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Journal articles on the topic 'Earthen materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2023

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1

Ben-Alon, Lola, Vivian Loftness, Kent A. Harries, Erica Cochran Hameen, and Michael Bridges. "INTEGRATING EARTHEN BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS INTO MAINSTREAM CONSTRUCTION." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 1 (2020): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.15.1.87.

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ABSTRACT Earthen Building Materials and Methods (EBMM) exhibit excellent environmental, health, indoor air quality and affordability benefits. Despite these advantages, EBMM are not yet broadly implemented in mainstream construction. The main barriers and gaps to implementing earthen construction are analyzed through 126 survey responses and 10 in-depth interviews of a range of experts and end-users, and possible solutions to overcoming these barriers are presented. Specifically, the research indicates that according to earthen construction experts and potential homeowners, inability or diffic

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Readle, Douglas, Sarah Coghlan, Jonathan C. Smith, Andrew Corbin, and Charles E. Augarde. "Fibre reinforcement in earthen construction materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 169, no. 5 (2016): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00039.

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3

Gonzalez-Calderon, Héctor, Gerardo Araya-Letelier, Sabine Kunze, et al. "Biopolymer-Waste Fiber Reinforcement for Earthen Materials: Capillary, Mechanical, Impact, and Abrasion Performance." Polymers 12, no. 8 (2020): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081819.

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The poultry industry, highly prevalent worldwide, generates approximately 7.7 × 106 metric tons of chicken feathers (CFs), which become a major environmental challenge due to their disposal when considered waste or due to their energy transformation consumption when considered by-products. CFs are mainly composed of keratin (approximately 90%), which is one of the most important biopolymers whose inherent characteristics make CFs suitable as biopolymer fibers (BPFs). This paper first assesses the morphological and chemical characteristics of these BPFs, through scanning electron microscopy and

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4

Perić, A. "Characterization of materials used for earth architecture in Eastern Croatia." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1209, no. 1 (2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012044.

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Abstract Even though earthen architecture is recognized as cultural heritage in Croatia, most of existing buildings are in deteriorated and heavily damaged state. Until today, there has been no conducted research on earthen architecture in Croatia, nor was any preservation act proclaimed. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to learn more about behaviour of traditional earthen architecture to highlight the importance of sustainable building. For that purpose, earthen houses in Eastern Croatia, mainly Slavonia and Baranja area, were studied and in-situ samples were collected. In order to

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Liuzzi, Stefania, and P. Stefanizzi. "Soil Based Building Materials for Energy Efficiency." Key Engineering Materials 632 (November 2014): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.632.15.

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A descriptive analysis and some definitions of clays are provided at the beginning of the chapter; after that the most common earthen materials are introduced. A list of the most common worldwide building techniques and physical parameters is provided. The main building regulations are reported in a brief summary.At the end of the chapter, according to the main important studies, hygrothermal and physical performances of earthen building materials are discussed.

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6

Simons, Alexis, Alexandra Bertron, Christophe Roux, Aurélie Laborel-Préneron, Jean-Emmanuel Aubert, and Christine Roques. "Susceptibility of earth-based construction materials to fungal proliferation: laboratory and in situ assessment." RILEM Technical Letters 3 (April 18, 2019): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.69.

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The impact of building materials on the environment and the health of occupants is nowadays a priority issue. Ecological construction materials such as earthen materials are currently experiencing a regain of interest due to both ecological and economic factors. The microbial proliferation on indoor materials can induce a deterioration of the building air quality and lead to an increase of health risks for the occupants. The issue of indoor air quality raises questions about the use of earthen building materials and their possible susceptibility to fungal development. The microflora of earthen

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7

Eksi-Akbulut, Dilek, and Enise Yasemin Gokyigit-Arpaci. "TYPES OF FLAT EARTHEN ROOFS USED IN VERNACULAR ANATOLIAN ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR PRESERVATION PROBLEMS." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 1 (2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.1.89.

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ABSTRACT Earthen materials and rammed earth architecture concepts are becoming more and more popular among architects due to their applicability in various climates and low-cost construction technique. However, the use of flat earthen roofs in today’s architecture is rare, although there is historical evidence for the vernacular use of earthen materials in roof assemblies. The first examples for vernacular earthen flat roofs are found in Anatolia, Catalhoyuk. Flat earthen roofs used in vernacular, Anatolian buildings should be studied because a lack of maintenance has resulted in these vernacu

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Eksi-Akbulut, Dilek, and Enise Yasemin Gokyigit-Arpaci. "TYPES OF FLAT EARTHEN ROOFS USED IN VERNACULAR ANATOLIAN ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR PRESERVATION PROBLEMS." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 1 (2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.89.

