles was used to quantify the effectiveness of the treatment methods for protection against wave action. An artificial neural network (ANN) prediction model was developed to establish relationships between erosion parameters (eroded area and maximum retreat) and four independent variables (existence of berm, face slope, maximum effective fetch, and probability of wind speed). Data from 27 sections were used for training, and data from seven sections were used for testing. Almost all of the slope treatments were significantly eroded over the eight to ten years that elapsed between construction and the surveys. Although having a berm did not significantly reduce the total eroded volume, in most cases it delayed the bank retreat. For any two identical slope configurations, the one with the longest fetch typically had at least slightly higher erosion and retreat. In general, milder slopes performed better than steeper slopes. The survey results showed that geo-synthetic fabric, fly ash, and soil cement were more effective at reducing wave erosion than the other treatment methods. Keywords: Embankment erosion, Irrigation reservoir, Levee erosion, Wave erosion.
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Adongo, T. A., F. K. Abagale, and G. Kranjac-Berisavljevic. "State and Performance of Water Retention Structures of Earthen Irrigation Dams in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Irrigation and Agricultural Development (IJIRAD) 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47762/2017.964x.22.
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The study assessed performance and state of water retention infrastructure of eight (8) irrigation schemes in three (3) northern regions of Ghana. Data was collected using field observation and key informants’ interviews. The results indicated that the Tono and Bontanga earthen irrigation dams’ embankments had no structural defects whereas the embankments of Libga, Golinga, Karni, Vea, Doba and Sankana had some structural defects. Except Libga, all the spillways had no structural deficiencies and signs of risk of failure. All the reservoirs contained some amounts of sediments and weeds. The night storage reservoirs at Tono and Vea were weedy and silted up. The developed irrigable areas of Vea, Tono, Doba, Sankana and Karni schemes had average irrigation rates ranging from 12 - 76 % for the years 2010 - 2017. The water retention infrastructure of the irrigation schemes are recommended for maintenance and periodic repairs to ensure sustainable water retention and availability for crop irrigation.
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Kłosek, Kazimierz. "Railway subgrade in mining areas reinforced with geosynthetics." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2016, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_16_11_06.
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The study presents basics of designing and forming earthen structures for transportation purposes on ground with poor load capacity, mainly in mining areas. Main types of retaining structures, steep slopes, and embankments reinforced by the technology will be presented. The paper also describes the mechanism of functioning these structures with additional use of geosynthetic reinforcement within the road surfaces and railway track structures, especially in the areas where continuous (subsiding troughs) and non-continuous (collapses, fissures) mining damage occurs. The basic selection criteria of soil material, reinforcement, and erosion-preventing structures will be characterized. The study contains basic principles for making check calculations of critical load capacity conditions and usability of structures for their assumed life service. Specific and executed structures will be presented, including high embankments for motorways (highways) and railway embankments, located in the areas that are subject to intense mining activity.
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do Carmo Souza, Leonardo Roque, and Sumitra S. Kandolkar. "Geotechnical Evaluation of Traditional ‘Bunds’ - Earthen Levees - From Goa." Applied Mechanics and Materials 877 (February 2018): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.230.
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Ancient Goa was reclaimed from the marshy deltas by remnants of the Saraswat Civilization who settled there and brought with them their ancient technology. We need to learn from these ancient structures that have survived nearly 8000 years and therefore are truly sustainable. Their construction method needs to be replicated to help India’s growing infrastructure demand and lowland reclamation. They use renewable, locally available materials like Soil, Lime, Ash, Cowdung and Straw. They are multi functional: habitation, irrigation, pisiculture, agriculture, rainwater harvesting, infrastructure etc. they possess a stable shape. They save at an average 80% more space than standard embankments. A 6-8% mix of Lime and Coconut Leaf Ash gave best results for soil stabilization. They have good slope stability with a factor of safety of more than 1.5. They have no seepage problems. The self-repairing sustainable coconut tree root system provided 20% more shear strength and seismic stability. As they have already existed for many years they are already undergone settlement and consolidation. This is green engineering that has scope for ancient technology aiding modern technology and spurring India’s growth in it race for international primacy as a technological superpower.
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Maharjan, Manika, and Akihiro Takahashi. "Liquefaction-induced deformation of earthen embankments on non-homogeneous soil deposits under sequential ground motions." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 66 (November 2014): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.06.024.
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Dewan, Camelia, Aditi Mukherji, and Marie-Charlotte Buisson. "Evolution of water management in coastal Bangladesh: from temporary earthen embankments to depoliticized community-managed polders." Water International 40, no. 3 (March 23, 2015): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1025196.
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Demczuk, Piotr. "Potential landslide hazard in a zone of stabilised earthen embankments illustrated by Wysoka Górka in Chełm." Polish Journal of Soil Science 51, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2018.51.1.71.
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Viganotti, Matteo, Ruth Jackson, Hartmut Krahn, and Mark Dyer. "Geometric and frequency EMI sounding of estuarine earthen flood defence embankments in Ireland using 1D inversion models." Journal of Applied Geophysics 92 (May 2013): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.03.001.
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Irons, Trevor, Meghan C. Quinn, Yaoguo Li, and Jason R. McKenna. "A numerical assessment of the use of surface nuclear magnetic resonance to monitor internal erosion and piping in earthen embankments." Near Surface Geophysics 12, no. 2 (November 2013): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2014004.
