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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Earthquake mitigation'
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1
Teakle, Geraldine Mary Reid. "Incentives for earthquake hazard mitigation /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envt253.pdf.
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Petal, Marla Ann. "Urban disaster mitigation and preparedness the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3142562.
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3
Adalier, Korhan. "Mitigation of earthquake induced liquefaction hazards." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1996. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9635658.
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Kurata, Masahiro. "Strategies for rapid seismic hazard mitigation in sustainable infrastructure systems." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31770.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.<br>Committee Co-Chair: DesRoches, Reginald; Committee Co-Chair: Leon, Roberto T.; Committee Member: Craig, James I.; Committee Member: Goodno, Barry; Committee Member: White, Donald W. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
5
Asgary, Ali. "Assessing the economic benefits of earthquake risk mitigation measures." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307920.
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Akbar, Siddiq-A. "Urban housing in seismic areas : a computerised methodology for evaluating strategies for risk mitigation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306466.
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Weldelibanos, Fitsumberhan. "A survey of earthquake mitigation strategies & building principles for small traditional dwellings /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69746.
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A survey of earthquake disaster mitigation strategies and building principles which could applied in rural areas of the Less Developed Countries. Earthquake vulnerability of traditional buildings and problems of earthquake hazard mitigation in these countries are discussed, along with some strategies that may help reduce the impact of future earthquakes. The performance of rural buildings during past earthquakes is analyzed to have a clear understanding of building behaviour during an earthquake. After the analysis, the research traces various recommendations and safe building techniques that would improve the earthquake-resistance of these buildings. Moreover, the study reviews problems often involved in implementing mitigation measures and in transferring technical information to semi-illiterate and unskilled workers, in conjunction with some methodologies on how to transfer information to the rural population. The study concludes by outlining the urgency for the need of pre-earthquake mitigation strategies and suggests some ideas to help narrow the gap which exists between the available information on earthquake mitigation measures and its application in those countries most affected by earthquakes.
8
Miniati, Roberto [Verfasser], and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Hosser. "A Methodology for Earthquake Risk Mitigation of Hospital Systems / Roberto Miniati ; Betreuer: Dietmar Hosser." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1175822728/34.
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Orton, Alice M. "SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY OF EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION IN THE NEW MADRID SEISMIC ZONE." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/19.
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In the central United States, undefined earthquake sources, long earthquake recurrence intervals and uncertain ground motion attenuation models have contributed to an overstatement of regional seismic hazard for the New Madrid Seismic Zone on the National Seismic Hazard Maps. This study examined concerns regarding scientific uncertainties, overly stringent seismic mitigation policies and depressed local economy in western Kentucky through a series of informal interviews with local businessmen, public officials, and other professionals in occupations associated with seismic mitigation. Scientific and relative economic analyses were then performed using scenario earthquake models developed with FEMA’s Hazus-MH software. Effects of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in central China and seismic mitigation policies in use there were considered for potential parallels and learning opportunities. Finally, suggestions for continued scientific research, additional educational opportunities for laymen and engineering professionals, and changes in the application of current earthquake science to public policy in the central United States were outlined with the goal of easing western Kentucky economic issues while maintaining acceptable public safety conditions.
10
Karaca, Erdem 1976. "Regional earthquake loss estimation : role of transportation network, sensitivity and uncertainty, and risk mitigation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30350.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 287-292).<br>Large earthquakes near densely populated areas such as the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe events have caused extensive damage to the physical infrastructure and losses to the regional and national economies. Economic losses are due in part to direct damage and in part to business interruption caused by non- functioning infrastructure and interdependencies among industrial sectors. We developed a regional earthquake loss methodology that emphasizes economic interdependencies at regional and national scales and the mediating role of the transportation network. In an application to the Central U.S. under threat from earthquakes from the New Madrid Seismic Zone, we (1) evaluate regional and national losses from scenario earthquakes, (2) quantify uncertainty on the losses through loss risk curves including contributions from seismicity, attenuation, fragilities, etc. and (3) assess the effectiveness of alternative mitigation strategies. The loss assessment methodology includes spatial interactions (through the transportation network) and business interaction (through an input-output model) and extends geographically to the entire conterminous U.S. The losses reflect damage to buildings and transportation components, reduced functionality, changes in the level of economic activity in different economic sectors and geographical regions, and the speed of the reconstruction/recovery process. Evaluation of losses for a number of scenario earthquakes indicates that losses from business interruption may be as significant as infrastructure repair costs. The overall loss is also contributed by the increase in transportation costs due to network damage.<br>(cont.) As part of the uncertainty evaluation, we assess the sensitivity of earthquake losses to various component models and model parameters. Using a detailed model of regional seismicity, scenario earthquake building losses, and a relation between business losses and building losses, we develop risk curves for building losses, business losses, and total economic losses. The results underline the importance of considering uncertainty in risk assessment. Finally, we investigate the effectiveness of alternative loss mitigation strategies such as retrofitting of buildings or bridges and faster recovery of functionality for various occupancy classes or bridges. For a number of cases, we develop loss risk curves for mitigated conditions and calculate expected annual losses, which might be used for rational decision making e.g. through cost-benefit comparison.<br>by Erdem Karaca.<br>Ph.D.
11
Hasdemir, Berna. "Analysis Of Existing Building Stock According To Mitigation Plan Objectives." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611563/index.pdf.
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Earthquakes in Turkey, among all natural disasters claim the highest losses in terms of human lives, material and economic assets. Most of the lives are lost within the collapsed buildings, and most of the material and economic losses are again directly related to the functional capacities of the building stock.
The method of risk assessment in the existing building stock is therefore an essential step in the maintenance of safer urban environments. Analysis of risks in the building stock is usually claimed to demand surveys of engineering studies. Yet risk determination studies by planners could prove not only a more comprehensive approach, but less time consuming and cheaper. As carried out by engineers, most of safety studies in the building stock are directly related with estimating the probability of collapse and damage in individual buildings. It is necessary to recognize the need for analysis of the building stock not only in terms of structural robustness, but as part of a mitigation plan, taking into consideration all sources of hazards and the urban pattern, densities, landuse, forms of ownership, social features, management capacities, and local opportunities.
Risky buildings determined by a simple set of criteria within a comprehensive planning context are comparatively explored in this study to observe the level of fit with those determined by engineering surveys. The case of Fatih District in Istanbul provides an opportunity to carry out comparative analyses. It indicates that a &lsquo<br>perfect fit&rsquo<br>can not be achieved if for nothing but due to the disregard of multi-hazard areas, hazardous activities and other vulnerabilities like timber buildings other than reinforced concrete in the district by the engineering survey. Several trials indicated that there is a trade-off between ratio of fit and the total volume of relative vulnerability assumed. Ratios like 70% or more could make the planning approach a preferable method owing to its nature of least time-consuming and costly alternative in the determination of what constitutes risk in any urban area. Ultimate assessment could be made with the occurance of the earthquake itself.
