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Al-Safi, Sulaiman, Ibrahim Abdullah Alameri, Rushdi A. M. Badhib, and Mahmoud Kuleib. "Evaluation of performance-based earthquake engineering in Yemen." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 6, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2020.01.002.
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Building codes follow a common concept in designing buildings to achieve an acceptable seismic performance. The objective underlying the concept is to ensure that the buildings should be able to resist minor earthquake without damage, resist moderate earthquake with some non-structural damage, and resist major earthquakes without collapse, but some structural as well as non-structural damage. This study aims to evaluate the performance-based seismic to come up with necessary recommendations for both future practices, essential review, and restoration of existing structures in Yemen. To do this real case studies incorporated, and nonlinear pushover analysis is carried out. The analysis results presented and then assessed to find out the conformity with the required performance. The structural sections assumed at the beginning of the design, then the design repeated many times to achieve the selected performance criteria (the plastic hinge properties and the maximum displacement).
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Lui, Eric M. "Matrix Analysis of Structural Dynamics: Applications and Earthquake Engineering." Journal of Structural Engineering 127, no. 9 (September 2001): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2001)127:9(1117).
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el Ghoulbzouri, Abdelouafi, Zakaria el Alami, and Sabrine el Hannoudi. "Reliability Analysis in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1581.
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The performance-based engineering approach, as opposed to prescriptive rules of code-based design, is based on simulation of real structural behavior. Reliability of the expected performance state is assessed by using various methodologies based on finite element nonlinear static pushover analysis and specialized reliability software package. Reliability approaches that were considered included full coupling with an external finite element code based methods in conjunction with either first order reliability method or importance sampling method. The building considered in the actual study has been designed against seismic hazard according to the Moroccan code RPS2000.
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Giordano, Nicola, Khalid M. Mosalam, and Selim Günay. "Probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment of an existing masonry building." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878191.
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Existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings represent a significant part of the constructed facilities. Unfortunately, in case of seismic actions, their structural behavior is negatively affected by the low capacity of masonry components to withstand lateral forces. For this reason, in the past decades, URM buildings have been responsible for fatalities and large economic losses even in the case of moderate earthquakes. This article presents the seismic loss assessment of an old masonry building damaged during the 2014 South Napa earthquake using the framework of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. For this purpose, the performance is expressed in terms of expected monetary loss curves for different hazard scenarios. Structural and non-structural losses are considered in the analysis using a practical, yet accurate, structural idealization of the URM building, which is validated by the observed damage from the 2014 South Napa earthquake.
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Moehle, Jack P. "Nonlinear analysis for performance-based earthquake engineering." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 14, no. 5 (December 15, 2005): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.334.
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Gan, Chun, and Xue Song Luo. "Application of Earthquake Resistance Analysis Technique in the Design of Constructional Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4482.
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In recent years, frequent earthquakes have caused great casualties and economic losses in China. And in the earthquake, damage of buildings and the collapse is the main reason causing casualties. Therefore, in the design of constructional engineering, a seismicity of architectural structure is the pressing task at issue. Through time history analysis method, this paper analyzes the time history of building structural response and then it predicts the peak response of mode by response spectrum analysis. Based on this, this paper constructs a numerical simulation model for the architecture by using finite element analysis software SATWE. At the same time, this paper also calculates the structure seismic so as to determine the design of each function structure in architectural engineering design and then provides reference for the realization of earthquake-resistant building.
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Porter, Keith. "Fragility of Hydraulic Elevators for Use in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 2 (May 2007): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2720902.
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New performance-based earthquake engineering methods developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, the Applied Technology Council, and others include damage analysis at a highly detailed level, requiring the compilation of fragility functions for a large number of damageable generic structural and nonstructural components. This brief paper presents the development of a fragility function for hydraulic elevators. It uses post-earthquake survey data from 91 elevators in nine California locations after two earthquakes. Surveys were used to collect data on facilities and elevators. Ground-motion records from the California Integrated Seismic Network were used to estimate engineering demands at each site. Binary regression analysis was used to fit a fragility function, which takes the form of a lognormal cumulative distribution function with median value of PGA=0.42 g and logarithmic standard deviation of 0.3. The fragility function appears to be reasonable based on four criteria.
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Kurniati, Dwi, and Pelipus Bali Loko. "PUSHOVER STUDY ANALYSIS OF PGRI FACULTY OF ENGINEERING BUILDING." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46923/ijets.v2i1.60.
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The Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering Building of PGRI Yogyakarta (UPY) is planning to be on medium ground, with a height of 7 floors functioned as a lecture hall.This building needs to be simulated the thrust of the earthquake load, in order to know the performance of the building.The purpose of this research is to want to know the performance value of poit direction x and direction y and performance level based on ATC 40 from upy engineering faculty building.Research method with the help of Etabs v16 software, in accordance with the guidelines of the National Standardization Agency namely SNI 1726-2012 and SNI 2847-2013.The results of the study obtained a peformance point value for push x 0.004 of 0.004 and push y of 0.003.As well as the level of performance is Immediate Occupancy (IO) which can be interpreted that in the event of an earthquake the structure is able to withstand an earthquake, the building does not suffer structural and non structural damage so that the building can be directly reused.
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Moss, P. J. "Review of current earthquake engineering research in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 2 (June 30, 1987): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.20.2.91-98.
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Research currently being undertaken in Government Departments, Research organisations, and the Civil Engineering Departments in the two University Schools of Engineering is outlined. The research is summarised under the headings of Seismology, Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical Engineering, and Structural Analysis and Design.
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Priestley, M. J. Nigel. "Myths and fallacies in earthquake engineering." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 3 (September 30, 1993): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.3.329-341.
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Current practice in seismic analysis and design is examined, with particular reference to reinforced concrete structures. The attitude of the paper is deliberately iconoclastic, tilting at targets it is hoped will not be seen as windmills. It is suggested that our current emphasis on strength-based design and ductility leads us in directions that are not always rational. A pure displacement-based design approach is advanced as a viable alternative. Improvements resulting from increased sophistication of analyses are seen to be largely illusory. Energy absorption is shown to be a mixed blessing. Finally, accepted practices for flexural design, shear design, development of reinforcement, and the philosophic basis of capacity design are questioned.