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ABSTRACT Earthen materials and rammed earth architecture concepts are becoming more and more popular among architects due to their applicability in various climates and low-cost construction technique. However, the use of flat earthen roofs in today’s architecture is rare, although there is historical evidence for the vernacular use of earthen materials in roof assemblies. The first examples for vernacular earthen flat roofs are found in Anatolia, Catalhoyuk. Flat earthen roofs used in vernacular, Anatolian buildings should be studied because a lack of maintenance has resulted in these vernacu

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9

Bouchenna, Chafea, Florian Huchet, Carl Aramiou, Erwan Hamard, Laurédan Le Guen, and Jean-Marc Paul. "Heat exchanger design based on earthen materials." Energy 227 (July 2021): 120385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120385.

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10

Fabbri, Antonin, Jean Claude Morel, Jean-Emmanuel Aubert, et al. "An overview of the remaining challenges of the RILEM TC 274-TCE, testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (January 6, 2022): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.149.

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Based on the RILEM Technical Committee 274-TCE work, this paper is a discussion of the remaining engineering challenges faced by earthen architecture. The assessment of earth material performances requires the development of appropriate procedures and standards. This is discussed in particular for the characterisation, hygrothermal behaviour, mechanical behaviour, and durability of earth materials. One other important challenge, since one of the main advantages classically put forward, is its ecological performance, is a proper assessment of life cycle assessment of earth materials, elements a

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11

Wang, Li Jun, Xi Zhang, and Xu Yang Sun. "Nature Regeneration — Study on the Ecological and Regional Performance of Earthen Materials in Chinese Contemporary Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 689 (May 2013): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.689.337.

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In recent years, under the background of global energy crisis and the deterioration of the ecological environment, more and more attention has been paid to the earthen buildings for its outstanding ecological and regional performance. Through three cases, this paper discusses the application status of earthen materials in Chinese contemporary architecture. With the accumulation on the experience of technology and construction of the earthen materials, it will surely have a more diverse performance in the future.

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12

Houben, Hugo, Alejandro Alva Balderrama, and Stefan Simon. "Our Earthen Architectural Heritage: Materials Research and Conservation." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 5 (2004): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.101.

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AbstractEarth construction is the oldest and most universal architectural expression on our planet. The most ancient human settlements were built with raw earth, and even today at least 30% of the world's population still lives in earthen homes. The conservation of earthen architecture depends of two aspects of a global strategy. One part involves intervention to preserve existing structures, and the second involves continuing to use the construction methods and materials in contemporary and future building practices. Traditionally, earth construction has been approached in an empirical way. O

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Eires, Rute, Aires Camões, and Said Jalali. "Ancient Materials and Techniques to Improve the Earthen Building Durability." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.357.

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A substantial part of the world building heritage has been performed by earthen building. The durability of this existing heritage and mainly of the new buildings built with earth is particularly conditioned by the erosion caused by water action, especially in countries with high levels of rainfall. This research aims to contribute to the increase of knowledge about the ancient building techniques that provide enhanced durability. It is possible to analyse the ancestral practices used to protect the earth material from the water action in order to understand how the old earthen buildings were

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14

Beckett, Christopher, and Paulina Faria. "Defining a generic accelerated erosion testing method for earthen materials." E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338205002.

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The 1952 CSIRO accelerated erosion test was the first to appraise the quality and potential longevity of earthen construction materials. The test measures the depth of erosion resulting from a spray of water delivered at a set pressure and distance from a nozzle of controlled geometry. The test has remained popular, due to its simplicity, and forms the basis of the design for durability in the current New Zealand earthen construction standards (and their derivatives). However, it is now recognised that the accelerated erosion test does not capture the full range of exposure conditions likely t

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15

Smith, Jonathan Chase, and Charles Augarde. "Optimum water content tests for earthen construction materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 167, no. 2 (2014): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.12.00040.

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16

Klinge, A., E. Roswag-Klinge, E. Neumann, D. Bojic, and L. Radeljić. "Earthen construction materials as enabler for circular construction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (2022): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012065.

