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1
Omote, Syun'itiro. "Earthquake Disasters and Earthquake Engineering in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0026.
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Major earthquakes occur somewhere every year with accompanying devastations. For example, the center of the city of Managua was destroyed completely in December 1972 with the loss of more than 15,000 lives. Government buildings also did not escape destruction which brought about a paralysis in Governmental functioning for a short time. In April of the same year, in Iran an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 attacked the town of Ghir causing the loss of 5,000 lives. Large earthquakes accompanied by large losses of life occur frequently in Iran. Another type of earthquake destruction was caused in Peru in 1970 resulting in the loss of more than 50,000 lives under a huge mud slide that accompanied the big earthquake. In 1971, the San Fernando Earthquake, in the U.S.A. caused very heavy damage to the modern reinforced concrete buildings and highway overpasses calling serious attention to the devastation which might be brought about in modern large cities if a destructive earthquake should occur. The figure for lives lost by the San Fernando earthquake was small, assisted by the extremely lucky time of the occurrence of the earthquake at 6 A.M., when daily activity had not yet started. In 1968 an earthquake occurred in the city of Manila, the Philippines, crashing down completely an apartment house burying 260 people under the debris together with the destruction of many large reinforced concrete buildings. In the same year another big earthquake occurred in the northern part of Japan causing very heavy damage to the reinforced concrete buildings, all of which had been designed to resist earthquake force according to the Japanese regulations for antiseismic design. Repeated destruction of reinforced concrete buildings by earthquakes in recent years has caused a questioning of construction engineering. Such heavy destruction as experienced by reinforced concrete buildings in this earthquake (buildings which were designed and constructed under the antiseismic regulations) raised serious discussions among Japanese earthquake engineers which call for urgent studies. In Table 1 is shown a list of earthquakes that have resulted in heavy destruction since 1960. It may be surprising to find that about 20 earthquakes are included in the table showing that an average of three earthquakes of a destructive nature occurs somewhere on earth every two years. According to UNESCO statistics, between 1926 and 1950 over 350,000 people were killed by earthquakes, and the damage to buildings and public works totaled nearly $ 10,000 million. In proportion to the spread of urban civilization throughout the world, the toll taken by these destructive earthquakes has been steadily increasing and will increase more rapidly in the future. The only way to ensure against these substantial economic losses is to design and build, and to strengthen existing buildings, in such a way that the structure will resist the seismic forces to be expected in each area.
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Bubb, Charles. "Earthquake engineering in Australia." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 32, no. 1 (March 31, 1999): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.32.1.13-20.
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Earthquake Engineering in Australia, as elsewhere, has been formatted in the aftermath of damaging earthquakes. The first Australian Code AS2121-1979 was written and published after the 1968 Meckering WA earthquake. The second AS1170.4 1993 was published after the 1989 Newcastle NSW earthquake. Good quality Building Codes are a necessary basis for sound earthquake resistant designs. Both implementation and enforcement of the codes and sound robust construction in the field are essential for the protection of life and infrastructure. Also essential is the preservation and upgrading of the earthquake database. A study to assist the safer operation of emergency services immediately following damaging earthquakes is proposed.
3
Reitherman, Robert. "Earthquakes that have initiated the development of earthquake engineering." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.3.145-157.
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The recent 75th anniversary of the 1931 Hawke’s Bay Earthquake reminds us that a particular earthquake can have a great effect on the development of engineering methods to contend with this natural hazard. Factors other than the occurrence of a single earthquake are also present before and after such a historically important event, and there are examples of countries that began on the path toward modern earthquake engineering in the absence of any particular earthquake playing an important causal role. An earthquake that was large in seismological (e.g. magnitude) or engineering (e.g. destructiveness) measures may have had little effect on engineering tools developed to contend with the earthquake problem. The history of earthquake engineering is not merely a set of events rigidly tied to a chronology of major earthquakes. Nonetheless, some significant earthquakes have been step function events on the graph of long-term progress in earthquake engineering. Only earthquakes that bring together several prerequisites have had such historic effects, creating in a country a beachhead for earthquake engineering that persisted in the following decades. In this brief historical review, the following seminal earthquakes are discussed: 1906 Northern California, United States; 1908 Reggio-Messina, Italy; 1923 Kanto, Japan; 1931 Mach and 1935 Quetta, India-Pakistan; 1931 Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand.
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Fu, Yu-an. "Earthquakes and earthquake engineering in China." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 4 (December 31, 1987): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.20.4.275-280.
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China is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world and has suffered many disasters. During the last twenty years, especially since the Tangshan earthquake of July 1976 which killed 242,000 people and disabled almost 200,000 people, the Chinese government and the whole society have paid more attention to and made a huge effort to deal with earthquakes. Earthquake engineering became an essential project in the whole country and much more progress has been made since then. In this paper, some brief information about Chinese earthquakes and earthquake engineering is given. It is a simple introduction only, to give a general understanding of China's earthquake problems.
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Comartin, Craig, Svetlana Brzev, Farzad Naeim, Marjorie Greene, Marcial Blondet, Sheldon Cherry, Dina D'Ayala, et al. "A Challenge to Earthquake Engineering Professionals." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 4 (November 2004): 1049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1809130.
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Recent earthquakes have caused unacceptably high death tolls. We, the editors of the World Housing Encyclopedia, believe that reducing such an unacceptably high loss of life from earthquakes is the most important challenge facing the global earthquake engineering community. This paper acknowledges the continuing disparity between life loss from earthquakes in developing and developed countries, and the increasing vulnerability in developing countries. A sampling of current efforts to improve construction practices includes the publication of earthquake tips in India, construction manuals in Colombia, and the formation of various international networks to promote collaboration and information sharing. Future possibilities include more rewards for research into inadequately engineered construction, greater emphasis on small-scale, local efforts, and a stronger emphasis on advocacy. We believe that all of us, as earthquake professionals, have a responsibility to make the built environment safer worldwide.
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Rathje, Ellen M., and Beverley J. Adams. "The Role of Remote Sensing in Earthquake Science and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 2 (May 2008): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2923922.
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Earthquake science and engineering are experience-driven fields in which lessons are learned after each significant earthquake. Remote sensing represents a suite of technologies that can play a significant role in documenting the effects of earthquakes and lead to important developments in our understanding of earthquakes. This paper describes current remote sensing technologies and the experience to date in using them in earthquake studies. The most promising activities that may benefit from remote sensing data products are identified, as well as the challenges that may impede the widespread use of remote sensing in earthquake studies. A comprehensive review of the use of remote sensing to document the effects of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake is presented, and recommendations for future developments in remote sensing in the context of earthquake science and engineering are provided.