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Yazdi, Abbas Javaherian, Terje Haukaas, Tony Yang, and Paolo Gardoni. "Multivariate Fragility Models for Earthquake Engineering." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 1 (February 2016): 441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/061314eqs085m.
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This paper employs a logistic regression technique to develop multivariate damage models. The models are intended for performance assessments that require the probability that structural components are in one of several damage states. As such, the developments represent an extension of the univariate fragility functions that are omnipresent in contemporary performance-based earthquake engineering. The multivariate logistic regression models that are put forward here eliminate several of the limitations of univariate fragility functions. Furthermore, the new models are readily substituted for existing fragility functions without any modifications to the existing performance-based analysis methodologies. To demonstrate the proposed modeling approach, a large number of tests of reinforced concrete shear walls are employed to develop multivariate damage models. It is observed that the drift ratio and aspect ratio of concrete shear walls are among the parameters that are most influential on the damage probabilities.
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Han, Jian Qiang, Xiu Yan Fu, and Yu Min Zhang. "Carbon Fiber Cloth in Structural Engineering Application." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.146.
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The frame beam end uses the carbon fiber cloth restraint, then uses the steel stranded wire assembly,which is a new assembly architecture structure. This thesis studies deeply the crack development characteristics, failure pattern, hysteresis curve and the displacement ductility of prestressed precast reinforced concrete frame, by analyzing one prestressed precast reinforced concrete frame under low reversed cyclic load test. We build a model using finite element analysis software to the test piece model analysis, the analysis result agree well with the experimental results. Experimental studies indicate that assembly of prestressed reinforced concrete frame structure has a good seismic performance. This prestressed precast reinforced concrete frame is a new kind of structural system complying with the development of architectural industrialization, which is worthy of popularization and application in the earthquake area.
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Cluni, F., D. Costarelli, A. M. Minotti, and G. Vinti. "Enhancement of thermographic images as tool for structural analysis in earthquake engineering." NDT & E International 70 (March 2015): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.10.001.
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Ambatkar, Ms Sayali. "Design and Analysis of Earthquake Resistant Building (Three Storeyed R.C.C. School Building) using STAAD.PRO." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 2846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35427.
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The field of Earthquake Engineering has existed in our country for over 35 years now. Indian earthquake engineers have made significant contributions to the seismic safety of several important structures in the country. However, as the recent earthquakes have shown, the performance of normal structures during past Indian earthquakes has been less satisfactory. This is mainly due to the lack of awareness amongst most practising engineers of the special provisions that need to be followed in earthquake resistant design and thereafter in construction. In India, the multi-storied building is constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally proposed asymmetrical plan configuration. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can be generate the most destructive forces on structure. Buildings should be made Safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural member in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basic Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This paper studies the Earthquake Resisting Building.
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Ventura, Carlos E., W. D. Liam Finn, and Norman D. Schuster. "Seismic response of instrumented structures during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-045.
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This paper presents an overview of strong motion records obtained from instrumented structures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. It describes the behaviour of buildings, bridges, and dams that have been instrumented by the major strong motion instrumentation networks operating in California and highlights important features of the most significant structural motions recorded during the earthquake. The structural damage observed during a reconnaissance visit to the affected areas by the earthquake is correlated with preliminary analyses of the recorded motions. Detailed discussions of the dynamic behaviour of two instrumented reinforced concrete buildings that suffered damage during the earthquake are presented. The behaviour of these buildings during previous earthquakes is also examined. This paper and the companion paper on ground motions provide comprehensive information about instrumental records obtained in the region affected by the earthquake. Key words: earthquake engineering, structural response, strong motion instrumentation, damage evaluation, buildings, bridges, dams, structural dynamics, acceleration, amplification.
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Mejia, Lelio, and Ethan Dawson. "Analysis of dam response for foundation fault rupture." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 42, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.42.1.9-17.
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Considerable knowledge and experience has been developed over the past 40 years in the engineering profession regarding the seismic performance and analysis of dams for earthquake shaking. However, comparatively limited experience is available regarding the evaluation of dams for the effects of foundation fault rupture during earthquakes. This paper examines the factors to be considered in the evaluation of embankment dams for foundation faulting, and illustrates the analysis of dam response under foundation faulting by means of a case history, the seismic evaluation of Aviemore Dam.
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Boen, Teddy. "Rapid Screening Procedure for Buildings Damaged by Earthquakes: The Need for Retrofitting." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015601013.
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Right after an earthquake disaster, many universities and or “experts” were performing rapid screening of buildings/facilities damaged during the earthquake. Many of the buildings, houses, were tagged with red labels, which means that those buildings are dangerous, cannot be occupied and should be demolished. Demolishing buildings without thorough analysis is an irresponsible act. The rapid screening of buildings damaged by earthquakes shall be done repeatedly by experts with track records in the field of structural earthquake engineering, utilizing the same criteria and subsequently converting the findings into a well-established scoring system. The damaged buildings must be evaluated, analyzed by acknowledged structural earthquake engineers with track records prior to the final decision. If the analysis showed positive results, the buildings should be retrofitted, and not demolished. Retrofitting of buildings damaged by earthquakes shall be made a culture in Indonesia.
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Tezcan, Semih S. "Experimental and numerical methods in earthquake engineering - reliability and risk analysis." Engineering Structures 15, no. 5 (September 1993): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(93)90045-6.
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Kianoush, M. Reza, and Andrew Scanlon. "Analytical modelling of large panel coupled walls for seismic loading." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-084.
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Modelling techniques for analysis of large panel wall systems with coupling beams, subjected to earthquake loading, are described. The models, implemented in an existing general purpose computer program, are evaluated through a series of analyses involving comparisons with other reported analytical results and with limited available experimental data. The sensitivity of analytical results to assumed structural parameters is highlighted. Key words: beams, earthquake engineering, finite element method, joints, precast concrete, seismic, structural analysis, structural walls.