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Abstract The construction sector in Germany is one of the largest contributor to climate change. The majority of waste generation, resource consumption as well as CO2 emissions relate to the construction and operation of buildings [1][2][3]. In order to tackle such negative impacts, the construction industry has to undergo a major transformation. Circular construction is the most promising answer to close effectively material cycles and to reduce CO2 emissions related to the manufacturing of construction materials. Stakeholders involved in construction have to review the entire life cycle of b

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17

Bernat-Maso, Ernest, Elitsa Teneva, Christian Escrig, and Lluís Gil. "Ultrasound transmission method to assess raw earthen materials." Construction and Building Materials 156 (December 2017): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.012.

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18

Chen, Wenwu, Yingmin Zhang, Jingke Zhang, and Pengfei Dai. "Consolidation effect of composite materials on earthen sites." Construction and Building Materials 187 (October 2018): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.239.

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19

La Russa, M. F., N. Rovella, S. A. Ruffolo, et al. "Consolidation of earthen building materials: a comparative study." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 9 (2019): 4643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00821-8.

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20

Shahzaib, Muhammad, and Shahbaz Nasir Khan. "PURIFYING WASTEWATER USING EARTHEN MATERIALS AND NANO MEMBRANES." Journal CleanWAS 6, no. 1 (2022): 05–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jcleanwas.01.2022.05.07.

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Water purification for human consumption purposes consists in the removal of different contaminants as chemicals (i.e., pollutants, toxic metals), biological contaminants (algae, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses), suspended solids, and gases. But we will use simple method to clean water which has algae, parasites activities, etc. by simple gravel, sand, and earthen materials. Filtration is the process in which the solid particles are removed in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by use of filter medium. And control the amount of TDS, EC, pH, and other parameters. We applied simple la

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21

Narendhran, PS, S. Parthasarathy, S. Vignesh, et al. "Envisaging Sustainable Building Materials for Earthen Construction Practices." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1130, no. 1 (2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1130/1/012015.

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Abstract Cost-effective construction practices generally rely on the selection of sustainable building materials irrespective of their environmental responsiveness and adaptability towards developing a comforting habitat. Present study aims to address the feasibility of developing soil-based building blocks using natural and recyclable materials by following modified adobe method. Unburnt bricks were manufactured from native red soil using optimized proportion of low cost binders and tested for their durability and thermal behaviour under various experimental conditions. An equi-molal binary m

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22

Nina, Juliana F., Rute Eires, and Daniel V. Oliveira. "Earthen Construction: Acceptance among Professionals and Experimental Durability Performance." Construction Materials 3, no. 2 (2023): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater3020010.

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Earthen construction is one of the world’s oldest and most popular construction methods, and it is still the target of prejudice due to the loss of ancestral knowledge. Due to the need for more effective and healthy building solutions, this study conducted a survey to determine the interest and knowledge of construction professionals regarding sustainable and natural materials and building techniques to understand how open these professionals are to changes in their working methods and if they identify urgency in that change. With the intent of proving the durability of earthen construction ma

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23

Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "Earth Architecture: The Famous Buildings Based on Iranian Architecture in Iran." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.354.

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Earthen buildings come in a vast variety of shapes and sizes, made from materials like fired clay, compressed dirt and a mixture of clay, sand, straw and water. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. From underground green homes to other futuristic green houses. This paper is included 6 diverse examples of structures made from earthen materials in Iran that used Iranian architecture in their works. The buildings are included special mortar called Sarooj in their construction. The result has shown the earthen buildings create safer, more people-friendly

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24

Guo, Qinglin, Yanwu Wang, Wenwu Chen, et al. "Key Issues and Research Progress on the Deterioration Processes and Protection Technology of Earthen Sites under Multi-Field Coupling." Coatings 12, no. 11 (2022): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111677.

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Since 2006, with the implementation of a series of national research projects in the field of earthen site conservation, the Chinese theoretical foundation and technological conservation system for the protection of earthen sites in arid environments has gradually formed. However, there are some global problems such as an unclear relationship between characteristics of diseases on sites and their existing environment, unclear deterioration mechanisms under multi-field coupling, immature stability control technology under dynamic loading, the poor suitability of protection process quality asses

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25

Augarde, Charles E., Christopher T. S. Beckett, Jonathan C. Smith, and Andrew J. Corbin. "Challenges in treating earthen construction materials as unsaturated soils." E3S Web of Conferences 9 (2016): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160903002.