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Kaneda, Yoshiyuki, and Chikako Isouchi. "Special Issue on Resilience Science and Resilience Engineering to Enhance Resilience in Shikoku Region of Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0711.
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Japan has one of the highest levels of seismicity in the world. In the last few decades, Japan has been the site of many destructive earthquakes, such as the 1995 Kobe earthquake, 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, 2004 Chuetsu earthquake, 2007 Chuetsu-oki earthquake, and 2016 Kumamoto earthquake/Tottori-chubu earthquakes. Furthermore, we need to take disaster mitigation countermeasures in preparation for the next Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, Tokyo earthquake, etc. Disaster countermeasures against these earthquakes will be of vital importance to Japanese society in the future. As a specific example, if and when the next Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake strikes, it will cause widespread and compound disasters on the island of Shikoku and in southwestern Japan in general. The prefectures of Kagawa, Tokushima, Kochi, and Ehime are all on the island of Shikoku, yet the damages that a future Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake will cause are predicted to be quite different in each prefecture. Therefore, in preparing disaster mitigation strategies for the coming Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, these four prefectures and the distinguished universities involved in disaster mitigation research and education in them must be united in collaboration while making the best use of the individual characteristics of the prefectures and universities. Specifically, in terms of disaster mitigation preparations, universities on Shikoku have to develop and advance resilience science as it relates to upcoming disasters from a Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake, inland earthquakes, typhoons, floods, etc. In this special issue, many significant research papers from the fields of engineering, geoscience, and the social sciences by researchers from distinguished universities on the island of Shikoku focus on resilience science. We must apply their findings to society, putting them into practice to mitigate potential damages from any future natural events.
8
Hays, Walter W. "The Importance of Postearthquake Investigations." Earthquake Spectra 2, no. 3 (May 1986): 653–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585402.
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Data and technical knowledge gained from postearthquake investigations of a dozen earthquakes since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake have significantly advanced the state-of-knowledge about earthquakes. These advances have motivated new and (or) improved programs, applications, and changes in public policy, including (1) the 1977 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program and its extensions, (2) earthquake prediction research, (3) deterministic and probabilistic hazards assessments, (4) design criteria for critical facilities, (5) earthquake-resistant design provisions of building codes, (6) seismic safety elements, (7) seismic microzoning, (8) lifeline engineering, and (9) seismic safety organizations. To date, the 1971 San Fernando, California, earthquake has triggered more rapid advances in knowledge and applications than any other earthquake.
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Abrams, Daniel P. "Meeting the Challenges of Reducing Earthquake Losses: Engineering Accomplishments and Frontiers." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 4 (November 1999): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586073.
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Accomplishments in earthquake engineering under the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) have been numerous since the inception of the federal program in 1977 and are noted herein with a series of examples of former and present work done by NSF, FEMA, NIST and their investigators. These examples illustrate the implementation of research and development towards reducing earthquake losses, and include projects done to (a) better understand response of constructed facilities to earthquakes, (b) develop improved national standards and practices for planning, design and construction of earthquake resistant facilities, (c) develop methods for assessment of vulnerability of existing facilities to earthquake effects, and (d) develop methods for strengthening or repair of vulnerable facilities. Future frontiers in earthquake engineering research are also discussed including cross-disciplinary approaches of newly established national earthquake engineering research centers that are directed at minimizing losses to communities and national networks.
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You, Jiawei. "Disaster prevention and mitigation in railway engineering." Applied and Computational Engineering 24, no. 1 (November 7, 2023): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/24/20230682.
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With the rapid development of railway engineering, the scope of railway construction has been extended to mountainous areas, basins and other geological environments. In these areas, railway construction needs to pay attention to landslides, earthquakes and other disasters, otherwise it will threaten unnecessary economic losses and even personal safety. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the disaster threats faced by railways and the measures to prevent these disasters, especially earthquakes and landslides, and to look at the future development trend of prevention and control. Earthquake early warning is one of the effective means to improve the safety of high-speed railway. As for the railway crossing the high earthquake wind area, it can be considered to establish the earthquake early warning and monitoring system for effective protection. For landslide disaster, interference should be reduced in the construction process, and special evaluation and targeted engineering treatment.
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Kameda, Hiroyuki. "Engineering management of lifeline systems under earthquake risk." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 33, no. 3 (September 30, 2000): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.3.248-264.
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The state-of-the-art of lifeline system management under earthquake risk is discussed. After a historical overview and specific features of lifeline earthquake engineering, elements of lifeline earthquake engineering practice are presented. They include outline of lifeline protection technologies, lessons from recent urban earthquakes particularly Kobe 1995, and seismic code developments. Then two topics are addressed specifically. First seismic reliability under system interaction is discussed with its general scheme and an analytical methodology. Next, criteria for lifeline performance is discussed with an emphasis on quantification of qualitative issues that are needed particularly in implementation processes. After presenting a general framework, two cases, one from Kobe on water customers' response, and one from California regarding funding procedure for seismic improvement. Finally, future orientations of earthquake engineering and its relation to lifeline earthquake engineering is addressed. It is emphasized that we should establish a third generation earthquake engineering where structural and geotechnical mitigation, crisis management, and sustainable development should be integrated through multi-disciplinary developments. Some examples of multi-disciplinary research initiatives are introduced.
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Chiang, Jeffrey. "Continuing Development of Seismic Actions Design Standard and Implications to Engineering and Architectural Practices in Malaysia." Journal of Engineering & Technological Advances 1, no. 1 (2016): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35934/segi.v1i1.27.
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This paper presents the work of the Technical Committee on Earthquake led by The Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM) and sanctioned by the Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM). From the Aceh earthquake event in 2004 to the most recent impact earthquake in Ranau, Sabah, it has been shown that earthquakes are a concern to stakeholders in the local construction industry. And the work of the Technical Committee has been finalized by the completion of the Draft National Annex on Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance, in order to address the needs of the nation. The need for earthquake standards in Malaysia was explained in detail, and the approach adopted was highlighted with emphasis on tackling both distance and local earthquakes, in Peninsular Malaysia as well as Sabah and Sarawak. Ductility is the main consideration in many earthquakes-resistant designed structures, and this has to go hand in hand with the types of configurations of structures to be proposed by architects and engineers.
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Jain, Sudhir K. "On Better Engineering Preparedness: Lessons from the 1988 Bihar Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585687.
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The rather moderate sized (magnitude 6.6) Bihar earthquake of August 21, 1988, demonstrated clearly that the Indian engineering profession is far from prepared for a larger earthquake. During the author's extensive travel within the areas affected by this earthquake, it became clear that the engineering community should immediately initiate serious and coordinated efforts to prepare for the possibility of a large earthquake in many parts of India or nearby countries. This paper discusses some such efforts and possible strategies. Suggested strategies for being better prepared include rationalization and implementation of the seismic codes, review of actual construction practices, seismic safety evaluation of critical facilities such as dams and refineries, training and preparation of field engineers for handling post-earthquake situations, and learning from earthquakes.