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Qu, Guo Hong, and Yong Sheng Zhang. "Analysis of Transformation Layer in Frame Supported Shear Wall." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 542–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.542.
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Based on design analysis of frame supported shear wall structure in practical engineering project and its internal force and deformation under earthquake action, the way to improve seismic performance of transformation layer in frame supported shear wall structure is found. Main design points and structural measures of transformation layer in frame supported shear wall structure was discussed which has certain reference value to engineering design personnel.
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Badla, Oualid, T. Bouzid, and P. Martinez Vazquez. "Inelastic Analysis of Mdof Systems Damaged by Earthquakes, Posteriorly Subjected to Wind Load." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091675.
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This paper deals with the analysis of the inelastic response of buildings originally damaged by earthquakes and subjected to earthquake aftershock and wind loading. The overall aim is to establish the effect of wind actions on structural stability. To that end, one four-story bare frame benchmarked by the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment, is subject to various levels of winds and earthquake joint load while monitoring changes on the ductility demand. In this paper is shown that the combined action of strong winds and earthquakes, however its low probability of occurrence, would cause a decrease of strength reduction factors and considerably increase the ductility demand of damaged infrastructure hence inducing additional risks that would otherwise remain unquantified. The paper examines the non-linear performance of Multi-degree of freedom systems subject to various levels of winds and earthquake load and deals with the estimation of strength reduction factors. This is a relatively unexplored area of research which builds on past developments whereby inelastic performance of buildings has been discussed. It also links to various other paths of development such as structural reliability, forensic and control systems engineering. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091675 Full Text: PDF
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Rodriguez, Mario E. "Damage Index for Different Structural Systems Subjected to Recorded Earthquake Ground Motions." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 2 (May 2018): 773–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/021117eqs027m.
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This study quantifies the damage index previously proposed by the writer ( Rodriguez 2015 ) for different structural systems subjected to a set of earthquake ground motions recorded during 12 strong earthquakes in different countries. Damage spectra were also computed using this seismic damage index. This study revisits the previously proposed index and shows that this index can also be interpreted as a ratio of velocities in the structural system responding to the earthquake demand. In addition, this study gives a more general damage analysis interpretation than that of the previous study since damage spectra were computed to assess the damage potential of a given recorded earthquake ground motion for different types of earthquake-resisting systems. The results from the damage analysis are consistent with the findings from previous research: most structural wall buildings show satisfactory earthquake performance, whereas frame buildings frequently show severe damage and collapse.
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Chen, Jun Lin, Ze Yun Wang, Jiang Ren, and Li Zhang. "Considering the Effect of Infilled Wall in Frame Structure Based on Reinhorn-Valle Damage Model on Earthquake Damage Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2471.
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Infilled wall is usually used to separate the housing space and it has greatly affected the structural dynamic characteristics. Considering the infilled wall and the frame structure working together, the structure's response under the earthquake is simulated. In this paper, taking the stiffness, strength degradation and pinching effect of structural elements together into account, the authors adopt Reinhorn-Valle damage model to conduct earthquake damage analysis. The result shows that the infilled wall can mitigate earthquake’s damage of main structural component effectively.
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Yazdanian, Mohsen, Jason Ingham, Christopher Kahanek, Nicholas Cradock-Henry, Joanna Fountain, and Dmytro Dizhur. "ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE DATA COLLECTED FOR WINE STORAGE TANKS FOLLOWING THE 2013 AND 2016 NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKES." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.53.2.83-100.
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The 2013 Seddon earthquake (Mw 6.5), the 2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake (Mw 6.6), and the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (Mw 7.8) provided an opportunity to assemble the most extensive damage database to wine storage tanks ever compiled worldwide. An overview of this damage database is presented herein based on the in-field post-earthquake damage data collected for 2058 wine storage tanks (1512 legged tanks and 546 flat-based tanks) following the 2013 earthquakes and 1401 wine storage tanks (599 legged tanks and 802 flat-based tanks) following the 2016 earthquake. Critique of the earthquake damage database revealed that in 2013, 39% and 47% of the flat-based wine tanks sustained damage to their base shells and anchors respectively, while due to resilience measures implemented following the 2013 earthquakes, in the 2016 earthquake the damage to tank base shells and tank anchors of flat-based wine tanks was reduced to 32% and 23% respectively and instead damage to tank barrels (54%) and tank cones (43%) was identified as the two most frequently occurring damage modes for this type of tank. Analysis of damage data for legged wine tanks revealed that the frame-legs of legged wine tanks sustained the greatest damage percentage among different parts of legged tanks in both the 2013 earthquakes (40%) and in the 2016 earthquake (44%). Analysis of damage data and socio-economic findings highlight the need for industry-wide standards, which may have socio-economic implications for wineries.
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Davenne, L., F. Ragueneau, J. Mazars, and A. Ibrahimbegovic. "Efficient approaches to finite element analysis in earthquake engineering." Computers & Structures 81, no. 12 (May 2003): 1223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(03)00038-5.
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Wang, Guang Feng. "Research on ETABS Steel Tower a Top Building Structural System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.651.
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Equipping steel tower atop building structural system at the top of high-rise buildings is applied increasingly. However, the earthquake disasters indicate that under seismic effect, the tower on the roof reacts strongly to the earthquake, and the gazebo is damaged greatly under the condition that major structure has no earthquake damage. Based on analyzing the characteristics and application methods of ETABS software, for engineering projects, the paper uses ETABS software and simplified calculation method to calculate and make comparison analysis on steel tower atop building structure. The analysis results indicate that the method established in the paper has higher accuracy, which can meet the engineering requirements.
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Liang, Hong, Terje Haukaas, and Johannes O. Royset. "Reliability-based optimal design software for earthquake engineering applications." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-002.