12
Muthukumar, Subrahmanyam. "The application of advanced inventory techniques in urban inventory data development to earthquake risk modeling and mitigation in mid-America." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26662.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: French, Steven P.; Committee Member: Drummond, William; Committee Member: Goodno, Barry; Committee Member: McCarthy, Patrick; Committee Member: Yang, Jiawen. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
13
Girsang, Christian Hariady. "A Numerical Investigation of the Seismic Response of the Aggregate Pier Foundation System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36363.
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The response of an aggregate pier foundation system during seismic loading was investigated. The factors and phenomena governing the performance of the aggregate pier and the improved ground were identified and clarified. The key factors affecting the performance of the aggregate pier include soil density, stiffness modulus, and drainage capacity. The improved ground is influenced by soil stratification, soil properties, pore pressure dissipation, and earthquake time history.
Comprehensive numerical modeling using FLAC were performed. The focus of the study in this research was divided into three parts: the studies of the ground acceleration, the excess pore water pressure ratio and the shear stress in soil matrix generated during seismic loading. Two earthquake time histories scaled to different peak acceleration were used in the numerical modeling: the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (pga = 0.45g) and the 1988 Saguenay earthquake (pga = 0.05g).
The main results of the simulation showed the following effects of aggregate pier on liquefiable soil deposits: 1) The aggregate pier amplifies the peak horizontal acceleration on the ground surface (amax), 2) The aggregate pier reduces the liquefaction potential up to depth where it is installed, 3) Pore pressures are generally lower for soils reinforced with aggregate pier than unreinforced soils except for very strong earthquake, 4) The maximum shear stresses in soil are much smaller for reinforced soils than unreinforced soils.
The excess pore water pressure ratio and the shear stress in the soil matrix calculated by FLAC were generally lower than those predicted by available procedures.<br>Master of Science
14
Jania, Alexander Edward. "Beyond Mitigation: The Emotional Functions of Natural Disaster Folklore in Japan." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436922622.
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Fisher, Tsz Man. "The 1852 Banda Arc Mega-thrust Earthquake and Tsunami in Indonesia." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5674.
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In 1852, a five-minute long earthquake hit the Banda Arc region that was felt over most of Indonesia. It caused uplift of new islands and sent a tsunami across the Banda Sea that reached a height of 8 meters at Banda Neira and was also registered at Ambon, Saparua and other islands. Records of the 1852 earthquake at multiple locations provide the constraints needed to reconstruct the disastrous event through earthquake intensity analysis and numerical modeling of the tsunami. Using tsunami heights and arrival times as the major constraints, best fit numerical models of the tsunami were constructed using Clawpack. These models indicate that the earthquake was most likely a mega-thrust event along the Tanimbar Trough with a Mw of around 8.4. At least 10-15 meters of elastic strain energy has accumulated along the Tanimbar Through since the 1852 event, and the population in the region has increased exponentially. When another event occurs ≥ that in 1852, there will be many more people and treasure in harms way.
16
Lamata, Martinez Ignacio. "The integration of earthquake engineering resources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c5ca053-efc7-49a2-a52e-234189f5fb3c.
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Earthquake engineering is increasingly focusing on large international collaborations to address complex problems. Recent computing advances have greatly contributed to the way scientific collaborations are conducted, where web-based solutions are an emerging trend to manage and present results to the scientific community and the general public. However, collaborations in earthquake engineering lack a common interoperability framework, resulting in tedious and complex processes to integrate results, which cannot be efficiently used by third-party institutions. The work described in this thesis applies novel computing techniques to enable the interoperability of earthquake engineering resources, by integrating data, distributed simulation services and laboratory facilities. This integration focuses on distributed approaches rather than centralised solutions, and has been materialised in a platform called Celestina, that supports the integration of hazard mitigation resources. The prototype of Celestina has been implemented and validated within the context of two of the current largest earthquake engineering networks, the SERIES network in Europe and the NEES network in the USA. It has been divided into three sub-systems to address different problems: (i) Celestina Data, to develop best methods to define, store, integrate and share earthquake engineering experimental data. Celestina Data uses a novel approach based on Semantic Web technologies, and it has accomplished the first data integration between earthquake engineering institutions from the United States and Europe by means of a formalised infrastructure. (ii) Celestina Tools, to research applications that can be implemented on top of the data integration, in order to provide a practical benefit for the end user. (iii) Celestina Simulations, to create the most efficient methods to integrate distributed testing software and to support the planning, definition and execution of the experimental workflow from a high-level perspective. Celestina Simulations has been implemented and validated by conducting distributed simulations between the Universities of Oxford and Kassel. Such validation has demonstrated the feasibility to conduct both flexible, general-purpose and high performance simulations under the framework. Celestina has enabled global analysis of data requirements for the whole community, the definition of global policies for data authorship, curation and preservation, more efficient use of efforts and funding, more accurate decision support systems and more efficient sharing and evaluation of data results in scientific articles.
17
Meservy, Travis Hatch. "Reliability of FEQDrain for Modeling Performance of Sand Treated with Large-Diameter Prefabricated Drains for Liquefaction Mitigation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7234.
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Finite element modeling of laminar shear box testing that consisted of loose sand treated with large diameter prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), was performed. The objective of the modeling was to evaluate the reliability of the computer program FEQDrain for predicting excess pore pressure ratios (Ru) at sites treated with prefabricated drains. FEQDrain was found to be capable of successfully modeling measured excess pore pressure ratio time histories from the laminar shear box experiment, as long as an appropriate combination of €˜number of equivalent cycles<'> and €˜shaking duration<'> was chosen, and sensitive parameters were in the range of measured values. Hydraulic conductivity, soil compressibility, and cycles to liquefaction are sensitive parameters and govern the computed Ru values.Modeling shows that the loading rate in the laminar shear box (15 cycles at 2 Hz) likely induced higher Ru values than would be expected in a typical earthquake event with a longer duration. The longer duration allows the drains to dissipate pore pressures and prevent liquefaction. The number of equivalent cycles and duration of shaking combinations recommended for various moment magnitudes in the FEQDrain user manual predict lower, but similar Ru versus time curves. Thus, suggesting that PVDs would be equally effective for any size earthquake. However, drains are most effective at preventing liquefaction when earthquake ground motions are long and uniform, rather than short and intense.Results from models in this study compare favorably with those from computer modeling performed by Howell et al. (2014). The individual hydraulic conductivity and compressibility values were different they were somewhat compensating. Similar Ru values can be modeled with different combinations of these parameters.Based on computer analyses, wick drains and 2€ diameter PVDs were found to be relatively ineffective for preventing liquefaction. However, 3€ diameter PVDs are fairly effective but can be overwhelmed during intense shaking. In contrast, 4€ diameter and larger PVDs are significantly more effective.