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Krstevska, Lidija, Ljubomir Tashkov, Vlatka Rajčić, and Roko Zarnic. "Seismic Behaviour of Composite Panel Composed of Laminated Wood and Bearing Glass - Experimental Investigation." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.698.
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Within the bilateral scientific project between the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology - UKIM-IZIIS, St. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia and the Civil Engineering Faculty, University of Zagreb, Croatia, experimental testing of full scale composite timber-glass innovative panels was carried out on the seismic shaking table at IZIIS for the purpose of defining their behaviour and stability under real earthquake conditions. The seismic excitations selected for the shake-table testing of the model were four representative accelerograms recorded during the following earthquakes: El Centro, Petrovac, Kobe and Friuli. The idea was to investigate the seismic behavior of the model under several types of earthquakes, considering their different frequency content, peak acceleration and time duration. The performed tests showed clearly the behaviour of the composite panels and the failure mechanism under strong earthquake motion.
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Fan, Gang, Jun Wang, Shunchao Qi, Gongda Lu, Xingguo Yang, and Jiawen Zhou. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Earthquakes in Longmenshan Fault and Adjacent Area, before and after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Shock and Vibration 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9400276.
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Seismicity sequence following a main earthquake usually contains much meaningful information for unveiling the focal mechanism and predicting the reoccurrence interval of large earthquakes. The spatiotemporal evolution of earthquakes before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) is analysed comprehensively in this study. The frequency-magnitude relation of the 3493 earthquake events retrieved from the database of the International Seismological Centre indicates that the adopted catalogue is complete for magnitudes ≥Ms 3.4. The seismicity during the 10 years before the Wenchuan earthquake remained stable, including the magnitudes and focal depths. However, seismicity attenuated sharply in the year following the Wenchuan earthquake, and the magnitude of earthquakes before the Wenchuan earthquake decreased gradually. The area of the seismogenic zone of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was smaller than the earthquake stricken area. The earthquakes that occurred in the Longmenshan fault area and adjacent area in the study period were mainly shallow earthquakes. The focal depths of earthquakes in the study area became stable gradually after the Wenchuan earthquake, mainly within the range from 10 to 16 km. The earthquakes in the study area were mainly distributed with an along-dip distance of 0–20 km, and the seismicity was distributed uniformly along the fault strike.
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Yu, Wen, Yi Hang Zhou, Li Xin Zhu, and Xue Li Ge. "Research on Seismic Disaster and Prevention Countermeasures of Electric Power System." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1538.
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Electric power system is an important part of lifeline systems, and it is vulnerable to earthquake. In this paper, the characteristics of failure of electric power system are summarized on the basis of its damages in past earthquakes. Then earthquake damage and failure mechanism of electric structure and equipment are analyzed. Finally, from the aspects of engineering and non-engineering, disaster prevention countermeasures are presented.
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Bostrom, Ann, Rama Mohana R. Turaga, and Branco Ponomariov. "Earthquake Mitigation Decisions and Consequences." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 2 (May 2006): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2190668.
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A primary aim of recent earthquake engineering research has been to integrate analyses of social and technical systems, to take into account the potential consequences of earthquakes for society as a whole. In some cases the resulting decision frameworks treat acceptable consequences and risks as fixed objectives. This paper describes the rationale for abandoning a priori assessment of the acceptability of earthquake consequences as conceived in consequence-based engineering (CBE). Support for an alternative approach comes from behavioral and policy research including an examination of seismic retrofit decision processes for U.S. General Services Administration-owned federal buildings. Additional review of research on earthquake mitigation policy making at the local government level also supports the case. We then suggest dynamic decision structuring that would better support the integration of engineering expertise and decision makers’ preferences.
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Jennings, Paul C. "Enduring Lessons and Opportunities Lost from the San Fernando Earthquake of February 9, 1971." Earthquake Spectra 13, no. 1 (February 1997): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585930.
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Twenty-five years have passed since the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. The paper reviews the lessons learned and not learned from this notable event. Most of the major lessons were reported within a few weeks of the earthquake by a panel appointed by the National Academies of Sciences and of Engineering. In this paper, the status of each of the eighteen general lessons cited by the panel is reviewed, plus two additional lessons selected from other studies of the earthquake. The lessons learned ranged broadly and concerned measures needed to reduce future earthquake hazards, as well as recommended scientific and engineering efforts. Although all of the lessons learned were not heeded, the San Fernando earthquake represented a turning point in public awareness and in actions taken to reduce earthquake hazard. Recent earthquakes have shown, however, that much remains to be done.
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Lu, Da Wei, and Zhi Bo Yang. "Strong Motion Observation from Recent Destructive Earthquakes in China Mainland." Applied Mechanics and Materials 724 (January 2015): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.724.358.
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Strong earthquake motion observations have gathered much useful data for the seismic-resistant design of civil engineering structures, and for developing earthquake prevention technology. The performance of Chinese strong motion network has been evaluated from recent earthquakes in Chinese Mainland. To follow the new requirement of the earthquake mitigation plan, some new practice of strong motion observations are described, including rapid urban ShakeMap, earthquake early warning system.
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Nishi, Ryota, Yohsuke Kawamata, Ryuta Enokida, Takahito Inoue, and Kentaro Tabata. "E-Defense Shake Table Experiments Implemented by NIED and Collaborative Research Projects in 2005–2022." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 5 (August 1, 2023): 492–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0492.
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The three-dimensional full-scale earthquake testing facility, “E-Defense” was constructed using the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake as a lesson. Until October 2022, this facility has conducted 123 experiments as part of the research and development on earthquake engineering for various purposes (e.g., the clarification of destruction processes, evaluations of seismic structural performances, functional maintenance, collapse margins, and damage control technologies). Even after its commencement, large earthquakes that significantly affected human life and socioeconomic activities occurred such as the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake caused the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster. These earthquakes revealed some new challenges for disaster prevention and mitigation. Such issues have also been incorporated as subjects to be addressed by the facility. This article introduces the researches and developments using E-Defense, chronologically linking them with the major earthquakes occurred in Japan after 1995. By summarizing the activities, its near-future direction is also briefly indicated.
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SÖZEN, Erol, and Murat GENÇ. "ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR DEPREM FARKINDALIK DÜZEYLERİNİN FARKLI DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ." Sakarya University Journal of Education 13, no. 4 (Disaster) (December 8, 2023): 550–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19126/suje.1296398.