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This paper describes a functional tool for engineers to make rational design decisions by balancing cost and safety. Focus is on seismic design, in which nonlinear structural response must be considered. For this purpose, we implement and apply a state-of-the-art algorithm for reliability-based design optimization. The work extends the OpenSees software, which is rapidly gaining users in the earthquake engineering community. Consequently, design optimization with sophisticated nonlinear finite element models of real structures is possible. An object-oriented software architecture is employed that focuses on maintainability and extensibility of the software. This approach also offers flexibility in the choice of optimization and reliability methods for each specific problem, supported by the decoupled nature of the optimization algorithm. Our work utilizes and extends the existing tools for structural reliability analysis in OpenSees. In particular, we employ response sensitivities that are computed within the finite element code by direct differentiation. The implementation is tested through case studies with nonlinear structural response. Discontinuous response gradients are overcome by use of fibre cross sections and smoothed material models. The numerical examples include the seismic design optimization of a six-storey, three-bay, reinforced concrete building. Key words: reliability-based design optimization, nonlinear finite elements, earthquake engineering, object-oriented software development, OpenSees.
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Yang, T. Y., Dorian P. Tung, and Yuanjie Li. "Equivalent Energy Design Procedure for Earthquake Resilient Fused Structures." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 2 (May 2018): 795–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/122716eqs254m.
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It has been observed in recent earthquakes worldwide that even countries with modern building codes suffer significant structural damages because earthquake energy is dissipated through inelastic deformation of structural components. Unrecoverable damages and prolonged downtime can be minimized using earthquake resilient structures, where earthquake energy is dissipated using specially designed and detailed structural fuses. Fuses are decoupled from gravity system and can be replaced efficiently. Earthquake-resilient fused structures cannot be routinely designed unless there is a simple design procedure. This paper presents an equivalent energy design procedure (EEDP) for the seismic design of fused structures. EEDP allows designers to select different performance objectives at different earthquake shaking intensities. EEDP also allows engineers to select structural members to achieve the desired structural period, strength, and deformation with simple hand calculations without iterations. This practical and efficient design procedure is illustrated via an earthquake resilient fused truss moment frame (FTMF). The nonlinear dynamic analysis result shows that the prototype FTMF can have controlled failure mechanism and drifts selected by the engineer at multiple earthquake shaking intensities.
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Saatcioglu, Murat, and JagMohan Humar. "Dynamic analysis of buildings for earthquake-resistant design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 338–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-108.
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The proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada specifies dynamic analysis as the preferred method for computing seismic design forces and deflections, while maintaining the equivalent static force method for areas of low seismicity and for buildings with certain height limitations. Dynamic analysis procedures are categorized as either linear (elastic) dynamic analysis, consisting of the elastic modal response spectrum method or the numerical integration linear time history method, or nonlinear (inelastic) response history analysis. While both linear and nonlinear analyses require careful analytical modelling, the latter requires additional considerations for proper simulation of hysteretic response and necessitates a special study that involves detailed review of design and supporting analyses by an independent team of engineers. The paper provides an overview of dynamic analysis procedures for use in seismic design, with discussions on mathematical modelling of structures, structural elements, and hysteretic response. A discussion of the determination of structural period to be used in association with the equivalent static force method is presented.Key words: dynamic analysis, earthquake engineering, elastic analysis, fundamental period, hysteretic modelling, inelastic analysis, National Building Code of Canada, seismic design, structural analysis, structural design.
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Chopra, Anil K., and Chatpan Chintanapakdee. "Drift Spectrum vs. Modal Analysis of Structural Response to Near-Fault Ground Motions." Earthquake Spectra 17, no. 2 (May 2001): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586173.
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A new measure of earthquake demand, the drift spectrum has been developed as an adjunct to the response spectrum, a central concept in earthquake engineering, in calculating the internal deformations of a structure due to near-fault ground motions with pronounced coherent pulses in the velocity and displacement histories. Compared in this paper are certain aspects of the elastic structural response to near-fault and far-fault ground motions. It is demonstrated that (1) the difference between drift and response spectra are not unique to near-fault ground motions; these differences simply reflect higher-mode response, which is larger due to near-fault ground motions; (2) response spectrum analysis (RSA) using existing modal combination rules can provide an estimate of structural response that is accurate to a useful degree; (3) these modal combination rules are similarly accurate for near-fault and far-fault ground motions although the underlying assumptions are not satisfied by near-fault excitations; and (4) RSA is preferable over the drift spectrum in computing structural response because it represents standard engineering practice and is applicable to a wide variety of structures.
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Liu, Xiao Bin, Guo Ping Chen, and Ying Yang. "Anti-seismic Analysis of Masonry-Reinforced Concrete Composite Structure Based on LS-DYNA." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.477.
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Previous great earthquakes have performed serious structural damages to masonry structure, which also have caused great casualties and property damage, in order to enhance the structural anti-seismic class of civilian buildings, a new kind of combined structure form is introduced in the thesis, which is formed by two parts, masonry structure and special reinforced concrete shear wall structure. The reinforced concrete part can be effective in enhancing the anti-seismic performance of masonry residence, besides reinforced concrete tube structure can also become the nearest refuge when disaster occurred, even when the whole structure collapse, it can still remain relatively complete partial structures and a large space of survival. LS-DYNA, software of finite element, is used to study the structure, simulations of the response procedures of composite structure under earthquake load are made, as well as the destruction of composite structure. According to calculation and analysis, it can be known that this kind of composite structure can obviously improve seismic resistant capability, and the level of destruction is relative smaller, which can meet the requirements for fortification against earthquake that is "keeping intact in minor earthquakes, repairable in medium earthquakes, standing upright in major earthquakes"
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Cao, Yuqi, Minjuan He, Renle Ma, Rongchang Yang, and Feng Liang. "Beam-column modeling and seismic fragility analysis of a prestressed segmental concrete tower for wind turbines." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 8 (January 20, 2020): 1715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219900295.