18
Erten, Mustafa Guven. "Property Problems In Post- Earthquake Urban Redevelopment Process: A Case Study In City Of Adapazari." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605621/index.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the underestimated ownership constraints in built-up urban areas as the determining characteristic of the urban redevelopment process after the Marmara Earthquake. In the first part of the study, public provisions for permanent housing have been surveyed. It is observed that relocation of the survivors entitled to such housing sites considerably far away from existing urban areas has generated the need for many adjustments on the property patterns. Without any framework for the remaining ownership and development rights in those damaged urban areas, nearly 43 000 housing units have been developed mostly by the state in order to compensate for the lost properties of disaster survivors. On the other hand, municipalities could not commence any considerable redevelopment framework in damaged urban areas after the earthquake. They were restricted to revising their development plans with respect to new geological surveys and to redefining the ideal building regulations with low building heights. Adaptation of these renewed plans to existing conditions has necessitated an immense amount of property readjustments. However, this is nearly impossible with existing plan implementation instruments which are incapable of mandating the exchange mechanisms for the reduced development rights. Lack of three dimensional property adjustment and purchasing methods different from constructions option engendered the implementation problem of these development plans prepared after the earthquake.
In this framework, a field survey has been carried out in the city of Adapazari and the post-earthquake urban redevelopment process is investigated. Transformation of the properties are plotted in Ç<br>ark Street, where the required resharing of reduced development rights with respect to new development plan can be partially observed.
Besides, the success of the forthcoming urban planning process in Turkey, which is composed of urban rehabilitation and risk mitigation works, again depends upon the capacity to realize ownership and development right transformation in urban environments. As a result, the Marmara Earthquake presents the necessary inputs and justification to restructure the property institution in urban planning.
19
Tekelı-Yeşıl, Sidika. "Factors affecting the process of taking action at individual level regarding mitigation and preparedness for an earthquake in Istanbul /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_8816.
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Hunt, Stephen J. "Semi-active smart-dampers and resetable actuators for multi-level seismic hazard mitigation of steel moment resisting frames." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1256.
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This thesis explores the creation and assessment of semi-active control algorithms for both squat shear buildings and tall flexible structures. If cost-effective, practicable, semi-active structural control systems can be developed, the potential reduction in loss of both property and lives due to seismic events is significant. Semi-active controllers offer many of the benefits of active systems, but have power requirements orders of magnitude smaller, and do not introduce energy to the structural system. Previous research into semi-active controllers has shown their potential in linear simulations with single earthquake excitations. The distinguishing feature of this investigation is the use of appropriate non-linear modelling techniques and realistic suites of seismic excitations in the statistical assessment of the semi-active control systems developed. Finite element time-history analysis techniques are used in the performance assessment of the control algorithms developed for three and nine story structural models. The models include non-linear effects due to structural plasticity, yielding, hysteretic behaviour, and P-delta effects. Realistic suites of earthquake records, representing seismic excitations with specific return period probability, are utilised, with lognormal statistical analysis used to represent the response distribution. In addition to displacement focused control laws, acceleration and jerk regulation control methods are developed, showing that potential damage reduction benefits can be obtained from these new control approaches. A statistical assessment of control architecture is developed and undertaken, examining the distribution of constant maximum actuator authority for both squat shear buildings, and tall slender structures, highlighting the need to consider non-linear structural response characteristics when implementing semi-active control systems. Finally, statistical analysis of all results and normalised values shows the efficacy of each control law and actuator type relative to different magnitude seismic events. As a result, this research clearly presents, for the first time, explicit tradeoffs between control law, architecture type, non-linear structural effects, and seismic input characteristics for the semi-active control of civil structures.
21
Taylan, Arzu. "Urban Disaster Risk Management With Compulsory Earthquake Insurance In Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611234/index.pdf.
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Turkish Compulsory Earthquake Insurance (ZDS) introduced after the 1999 Earthquakes aimed to
lower financial burdens of the State and to promote safer building construction. High earthquake risk
in Turkey necessitates risk mitigation, in line with the priority of the new international policy. Yet, the
ZDS system operates without regard to risk mitigation, and it is far from being a compulsory condition.
The ZDS system has low penetration ratios due to expectations of State-aid in the event of a disaster,
which arise from perceived attributes of ZDS, according to the findings of the Zeytinburnu household
survey. The ZDS system generates social inequalities because purchase of the ZDS contracts is
voluntary. This is related to higher social statuses and general insurance purchase behavior, whereas
insured homeowners in middle-lower income levels are observed to differ significantly from un-insured
homeowners in their perception of the ZDS purchase as &lsquo<br>compulsory&rsquo<br>and as a form of &lsquo<br>social
solidarity&rsquo<br>. Operation of the ZDS disregarding risk mitigation seems to promote fatalistic attitudes andTurkish Compulsory Earthquake Insurance (ZDS) introduced after the 1999 Earthquakes aimed to
lower financial burdens of the State and to promote safer building construction. High earthquake risk
in Turkey necessitates risk mitigation, in line with the priority of the new international policy. Yet, the
ZDS system operates without regard to risk mitigation, and it is far from being a compulsory condition.
The ZDS system has low penetration ratios due to expectations of State-aid in the event of a disaster,
which arise from perceived attributes of ZDS, according to the findings of the Zeytinburnu household
survey. The ZDS system generates social inequalities because purchase of the ZDS contracts is
voluntary. This is related to higher social statuses and general insurance purchase behavior, whereas
insured homeowners in middle-lower income levels are observed to differ significantly from un-insured
homeowners in their perception of the ZDS purchase as &lsquo<br>compulsory&rsquo<br>and as a form of &lsquo<br>social
solidarity&rsquo<br>. Operation of the ZDS disregarding risk mitigation seems to promote fatalistic attitudes and reluctance to conform with requirements of risk mitigation. Low penetration ratio and high earthquake
risk threaten efficiency of the ZDS system and does not reduce burdens of the State.
Based on survey findings, a more appropriate strategy for the achievement of resilience against
earthquakes could be possible through the collaboration of the ZDS system with local administrations.
It is observed that by means of a &lsquo<br>Grant Program&rsquo<br>, there may be abundant reason and evidence to
achieve convertion of the ZDS system from a post-disaster loss compensation mechanism to a predisaster
risk reduction benefactor.