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26

DANIEL, DAVID E., HOWARD M. LILJESTRAND, GREGORY P. BRODERICK, and JOHN J. BOWDERS. "Interaction of Earthen Liner Materials with Industrial Waste Leachate." Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 5, no. 2 (1988): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hwm.1988.5.93.

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27

Clarke, Robin E., Andrea Pianella, Bahman Shabani, and Gary Rosengarten. "Steady-state thermal measurement of moist granular earthen materials." Journal of Building Physics 41, no. 2 (2016): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259116637864.

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A technique based on the heat flow meter method is proposed for measuring the thermal conductivity of moist earthen and granular loose-fill materials. Although transient methods have become popular, this steady-state approach offers an uncertainty that can be reliably estimated and a test method that is widely accepted for building certification purposes. Variations to the standard method are proposed, including the use of a rigid holding frame with stiff base and silicone sponge buffer sheets, in conjunction with difference measurement to factor out the contributions from base, buffers and co

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28

Beckett, C. T. S., M. R. Hall, and C. E. Augarde. "Macrostructural changes in compacted earthen construction materials under loading." Acta Geotechnica 8, no. 4 (2013): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0203-6.

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29

Karozou, Aspasia, Eleni Pavlidou, and Maria Stefanidou. "Enhancing Properties of Clay Mortars Using Nano-Additives." Solid State Phenomena 286 (January 2019): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.286.145.

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Earthen materials have been used in construction for centuries. Nowadays, a certain appeal towards natural materials rose again due to the various benefits they hold. Besides being inexpensive and approachable, earthen construction offers a clear sustainable method of modern manufacturing. Since earthen materials present high absorption and relatively low compressive strength, the main purpose of this study was to enhance these abilities of clay-based mortars using nanoadditives. To achieve the mechanical and physical invigoration of the clay matrix two different compositions were fabricated b

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30

Kong, Dequan, Jianxun Chen, Rong Wan, and Hongli Liu. "Study on Restoration Materials for Historical Silty Earthen Sites Based on Lime and Starch Ether." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (June 28, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2850780.

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The relics built with soil are called earthen archaeological sites. Many silt earthen sites exposed to natural environment get seriously damaged and thus require urgent restoration with suitable materials. Previously, lime and glutinous rice slurry were used in the construction of earthen sites. However, lime is usually used in clay, and glutinous rice pulp is difficult to prepare and use on a large scale. Therefore, in this study, starch ether was selected to replace glutinous rice pulp. Lime and starch ether were added to silt as single or double additives, respectively, to prepare the corre

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31

Nandi, N., Roy Chowdhury, and S. C. Dutta. "Effect of Seepage on Change in Stress Distribution Scenario in Static and Seismic Behaviour of Earthen Dams." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 23, no. 1 (2018): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2018-0008.

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AbstractThe present study makes an effort to understand the damage of earthen dams under static and seismic loading condition. To make the investigation more realistic, behaviour of earthen dams considering the occurrence of a phreatic line indicating the submerged zone due to seepage within the dam body is considered. In case of earthen dams, homogeneous or nonhomogeneous, the consideration of the occurrence of a phreatic line or seepage line through the dam body is an important part of the earthen dam design methodology. The impervious material properties in the submerged zone below the phre

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32

Ferretti, Elena, Massimo Moretti, Alberto Chiusoli, Lapo Naldoni, Francesco De Fabritiis, and Massimo Visonà. "Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture." Materials 15, no. 2 (2022): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020438.

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This study provides a contribution to the research field of 3D-printed earthen buildings, focusing, for the first time, on the load-bearing capacity of these structures. The study involves the entire production and testing process of the earthen elements, from the design, to the preparation of the mixture and the 3D printing, up to the uniaxial compression test on a wall segment. The results indicate that 3D-printed earthen elements have a compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, comparable to that of rammed earth structures. The experimental data also made it possible to draw conclusions on the acti

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33

Fratini, Fabio, Manuela Mattone, Silvia Rescic, and Luisa Rovero. "Analysis of the earthen architectural heritage in Piedmont (northern Italy): typologies, construction techniques and materials." Gremium 7, no. 14 (2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56039/rgn14a05.

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Piedmont is characterized by the presence of numerous earthen buildings mainly concentrated in the province of Alessandria. Studies conducted over the last decade, however, have shown the presence of interesting examples of these buildings also in the provinces of Asti, Torino, Biella and Cuneo. They are generally two-storied rural constructions, built with both fired bricks (for the bearing structures) and adobe (for internal and external walls).