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As the development of wind energy in earthquake areas advances, the seismic performance of concrete supporting towers has become an important subject. A beam-column model is developed for a prestressed segmental concrete tower supporting a wind turbine considering the properties of dry joints. The proposed model is in good agreement with the solid element model deformation results and the field test modal results. Based on the beam-column model, nonlinear time history analyses considering uncertainties are conducted to evaluate the behavior of the prototype tower under earthquake action. In the process, a new engineering demand parameter, called the average curvature, is defined. The results are compared with those based on a conventional engineering demand parameter. The availability of the prototype tower under earthquake action and the effectiveness of the newly defined engineering demand parameter are validated.
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Allen, Trevor I. "SEISMIC HAZARD ESTIMATION IN STABLE CONTINENTAL REGIONS: DOES PSHA MEET THE NEEDS FOR MODERN ENGINEERING DESIGN IN AUSTRALIA?" Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.53.1.22-36.
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Damaging earthquakes in Australia and other regions characterised by low seismicity are considered low probability but high consequence events. Uncertainties in modelling earthquake occurrence rates and ground motions for damaging earthquakes in these regions pose unique challenges to forecasting seismic hazard, including the use of this information as a reliable benchmark to improve seismic safety within our communities. Key challenges for assessing seismic hazards in these regions are explored, including: the completeness and continuity of earthquake catalogues; the identification and characterisation of neotectonic faults; the difficulties in characterising earthquake ground motions; the uncertainties in earthquake source modelling, and; the use of modern earthquake hazard information to support the development of future building provisions.
Geoscience Australia recently released its 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment (NSHA18). Results from the NSHA18 indicate significantly lower seismic hazard across almost all Australian localities at the 1/500 annual exceedance probability level relative to the factors adopted for the current Australian Standard AS1170.4–2007 (R2018). These new hazard estimates have challenged notions of seismic hazard in Australia in terms of the recurrence of damaging ground motions. This raises the question of whether current practices in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) deliver the outcomes required to protect communities and infrastructure assets in low-seismicity regions, such as Australia. This manuscript explores a range of measures that could be undertaken to update and modernise the Australian earthquake loading standard, in the context of these modern seismic hazard estimates, including the use of alternate ground-motion exceedance probabilities for assigning seismic demands for ordinary-use structures.
The estimation of seismic hazard at any location is an uncertain science, particularly in low-seismicity regions. However, as our knowledge of the physical characteristics of earthquakes improve, our estimates of the hazard will converge more closely to the actual – but unknowable – (time independent) hazard. Understanding the uncertainties in the estimation of seismic hazard is also of key importance, and new software and approaches allow hazard modellers to better understand and quantify this uncertainty. It is therefore prudent to regularly update the estimates of the seismic demands in our building codes using the best available evidence-based methods and models.
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Yang, Wenwei, Chao Bao, Xiaotong Ma, and Shangrong Zhang. "Study on Structural Robustness of Isolated Structure Based on Seismic Response." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091686.
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The qualitative analysis for structural robustness study subjected to severe earthquakes is unable to meet engineering requirements, and a quantitative analysis method for structural robustness is needed to be proposed. The existing analysis methods, such as Incremental Dynamic Analysis Method and Pushover method, only study the response of the structure directly from the macroscopic view, rather than focusing on the response of a single component on the structure. Especially for the construction of isolated structure, the impact of accidental bearing failure on the isolated structure and the impact of progressive collapse cannot be considered. In this paper, based on the Alternative Load Path Method, the quantitative analysis method for structural robustness analysis under earthquake is proposed. The structural robustness of some different vertical irregular isolated structures under different earthquakes is studied.
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Tian, Li, Wenming Wang, Ruisheng Ma, and Lei Wang. "Progressive Collapse Analysis of Power Transmission Tower Under Earthquake Excitation." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501307010164.
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Collapses of power transmission towers had usually taken place in previous large earthquake. The collapse process of a power transmission tower under earthquake excitation is studied in this paper. Using international finite element software ABAQUS, the three-dimensional finite element model of the power transmission tower is created based on a practical engineering. Three typical seismic records are selected. The progress collapse processes of the power transmission tower under different seismic excitations are simulated using the nonlinear time history method. The collapse paths and failure positions of the power transmission tower are obtained under different seismic excitations. The results can provide reference for seismic design of power transmission tower which can prevent the collapse of the power transmission tower.
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Hristovski, Viktor, Violeta Mircevska, Bruno Dujic, and Mihail Garevski. "Comparative dynamic investigation of cross-laminated wooden panel systems: Shaking-table tests and analysis." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 10 (December 26, 2017): 1421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217749766.
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Cross-laminated timber has recently gained great popularity in earthquake-prone areas for construction of residential, administrative, and other types of buildings. At the Laboratory of the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology in Skopje, comparative full-scale shaking-table tests of cross-laminated timber panel systems have been carried out as a part of the full research program on the seismic behavior of these types of wooden systems, realized by Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Skopje, and the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering (UL FCG), University of Ljubljana. Two different specimens built of cross-laminated timber panels have been tested: specimen containing a pair of single-unit principal wall elements (Specimen 1) and specimen containing a pair of two-unit principal wall elements (Specimen 2). In this article, the results from the shaking-table tests obtained for Specimen 2 and numerically verified by using appropriate finite element method–based computational model are discussed. Reference is also made to the comparative analysis of the test results obtained for both specimens. One of the most important aspects of the research has been the estimation of the seismic energy-dissipation ability of Specimen 1 and 2, via calculation of the equivalent viscous damping using the performed experimental tests. It is generally concluded that Specimen 2 exhibits a similar rocking behavior as Specimen 1, with similar energy-dissipation ability. Both specimens have manifested slightly different dynamic properties, mostly because Specimen 2 has been designed with one anchor more compared to Specimen 1. Forced vibration tests have been used for identification of the effective stiffness on the contacts for Specimen 2. This research is expected to be a contribution toward clarification of the behavior and practical design of cross-laminated timber panel systems subjected to earthquake loading.
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Mander, John B., Dion R. Allicock, and Ian M. Friedland. "Seismic Performance of Timber Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1740, no. 1 (January 2000): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1740-10.