Supporting municipalities to produce urban risk maps could reduce risks by more accurate estimation
of potential losses, and an extended coverage of the ZDS system to urban risks. Relationship
analyses between homeowners&rsquo<br>attributes, perceptions and tendencies toward alternative policies
indicate the necessity of introducing policies based risk-rated premiums. Homeowners are observed
as requiring technical and financial assistance to take mitigation measures, decisions under
individualized conditions, on the other hand, seem to reinforce fatalistic attitudes and reluctance due
to the disregard of risk mitigation benefits and ZDS purchase.
Waste of public resources and creation of social inequalities could be prevented by enhancing the
capacities of local authorities to implement urban risk mitigation plans and community-based projects
via a Grant Program. &lsquo<br>Relationship analyses&rsquo<br>of the attitudes of homeowners for alternative policies
with respect to their attributes and perceptions revealed that a Grant Program could result in the
perception of the ZDS system as a form of social solidarity in risk mitigation. This is to reduce fatalistic
attitudes, and curb reluctance compared to individualized conditions of insurance purchase. As a
result, willingness to mitigate risks through active participation and purchase of ZDS contracts,
particularly among homeowners in the middle-lower socio-economic statuses are likely to expand
leading to a resilience society.
22
Brannon, Brittany Ann. "Faulty Measurements and Shaky Tools: An Exploration into Hazus and the Seismic Vulnerabilities of Portland, OR." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1410.
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Events or forces of nature with catastrophic consequences, or "natural disasters," have increased in both frequency and force due to climate change and increased urbanization in climate-sensitive areas. To create capacity to face these dangers, an entity must first quantify the threat and translate scientific knowledge on nature into comprehensible estimates of cost and loss. These estimates equip those at risk with knowledge to enact policy, formulate mitigation plans, raise awareness, and promote preparedness in light of potential destruction. Hazards-United States, or Hazus, is one such tool created by the federal government to estimate loss from a variety of threats, including earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods. Private and governmental agencies use Hazus to provide information and support to enact mitigation measures, craft plans, and create insurance assessments; hence the results of Hazus can have lasting and irreversible effects once the hazard in question occurs. This thesis addresses this problem and sheds light on the obvious and deterministic failings of Hazus in the context of the probable earthquake in Portland, OR; stripping away the tool's black box and exposing the grim vulnerabilities it fails to account for.
The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, this thesis aims to examine the critical flaws within Hazus and the omitted vulnerabilities particular to the Portland region and likely relevant in other areas of study. Second and more nationally applicable, this thesis intends to examine the influence Hazus outputs can have in the framing of seismic risk by the non-expert public. Combining the problem of inadequate understanding of risk in Portland with the questionable faith in Hazus alludes to a larger, socio-technical situation in need of attention by the academic and hazard mitigation community. This thesis addresses those issues in scope and adds to the growing body of literature on defining risk, hazard mitigation, and the consequences of natural disasters to urban environments.
23
Cooke, Harry G. "Ground Improvement for Liquefaction Mitigation at Existing Highway Bridges." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28417.
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The feasibility of using ground improvement at existing highway bridges to mitigate the risk of earthquake-induced liquefaction damage has been studied. The factors and phenomena governing the performance of the improved ground were identified and clarified. Potential analytical methods for predicting the treated ground performance were investigated and tested.
Key factors affecting improved ground performance are the type, size, and location of the treated ground. The improved ground behavior is influenced by excess pore water pressure migration, ground motion amplification, inertial force phasing, dynamic component of liquefied soil pressure, presence of a supported structure, and lateral spreading forces.
Simplified, uncoupled analytical methods were unable to predict the final performance of an improved ground zone and supported structure, but provided useful insights. Pseudostatic stability and deformation analyses can not successfully predict the final performance because of their inability to adequately account for the transient response. Equivalent-linear dynamic response analyses indicate that significant shear strains, pore water pressures and accelerations will develop in the improved ground when the treated-untreated soil system approaches resonance during shaking. Transient seepage analyses indicate that evaluating pore pressure migration into a three-dimensional improved zone using two-dimensional analyses can underestimate the pore pressures in the zone.
More comprehensive, partially-coupled analyses performed using the finite difference computer program FLAC provided better predictions of treated ground performance. These two-dimensional, dynamic analyses based on effective stresses incorporated pore pressure generation, non-linear stress-strain behavior, strength reduction, and groundwater flow. Permanent movements of structures and improved soil zones were predicted within a factor of approximately two. Predictions of ground accelerations and pore water pressures were less accurate.
Dynamic analyses were performed with FLAC for an example bridge pier and stub abutment on an approach embankment supported on shallow foundations and underlain by thick, liquefiable soils with and without improved ground zones. Ground improvement that restricted movements of the pier and stub abutment to tolerable levels included improved zones of limited size extending completely through the underlying liquefiable soils and formed through densification by compaction grouting or cementation by chemical grouting or jet grouting. A buttress fill at the abutment was unsuccessful.<br>Ph. D.
24
Johnston, Courteney. "Master or Engineering Management Report. Lessons Learned, Disaster Mitigation Guidelines." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7553.
Full textAbstract:
The Master of Engineering Management Project was sponsored by the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) and consisted of two phases:
The first was an analysis of existing information detailing the effects of hazardous natural events on Canterbury Lifeline Utilities in the past 15 years. The aim of this “Lessons Learned” project was to produce an analysis report that identified key themes from the research, gaps in the existing data and to provide recommendations from these “Lessons Learned.”
The Second phase was the development of a practical “Disaster Mitigation Guideline” that outlined lessons in the field of Emergency Sanitation. This research would build upon the first stage and would draw from international reference to develop a guideline that has practical implementation possibilities throughout the world.
25
Carnrite, Catherine Lee. "Earthquake hazard awareness and mitigative action, a case study of two communities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24101.pdf.
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26
Wang, Chih-Hao. "LAND-USE ALLOCATION AND EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE MITIGATION:A COMBINED SPATIAL STATISTICS AND OPTIMIZATION APPROACH." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1372552622.
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27
Blewett, Jo. "The development of laboratory measurement techniques to study liquefaction mitigation by vibro-replacement stone columns." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1257.
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Existing and novel laboratory techniques and equipment are used to produce comprehensive information on the liquefaction mitigation provided by granular drainage columnar inclusions in loose sand. Extensive use is made of bender-element testing techniques and the frequency dependence of such measurements is examined. Phase-sensitive detection is proposed as a new method to obtain the frequency response of the element data. The applicability of this technique is extended to provide a convenient and accurate method for determination of the time-of-flight of a shear-wave in sand. This technique is employed to measure the load share between sand and columnar components during triaxial testing. A novel low cost, high loading frequency, triaxial testing system is developed and preliminary testing is carried out on both pure sand samples and composite columnar samples. The testing programme examines aspects of liquefaction mitigation due to the rigidity of the columnar inclusions and due to the increased permeability of the columns. The laboratory results are verified by the application of existing analytical models. The equipment and techniques are used to investigate the feasibility of using recycled aggregates in place of stone backfill.