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Rittgers, J. B., A. Revil, T. Planes, M. A. Mooney, and A. R. Koelewijn. "4-D imaging of seepage in earthen embankments with time-lapse inversion of self-potential data constrained by acoustic emissions localization." Geophysical Journal International 200, no. 2 (December 9, 2014): 758–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu432.
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Moscariello, Mariagiovanna, Carmine Gerardo Gragnano, Sabatino Cuomo, Irene Rocchi, and Guido Gottardi. "Shear strength and retention models of a partially saturated riverbank silty soil." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501011.
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Soil mechanical behaviour is strictly related to its natural water content, which is primarily dependent on hydraulic boundary conditions. When soils are partially saturated, as frequently occur in river embankments, soil suction also turns into a fundamental variable worth of investigation and monitoring, both in laboratory and in the field, for a reliable interpretation of the related soil response to external actions. The case of earthen water retaining structures and their safety condition assessment towards local or global collapse mechanisms requires special attention for soil characterization and site measurement of unsaturated soil states. Moreover, strength and hydraulic models used for relevant stability analyses should be adequate for representing the site-specific behaviour of soil in terms of water content, pore water pressure and suction values, relying on the effective possibility to properly calibrate all required parameters. Nevertheless, these aspects typically receive only limited attention, especially in standard practice, leading to inaccurate estimates of flood hazard and related risk management. In this context, with the aim of comprehensively studying the strength and retention properties of a riverbank silty soil, a series of laboratory investigations – including oedometric and direct shear tests under suction-controlled conditions – have been performed. Laboratory tests are here used as the main direct source of information to model unsaturated soil behaviour, monitoring different state variables under suction-controlled conditions. The results have been then interpreted using both literature and soil-specific mechanical and hydraulic models, to be possibly implemented in integrated methodologies for the stability assessment of river embankments.
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Dwornik, Maciej, Anna Franczyk, and Andrzej Leśniak. "Identification of zones of increased permeability using numerical modelling of temperature distribution - an ISMOP case study." E3S Web of Conferences 66 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186603002.
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The physical condition of earthen levees changes over time. Levee weakening can be caused by the leaching of fine grains of soil or by animal activity. Weakened areas can potentially cause destabilization or even collapse. Assessment of the physical condition of levees using GPR and geodetic measurements does not always correctly detect areas of increased permeability. Thermal anomalies, caused by existing zones of high permeability, are observed in levees during the transition of flood waves. They are generated by rapid infiltration of water with a different temperature than the temperature inside the levee. Therefore, inner thermal measurements may be used to detect places with higher permeability. This research was realized with 2D numerical modelling. Main aim was test possibility of using temperature sensors in weak zone detection. Test with different theoretical permeabilities proved that it is possible only in specific condition (i.e. thermal contrast). The geometry and geomechanical properties of the studied levee were taken from the ISMOP project (polish acronym: Computer system for monitoring river embankments).
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Han, Xue, Pengyue Ji, Qichen Gu, and Guangsen Mu. "Model Test Study on Dynamic Response of Expressway Plastic-Reinforced Earth Embankment under Earthquake." Geofluids 2021 (February 25, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5551699.
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Aiming at the seismic response of plastic geogrid-reinforced embankments, with Zhounan Expressway as the research engineering background, a self-designed seismic-rainfall coupled slope model test system was designed and used to produce 1 : 20 scale plastic geogrid-reinforced embankments. Moreover, the physical model of the unreinforced embankment under Hanshin wave, Wenchuan wave, Tianjin wave, etc. was also studied to carry out comparative analysis on seismic response and dynamic response on test model. The dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the embankment model were tested from low to high seismic intensity; the changes of the embankment’s natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration at the measuring point, and dynamic earth pressure were analyzed; and the main influencing factors and damage to the embankment seismic response feature were discussed herein. The test results showed that the initial natural frequency of the reinforced embankment was 42.4% higher than that of the unreinforced embankment, and its initial damping ratio reduced by 19.4%. The attenuation effect of the natural frequency and damping ratio of the reinforced embankment with the loading history was significantly lower than that of the unreinforced embankment. Embankment reinforcement exhibited a very good inhibitory effect on the PGA amplification effect of the embankment, and the inhibitory effect on the interior of the slope was more significant than that on the slope. Moreover, the type of seismic wave, the amplitude of the seismic wave, and the frequency of the seismic wave significantly influenced the PGA amplification effect of the embankment. The peak dynamic soil pressure of the unreinforced embankment at the same location was significantly greater than that of the reinforced embankment. The two embankment models showed significantly different antivibration damage performance. After the peak acceleration of 2 m s-2 was loaded, no cracks were seen on the surface of the embankment model. When the peak acceleration of 3 m s-2 was loaded, on the slopes of the two embankment models, smaller cracks were observed in the middle and upper parts of the face. When the peak acceleration of 4 m s-2 was loaded, the failure of the unreinforced embankment model was obvious. Large cracks on the top of the slope could reach 16 mm in width, and 27 mm settlement appeared at the top, and the slope was convex. The reinforced embankment model was only on the slope shoulder. Moreover, there were fine cracks on the top, and the slope top settlement was less than 5 mm. The research results provide theoretical support for preventing and controlling the road embankment vibration diseases and improving highway durability design.