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Compared with the seismic performance of concrete and steel highway bridges, the seismic performance of timber bridges is not well understood. This is because, historically, little effort has been spent on documenting the seismic performance of timber bridges in past earthquakes or conducting research to develop an improved understanding of the seismic design or retrofit requirements for timber bridges. Research work sponsored by FHWA and conducted at the University at Buffalo in conjunction with the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research to ( a) document the seismic performance of timber bridges in past earthquakes, ( b) experimentally assess the strength and ductility capabilities of timber pile substructures, and ( c) conduct a seismic vulnerability analysis of timber bridges (principally with shaking in the longitudinal direction) to assess the expected modes of failure is presented. Finally, with a particular emphasis on the 1964 Alaska earthquake, conclusions demonstrating why certain types of behavior lead to failures in timber bridges are drawn.
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Quinde, Pablo, and Eduardo Reinoso. "Long duration and frequent, intense earthquakes: Lessons learned from the 19 September 2017 earthquake for Mexico City’s resilience." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 2_suppl (July 24, 2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020942548.
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The accumulation of plastic deformations during an intense earthquake may cause structural failures at deformations significantly smaller than those that can be developed under monotonic load. However, there is evidence that, under certain circumstances, the response of a single parameter may not be a good indicator of structural damage. Likewise, most of the seismic regulations, including the Mexican standards, establish their criteria considering the occurrence of strong earthquakes with a very little probability of occurrence, but do not consider if intense earthquake affects the building frequently and, therefore, cumulative damage due to the occurrence of several earthquakes during the life span of the structure is not taken into account explicitly. This cumulative damage is especially important in places like Mexico City, where intense and long-duration earthquakes occur every 10–20 years. To study the issues that Mexico City must face to increase its seismic resilience, in this article, we present an analysis of the dissipated plastic energy demands in Mexico City during the earthquake of 19 September 2017, and the cumulative damage due to recent intense earthquakes that affect the city.
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Liu, Kun-Sung, and Yi-Ben Tsai. "Observed Natural Frequencies, Damping Ratios, and Mode Shapes of Vibration of a 30-Story Building Excited by a Major Earthquake and Typhoon." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 2 (May 2010): 371–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3385471.
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The safety of building structures and contents, as well as the comfort of occupants, under such strong forces as earthquakes and typhoons remain major engineering concerns. In order to improve our understanding of building structural responses, records of a structural array in the 30-story PS Building in Taipei from the M7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake and Typhoon Aere are analyzed. In addition, wind data measured at the Taipei Meteorological Station are also used. First, the field measurement data clearly demonstrate that serviceability of the PS Building met the criteria for occupant comfort during Typhoon Aere. Secondly, several structural vibration parameters of this highrise building, including the transfer functions, natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, excited by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Typhoon Aere, and ambient vibrations are also determined and compared. The results show the frequency of the first mode for the longitudinal components is approximately 8.6% lower for the earthquake than the ambient vibrations. The transverse mode frequencies behave similarly. In contrast, frequency changes from the typhoon to ambient vibrations are in the third decimal (1.3% and 0.9% lower in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively), indicating little nonlinearity. The damping ratios of the PS Building apparently increase with vibration amplitudes. Finally, results of a spectral ratio analysis of the Chi-Chi earthquake data do not indicate significant SSI effects in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
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Krishna, T. G. N. C. Vamsi, V. Amani, P. S. Sunil Kumar*, CH Naveen Kumar, and M. Srinivas. "Dynamic Seismic Analysis and Design of R.C.C Multi Purpose Building (G+15) By using E-Tabs." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 10 (August 30, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.j9418.08101021.
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An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface. Earthquakes are among the most powerful events on earth, and their results can be terrifying. In0general for0design of tall0buildings both0wind as well0as earthquake0loads need0to be0considered. Governing0criteria for0carrying out0dynamic analyses0for earthquake0loads are different0from wind0loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake. Reinforced concrete multi-storied buildings in India were for the first time subjected to a strong ground motion shaking in Bhuj earthquake. It has been concluded that the principal reasons of failure may be attributed to soft stories, floating columns, mass irregularities, poor quality of construction materials faulty construction methods, unstable earthquake response, soil and infrastructure, which were determined to cause damage to the attached structure. High-rise buildings are in high demand due to global urbanization and population growth, and high-rise buildings are likely to suffer the most damage from earthquakes. Since earthquake forces are irregular and unnatural in nature, engineering tools need to be sharpened to analyze the structure in the work of these forces. In this study, to understand the behaviour of structure located in seismic zones III for G+15 Multi-Purpose storey building model is considered for study. Performance of frame is studied through Response Spectrum analysis and comparison is made on shear force, storey drift, storey displacement and storey stiffness.
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Dong, Fangyuan, Jiangtao Yu, Kaili Zhan, and Zhanhong Li. "Seismic fragility analysis of two-story ultra-high ductile cementitious composites frame without steel reinforcement." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 11 (April 13, 2020): 2373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220912350.
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This article numerically studies the seismic vulnerability of the frame structure made of ultra-high ductile cementitious composites without longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. A non-linear finite element model is established with the help of Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation and calibrated by shaking table test results on an ultra-high ductile cementitious composite-RC frame whose seismic vulnerable parts were replaced by ultra-high ductile cementitious composites without steel reinforcement. Subsequently, an analysis on the structural seismic vulnerability is performed on pure ultra-high ductile cementitious composite frame structure based on the incremental dynamic analysis method. Finally, a seismic vulnerability matrix of the ultra-high ductile cementitious composite frame under various structural limit states is obtained from seismic fragility curves. Under the major earthquake of magnitude 7.5, the probability of ultra-high ductile cementitious composite frame structure under basically intact, slight damage, moderate damage, serious damage, and collapse is 14.2%, 48.1%, 31.7%, 5.3%, and 0.7%, respectively. The achieved results also demonstrate that the ultra-high ductile cementitious composite frame can satisfy the objectivity of “No collapsed under major earthquake” at least for major earthquakes of magnitude 8. It is demonstrated that the ultra-high ductile cementitious composite frame satisfies three-level performance objectivity stipulated in GB 50011-2010 and, thus, preliminarily verifying the feasibility for constructing structures just using high-performance concrete.