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Earthquakes have a significant impact on social, economic, and educational aspects of life. The negative effects of earthquakes on education and training are well documented. It is crucial to be adequately prepared to minimize these effects. This study aims to investigate the earthquake awareness of university students from a sustainable perspective. The survey model, a quantitative research method, was employed in this study. The research study comprised of 200 male (36.10%) and 354 female (63.90%) students who voluntarily participated from a university in the Western Black Sea Region during the 2022-2023 academic year. The Sustainable Earthquake Awareness Scale results show an average of 3.23 (Undecided) for the first factor, Earthquake Structure Relationship, 2.32 (Disagree) for the second factor, Earthquake Preparation Application, and 2.27 (Disagree) for the third factor, Earthquake Preparedness. The overall mean of the scale was 2.61 (Undecided). The results indicate that university students are not adequately prepared for possible earthquakes. There is no significant difference in Sustainable Earthquake Awareness Levels between male and female university students in all sub-factors and the total scale. Furthermore, as the grade level of university students increases, their sustainable earthquake awareness also increases. Furthermore, there is a notable contrast in the earthquake awareness levels of students from the faculties of engineering, health, and theology, with engineering students exhibiting a higher level of awareness. The study found no statistically significant difference between the sustainable earthquake awareness levels of university students and the number of floors in the building where they reside, both in terms of sub-factors and the overall scale.
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Işık, Ercan. "Structural Failures of Adobe Buildings during the February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2023): 8937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158937.
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Türkiye experienced great destruction during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake couple which occurred as Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) on 6 February 2023. The weak structural characteristics and the magnitude of the earthquakes caused more than 50,000 casualties. Significant damage occurred in both urban and rural building stock in 11 different provinces that were primarily affected by the earthquakes. The dominant building stock is masonry structures in the rural areas of the earthquake region. Structural damages at various levels have occurred in adobe masonry structures built using local labours and resources without any engineering service. The main purpose of this study is to examine the failure and collapse mechanisms of adobe structures after Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in detail. First of all, information about both earthquakes was given. The earthquake intensity for all provinces was obtained by using the peak ground acceleration-intensity relation suggested for Türkiye, taking into account the measured PGAs in earthquakes. The observed structural damages were evaluated in terms of earthquake and civil engineering in adobe structures. Damage classification was conducted using European Macro-Seismic Scale (EMS-98) for a total of 100 adobe buildings. Of these structures, 25% were destroyed, 49% were heavily damaged, 15% were damaged moderately, and 11% were damaged slightly. In addition, the rules regarding adobe structures were compared considering the last two earthquake design codes used in Türkiye. In the study, suggestions were also presented to prevent structural damage in the adobe buildings in the earthquake region. Low strength of adobe material, usage of heavy earthen roofs, failure to comply with earthquake-resistant building design principles, and insufficient support of load-bearing walls are the main causes of damage.
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Monica, Fadilla, Vira Friska, Deasy Arisa, and Marzuki Marzuki. "Comparison of Deformation Vectors Due to Earthquake in Subduction Zone and Sumatran Fault for Each Phase of Earthquake Cycle." JURNAL ILMU FISIKA | UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS 14, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jif.14.2.73-85.2022.
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This study compares the deformation in West Sumatra due to the earthquakes in the subduction zone and the Sumatran Fault. The Mw6.0 Mentawai earthquake 2019 with a thrust fault mechanism and the Mw5.4 South Solok earthquake 2019 with a strike-slip fault mechanism were used as case studies for the subduction zone and Sumatran Fault, respectively. The deformation was observed using 12 SuGAr (Sumatra GPS Array) and 8 InaCORS (Indonesian Continuously Operating Reference Station) stations, which were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software. There are differences in the deformation vectors of the two earthquakes. The Mentawai earthquake experienced larger energy accumulation than the South Solok earthquake. The coseismic phase of the Mentawai earthquake experienced the largest horizontal shift at the SLBU station, which was 15.48 mm in the direction of S29.96W, while the South Solok earthquake is found to horizontally shift the CSDH station at the size of 5.75 mm towards S11.45E. The postseismic phase of the Mentawai earthquake lasted 60 days, longer than the South Solok earthquake (20 days). The difference in deformation characteristic between these two earthquakes found in this study will be valuable information in modeling earthquakes in Sumatra.
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Griffith, M. C. "Australian earthquake engineering." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 36, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.36.2.117-124.
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The Australian Earthquake Engineering Society was established in 1990 with its main objective to promote and advance the practice of earthquake engineering and engineering seismology in Australia. In the decade or so since its establishment the Society has had some successes in this regard as well as some disappointments. In this paper, the author will highlight these along with research and other important professional developments during this period. The perceived obstacles to getting a better take-up of earthquake engineering amongst Australian practitioners and the role of the Society in furthering the cause of earthquake engineering in Australia will then be discussed. The paper will conclude with an outline of possible strategies for overcoming these obstacles.
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HATHEWAY, A. W. "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience III, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.iii.1.158.
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Van Dissen, R., J. Begg, and Y. Awata. "Preliminary paleoearthquake investigations of active faults on Awaji Island, Japan, in relation to the 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.29.3.172-177.
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Approximately one year after the Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake, two New Zealand geologists were invited to help with the Geological Survey of Japan's paleoearthquake/active fault studies in the Kobe/Awaji area. Trenches excavated across the Nojima fault, which ruptured during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, showed evidence of past surface rupture earthquakes, with the age of the penultimate earthquake estimated at approximately 2000 years. A trench across the Higashiura fault, located 3-4 km southeast of the Nojima fault, revealed at least two past surface rupture earthquakes. The timing of the older earthquakes is not yet known, but pottery fragments found in the trench constrain the timing of the most recent earthquake at less than 500-600 years. Historical records for this part of Japan suggest that within the last 700 years there has been only one regionally felt earthquake prior to the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, and this was the AD 1596 Keicho Earthquake. It thus seems reasonable to suggest that the Higashiura fault was, at least in part, the source of the AD 1596 Keicho Earthquake.
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Wan, Hai Tao, and Qing Mei Kong. "Research on Performance-Based Design Theory." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1684.
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Three level seismic fortification theory is seismic design theory of the bearing capacity,which can not really realize that no damage under minor earthquake, repairable under moderate earthquake and no collapsing under strong earthquake. In order to overcome this deficiency, American earthquake engineering and structural engineering experts have profound conclusion after the previous earthquakes, improved bearing capacity design method, put forward the theory of performance-based design.Firstly,the origin of performance-based design theory is introduced in the paper.Secondly,the main content of performance-based design theory is illustrated,which include Earthquake Hazard Levels,performance levels of building structure,target building performance levels and performance- based design methods.Finally,the paper pointes out that performance-based design theory has attracted extensive attention of Chinese researchers and engineering designer,a series of research work has been carried on,and some achievement has been made.