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Van Nieuwenhuizen, Nigel, John B. Lindsay, and Ben DeVries. "Automated Mapping of Transportation Embankments in Fine-Resolution LiDAR DEMs." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071308.
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Fine-resolution LiDAR DEMs can represent surface features such as road and railway embankments with high fidelity. However, transportation embankments are problematic for several environmental modelling applications, and particularly hydrological modelling. Currently, there are no automated techniques for the identification and removal of embankments from LiDAR DEMs. This paper presents a novel algorithm for identifying embankments in LiDAR DEMs. The algorithm utilizes repositioned transportation network cells as seed points in a region-growing operation. The embankment region grows based on derived morphometric parameters, including road surface width, embankment width, embankment height, and absolute slope. The technique was tested on eight LiDAR DEMs representing subsections of four watersheds in southwestern Ontario, Canada, ranging in size from 16 million cells to 134 million cells. The algorithm achieved a recall greater than or equal to 90% for seven of the eight DEMs, while achieving a Pearson’s phi correlation coefficient greater than 80% for five of the eight DEMs. Therefore, the method has moderate to high accuracy for identifying embankments. The processing times associated with applying the technique to the eight study site DEMs ranged from 1.4 s to 20.3 s, which demonstrates the practicality of using the embankment mapping tool in applications with data set sizes commonly encountered in practice.
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Tarasov, P. I., M. L. Khazin, and O. V. Golubev. "The evolution of quarry vehicles." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 2 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2021-2-67-74.
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The article considers the possibility of using quarry technology in the construction of a roadbed. Stable roadbed is the basis of a railway track, for its construction rocky, clay soils or sedimentary massifs are usually used. During the construction of the roadbed, heavy vehicles and special equipment (ice rinks, excavators, bulldozers, etc.) are used. Mining and road construction works, despite their diversity, consist of repeated identical operations: digging of the earth (mountain) mass, its loading and transportation, unloading into the dump or laying. For the production of these works, the same type of equipment is used: excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, graders and dump trucks. Most of the newly discovered explored deposits are located in the northern territories of Russia, so there is a high probability of launching intensive construction of railways and roads. The construction of transport high-ways is the most material-intensive area for the use of non-metallic materials and is associated with the movement of significant volumes of earth mass. In addition, the cost of performing earthworks is quite significant, so the correct choice of the method and means of mechanization of these works is a necessary condition for their successful implementation. For the construction of transport corridors under conditions of low-load soils and off-road conditions of the Arctic and northern territories of Russia, it is proposed to develop new types of vehicles based on BelAZ heavy duty quarry vehicles, which allow building embankments for roads and railways up to 10 m high (and in exceptional cases even more). When building transport highways and, if possible, preserving the environment, it is of great importance to reduce the cost of transporting earthen mass by reducing the consumption of fuel and lubricants, which account for 15-25 % of the total cost of operating powerful off-road vehicles.
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Rogers, J. David, and Manuel H. Barrelier. "Gatun Dam—megastructure of the Panama Canal." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 24, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.24.1.1.
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Abstract The kingpin structure of the American scheme to construct a ship canal across Panama in 1907–1914 was an earthen dam of unprecedented scale and scope at Gatun, to retain the aggregate flow of the Chagres River and its principal tributaries. Upon this structure alone, the entire plan rested, because it created the man-made lake rising 85 ft (25.9 m) above sea level, which allowed ships to cross the 550 ft (167.6 m) continental divide between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Everything about Gatun Dam was enormous. Its dimensions were without precedent: a crest length of 8,200 ft (2,500 m) and a maximum width of 2,300 ft (701 m). With a height of 105 ft (32 m) above sea level, it stored sufficient water to maintain an operating pool covering 164 mi2 (425 km2). At its center was the most critical structure, a mass concrete spillway capable of passing flood flows of the unpredictable Chagres River. The biggest problem with the site was the underlying geology, which included two deepley incised paleo-channels. The massive embankments were placed over these paleo-channels, which were up to 258 ft (78.6 m) deep. The channel infill of the upper 50 ft (15.2 m) was of relatively low permeability, mostly sandy silts and clay. There were more pervious sands and gravel lying beneath these, which allowed deep seepage cutoffs to be precluded.
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Türköz, Murat, Seyfettin Umut Umu, and Ogan Öztürk. "Effect of Silica Fume as a Waste Material for Sustainable Environment on the Stabilization and Dynamic Behavior of Dispersive Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084321.
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The use of dispersive soils, which are common in many parts of the world, in engineering applications such as water structures, earthen dams and road embankments is possible with their improvement. Recently, the effects of different chemicals on the stabilization of dispersive soils have been investigated. The use of waste materials in stabilization is preferred both because of the more sustainable environment and the economic advantages it provides. The use of silica fume (SF) as a waste material in different engineering applications provides an important advantage in environmentally and economically sustainable ways. Many studies have been carried out regarding silica fume, especially in the construction industry. Although SF is used in many industries, there is no study about its potential impact on the stabilization and dynamic properties of dispersive soils. In this study, first, Atterberg limits and standard Proctor compaction tests were performed on the mixtures prepared by adding different SF percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%). Afterward, pinhole tests and resonant column tests were performed to determine dispersibility and dynamic properties on the samples prepared by compaction characteristics for each SF percentage reached. In general, it was determined that SF contributed to a change in soil class, and improvement in dispersibility and dynamic properties of the soil sample, depending on SF content; positive effects of SF were observed in terms of shallow soil improvement.