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34

Bredenoord, Jan, and Yask Kulshreshtha. "Compressed Stabilized Earthen Blocks and Their Use in Low-Cost Social Housing." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2023): 5295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065295.

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Earthen techniques have been historically used in construction of housing in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In the past two decades the interest in earthen material has grown considerably, leading to the development of sustainable materials such as compressed earth blocks (CEB), compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB) and interlocking stabilized soil blocks (ISSB). Scientific publications from various countries and context have examined the physical aspects of these earthen building materials, but so far, the results are not well connected to housing practices for and by low-income househol

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35

Öztürk, Rengin Beceren, Arzu Çahantimur, and Seden Acun Özgünler. "An experimental study for sustaining the architectural heritage value of traditional houses of Bursa." Brazilian Journal of Development 9, no. 3 (2023): 10436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n3-103.

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Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, is one of the rare historical cities that has survived to the present day without losing its importance. As well as monumental structures such as mosques and Sultan complexes, traditional Bursa houses are also components of architectural heritage that reflect the identity of the city. The traditional building materials of these houses are wood, stone, brick and earth. Today, these materials are known as ecological building materials and their use is very important to ensure sustainability. Especially the application of traditional building techni

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36

Memarian, GH Hossein, Asgharmohammad Moradi, and Narges Dehghan. "Simple and Sustainable Earthen Architecture: Innovative Buildings from Local Materials." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 6, no. 5 (2010): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v06i05/54821.

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Shen, Yun-xia, Wen-wu Chen, Jing Kuang, and Wei-fei Du. "Effect of salts on earthen materials deterioration after humidity cycling." Journal of Central South University 24, no. 4 (2017): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-017-3482-0.

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38

Muguda, S., G. Lucas, P. N. Hughes, et al. "Durability and hygroscopic behaviour of biopolymer stabilised earthen construction materials." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 119725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119725.

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39

Giada, Giuffrida, Rosa Caponetto, and Francesco Nocera. "Hygrothermal Properties of Raw Earth Materials: A Literature Review." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (2019): 5342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195342.

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Raw earth historic and contemporary architectures are renowned for their good environmental properties of recyclability and low embodied energy along the production process. Earth massive walls are universally known to be able to regulate indoor thermal and hygroscopic conditions containing energy consumptions, creating comfortable interior spaces with a low carbon footprint. Therefore, earth buildings are de facto green buildings. As a result of this, some earthen technologies have been rediscovered and implemented to be adapted to the contemporary building production sector. Nevertheless, th

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40

ChESNOKOVA, D. M. "FOREIGN AND RUSSIAN EARTHEN BUILDING EXPERIENCE." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 1 (2013): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.01.7.

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The objects of research are the earth and unfired clay as building materials used for architectural forming. The article shows the research regarding the traditional techniques of foreign and Russian Earthen Architecture, which oﬀers a new development prospective of architecture of diﬀerent times. The usage of those techniques allowed the construction of energy-eﬃcient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses is quite high and at the same time the use of heating and airconditioning systems is minimized. Building technologies and their his

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41

Ferretti, Elena, Massimo Moretti, Alberto Chiusoli, Lapo Naldoni, Francesco de Fabritiis, and Massimo Visonà. "Rice-Husk Shredding as a Means of Increasing the Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Earthen Mixtures for 3D Printing." Materials 15, no. 3 (2022): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030743.

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This paper is part of a study on earthen mixtures for the 3D printing of buildings. To meet the ever increasing environmental needs, the focus of the paper is on a particular type of biocomposite for the stabilization of earthen mixtures—the rice-husk–lime biocomposite—and on how to enhance its effect on the long-term mechanical properties of the hardened product. Assuming that the shredding of the vegetable fiber is precisely one of the possible ways to improve the mechanical properties, we compared the results of uniaxial compression tests performed on cubic specimens, made with both shredde

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42

Yue, Jianwei, Xuanjia Huang, Peng Li, and Tingting Yue. "Analysis of Stress-Strain Relationship of Earthen Soil Based on Molecular Dynamics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 25, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8591973.