28
White, David Keith. "Learning From Disasters." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Management, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7440.
Full textAbstract:
Two projects are documented within this MEM Report:
I. The first project examined what was learnt involving the critical infrastructure in the aftermath of natural disasters in the Canterbury region of New Zealand – the most prominent being the series of earthquakes between 2010 and 2011. The project identified several learning gaps, leading to recommendations for further investigations that could add significant value for the lifeline infrastructure community.
II. Following the Lifeline Lesson Learnt Project, the Disaster Mitigation Guideline series was initiated with two booklets, one on Emergency Potable Water and a second on Emergency Sanitation.
The key message from both projects is that we can and must learn from disasters. The projects described are part of the emergency management, and critical infrastructure learning cycles – presenting knowledge captured by others in a digestible format, enabling the lessons to be reapplied.
Without these kinds of projects, there will be fewer opportunities to learn from other’s successes and failures when it comes to preparing for natural disasters.
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Kang, GiChun. "Assessing uplift displacement of buried geotechnical structures in liquefied ground during earthquakes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120829.
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Sulaeman, Hanif Ibadurrahman. "Discovery of Paleotsunami Deposits along Eastern Sunda Arc: Potential for Megathrust Earthquakes in Bali." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7178.
Full textAbstract:
Several laterally extensive candidate tsunami deposits are preserved along coastlines facing the eastern Java Trench, indicating it has experienced mega-thrust earthquakes in the past. We investigated 37 coastal sites in Bali, Lombok, Sumba and Timor islands, many of which preserve course sand and pebble layers that overlie sharp basal contacts with scour marks into the mud, fine upward in grain size, and have bimodal grain size distributions. Other unique features are the common occurrence of marine fossils and concentrations of heavy minerals. The occurrence of these high-energy deposits interlayered with clay-rich units indicates the coarse clastics are anomalous because they were deposited in what is normally a very low-energy depositional environment. The lateral extent and paucity of thin, coarse clastic layers with marine organisms are inconsistent with local stream flood event, and the proximity to the equator of the sites diminishes the possibility of marine flood events from cyclones. The sparse, but consistent, the occurrence of at least two candidate tsunami deposits at depths of 1 and 2 meters over 950 km along the strike of the Java Trench may reveal that mega-thrust earthquakes have occurred there and generated giant tsunamis in the recent past. Five widely scattered imbricated boulder deposits are also found on Bali, Lombok, and Sumba. The boulders consist of slabs of hardpan up to 2.5 m in length and 80 cm thick that was torn from a near-shore seabed and stacked on top of one another. Some of the boulders were carried over the erosional coastal bank and deposited up to 100 meters inland. Comparisons with imbricated boulder ridges formed during the 1994 tsunami in east Java indicate that these deposits are from one or multiple tsunamis sourced by the Java Trench. Experiments in effective ways to communicate and implement tsunami disaster mitigation strategies have led us to train local communities about the 20-20-20 rule. If coastal communities experience more than 20 seconds of shaking from an earthquake, even if it is not intense, they should evacuate the coast. The time delay between the earthquake and arrival of tsunami waves is around 20 minutes, which is the time window for evacuation. Some tsunami waves may be as high as 20 meters, which is the target elevation for evacuation. Adopting the 20-20-20 rule could save thousands of lives throughout the region, especially in Bali where nearly 1 million people inhabit likely tsunami inundation zones.
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Ullah, Irfan. "Caracterização da subsuperfície rasa através da curva da razão espectral H/V e da inversão conjunta das curvas de dispersão e elipticidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-04062018-101840/.
Full textAbstract:
A destruição causada por um terremoto depende de muitos fatores, como características e profundidade da fonte, magnitude, distância epicentral e da configuração geológica da área. A destruição causada devido à configuração geológica da área é denominada como efeito local. A modelagem do efeito local implica na determinação do tempo e nível de vibração e do efeito de amplificação do deslocamento. As propriedades elásticas dos materiais geológicos (velocidade das ondas de compressão e de cisalhamento, densidade, espessura da camada de solo, etc.) podem ser obtidas por diversos métodos geofísicos. O conhecimento dessas propriedades elásticas ajuda a melhor projetar as infraestruturas e reduzir as chances de danos. Este procedimento é denominado de microzoneamento. Os parâmetros mais importantes para realizar o microzoneamento são as espessuras dos sedimentos que recobrem o embasamento e o perfil das velocidades das ondas S (cisalhamento). Esses dois parâmetros são adequadamente caracterizados pelo uso de várias técnicas geofísicas como perfilagens em furos de sondagem, reflexão e refração sísmica. Esses métodos geofísicos trazem algumas restrições como a necessidade da execução de um furo, emprego de fontes sísmicas artificiais que muitas vezes são dispendiosas e por vezes de uso restrito em áreas urbanas, além de muitas vezes estarem limitadas a investigações de apenas algumas dezenas de metros. Os métodos que substituíram esses métodos geofísicos convencionais nas últimas décadas são a análise do ruído sísmico produzido por fontes naturais e culturais. Este ruído sísmico ambiental pode ser registrado com menor custo e esforço e com boa cobertura lateral. Várias técnicas que se utilizam do ruído sísmico podem ser empregadas, no entanto, aquela que obteve maior atenção nos últimos anos é a técnica da razão do espectro horizontal sobre o espectro vertical da onda de superfície (H/V). A curva da razão espectral H/V é uma ferramenta rápida, fácil e de baixo custo para a caracterização da subsuperfície rasa. Existem vários estudos realizados sobre o tema que tentaram cobrir todos os aspectos e problemas associados ao método. Aqui neste estudo são aprofundados alguns aspectos ainda não avaliados em detalhe. Diferentes procedimentos para a modelagem e as associações entre os fenômenos físicos envolvidos e as características da curva H/V são discutidos e os resultados numéricos desses estudos são comparados com informações extraídas de perfis de sondagens de um dos locais estudados. O pico e a forma da curva H / V são modelados para encontrar o desvio na frequência de pico a partir da frequência de ressonância da onda de cisalhamento considerando diferentes campos de onda em torno do pico, assim como sua relação com a forma dominante da curva. A frequência de pico das curvas H/V é utilizada para estimar a relação entre a frequência a espessura através de análise de regressão. O estudo mostra que a curva de dispersão obtida a partir de um ensaio MASW pode ser usada para estimar a velocidade da onda S a um metro de profundidade e sua tendência de aumento com a profundidade. Esses valores podem ser usados para estimar a relação frequência-espessura para uma área. Esses resultados são comparados com a relação frequência-espessura derivada experimentalmente para a mesma área. A sensibilidade da forma da curva H/V à estrutura de velocidade do meio é analisada através de duas técnicas de modelagem (elipticidade da onda Rayleigh e campo difuso baseado na curva H/V). Diferentes partes da curva H/V são invertidas visando avaliar qual a parte da curva H/V contém as informações mais importantes sobre a estrutura subterrânea. As lições aprendidas dessas análises são aplicadas a três dados experimentais de locais distintos. As ondas Love podem contaminar o resultado da curva H/V. Duas técnicas diferentes para remover o efeito das ondas amorosas são discutidas. Em seguida, são discutidos os resultados da inversão conjunta das curvas de dispersão e da curva H/V após remoção do efeito da onda Love, ou seja, a curva de elipticidade. Alguns aspectos novos da técnica H/V são discutidos no final.