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Lamontagne, Maurice, Reynald Du Berger, and Anne E. Stevens. "Seismologists Can Help Attenuate some Post-Earthquake Vibrations among the Public." Earthquake Spectra 8, no. 4 (November 1992): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585696.
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Very often after a strongly felt earthquake, the media and the general public consider seismologists to be the source of all information, particularly in regions where earthquakes occur infrequently. Widely felt earthquakes can have a strong social impact (“the post-earthquake vibrations among the public”) whenever the population is unprepared. Since 1935, eastern Canadian seismologists have been involved in four cases of post-earthquake communications with social impact. Recently, seismologists of the Geological Survey of Canada developed a communications strategy to help people cope with post-earthquake stress, particularly that component of stress arising from an insufficient knowledge of earthquakes. A communications plan is prepared before the emergency response period; a high priority is given to those persons who felt the earthquake most strongly; basic information on earthquake phenomena and preparedness is provided; and finally, seismologists make themselves both known and available before and after the earthquake. With this strategy, seismologists can help to relieve unnecessary anxiety and to promote positive preparation.
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Uroš, Mario, Josip Atalić, Marija Demšić, Maja Baniček, Marta Šavor-Novak, and Alen Kadić. "Impact of devastating earthquakes in Croatia in 2020." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 22, no. 2 (2024): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-50405.
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At the beginning of 2020, the area of Zagreb was hit by an earthquake of magnitude Mw5.4, where a significant number of buildings in the historic core of the city was damaged. Not long after that, at the end of the same year, a strong earthquake of magnitude Mw6.4 hit the area of Sisak-Moslavina County, which is about 50 km away from Zagreb. It was a significantly stronger earthquake that had enormous consequences for that region and much wider. Earthquakes struck during the Covid-19 pandemic and shocked the whole country. This multi-hazard scenario surprised everybody, as the country was not ready. Regardless, in the first hours after the earthquake, a system of damage assessment was established based on experts from the academic and professional community, which would later grow into Croatian Centre for Earthquake Engineering. From a technical point of view, this paper refers to the response of the system to the earthquakes, post-earthquake activities of Croatian Centre for Earthquake Engineering and with challenges and problems in organization of damage inspection of the buildings. The paper briefly describes the earthquake scenarios in Zagreb and Petrinja. The typical vulnerable buildings typology and damage are described, trying to find explanations and guidelines for the future earthquakes. The focus is on the unreinforced masonry buildings and out of plane failures which prevail in damage, especially in historical buildings of cultural heritage. Such significant damage to buildings of historical importance makes us think about the way of their future protection and restoration that will follow. Also, some positive experiences in construction practice are highlighted. At the end, a perspective is given for the further development and improvement of the post-earthquake response system, and the need for cooperation of several professions is highlighted in order to obtain a synchronized response to earthquakes. In addition, international cooperation in the organization of the system before and after the earthquake is of key importance.
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Albini, Paola, Roger M. W. Musson, Andrea Rovida, Mario Locati, Antonio A. Gomez Capera, and Daniele Viganò. "The Global Earthquake History." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 2 (May 2014): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/122013eqs297.
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The study of earthquakes from historical sources, or historical seismology, was considered an early priority for the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) project, which commissioned a study of historical seismicity on a global scale. This was the Global Earthquake History (GEH) project, led jointly by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV; Milan, Italy) and the British Geological Survey (BGS; UK). GEH was structured around three complementary deliverables: archive, catalog, and the Web infrastructure designed to store both the archive and catalog. The Global Historical Earthquake Archive (GHEA) provides a complete account of the global situation in historical seismology for large earthquakes. From GHEA, the Global Historical Earthquake Catalogue (GHEC v1.0) was derived—a world catalog of earthquakes for the period 1000–1903, with magnitudes of Mw7 and over. Though much remains to be done, the data here presented show that the compilation of both archive and catalog contribute to an improved understanding of the Global Earthquake History.
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Litehiser, J., J. Marrone, and N. Abrahamson. "A Preliminary Model of Firm Foundation Acceleration Hazard in the San Francisco Bay Area." Earthquake Spectra 8, no. 2 (May 1992): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585680.
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The results of a study of earthquake peak horizontal component acceleration hazard is presented for the nine counties of the San Francisco Bay Area. The main objective of the study is to develop an interim and simple estimate of the regional earthquake acceleration hazard using an extended hazard algorithm that allows a more complete consideration of recently published regional earthquake source parameters. Complexities of source directivity, soft foundation conditions, and site topography are not considered. Results are presented in the form of contour maps of acceleration on rock or stiff soil with a probability of exceedance of 10% for the next (as of 1990) 20 and 50 years. As would be expected, the locations of greatest earthquake shaking hazard in the Bay Area are near major active faults. When characteristic earthquake size, characteristic earthquake recurrence interval, and time of occurrence of the last earthquake along specified fault segments (if known) are explicitly used in the source model for larger earthquakes, the hazard computed depends significantly on these parameters. If smaller earthquakes are not constrained to major faults, but are considered to occur randomly throughout the Bay Area, significant high-frequency motion hazard at points away from the immediate vicinity of active faults comes from these smaller, randomly located earthquakes. All results show considerable variation of peak accelerations over areas generally treated as homogeneous in conventional engineering design practice for seismically active regions.
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Chang-Richards, Yan, Suzanne Wilkinson, Erica Seville, and David Brunsdon. "An Organizational Capability Framework for Earthquake Recovery." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 4 (November 2017): 1257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/092515eqs142m.
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Engineering and construction capability affects the cost and pace of post-disaster recovery. An organizational capability framework for effective earthquake recovery was developed after studying longitudinally 15 engineering and construction organizations following the 2010/11 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand. The longitudinal case studies, conducted from 2012 to 2015, revealed insights regarding the multitude of decisions that affected demands for engineering and construction post-earthquake, and thus the capability of organizations to meet demands. The framework presents five major challenges faced by organizations operating in an earthquake recovery environment and three core organizational capabilities required to address these challenges: disaster recovery know-how, organizational adaptive capacity to meet changing demands, and collective support among organizations. The findings offer real experience to help engineering and construction industries anticipate capability challenges and prepare for them as a business, as a sector, and as a partner with government agencies in a disaster management context.
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Hori, Takane. "Earthquake and Tsunami Scenarios as Basic Information to Prepare Next Nankai Megathrust Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0775.