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Chen, Li, and Sayuri Kimoto. "Numerical Analysis of Damaged River Embankment during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Using a Multiphase-Coupled FEM Analysis Method." Geofluids 2018 (July 30, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5191647.
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According to the investigation and restoration report by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT, 2011), 1195 river embankments were damaged in Tohoku region during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The failures of the river embankments were typically due to the soil liquefaction of embankment fill. In the present study, a severely damaged river embankment along Naruse River was simulated by using a three-phase coupled finite element program, namely, COMVI2D-DY, which is developed to analyze large deformation behavior of partially saturated soils. In addition, the reconsolidation process after the earthquake was simulated. To reproduce the reconsolidation behavior, a cyclic elastoplastic constitutive model based on nonlinear kinematical hardening rule was modified by considering stiffness recovery during reconsolidation. From the analysis results, it could be concluded that the numerical method is able to reproduce the key characteristics of the actual damaged pattern; the embankment is heavily damaged and deformed largely towards the land side, and the settlement at the top of the embankment is 2.5 m. In addition, realistic simulation results can be obtained from the reconsolidation analysis.
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Polemio, M., and P. Lollino. "Failure of infrastructure embankments induced by flooding and seepage: a neglected source of hazard." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 22, 2011): 3383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3383-2011.
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Abstract. The risk of failure of transportation embankments due to seepage induced by temporary and occasional impoundments taking place on the upstream side as a consequence of exceptional rainfalls is frequently underestimated. These failure events result from a combination of three main factors, i.e. the flooding event, the hydraulic weakness and the geotechnical weakness of the embankment. Based on the case study of a railway embankment in Southern Italy that collapsed in 2005 due to an upstream impoundment that occurred after few hours of a very intense rainfall, the paper describes a methodological approach aimed at assessing hazard of failure of transportation embankments induced by flooding and seepage. In particular, according to hydrological, hydraulic and geotechnical studies performed to define the factors affecting the process of the embankment failure, three subsequent activities are proposed: the historical analysis of flood damages at the watershed scale; and the assessment of the upstream peak impoundment based on hydrological analysis and the embankment stability analysis, these latter to be carried out at the site specific scale. The approach here proposed is planned to be further validated and improved by means of the application to other case studies, characterised by different contexts and embankment structures.
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Petrauskas, А. V., D. V. Bibikov, V. H. Ivakin, and S. V. Pavlenko. "THE ARTICLE DEDICATED TO THE RESEARCH OF THE MEDIEVAL MOUND NEAR THE VILLAGE TEPENYTSIA (to the Question of the Mounds with Stone Constructions at the Middle Dnieper Region)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.08.
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In the summer of 2015, Zhytomyr expedition conducted archaeological research at the burial mounds at the tract of Long Niva near the village Tepenitsa Olevsky district of Zhytomyr region. As a result, the burial with a stone construction under the embankment was explored and studied. The stone cover was discovered right after the turf layer and completely covered the embankment as if it was an armor. The construction consisted of granite fragments and pieces of quartzite and sandstone. At the bottom of the embankment were stone boulders of large size that became smaller at the top of burial. At the level of the mainland around the embankment placed small ditch that had a form of two arcuate sections. Remains of a skeleton or gravel pit in the burial mound was not discovered (cenotaph). Two large fragments of the potter’s pot was found on the sand pit in the central part of the embankment at the level of the ancient horizon. The practical absence of inventory does not allow date the archaeological complex clearly. A fragment of the pot can be attributed to two chronological periods: the end of IX — the first half of the X century or the second half of the XIII — XIV centuries.
The stone constructions in the burial mounds are not inherent for Old Russian time in Ukraine. Stone fixt only in slightly more than 1 % of all investigated burial mounds. The discovery of such rare complex forced the authors refer to the history of research of this type of monuments on the territory of Ukraine. In the Middle Dnieper area, burial mounds with stone structures are located in two regions: on the territory of Zhytomyr Polissya (Ubort river basin, Slovechansko-Ovruch ridge) and in Porossya.
The burial groups in Zhytomyr region were explored by the excavations of Ya. V. Yarotsky (1902), O. A. Fotinsky (1904), M. B. Shchukin (1976), B. A. Zvizdetsky (1988, 1996—1999), the exploration of V. O. Misiats (1961, 1978), A. P. Tomashevsky and S. V. Pavlenko (1996, 2006, 2013). There are 18 gravediggers with stone burial mounds on this territory currently. 42 burial mounds were excavated (more than 300 known). At the 29 burial complexes were fixed stones fragments. These sights don’t occupy a separate compact area and located next to burial mounds consisting exclusively of mounds with simple earthen embankments. Only at the 7 necropolises majority burial mounds contains stones. On other monuments such burial mounds was few. Different methods of using stones have been recorded in investigated burial mounds. Often different variants of stone designs are fixed in one monument. Different kinds of stone were used for constructions: sandstone, granite, quartzite. In burial mounds with stone structures under the embankment are fixed various types of burial ceremony (cremation on the site, cremation on the side, inhumation on the horizon, inhumation in undermount pits, cenotaph). The ritual is accompanied by typical Slavic equipment. The earliest complexes are dated by the X century, the most recent are the second half of the XIII century.