<br>The destruction caused by an earthquake at a site depends on many factors like source characteristics such as magnitude, epicentral distance from the site, depth of the source, and on the geological setting of the area. The destruction caused due to the geological setting of an area is termed as site effect. To model the site effect of an area is to determine the shaking level longevity and its displacement amplification. The elastic properties (shear and compressional wave velocities, density, thickness of soil layer, etc.) of the site are required to find out by employing various geophysical procedures. The knowledge of these elastic properties help in better designing the infrastructure, which reduces the chances of destruction caused by a local geological setting due to an earthquake occurrence. This procedure is widely termed as microzonation. The most important parameters for the microzonation are the thickness of soft sediments over the seismic bedrock and its shear wave velocity profile. These two parameters are properly characterized by employing various geophysical techniques like borehole measurement, seismic reflection and seismic refraction. The conventional geophysical methods bring some hindrance to the picture such as, the drilling of a borehole and artificial seismic sources deployment for the reflection and refraction survey, which are both expensive and time consuming, difficult or even in some case impossible to implement in urbanized environment, the investigation is depth limited to few tens of meter. The methods which replaced this conventional geophysical method from the last decades or so is the analysis of Earth vibration caused by the seismic noise which is produced by both natural and cultural sources. This ambient seismic noise can be recorded with less cost and effort with good lateral coverage. Various seismic noise techniques are employed for this job; however, the one which got the most attention in recent years is the horizontal over vertical spectral ratio (H/V) technique. The H/V spectral ratio curve is a fast easy and cheap tool for the near-subsurface characterization. There are various study performed on the topic which has tried to cover almost all the aspects and problems associated with the method. Here in this study, we try to detail the aspects of this technique, which are not been evaluated fully. The different modelling procedures presented to model and physically link the H/V curve with some physical phenomenon will be discussed and its numerical result with the experimental H/V curve will be compared for a borehole test site. The peak and the shape of the H/V curve will be modelled to find its peak frequency deviation from the shear wave resonance frequency by considering different wave-field around the peak. Similarly, the shape dominancy of the H/V curve linkage will be find out. The peak frequency of the H/V curve is used to estimate the thickness-frequency relation by regression analysis. Here we will show that the dispersion curve obtained from multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) can be used to estimate the velocity at one meter and the shear wave velocity increase trend with depth. These values can be used to estimate the thickness frequency relation for an area and its result will be compared with the experimentally derived thickness-frequency relationship for the same area. The sensitivity of the H/V curve shape to the subsurface velocity structure will find out for two main modelling techniques (Rayleigh wave ellipticity and diffused field based H/V curve). The different parts of the H/V curve are inverted (back modelled) to find out the part of H/V curve which is carrying the most important information about the subsurface structure. The lesson learned from all this analysis will be applied to experimental data of three different sites. The Love waves might contaminate the result of the H/V curve. Two different techniques to remove their effects will be discussed. Then, the joint inversion result of the dispersion and this Love effect removed H/V for more precisely ellipticity curve is discussed. Some new aspects of the H/V curve technique are also discussed at the end.
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Maio, Rui André Simões Dias. "Earthquake risk mitigation of urban cultural heritage assets." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/30549.
Full textAbstract:
The present thesis aims at contributing for the study of the seismic
vulnerability assessment of urban cultural heritage assets, and subsequently,
for the earthquake risk mitigation in historic centres, through the
investigation of the eventual correlation between analytical and semiempirical
methods, that could possibly lead to the development of a new
hybrid approach. Hence, in Chapter 1, the framework of the main topic
of the thesis, and the respective aims and motivations, are presented and
briefly discussed, along with the outline and organisation of the document,
as well as the list of publications that support the work carried out in this
thesis. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive literature review on disaster risk
mitigation of UCH assets located in historic centres, by means of adopting
a holistic framework about the features of such a complex system. This
exercise is fundamental to understand the current streams of thought and
to identify new gaps and opportunities that could eventually enhance the
knowledge level on this particular field of research. Chapter 3 discusses some
of the main challenges associated with survey and inspection techniques
for input data acquisition of UCH assets, with particular focus to the
investigation of assets located in historic centres, which are most likely
enclosed in aggregate. In a second moment, the main challenges concerning
the seismic response assessment of UCH assets are discussed, namely
focusing on the pros and cons of macroelement approaches. Chapter 4
presents the main findings of a cost-benefit analysis model applied to
investigate the integration of traditional seismic strengthening solutions
in the rehabilitation of UCH assets. While in a first phase, only the
economic viability of using such strengthening solutions was investigated,
in a second phase, a cost-benefit model is applied to four different case
studies considered representative of both rural and urban masonry building
typologies of Faial island, in Azores. Chapter 5 presents the investigation
of the correlation between two well-known approaches for the seismic risk
assessment of UCH assets in historic centres: the “vulnerability index”
method and the seismic “capacity curve” derived by using a simplified
numerical model together with a nonlinear static procedure. Finally,
Chapter 6 summarises the key conclusions that have been pointed out
in the previous chapters of the thesis and outlines the grounds of future
developments and research paths.<br>A presente tese tem por objetivo contribuir para o estudo da avaliação da
vulnerabilidade sísmica de edifícios urbanos antigos, e subsequentemente,
para a mitigação do risco sísmico em centros históricos, através da
investigação da eventual correlação entre métodos analíticos e semiempíricos,
que possa levar ao desenvolvimento de uma nova abordagem
híbrida. Assim, no Capítulo 1, é feita uma breve contextualização do
tópico principal da tese e dos respetivos objectivos e motivações, sendo
ainda apresentada a estrutura e organização do documento, assim como
a lista das publicações que suportam o trabalho aqui desenvolvido. O
Capítulo 2 apresenta uma revisão exaustiva da literatura, de forma a que se
possam identificar não só as atuais linhas de investigação neste tópico, mas
também lacunas na investigação e eventuais janelas de oportunidade para
melhorar o conhecimento científico nesta área específica. No Capítulo 3
são discutidos alguns dos principais desafios associados com as técnicas
de inspecção e diagnóstico de edifícios urbanos antigos, com foco para
as particularidades dos edifícios integrados em agregados urbanos. Numa
segunda fase, são também discutidos os desafios associados à avaliação
da resposta sísmica de edifícios urbanos antigos, nomeadamente no que
diz respeito às vantagens e limitações da utilização de métodos analíticos
baseados em abordagens por macrolementos. O Capítulo 4 apresenta a
análise custo-benefício associada à adopção de soluções tradicionais de
reforço sísmico na reabilitação de edifícios urbanos antigos. Se numa
primeira fase, é analisada, de forma isolada, a viabilidade dessas soluções
de reforço, num segundo momento, é aplicado um modelo de análise custobenefício
a quatro casos de estudo considerados representativos, quer do
edificado rural quer do edificado urbano da ilha do Faial, nos Açores.