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The calibration of material mechanical parameters and deformation and failure mechanism of earthen soil have always been difficult problems in the field of cultural relics protection. How to establish a relationship between physical and mechanical properties of soil at macro and micro scales is the focus of the research. The nanostructure model of earthen soil composed of many atoms was established by molecular dynamics (MD) method. The stress-strain relationship of different moisture content was obtained by uniaxial compression simulation. Based on the electron micrograph image (magnification

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Rescic, Silvia, Manuela Mattone, Fabio Fratini, and Loredana Luvidi. "Conservation of Earthen Bricks in Architecture: An Experimental Campaign to Test Different Treatments on Vernacular Built Heritage." Heritage 6, no. 2 (2023): 1541–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020083.

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Earthen architecture, by its nature, is a fragile because it has a poor resistance toward the action of weathering, which has also increased in recent years through the effects of climate change. The presence of interesting examples of earthen brick buildings, for example, in the Piedmont Region of Italy, is characterised by the absence of rendering, which reveals the need to test treatments for the protection and/or strengthening of the walls of these buildings. This action is of fundamental importance to improve its resistance to the aggressive action of atmospheric agents and avoid their di

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Liu, Ping, Hu Yuan Zhang, Ming Zhang, Xu Dong Wang, Qing Lin Guo, and Lin Yi Zhao. "Research Status and Perspective on Consolidation Techniques for Conserving the Earthen Architecture Sites in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.9.

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This paper reviews the present situation of research on earthen architecture sites protection in China from the diseases of the earthen architecture sites, reinforcement technologies and materials, non-destructive testing technology and seismic stability reinforcement, and points out the main existing problems. The author holds that China should carry out the top design of the protection research topics as soon as possible to identify the core scientific problems and strengthen the cultivation of the research team; construct the earthen site simulation laboratory in field to research the disea

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Perrot, A., D. Rangeard, and A. Levigneur. "Linking rheological and geotechnical properties of kaolinite materials for earthen construction." Materials and Structures 49, no. 11 (2016): 4647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0813-9.

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Slížková, Zuzana, Maria Gruber, Vladislava Kostkanová, Dita Frankeová, Ingeborg Wimmer-Frey, and Miloš Drdácký. "Soils and Earthen Building Materials Used for the Buddhist Temple Complex." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 10, no. 4 (2014): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2014.991460.

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Beckett, Christopher, and Charles Augarde. "Structure creation in earthen construction materials: information from dry soil mixtures." Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China 5, no. 2 (2011): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11709-011-0109-7.

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Onwuka, Christopher Nnamdi, and Davies Ibienebo Chris. "Growth performance: A comparative analysis of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus fingerlings reared in a cage, concrete pond and earthen pond systems." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 6, no. 2 (2022): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.6.2.0163.

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A comparative study between fingerlings reared in a cage, concrete pond, and earthen pond systems was conducted between March and August 2019. The fish net cage was constructed with ½ netting materials (210 D/9), nylon twine (210 D/9 and 210 D/8), and ropes (10mm PE and 4mm PE, as a house in which the fish fingerlings were stocked. The stocked fish were held captive in the fishnet while water flows through it. This is Treatment 1 (T1). A concrete pond of 10 m x 10 m x 15 m was constructed, as Treatment II (T11). Simultaneously an earthen pond measuring 10m x 10mx 15m was constructed entirely f

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Lee, Hwa Soo, and Kyeong Soon Han. "Contribution to the Understanding of Mural Painting Techniques of Jinpari Tomb No. 4 of the Complex of Koguryo Tombs, World Heritage." Crystals 13, no. 3 (2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030459.

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In this study, we have analyzed the chemical components and crystal structures of minerals found in the Jinpari Tomb No. 4 mural paintings, which has allowed us to identify component materials comprising each layer. During the analysis of the painting layer, the green material was identified as malachite. The use of malachite is supported by the high Cu content, the flower-shaped crystals in the microstructures of the painting layer, and the XRD identification results. The ground layer consists of layers of panel-shaped particles. The main component materials were Ca, Al, Si, K, Mg, and Fe, wh

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Hart, Sharlot, Kara Raymond, C. Jason Williams, William A. Rutherford, and Jacob DeGayner. "Modeling Earthen Treatments for Climate Change Effects." Heritage 6, no. 5 (2023): 4214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050222.

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Adobe has been used globally for millennia. In the US Southwest, cultural heritage sites made of adobe materials have lasted hundreds of years in an arid/semi-arid environment. A common prediction across multiple climate change models, however, is that rainfall intensity will increase in the US Southwest. This increased erosivity threatens the long-term protection and preservation of these sites, and thus resource managers are faced with selecting effective conservation practices. For this reason, modeling tools are needed to predict climate change impacts and plan for adaptation strategies. M

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