Stone barrows Porossya are known since the middle of the nineteenth century (about 500 individual complexes was fixet). They were discovered by V. B. Antonovych (70s of XIX century), T. M. Movchanivsky (1928), V. Ye. Kozlovskaya (30s of the XX century), R. S. Orlov and P. M. Pokas (1986, 1988). 9 burial mounds with stone constructs under the embankment are known on the territory of Porossya. 78 monuments have been investigated at 5 a monuments, 37 of them — with stone crepes (the structure was mostly fixed in the of circle form of boulders, which engird the embankment). The burial ceremony and accompanying equipment are typical for Slavic monuments.
There are two main hypotheses about the origin of this type of monuments. According to the first, the stone structures in the mounds are a purely practical tradition of local people, which arose in the territories characterized by significant presence of the stone (O. A. Fotinsky, V. B. Antonovych, A. V. Petrauskas). According to the second hypotheses, use of a stone is a tradition of the Slavic alien population. Ya. V. Yarotsky considered that this is a memorial of the Dregovichi burial mounds of Zhytomyr Polissya, Western Balts (Yotvingians) — I. P. Rusanova, B. A. Zvizdetsky, A. P. Tomashevsky, mixed Baltic-Dregoviches population — V. V. Sedov and A. P. Motsia. The tradition of using stones in the burial mounds of Porosyya was explained by the borrowing of the elements of the burial ceremony of the nomads S. V. Shamray, I. P. Rusanovа and O. P. Motsia. Influenced by the coming population from the western and northern territories of Old Rus — L. I. Ivanchenko. Some researchers have ruled out both hypotheses.
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Tung, Smita, Kaustuv Bhattacharya, Gupinath Bhandari, Sibapriya Mukherjee, Ancuţa Rotaru, and Vasile Boboc. "Stability Analysis of the Earth Embankments Subjected to Natural Cyclic Processes." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.389.
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The paper brings out the stability analysis of the earth embankments subjected to specific natural cyclic processes such as tides in India and freeze-thaw in Romania. The Sundarban, along the Bay of Bengal, is a low tide-dominated deltaic plain of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin (GBM) spreading over India and Bangladesh around 25,500 sq.km. The 3520km of riverside embankments had been erected to protect the deltaic plain from tidal flooding. The tidal cycle in this region is twice high tide and low tide daily. Presently, the Indian Sundarban Delta is under the threat to embankment failure. The study analyses the stability of an 8 m height embankment in the Gosaba region of Sundarban considering a 2m wide earth filled berm at 6m from the bottom of varying clay core thickness under the transient groundwater flow. Pore pressure, Flow net and Phreatic surface have been obtained by numerical models using FLAC 2D software, thus the factor of safety being analysed. In Romania, built on the of the highway A1 Orăştie-Sibiu section crossing the clayey hills from Aciliu and Apoldu known for their instability, the embankment around the abutment pier from Apoldu broke up at the entry to the Aciliu Viaduct. The layers of permeable soil soaked with water become heavy instead the waterproof layers keep the water above them creating sliding surfaces. The water is channelled to dozens of springs that appear or disappear depending on each micro-slip or fallen water amount. By freezing the water expands on the ground determining additional efforts, the cycle iterating with each rain and freeze-thaw.
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Jones, Chester W. "Closed-system freezing of soil in earth dams and canals." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-001.
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Field and associated laboratory experiences with closed-system freezing in earth embankment dams and canals are presented. This type of freezing can cause a redistribution of soil density and moisture, which needs to be considered in the design of soil structures used as water barriers in cold regions. Frost-depth measurements made during the winter of 1978–1979 on two earth dams during interruption of their construction and on the Teton Dam remnant in the State of Idaho, U.S.A., are shown, along with associated soil conditions, air-freezing indexes, and insulating effects of snow and, for one dam, a loose soil cover. Some trends of density and moisture changes near the embankment surfaces were established. Keeping in mind known effects of freezing on soils, the paper raises questions about possible changes in soil density and shrinkage of embankments in contact with bedrock abutments that might adversely affect the safety of earth dams.Key words: dams (earth), canals, frost action, frost protection, soil density, soil moisture, soil shrinkage, soil tests, Teton Dam.
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Dmitrienko, Vladimir A., Irina A. Kapralova, Valeria V. Baklakova, Aleksei G. Iliev, and Nataliya V. Merenkova. "Multivariate modeling of retaining walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 05029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926505029.
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When designing a parking lot of limited size with a large elevation difference, a decision to construct an earth embankment with a retaining wall was made. Based on the analysis of the results of engineering geological surveys and construction conditions, four options of constructing a retaining wall were considered. The stress-strain states of the protective structures and embankments were studied in details with the help of finite element modeling in order to select the optimal technical solutions for retaining walls. Based on the analysis of the distribution of stresses and strains in the structures, the advantages and disadvantages of each option are determined. The optimal combined version of constructing a thin retaining wall with unloading screens and hardening of the embankment by means of anchor-injectors is substantiated.