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This paper describes earthquake and tsunami scenarios as basic information for preparing for the next Nankai megathrust earthquakes. Models to clarify the size of the Nankai megathrust earthquake and changes in occurrence intervals, simulations using such models, and simulations of crustal deformations and tsunamis based on the simulations were employed. This paper re-examines past earthquakes and tsunamis, the possibility of slightly larger earthquakes and tsunamis, their sizes, the necessity of countermeasures against subsidence caused by earthquakes in the Inland Sea, the possibility of the Nankai earthquake occurrence before the Tokai (Tonankai) earthquake, and the possibility of the triggering of the Nankai earthquake by the Hyuga-nada earthquake.
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Maffei, Joe, and Paolo Bazzurro. "The 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 1_suppl (July 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1770976.
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On October 31 and November 1, 2002, two magnitude Mw 5.7 earthquakes struck the rural Molise region in southeastern Italy killing 30 people, 27 of whom were children trapped in the collapse of an elementary school. This paper summarizes the earthquake's effects and, as the introductory paper to Spectra's special issue on the Molise event, highlights the findings of ongoing studies of the technical and social lessons afforded by the disaster. In 1998 the area was declared a medium seismicity zone, but an administrative delay in updating the seismic zonation meant that up until the time of the earthquake, there were no seismic requirements for new construction—construction that included a 2002 second-story addition to the school that collapsed. The emergency response and recovery planning following the earthquake were notable for the technical sophistication and abundant government resources that have been applied, including the building of a prefabricated temporary village.
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Hu, Jiang Chun, Hong Fang Wang, and Chen Li. "Analysis on the Discrimination Method of Seismic Liquefaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1441.
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Seismic liquefaction is a major geological hazard of earthquakes. In the paper, the earthquake liquefaction of subway engineering in GUANGZHOU is calculated based on the standard penetration test method according to the rules of code for seismic design of buildings, specifications of earthquake resistant design for highway engineering, code for water resources and hydropower engineering geological investigation as well as the railway engineering anti-earthquake design specification. It is concluded that different code have very different result on sand liquefaction discrimination. And the data selection is a key factor when we discriminate sand liquefaction. The shortage of codes is evaluating the site liquefaction according to the data of points. The conclusions have positive role for engineering seismic liquefaction discrimination and the seismic liquefaction mechanism research.
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Comerio, Mary C., and Howard E. Blecher. "Estimating Downtime from Data on Residential Buildings after the Northridge and Loma Prieta Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 4 (November 2010): 951–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3477993.
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The performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) center uses data from recent earthquakes to calibrate its loss models. This paper describes a detailed review of building department permit data from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Although the data is limited to wood-framed residential structures, it provides some insight into the length of time between an event and re-occupancy. Based on a review of approximately 4,900 records, the typical repair of damaged multifamily residential buildings required two years and building replacement required almost four years. When this data is supplemented with additional case studies from other events, the capacity to better calibrate downtime models will improve, particularly if construction-repair times are separated from estimates of the time gap between closure and start-of-repair.
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Nakazawa, Hiroshi, Tadashi Hara, and Koichi Kajiwara. "Issues in Tsunami Countermeasures from the Viewpoint of Geotechnical Engineering." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 6 (September 15, 2021): 922–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0922.
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The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, with its epicenter off the Sanriku coast, measured the moment magnitude of 9.0, had a maximum seismic intensity of 7 in the northern part of Miyagi Prefecture, and impacted an area of 450 km. Consequently, a variety of unprecedented problems were made apparent. In particular, the human and property damage wrecked by the ensuing tsunami triggered our response for earthquake and tsunami resistance. In addition to conventional issues, such as earthquake resistance of buildings, disruption of lifelines, liquefaction of residential land and soil structures, and tsunami damage in coastal areas, there were new challenges, such as prolongation of earthquake disaster waste treatment. During the 10 years since the 2011 earthquake, tsunami countermeasures have been reexamined, and based on the concept of multiple protections, both tangible and intangible countermeasures have been advanced. This article addresses technical problems related to complex disasters, and includes the example of actual damage to a river levee in the Iwate Prefecture and the case of a building overturned by tsunami in Onagawa City, Miyagi Prefecture. It also discusses liquefaction caused by earthquakes and lists the points to be considered when selecting tsunami evacuation buildings to tackle future tsunami disasters.
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CHEW, SOON-HOE, and KARMA KUENZA. "INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC SIGNALS FOR TSUNAMIGENIC EARTHQUAKES." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, no. 02 (June 2007): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431107000109.
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Tsunami can cause severe damage to properties and loss of many human lives. Tsunami is often related to earthquakes. Within a close proximity and with similar magnitude, some earthquakes produce very severe tsunamis, e.g. the December 2004 Sumatra earthquake, and others produce very minor or insignificant wave height increase, e.g. the March 2005 Sumatra earthquake. Thus, the study of tsunamigenesis of earthquakes, i.e., whether an earthquake will generate significant tsunami, is critical to the prevention or minimization of damage due to tsunami. In this study, the seismic signals from earthquakes were analyzed in order to determine tsunamigenesis more accurately. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the seismic signals of the earthquakes was performed for a number of historical earthquake records of both tsunamigenic and non-tsunamigenic earthquakes of similar magnitude and epicenter distance. The results showed that tsunamigenic earthquakes have lower amplitude in the high frequency range (0.15–0.3 Hz) as compared to non-tsunamigenic earthquakes. Preliminary wavelet analysis of these earthquakes also revealed that the intensity pattern of tsunamigenic and non-tsunamigenic earthquake was similar to the findings from FFT. Both techniques lead to the conclusion that the long period signal and the depletion of high frequency energy revealed in the seismic signal may well indicate the tsunamigenic potential of the earthquakes. Thus the techniques that analyze the frequency content of the seismic signals have a great potential to complement the existing Pacific Tsunami Warning System, which only takes the magnitude of earthquake as the determining factor in predicting the generation of tsunami.
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Akar, Fahriye, Ercan Işık, Fatih Avcil, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Enes Arkan, and Rabia İzol. "Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman)." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2024): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14052165.
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On 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcık (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaraş province, caused great destruction. Adıyaman and Gölbaşı districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where geotechnical damages are most observed, the destructive effects of earthquakes have been clearly observed in buildings with different structural systems. In this study, information is given about the earthquakes that hit the region and the fault zone where the earthquakes occur. Geotechnical and structural damages occurring in the villages and center of the district were evaluated within the scope of earthquakes and structural engineering. It can be stated that damages observed in the district center are generally caused by soil–structure interaction problems. The fact that masonry structures, which are widely used in rural areas, do not benefit from any engineering services has an impact on the level of damage. The main reason for the damages occurring in the reinforced concrete structures in the district is the reinforced concrete system that is not designed properly or not built in accordance with the design. This case study demonstrated the importance of earthquake–soil–structure interactions in line with earthquake-resistant building design principles.