O Capítulo 5 apresenta o estudo da correlação entre duas abordagens
reconhecidas internacionalmente para a avaliação do risco sísmico de
edifícios de alvenaria localizados em centros históricos: o método do “índice
de vulnerabilidade” e a “curva de capacidade” resultante da utilização
de um modelo numérico simplificado juntamente com uma abordagem
estática não-linear. Finalmente, no Capítulo 6, são resumidas as principais
conclusões de cada um dos capítulos anteriores, assim como as principais
linhas orientadoras para novos desenvolvimentos e trabalhos futuros.<br>Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Civil
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Shen, Hsu, and 沈旭. "The Risk Analysis of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Taipei Metropolitan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s8pwm4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災研究所<br>97<br>Taiwan is located in the circum-Pacific seismic zone, and thus earthquakes are not avoidable. Until now earthquake are still unpredictable and the casualty and the loss of property caused by an earthquake can not be estimated accurately. The magnitude, the focal depth and the epicenter of an earthquake all have an influence on the casualty and the loss of property. Cities are the place where the population and the buildings are crowded and the economy is flourishing. If a major earthquake occurred in cities, the loss will be much more than occurred in other areas. Therefore, it needs for special planning for the urban earthquake disaster prevention.
This study focuses on the combination of the earthquake disaster reduction in Taipei metropolitan area and the “Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System（TELES）”, and imitates the risk analysis of urban structures through the point of view of risk management. By considering the risk analysis with the natural environments and human activities the risk factors of the metropolitan area were extracted. Furthermore, this study discussed in length the characteristics, accuracy and availability of these risk factors, and investigated the relationship between them and TELES. This study of risk factors can provide a better framework for risk maps and a better understanding for the characteristics, vulnerability and hazard resilience fot a specific region. Hope that this study can be helpful for the earthquake disaster mitigation planning, urban planning and risk management strategies for the public as well as private sectors.
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Hsieh, Chih-Yih, and 謝志毅. "Low-cost seismic network for earthquake disaster mitigation in Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15092975602570084731.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>地質科學研究所<br>104<br>Nearly real-time shaking maps can promptly provide spatial distributions of ground motion and seismic intensity soon after significant earthquakes hit, which are valuable to conduct rapid assessments on possible seismic adverse impacts. First, this research investigates the affecting factors of source uncertainties (e.g., magnitudes and locations) as to determine seismic intensity estimations. Conclusive results of case studies indicate that the current rapid earthquake reporting system based on a point source assumption could have uncertainties of 0.5 in intensity and 7.2 cm/s2 in peak ground acceleration (PGA). According to recent case studies, a dense seismic network adopting the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers has been developed by an earthquake early warning (EEW) research group at National Taiwan University. Through data collected by the network, this research retrieves massive information from lots of moderate-to-large earthquake records to explore the feasibility of producing real-time shaking map and the performance of threshold-based on-site EEW approach. According to the studies of shaking maps, the dense network can produce higher-resolution shaking maps and identify direction of source rupture through real-time calculation which effectively benefits emergency response operations and disaster risk reduction. This research also demonstrates this network is desirable for a functional threshold-based implementation of EEW and issues early warnings with sufficient leading time. In addition, from the analysis of data collected by an array of MEMS accelerometers and a broad-band seismometer within 2015, this research finds Pd correlates well with peak ground velocity (PGV). The MEMS seismic network shows its potential capabilities in disaster mitigation.
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CHEN, YU-HSIN, and 陳宇新. "Earthquake Mitigation Policy Evaluation -- Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79627015549261765446.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>都市計劃研究所<br>93<br>Although disaster loss simulation system has been used to simulate losses popularly, evaluation for disaster mitigation policy is still in short of a set of evaluation method. This study established an evaluation system of nonstructure mitigation policy through the literature reviews. This evaluation system evaluates the nonstructure mitigation policy not only in Effectiveness but in Feasibility and Equity. To apply the Multi-criteria Decision Making Method, this study used three weighting methods including AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process), ROC(Rank Order Centroid Method), and Fuzzy. In addition, it combined experts, the public participation and HAZ-Taiwan simulated results to implement policy evaluation.
The study result found these three weightings have barely differences, in hence ROC which is easier to operate will be suggest to use when implementing policy evaluation. Furthermore, “the injured and death caused by disaster” in Effectiveness and “the public’s acceptance level of policy” in Feasibility will be the main elements of policy design in the future. According to the evaluation result of three mitigation policies, land use planning turns out the best in Feasibility because of urban planning implementing in Taiwan; insurance turns out the best in Equity because of risk-sharing effect; building code turns out the best in Effectiveness because of the earthquake relieving requirement. However, these three policies can’t achieve mitigation unless they have the complete set of policy such as providing of risk information, reinsurance system, catastrophe bonds, and building supervising system.
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O'Hanley, Jean A. "Earthquake risk mitigation of hospital facilities: a case study of Vancouver General Hospital." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2170.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to critically examine whether hospitals located in high seismic risk areas such as Vancouver can respond as post-disaster facilities in the aftermath of a major earthquake. Earthquake experience in California during the 1971 San Fernando and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes in particular demonstrate that hospitals may be vulnerable and rendered unable to fully respond to their communities needs. In the case of earthquakes, risk management methods are limited to two strategies: pre-event mitigation to reduce the effects of the earthquake on life safety and loss of property; and providing recovery services after the event. In the case of post-disaster hospitals, experience shows that mitigation strategies ensure the functionality of the facility. Therefore, mitigation strategies must not only include structural mitigation to protect the life safety of its occupants, they must also include strategies which ensure the functionality of both the building operations as well as that of therapeutic and diagnostic medical equipment in the aftermath of an earthquake. Vancouver General Hospital is used as a case study to critically examine seismic pre-event mitigation strategies which include: the structures; building operation and medical equipment which are dependent on the supply of potable water and power. Findings of this study indicate that the current supply of potable water is not reliable and that some of VGH's essential building operations and medical equipment will not be functional due to losses in water pressures and disruptions in service. This study recommends that VGH should consider mitigation strategies which make the hospital independent of outside sources of both water and power supply in order to meet its emergency role as a post-disaster facility following an earthquake. The functionality of VGH in the aftermath of a major earthquake will be seriously curtailed unless there is adequate storage of potable water on site to meet the emergency needs of this hospital.