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Bryden, Campbell, Kaveh Arjomandi, and Arun Valsangkar. "Evaluation of induced trench twin culverts constructed in deep fill." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 9 (September 2020): 1388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0560.
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When culverts are installed beneath high embankments, earth loads become excessive and the induced trench construction method is a viable design option to reduce the culvert loads to acceptable levels. However, limited field studies evaluating the performance of induced trench twin culverts are reported in the literature and the practicality and effectiveness of the induced trench construction method (in general) has been subject to recent criticism. This paper describes the performance of twin 3048 mm inside-diameter reinforced concrete culverts constructed with an induced trench beneath 15.3 m of fill. Research instruments and autonomous data acquisition systems were installed during construction to monitor (i) culvert earth pressures, (ii) embankment deformations, and (iii) groundwater elevations in the vicinity of the compressible fill. The experimental observations recorded throughout the construction phase are presented herein; the embankment deformations are indicative of effective positive arching within the induced trench region, and the average earth pressure at the culvert crown was reduced to approximately 48% of the overburden soil pressure. The experimental data are compared with those reported in the literature by others, and the conclusions attained from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the induced trench construction method.
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Jeong, Sangseom, Donghee Seo, Jinhyung Lee, and Joogbai Park. "Time-dependent behavior of pile groups by staged construction of an adjacent embankment on soft clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 644–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-024.
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A series of centrifuge model tests were performed to investigate the behavior of pile groups subjected to lateral soil movements by surcharge loading from approach embankments. The emphasis was on quantifying the time-dependent response in terms of deflections, bending moments, and earth pressures acting on pile groups during embankment construction and over short- and long-term periods after embankment construction. A variety of instruments were used to examine the soilpile interaction for pile groups adjacent to surcharge loads. Through these studies, it is found that pile cap deflections and bending moments developed to their maximum values under the short-term surcharge loading and decreased gradually to minimum values under the long-term loading. The ground settlement reached its maximum value under long-term loading, however, due to the consolidation of soft clay. It is also found that the lateral mean pressure acting on the pile is about 0.75 and 0.35 times the surcharge load q (= γH, where γ is the unit weight of the soil and H is the height of the embankment) under short- and long-term loading, respectively.Key words: time-dependent response, lateral soil movements, pile groups, centrifuge model tests, surcharge loads, soft clay.
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S. L. Hunt, G. J. Hanson, K. R. Cook, and K. C. Kadavy. "BREACH WIDENING OBSERVATIONS FROM EARTHEN EMBANKMENT TESTS." Transactions of the ASAE 48, no. 3 (2005): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.18521.
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Wongsa, Sanit. "Experiment and Simulation of Earthen Embankment Breach." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 03, no. 10 (2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2015.310010.
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Zawadzki, Łukasz, and Bartłomiej Bursa. "Wpływ filtracji oraz zmian nasycenia gruntu na stateczność wałów przeciwpowodziowych." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 27, no. 2 (July 22, 2018): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2018.27.2.21.
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In this article the change of the factor of safety for slope stability of flood embankments have been analysed. The change of shear strength due to the change in the soil saturation and the forces of filtration was taken into account. The FEM analysis was carried out for two calculation cases: body of cohesive soils embankment; the body of non-cohesive soil embankment. For the body made of sandy loams, the value of factor of safety decreased from F = 3.1 (t = 0 h) to F = 1.7 (t = 504 h), while for the body built of sands from F = 2.4 (t = 0 h) to F = 1.16 (t = 6 h).
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Ventini, Roberta, Elena Dodaro, Carmine Gerardo Gragnano, Daniela Giretti, and Marianna Pirone. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a River Embankment Model under Transient Seepage Conditions." Geosciences 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11050192.
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The evaluation of riverbank stability often represents an underrated problem in engineering practice, but is also a topical geotechnical research issue. In fact, it is certainly true that soil water content and pore water pressure distributions in the riverbank materials vary with time, due to the changeable effects of hydrometric and climatic boundary conditions, strongly influencing the bank stability conditions. Nonetheless, the assessment of hydraulic and mechanical behavior of embankments are currently performed under the simplified hypothesis of steady-state seepage, generally neglecting the unsaturated soil related issues. In this paper, a comprehensive procedure for properly defining the key aspects of the problem is presented and, in particular, the soil characterization in partially saturated conditions of a suitably compacted mixture of sand and finer material, typical of flood embankments of the main river Po tributaries (Italy), is reported. The laboratory results have then been considered for modelling the embankment performance under transient seepage and following a set of possible hydrometric peaks. The outcome of the present contribution may provide meaningful geotechnical insights, for practitioners and researchers, in the flood risk assessment of river embankments.
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Truong, Quang Thanh, Phan Ta Le, and Thi Nhu Quynh Nguyen. "Change of expansion characteristics of compacted soils used for dams in central Vietnam." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819302003.
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Most of the earth embankments in central Vietnam are usually built with clays. Some types of clays in this area are swollen. If they are used to build dams, it can be detrimental to the embankment. Based on the results of laboratory test analysis, the authors investigated swelling characteristics of some soil types in the study area and found that the swelling rate of soil increases with the compaction of the soil sample. When swelling under pressure in approaching water over time, the swelling coefficient of the soil decreases significantly. Thus, swelling clays can be used to make dams, but they must be put in the appropriate position for the purpose of not swelling freely.