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Charlie, Wayne A., Raymond J. Battalora, Thomas J. Siller, and Donald O. Doehring. "Magnitude Recurrence Relations for Colorado Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 2 (May 2002): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1490546.
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Colorado has a significant potential for damaging earthquakes. The Colorado Geological Survey has identified 92 potentially active faults. Two faults have documented slip-rates approaching 1 mm per year. Four hundred and seventy-seven Colorado earthquakes have been felt and/or equaled or exceeded magnitude of 2.0 between 1870 and 1996. Eighty-two earthquakes have equaled or exceeded an MMI Scale of V. Colorado's largest historical earthquake, which occurred on 7 November 1882 (8 November UCT), had an estimated magnitude of 6.5 and maximum MMI of VII to VIII. Colorado's maximum credible earthquake has been estimated at 7.5 ML. In this paper we analyze independent earthquakes (foreshocks, aftershocks, and fluid-injection induced earthquakes removed) to develop magnitude-recurrence relations. Analysis of instrumentally measured earthquakes predicts that a 6.5 ML or larger earthquake occurring somewhere in Colorado has a mean recurrence interval of about 420 years. A magnitude 6.6 ML earthquake has a 10 percent Poisson's probability of exceedance in 50 years. A 7.5 ML earthquake has a 2 percent Poisson's probability of exceedance in 50 years. Colorado's magnitude-recurrence (Gutenberg-Richter) relation is log N=2.58−0.80 ML.
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Aydan, Ömer, Nasir Zia Nasiry, Yoshimi Ohta, and Reşat Ulusay. "Effects of Earthquake Faulting on Civil Engineering Structures." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 12, no. 04 (October 2018): 1841007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431118410075.
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Ground motion characteristics, deformation and surface breaks of earthquakes depend upon the causative faults. Their effects on the seismic design of engineering structures are almost not considered in the present codes of design although there are attempts to include in some countries (i.e. USA, Japan, Taiwan, and Turkey). In this study, the authors first describe ground motions, crustal deformation and surface break observations caused by earthquakes having different faulting mechanism. Then some laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the motions during normal and thrust faulting and their effects on model structures. And then, the effects of surface ruptures and deformations due to earthquake faulting on the response and stability engineering structures through observations in recent great earthquakes are presented. Finally, some recommendations for the design of structures with the consideration of permanent ground deformation in addition to ground shaking, which may be used in the development of seismic codes incorporating the effect of permanent deformation on structures, are proposed.
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Bruneau, Michel. "Preliminary report of structural damage from the Loma Prieta (San Francisco) earthquake of 1989 and pertinence to Canadian structural engineering practice." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-025.
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The Richter magnitude 7.1 October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta (San Francisco) earthquake is the largest to occur near a major North American urban center since the historical 1906 San Francisco magnitude 8.3 earthquake. As earthquakes of at least similar strength are expected to occur in most of eastern and western Canada, and since the amount of structural damage that occurred is considerable, the study of the effects of this earthquake is of particular significance to Canada. This paper reports on the major structures and types of structures that were most heavily damaged by this earthquake, and presents preliminary findings as to the causes of failures or collapses. The pertinence of this earthquake is reviewed in a Canadian perspective. Key words: earthquake, structures, damage, failure, collapse, buildings, bridges, heritage buildings, emergency preparedness.
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Jourdan, Garry, Michelet Clerveau, Wisly Dieujuste, and Sabine Henry. "Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Seismic Risk and Adaptive Capacity to Earthquake: The Case of Anse-à-Veau (Haiti)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 8 (March 31, 2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n8p108.
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Earthquakes were responsible for more than half of all natural disaster deaths worldwide between 2000 and 2019. Populations in developing countries are the most affected. What can help stakeholders to increase people adaptive capacity to earthquake in a context of very limited financial resources? The perception of seismic risk by the stakeholders and the perception of their adaptive capacity seemed to be able to influence the stakeholder’s adaptive capacity to earthquakes as well as that of the population. Haiti, a country at risk of earthquakes and ranked among the poorest in the world, is a relevant place to explore the potential people adaptive capacity to earthquake. In 2020, qualitative methods through face-to-face interviews were conducted with 21 stakeholders in the town of Anse-à-Veau. This paper, therefore, focuses on exploring their perceptions of risk and adaptive capacity, just one year before an earthquake in the region. The results show that stakeholders were mostly aware of earthquake risk. This was identified by their perception of seismic risk related to the zone and the perception of their adaptative capacity to deal with earthquakes. Respondents perceived that some drivers such as self-capacity, motivation, and selfresponsibility can increase their adaptive capacity. Some temporal and physical factors have been highlighted as constraints to stakeholders’ adaptive capacity to earthquake. As expected, training, awareness, and appropriate constructions were identified as effective ways to increase the adaptive capacity of stakeholders and that of the local populations to earthquakes. Currently, earthquake unpredictability was seen as a barrier of preparedness. However, some respondents perceived unpredictability as a factor of motivation for earthquake preparedness. Thus, this observation must be examined to find the way that unpredictability can facilitate stakeholders’ adaptive capacity to earthquake or not. Human resources are targeted as the main resource to cope with an earthquake. Also, training and awareness were recognized as means to increase the adaptive capacity of stakeholders and that of the local populations to deal with such an event, despite the limited financial resources.
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Galloway, Bruce, and Jason M. Ingham. "The 2014 South Napa earthquake and its relevance for New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 48, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.48.1.1-30.
Full textAbstract:
The South Napa earthquake occurred on Sunday, 24 August 2014 at 3.20 am local time at a depth of 10.7 km, having MW 6.0 and causing significant damage to unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in the City of Napa and generating strong ground shaking in a region well known for its wine production. Parallels exist between the damage in past New Zealand earthquakes, particularly to unreinforced masonry buildings, and the disruption in the Marlborough region following the recent 2013 MW 6.5 Seddon earthquake. Furthermore, the event was the largest to have occurred in Northern California since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 25 years earlier, and hence was an important event for the local community of earthquake researchers and professionals regarding the use of a physical and virtual clearinghouse for data archiving of damage observations. Because numerous URM buildings in the City of Napa had been retrofitted, there was significant interest regarding the observed performance of different retrofitting methods.