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Charleson, A. W., and G. D. Fyfe. "Earthquake building damage in developing countries." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 34, no. 2 (June 30, 2001): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.34.2.158-163.
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This study reviews twenty-nine earthquake reconnaissance reports from developing countries in the period from 1990-1998. After identifying trends in the different types and causes of damage to buildings reviewed in the reports, the paper suggests areas where earthquake damage mitigation should be focussed; namely architectural and engineering conceptual design, engineering details and construction. An analysis of all causes of seismic damage suggests conceptual design is the most important area to focus on, and that codes or standards must include provisions to prevent poor building configurations. Finally, the paper considers the nature of reconnaissance teams and their reports. It comments on teams' objectives and concludes by suggesting how teams might contribute towards improving the mitigation of earthquake building damage in developing countries more directly.
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Gajbhiye, Shobhit. "Seismic Effects on Different Structural Members." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36589.
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Civil engineers deal with constructing differing types of structures with guaranteeing safety, sturdiness and utility. Currently days “earthquake “is a natural tragedy that affects the structures with their safety and utility. The quantity of harm that earthquake will cause to structures is rely upon sort of building, sort of soil, Technology used for earthquake resistance, and last however not the smallest amount Location of building. Effects of earthquake area unit mostly counting on sort of soil within which foundation of building is finished as a result of earthquake changes the motion of ground that results the failure foundation. Therefore it's vital to check the behavior of various soils at the time of construction of structures. Earthquake will be resisted by varied technologies utilized in building, one amongst these area unit shear wall. It improves the structural performance of building subjected to lateral forces because of earthquake excitation. Much analysis comes area unit afoot worldwide for development of effective ways for estimating unstable demands for performance-based engineering of buildings.
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Juster-Lermitte, Sandrine, Eric Fournely, Thierry Lamadon, and Nicolas Juraszek. "Learning from the post-earthquake mission following the L’Aquila earthquake." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.4.381.
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Abstract Following the L’Aquila earthquake in 2009, AFPS (French Association of Earthquake Engineering) sent a mission to investigate the effects of this earthquake (seismological, structural and societal aspects were investigated). It has been observed that most of the damaged buildings were generally irregular in plan and/or in elevation and that their design details were not suitable to take into account the seismic risk. The damaged structures were generally located in the vicinity of L’Aquila, in a square area of 400 km2. This article presents the main observations of this mission regarding the structural behaviour of typical buildings in the L’Aquila surrounding, and investigates the advantage of a capacity design analysis. A special consideration is given to soil configurations in this area and will be related to each structural approach.
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Shahbazi, Shahrokh, Armin Karami, Jong Wan Hu, and Iman Mansouri. "Seismic Response of Steel Moment Frames (SMFs) Considering Simultaneous Excitations of Vertical and Horizontal Components, Including Fling-Step Ground Motions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102079.
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Near-field (NF) earthquakes have drawn considerable attention from earthquake and structural engineers. In the field of earthquake engineering, numerous studies have identified the devastating nature of such earthquakes, and examined the characteristics related to the response of engineering structures to these types of earthquakes. Herein, special steel moment frames (SMFs) of three-, five-, and eight-story buildings have been examined via a nonlinear time history analysis in OpenSees software. The behavioral seismic differences of these frames have been evaluated in two states: (1) under the simultaneous excitation of the horizontal and vertical constituents of near-field earthquakes that have Fling-steps in their records; and (2) under simultaneous excitation of the horizontal and vertical constituents of far-field (FF) earthquakes. In addition, during modeling, the effects of panel zones have been considered. Considering that the simultaneous effects of the horizontal and vertical constituents of near-field earthquakes were subjected to a fling-step resulting in an increased inter-story drift ratio, the horizontal displacement of stories, an axial force of columns, created the moment in columns, base shearing of the structure, and velocity and acceleration of the stories.
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Park, Heon-Joon, Jeong-Gon Ha, Se-Hyun Kim, and Sang-Sun Jo. "Seismic Performance of Ancient Masonry Structures in Korea Rediscovered in 2016 M 5.8 Gyeongju Earthquake." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061565.
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The Gyeongju Historic Areas, which include the millennium-old capital of the Silla Kingdom, are located in the region most frequently affected by seismic events in the Korean peninsula. Despite the numerous earthquakes documented, most of the stone architectural heritage has retained their original forms. This study systematically reviews and categorises studies dealing with the seismic risk assessment of the architectural heritage of the historic areas. It applies research methodologies, such as the evaluation of the engineering characteristics of subsoil in architectural heritage sites, site-specific analysis of the ground motions in response to earthquake scenarios, geographic information system (GIS)-based seismic microzonation according to the geotechnical engineering parameters, reliability assessment of dynamic centrifuge model testing for stone masonry structures and evaluation of seismic behaviour of architectural heritage. The M 5.8 earthquake that hit Gyeongju on September 12, 2016 is analysed from an engineering point of view and the resulting damage to the stone architectural heritage is reported. The study focuses on Cheomseongdae, an astronomical observatory in Gyeongju, whose structural engineering received considerable attention since its seismic resistance was reported after the last earthquake. Dynamic centrifuge model tests applying the Gyeongju Earthquake motions are performed to prove that it is not a coincidence that Cheomseongdae, a masonry structure composed of nearly 400 stone members, survived numerous seismic events for over 1300 years. The structural characteristics of Cheomseongdae, such as the well-compacted filler materials in its lower part, rough inside wall in contrast to the smooth exterior, intersecting stone beams and interlocking headstones are proven to contribute to its overall seismic performance, demonstrating outstanding seismic design technology.
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Rynn, J. M. W., E. Brennan, P. R. Hughes, I. S. Pedersen, and H. J. Stuart. "The 1989 Newcastle, Australia, earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 30, 1992): 77–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.25.2.77-144.