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Wu, Weiming. "Simplified Physically Based Model of Earthen Embankment Breaching." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 139, no. 8 (August 2013): 837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000741.
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Relvas, António T., and António N. Pinheiro. "Stepped chutes lined with wedge-shaped concrete blocks: hydrodynamic pressures on blocks and stability analysis." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 38, no. 3 (March 2011): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l11-003.
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The use of wedge-shaped concrete block overlays to protect embankments subject to flows with relatively high velocities is an idea dating from the late 1960s. Subsequent studies addressed the block stability and design, with or without drainage layer underneath, and the flow characteristics. One aspect still lacking systematic research is the block stability considering the influence of the drainage layer and of the uplift pressure beneath the blocks. The stability of blocks located in the training walls of a trapezoidal cross section has never been investigated, although this type of section is expected when installing a concrete block overlay over embankments. The present study addresses this aspect, using a relatively large facility where the blocks are laid on a drainage layer over an embankment artificially saturated, thus intending to simulate a concrete block spillway installed over a compacted homogeneous earth dam. Data collected both in a trapezoidal flume and in a rectangular flume are is analyzed, together with other authors’ data for this type of stepped overlay. The inherent hydrodynamic stability is verified. Experiments with hydraulic jump formation over the blocks at the end of the flume also showed block stability.
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Antoine, Raphaël, Cyrille Fauchard, Yannick Fargier, and Edouard Durand. "Detection of Leakage Areas in an Earth Embankment from GPR Measurements and Permeability Logging." International Journal of Geophysics 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/610172.
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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive method allowing the improvement of our knowledge of civil engineering structures. In particular, this method may be a nondestructive efficient tool for dike diagnosis and complete classical geotechnical methods. In this paper, we present GPR observations obtained on an earth embankment (crest and sloped paved revetment) in bad condition and located on the lateral canal of the Loire river (Saint Firmin, 80 km South East of Orléans). These measurements are combined with corings, visual inspection, and permeability logging performed with an updated drilling system, the Perméafor. This survey leads (i) to the detection of decompressed zones associated with leakage areas visible at the foot of the downstream slope and (ii) to the location of potentials voids underneath the paved revetment. This multidisciplinary approach complied with the dike inspection methodology proves its efficiency for the assessment of earth embankments.
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Machado, João A. R., Ambria Vasquez, Wing Shun Kwan, Jose M. Fuentes, and Gustavo Menezes. "Implementation of two-phase flow models for recycled materials in embankments." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703002.
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Recycled materials like Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) and Fly Ash are prevalent in recent feasibility studies on reused materials in geotechnical engineering applications. Red Mud is a mining waste from aluminum manufacturing, and Fly Ash is a by-product of coal combustion in power plants. Nevertheless, to fully reveal the feasibility of using those materials for constructing above-ground earth structures, a better understanding of their unsaturated performance in geo-structure is essential. While some popular empirical models (e.g., van Genuchten 1980) in Soil Water Retention Curves (SWRC) are commonly used to describe soils' unsaturated conditions, those models may not apply to unique materials like Red Mud and Fly Ash. Recently, SWRC curves of both materials were acquired through the Steady-State Centrifuge (SSC) Unsaturated Flow Apparatus (UFA) procedure at Cal State LA. The experimental data were used to develop analytical models following the van Genuchten model. Using a finite-difference software (FLAC) and obtained SWRC curves, this study performed numerical simulations of embankments filled with Fly Ash and Red Mud, comparing it with an embankment filled with typical silty soil with the same dimensions and conditions. Results showed seepage flow rates for Fly Ash and Red Mud are higher when used as fill material as above-ground embankments.
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Jud, Dominic, Ilmar Hurkxkens, Christophe Girot, and Marco Hutter. "Robotic embankment." Construction Robotics 5, no. 2 (June 2021): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41693-021-00061-0.
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AbstractAutomating earth-moving tasks has the potential to resolve labour-shortage, allow for unseen designs and foster sustainability through using on-site materials. In this interdisciplinary project involving robotics and landscape architecture, we combine our previous work on autonomous excavation of free-form shapes, dynamic landscape design and terrain modelling tools into a robotic landscape system. It tightly connects survey, design and fabrication to exchange information in real-time during fabrication. We purposely built a LiDAR survey drone for tight integration. The design environment contains terrain modelling tools to balance cut and fill volumes for material-neutral, on-site construction. Its parametric nature allows it to adapt the geometry to changing site conditions during fabrication. Our autonomous walking excavator is used to create these free-form shapes in natural granular material. We propose an excavation planner for free-form embankments that computes the next excavation location and subsequently the location where the excavated soil should be dumped. This robotic excavation system achieves the world’s first autonomous completion of free-form embankments with high accuracy. A $$20\hbox { m}$$ 20 m long S-shaped and a two-faced embankment with a corner with roughly 0.03–0.05 m average error were created.
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Li, Ying, and Dong-Zi Pan. "A Simulation of Salt Transport in NaCl-Laden Soil Barrier to Control Subterranean Termites in an Earth Embankment." Water 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091204.