Following a brief overview of the earthquake affected area and previous earthquakes to have caused damage in the Napa Valley region, details are provided regarding the characteristics of the 2014 South Napa earthquake, the response to the earthquake including placarding procedures and barricading, and more specific details of observed building and non-structural damage. Aspects of business continuity following the South Napa earthquake are also considered. One conclusion is that in general the seismic retrofitting of URM buildings in the Napa region proved to be very successful, and provides an important benchmark as New Zealand begins to more actively undertake seismic assessment and retrofitting of its earthquake prone building stock. It is also concluded that there are sufficient similarities between New Zealand and California, and a rich network of contacts that has developed following the hosting of many US visitors to New Zealand in conjunction with the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, that it is sensible for the New Zealand earthquake engineering community to maintain a close focus on ongoing earthquake preparedness and mitigation methods used and being developed in USA, and particularly in California.
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Obara, Kazushige, and Takuya Nishimura. "Main Results from the Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-Zone Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0087.
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Understanding the occurrence mechanism of subduction zone earthquakes scientifically is intrinsically important for not only forecast of future subduction earthquakes but also disaster mitigation for strong ground motion and tsunami accompanied by large earthquakes. The Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-zone earthquakes mainly focused on interplate megathrust earthquakes in the subduction zones and the research activity included collection and classification of historical data on earthquake phenomena, clarifying the current earthquake phenomena and occurrence environment of earthquake sources, modelling earthquake phenomena, forecast of further earthquake activity based on monitoring crustal activity and precursory phenomena, and development of observation and analysis technique. Moreover, we studied the occurrence mechanism of intraslab earthquakes within the subducting oceanic plate. Five-year observational research program actually produced enormous results for deep understanding of subduction zone earthquakes phenomena, especially in terms of slow earthquakes, infrequent huge earthquakes, and intraslab earthquakes. This paper mainly introduces results from researches on these phenomena in subduction zones.
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Giordano, Nicola, Khalid M. Mosalam, and Selim Günay. "Probabilistic performance-based seismic assessment of an existing masonry building." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019878191.
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Existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings represent a significant part of the constructed facilities. Unfortunately, in case of seismic actions, their structural behavior is negatively affected by the low capacity of masonry components to withstand lateral forces. For this reason, in the past decades, URM buildings have been responsible for fatalities and large economic losses even in the case of moderate earthquakes. This article presents the seismic loss assessment of an old masonry building damaged during the 2014 South Napa earthquake using the framework of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center’s Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. For this purpose, the performance is expressed in terms of expected monetary loss curves for different hazard scenarios. Structural and non-structural losses are considered in the analysis using a practical, yet accurate, structural idealization of the URM building, which is validated by the observed damage from the 2014 South Napa earthquake.
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Porter, Keith. "Fragility of Hydraulic Elevators for Use in Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 2 (May 2007): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2720902.
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New performance-based earthquake engineering methods developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, the Applied Technology Council, and others include damage analysis at a highly detailed level, requiring the compilation of fragility functions for a large number of damageable generic structural and nonstructural components. This brief paper presents the development of a fragility function for hydraulic elevators. It uses post-earthquake survey data from 91 elevators in nine California locations after two earthquakes. Surveys were used to collect data on facilities and elevators. Ground-motion records from the California Integrated Seismic Network were used to estimate engineering demands at each site. Binary regression analysis was used to fit a fragility function, which takes the form of a lognormal cumulative distribution function with median value of PGA=0.42 g and logarithmic standard deviation of 0.3. The fragility function appears to be reasonable based on four criteria.
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Jiao, Yuyu, and Nobuoto Nojima. "Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment Considering the Sequence of the First and Second Earthquakes Along the Nankai Trough." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 8 (December 1, 2023): 839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0839.
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The Earthquake Research Committee (ERC) of the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion conducted a probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment due to large earthquakes along the Nankai Trough for the next 30 years. Utilizing the basic data of earthquake source models and calculated maximum tsunami heights, the authors propose a method to evaluate the hazard curves of the first and second earthquakes separately, considering the sequence of earthquake occurrence in one cycle of large earthquake activities along the Nankai Trough. First, based on the relative weights allocated to the 176 occurrence patterns of 79 earthquake source regions, the weights for the 2,720 characterized earthquake fault models (CEFMs) are calculated. The hazard curve of the first earthquake is evaluated using the 2,720 sets of maximum tsunami heights and weights under the condition that one of the CEFMs causes an earthquake. Next, the conditional hazard curves for the possible second earthquakes conditional on each individual first earthquake are calculated. Finally, the hazard curve for the second earthquake is evaluated as a weighted average of the conditional hazard curves. Numerical examples are shown for 15 sites. The first earthquake accounts for about 60% or more of the total hazard evaluated by ERC, and its contribution increases with increasing maximum tsunami height. The first and second earthquakes account for 80%–90% of the total hazard.
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Sengara, I. Wayan, Nanang Puspito, Engkon Kertapati, and Hendarto. "Survey of Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami and the March 2005 Nias–Simeulue Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2205199.
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Reconnaissance surveys of building and infrastructure damage related to geotechnical engineering aspects were conducted four to six weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake and five weeks after the 28 March 2005 earthquake. These surveys identified many instances of building collapse and infrastructure damage that were probably caused by strong ground shaking and/or liquefaction-induced foundation or embankment failures. The survey results suggest the need for earthquake engineering research that identifies likely future earthquakes and their ground motion characteristics. Because of the observed variation in the level of damage, a seismic microzonation study should be performed to identify the spatial variability of strong ground shaking for the purpose of reconstruction and future planning of cities in Nangroe Aceh Darrusalam Province and Nias Island.
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Schultz, Ryan, Vince Quitoriano, David J. Wald, and Gregory C. Beroza. "Quantifying nuisance ground motion thresholds for induced earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 37, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020988025.
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Hazards from induced earthquakes are a growing concern with a need for effective management. One aspect of that concern is the “nuisance” from unexpected ground motions, which have the potential to cause public alarm and discontent. In this article, we borrow earthquake engineering concepts to quantify the chance of building damage states and adapt them to quantify felt thresholds for induced earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States. We compare binary data of felt or not-felt reports from the “Did You Feel It” database with ShakeMap ground motion intensity measures (IM) for ∼360 earthquakes. We use a Monte Carlo logistic regression to discern the likelihood of perceiving various degrees of felt intensity, given a particular IM. These best-fit nuisance functions are reported in this article and are readily transferable. Of the shaking types considered, we find that peak ground velocity tends to be the best predictor of a felt earthquake. We also find that felt thresholds tended to decrease with increasing earthquake magnitude, after M ∼3.9. We interpret this effect as related to the duration of the event, where events smaller than M 3.9 are perceived as “impulsive” to the human senses. Improved quantification of the nuisance from induced earthquake ground motions could be utilized in management of the public perception of their causal operations. Although aimed at anthropogenic earthquakes, thresholds we derive could be useful in other realms, such as establishing best practices and protocols for earthquake early warning.