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The vulnerability of urban environments in continental regions to earthquake forces was explicitly demonstrated in Australia's devastating Newcastle earthquake on December 28, 1989. This moderately-sized earthquake of Richter magnitude ML 5.6 (Moment magnitude M 5.3) claimed 13 lives, damaged more than 70,000 properties and left an estimated total loss of about $AU (1991) 4 billion. The need for an earthquake mitigation programme in Australia was thus clearly established. It is for this reason that a multidisciplinary approach involving seismology, geology, engineering, insurance, local government and emergency services is being followed to study this event and its consequences.
The earthquake source is defined as being on a thrust fault trending NW-SE dipping 75° to the NE, with a depth of focus at 11.5 km, source radius of 1.86 km, stress drop of at least 24 bars and a displacement along the rupture surface of at least 310 mm. The epicentre is located at 32.95°S, 151.61°E close to Boolaroo, about 15 km SW of the City of Newcastle, and with an epicentral error of about + 15 km. More than 100,000 observations from damage and felt reports are being analysed and integrated with the wide experiences gained in the rescue, recovery and renewal phases that have extended over the two years since the event.
The specific issue of the geotechnical aspects is of great importance. It is being considered from the view of urban geology (surface alluvial sediments), rather than from theoretical considerations, to explain the major extent of building damage on the alluvial areas, amplification and liquefaction. Apart from the immediate "causes" of damage, serious consideration is being given to the long-term effects which have resulted in the latent and recurrent defects to buildings. The engineering findings from the Newcastle earthquake are discussed in detail. While it is uneconomical and not necessary to design a structure to withstand the greatest likely earthquake without damage in Australia, the cost of providing strength to resist very high intensity loads must be weighed against the importance of the structure and probability of the earthquakes, particularly in areas such as this with relatively little known seismic histories. Lessons for local government authorities who had not previously considered seismic activity are addressed. Based on the response and recovery of the City of Newcastle, the lessons include the development of a recovery management plan, revision of building regulations and the requirements for hazard mitigation. Unfortunately, several misconceptions about some aspects of the consequences of this earthquake have arisen. These concern the limitations of some analyses, use of selected data sets rather than all the available data and apparent lack of understanding of complex, rather than singular, causal relationships. Implications for the engineering, insurance and possibly the legal professions need to be considered.
The potential to reduce losses in future earthquakes in Australia through an earthquake mitigation programme is now an achievable goal. The scenarios of such an event occurring at a different time or in a different city can be addressed, based on the Newcastle and other international experiences. Sufficient information is available to prepare the revised Australian earthquake loading code as a reliable and practical document for use by engineers. The consequences of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake have also captured the interest of researchers from many other continental areas of the Earth who must consider preparations for similar situations. All aspects of the study ultimately lead to the preparedness of urban communities to deal with such consequences with the assistance of emergency services agencies to minimize the social and economic traumas that will inevitably occur.
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Lin, Li, Rui Zhi Wen, Bao Feng Zhou, and Da Cheng Shi. "Study on Strong Motion Records Database and Selection Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2117.
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In this paper, PEER Ground Motion Databases (PGMD) at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) was updated by 314 sets of ground motion records of great earthquakes in recent years, which expanded the application of this database. This paper reviews alternative selection methods for strong ground motion records. The expanded database could make the different selection and scaling of strong motion records in great earthquakes, and the conditional mean spectrum (CMS) method could be applied for the strong motion records selection in structural spectrum analysis.
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Popa, Viorel, Radu Văcăreanu, Vasile Oprisoreanu, Emil Albotă, and Dietlinde Köber. "Suitability of Current Assessment Techniques to Retrodict the Seismic Damage of Buildings: A Case Study in Van, Turkey." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2015): 330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010330.
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Two strong earthquakes hit the region of Van (Turkey) in 2012, generating major losses. A large part of the building stock was damaged causing the evacuation of the residents. A post-earthquake investigation team dispatched by the UNESCO through the IPRED platform, six month after the earthquakes, observed the damage state in some still standing buildings. Ten buildings having different structural characteristics were observed. Slight structural damage and severe non-structural damage were observed in three multi-storey apartment buildings, being evacuated at the time of the investigation. Despite the slight structural damage, two multi-storey reinforced concrete shear wall buildings were listed for demolition based on the results of the post-earthquake rapid assessment. These two buildings were recently built based on modern seismic design regulations. The design blueprints were available to the investigation team with the support of the local community of Van. Various rapid post-earthquake investigation techniques applied by the investigation team generated contradictory results. A comprehensive seismic assessment was carried out to retrodict the observed seismic damage. Various methods were applied starting from simple rapid assessment techniques to more elaborated structural analysis based on nonlinear dynamic procedure. In the latter case, strength and stiffness degrading hysteretic models were applied and the non-structural masonry walls were considered in the analytical model. This paper presents the results of these structural analyses in comparison with the observed damage on site. Conclusions regarding the suitability of the applied seismic assessment techniques to retrodict the damage level of the investigated structures are drawn. Some findings of the post-earthquake investigation team are presented as well.
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Xu, Jie. "Fractal Analysis to Study the Structural Distribution of Wenchuan Earthquake in China." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4097.
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A comprehensive study of fractal property applied in earthquakes is analyzed based on the aftershock of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Different fractal parameters are analyzed to study the magnitude, epicenter and hypocenter structural distributions in time or space. Theb-valueis found to be 0.86 closed to which is usually 1.0 observed worldwide. This indicates there is a relative abundance of small magnitude events than large ones in the studied range. The spatial correlation is calculated using correlation integral technique, indicating that epicenters are approaching a two-dimensional region and the aftershocks are uniformly distributed along the trend of the aftershock zone. The rate of the fall of aftershock activity with time reflects the decrease of stress is modestly slow. Temporal correlation is 0.59 for aftershocks of M >4.0, indicating a non continuous aftershock activity. Geometrical probability dimension reflecting epicenter clustering degrees of the region was also analyzed. Also the volume fractal dimension of the aftershock region has been calculated using the box-counting technique to study the hypocenter distributions. From the assessment of slip on different faults it is inferred that 67.9% displacement is accommodated on the primary fault and the remainder on secondary faults.