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Subterranean termite activity can increase the hydraulic conductivity and water infiltration of filling soil, and therefore affects the stability of an earth embankment and subsequent safety. As a physical barrier for sustainable termite management, NaCl-laden soil barrier (NLSB) is a promising alternative for subterranean termite control in earth embankments. This novel technology can prevent tunneling and penetration of subterranean termites into the interior of an embankment and has been widely employed for more than 20 years in Zhejiang Province, China. The efficacy and longevity of NLSB depend on the long-term presence of NaCl concentration in soil barriers. The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of water flow and salt transport in NLSB based on the two-dimensional Richards’ equation and convection dispersion equation using the HYDRUS software package. Conceptual and numerical models of NLSB are modeled using scenario analysis according to water level fluctuations, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and rainfall infiltration conditions. Furthermore, the center and spread variance of a solute mass over a 100-year period are quantified using moment analysis. As flood frequency, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and rainfall infiltration flux increase, salt desalination in NLSB significantly increases. When the rainfall infiltration flux is 1% of the annual average rainfall, the total amount of salt transport and leaching can increase by 55%. Moreover, these results facilitate better long-term sustainable management of existing sites and optimal design of future NLSBs.
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Kurup, Pradeep U., and Mehmet T. Tumay. "Calibration of a Miniature Cone Penetrometer for Highway Applications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1614, no. 1 (January 1998): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1614-02.
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The electronic cone penetrometer is an important in situ investigation tool of choice for site characterization. Application of this proven concept of the cone penetration test (CPT) to highway design and construction control by miniaturization is described. A miniature cone penetrometer with a projected cone area of 2 cm2 has been developed and implemented in a continuous intrusion miniature cone penetration test system (CIMCPT). This device may be used for rapid, accurate, and economical characterization of sites and to determine engineering soil parameters needed in the design of pavements, embankments, and earth structures. The miniature cone penetration test (MCPT) gives finer details than the standard 10-cm2 cross-sectional area reference cone penetrometer. This makes the MCPT attractive for subgrade characterization, quality-control assessment, compaction control of embankments, and assessment of ground improvement effectiveness for transportation infrastructure. In situ calibration of the CIMCPT system was conducted at a highway embankment site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. MCPT penetration profiles were compared with those obtained by using the standard cone penetrometer at the same site. The tip resistance of the MCPT was 10 percent higher than that of the reference CPT. The sleeve friction and friction ratio of the reference CPT were higher than that of the MCPT by 12 and 23 percent, respectively. Calibration was also performed to determine empirical cone factors required for estimating undrained shear strength from MCPT data.
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Ronco, C., C. Oggeri, and D. Peila. "Design of reinforced ground embankments used for rockfall protection." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 17, 2009): 1189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1189-2009.
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Abstract. The prediction of the effects of rockfall on passive protection structures, such as reinforced ground embankments, is a very complex task and, for this reason, both full-scale tests and numerical dynamic modelling are essential. A systematic set of numerical FEM models, developed in the dynamic field, has been implemented in this work to evaluate the conditions of an embankment that has been subjected to the impact of rock blocks of various sizes at different speeds. These analyses have permitted design charts to be obtained. Furthermore, a simplified analytical approach, based on an equilibrium analysis, has been proposed and its results are compared with numerical data in order to assess its feasibility. A good correspondence between the results has been obtained.
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Cato, Kerry D., and J. David Rogers. "Failure of the Alexander Dam Embankment and Reconstruction Using Drainage Mitigation On Kauai, Hawaii, 1930–1932." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 24, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.24.1.89.
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Abstract Alexander Dam is a hydraulic fill earth dam and the second-highest embankment dam in Hawaii, having been built in 1929–1932 on the south side of the Hawaiian island of Kauai to provide irrigation for McBryde Sugar Company Ltd. It was constructed across Wahiawa Stream mauka (Hawaiian for “stream that comes from the mountains,” literally “toward the mountains”), upstream of Kalaheo, to store 800 million gallons (5 million m3) of water to irrigate sugarcane fields. The embankment dam was intended to have a maximum height of 125 ft (38 m), a crest length of 620 ft (189 m), and a maximum base thickness of 640 ft (195 m). The total design volume was 580,000 yd3 (443,120 m3) and consisted of hydraulic fill sluiced to the dam site and supporting shell material. On March 23, 1930, a 60-ft- (18.3-m) wide section of the core pool suddenly dropped ∼30 ft (9.1 m) and moved downstream, rapidly draining the core pool and enlarging the mass. The embankment was at a height of 95 ft (29 m) and 78 percent complete when the failure occurred. The failure occurred so quickly that it killed six workers and injured two others on the downstream face. The volume of slide debris was ∼275,000 yd3 (210,100 m3). Thirty feet (9.1 m) of the embankment's core stood near vertical after the failure, leading engineers to believe that the materials making up the downstream shell had consolidated sufficiently to inhibit internal drainage. The embankment was rebuilt by emplacing a 40-ft- (12.2-m) high rock buttress across the downstream toe, widening the downstream shell, and installing tile drains to facilitate internal drainage. The retrofitted structure was completed in December 1932 and remains in service some 85 years later.
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Abdul Alim, Md. "Seepage Analysis of Mahananda Earthen Embankment at Chapai Nawabganj in Bangladesh." American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 2, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20170201.11.
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