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Hung, Tai-Chang, and 洪泰昌. "The Quantitative Earthquake Loss Estimation and Mitigation Countermeasures for Gas Pipeline." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7rfbzu.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災研究所<br>97<br>Natural gas (a.k.a. Gas) pipeline is one of the most important daily supporting components in modern society. The quality of its operational management is essential to the safety as well as the stability of gas supply. If routine maintenance and management are not performed properly, it’s very easy to cause gas leaking and explosion which further results in human casualties and loss of properties. When earthquake hits, pipeline network broken, gas leaking and fire can cause secondary damage. The materials that are being used in Taiwan’s gas networks are steel, PE, cast iron and galvanized steel and they offer different levels of earthquake resistance. When the Osaka-Kobe earthquake hit Japan, 860,000 households of Osaka Gas Company suddenly lost the gas supply. The company had assembled approximately 10,000 workers and spent 3 months to barely restore the system. The impact of citizen’s daily life and social order in the affected areas were tremendous.
As earthquake happens in Taiwan frequently, we hope that by utilizing TELES (Taiwan Earthquakes Loss Estimation System) developed by National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, we can focus on the ShinShin Gas Company’s PE pipe in WenShan District of Taipei city and cast iron pipe in Yungho city of Taipei county to provide these different systems earthquake scenario simulation, earthquake damage simulation, earthquake resistance estimation and studies of strategies on different stages of earthquake disaster. We also consult the related subjects in United States and Japan in order to achieve the goals of disaster prevention and recovery. And lastly to provide constructive advise to the gas industries and government policy making institutions.
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"Mitigation of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction via Microbial Denitrification: A Two-Stage Process." Doctoral diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.38697.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: The dissimilatory reduction of nitrate, or denitrification, offers the potential of a sustainable, cost effective method for the non-disruptive mitigation of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction. Worldwide, trillions of dollars of infrastructure are at risk for liquefaction damage in earthquake prone regions. However, most techniques for remediating liquefiable soils are either not applicable to sites near existing infrastructure, or are prohibitively expensive. Recently, laboratory studies have shown the potential for biogeotechnical soil improvement techniques such as microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) to mitigate liquefaction potential in a non-disruptive manner. Multiple microbial processes have been identified for MICP, but only two have been extensively studied. Ureolysis, the most commonly studied process for MICP, has been shown to quickly and efficiently induce carbonate precipitation on particle surfaces and at particle contacts to improve the stiffness, strength, and dilatant behavior of liquefiable soils. However, ureolysis also produces copious amounts of ammonium, a potentially toxic byproduct. The second process studied for MICP, denitrification, has been shown to precipitate carbonate, and hence improve soil properties, much more slowly than ureolysis. However, the byproducts of denitrification, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas, are non-toxic, and present the added benefit of rapidly desaturating the treated soil. Small amounts of desaturation have been shown to increase the cyclic resistance, and hence the liquefaction resistance, of liquefiable soils. So, denitrification offers the potential to mitigate liquefaction as a two-stage process, with desaturation providing short term mitigation, and MICP providing long term liquefaction resistance. This study presents the results of soil testing, stoichiometric modeling, and microbial ecology characterization to better characterize the potential use of denitrification as a two-stage process for liquefaction mitigation.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2016
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Tasi, Tung-Pi, and 蔡東壁. "A Research on Earthquake Mitigation and Evaluation Method of Bridges in Kaohsiung Suburban Areas." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36584143250964466858.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>土木工程與防災科技研究所<br>91<br>Abstract
The purpose of this study is to accurately locate bridges with highly possibilities of collapse before the earthquake’s strike. Subjects are bridges connecting Kaohsiung to Pingtung. According to the Hazard Preventing＆Rescue Law, the degree of disaster can be lowered if ready-to-collapse bridges are located and strengthened immediately.
The related papers regarding disaster prevention after 921 massive earthquakes are many; however, few discuss bridge disasters prevention. Bridges of collapse cannot be repaired in a short moment and will greatly influence the traffic. This study uses seismic hazard analysis to analyze the likely influence so that a future bridge rebuilding work can leave out the original site. Moreover, it has been a while after new bridges went into service. Their loading or natural consumption such as typhoons and heavy storms will damage the bridges to certain extent. In this study, bridges seismic degree will be measured as well. It is hoped that with the seismic hazard analysis and the seismic assessment, the possible-collapse bridges are rapidly spotted and strengthened beforehand to lessen the damage before earthquakes.
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劉金驥. "Earthquake disaster mitigation strategies of metropolis governments take the Taipei city as an example." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45641510188320413516.
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Pei-Yang, Lin, and 林沛暘. "Application of System Identification and Structural Control to the Mitigation of Earthquake Induced Structural Response." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26649783853316699508.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>88<br>The objective of this paper is to apply structural control on the mitigation of seismic and wind-induced hazard. To do this, three parts of studies are investigated. First, the system identification of structural parameters and passive control device are introduced: 1.The recursive least-square time domain identification is used to identify the full matrixes of stiffness and damping of a three story building structure. And these structural parameters can be use in the design of active control. 2.The base-isolated transformer and bushing system is identified through extended Kalman filter. 3.The On-line identification is used in modeling a passive damping device. In addition, the passive controlled response of a bridge-girder system subjected to near field excitation is investigated, too. The result shows that the relative displacement between two piers can be effectively suppressed by using such a passive control system when the structural system subjected to the near-fault ground motion excitations.
Secondly, the effectiveness of some active control algorithms is compared through experimental verification of a seismic-excited full-scale building. A full-scaled 3-story steel building with active bracing control system was tested at a 3 dimensional shaking table of NCREE. Taiwan. The active bracing control system was installed at the first floor only. It is concluded that within the maximum capacity of the actuator in the experiment all of the three control algorithms performed well and almost 50% of displacement as well as the acceleration of each floor response was reduced.
Finally, the design guideline of using visco-elastic damper for the control of building structures subjected to earthquake loading as well as suspension roof structures subjected to wind loading is proposed. The active control algorithm is used to calculate the control forces. Based on the single mode approach the control forces are transformed to the forces which visco-elastic dampers can provide. Application of the method to the design of the building structure with passive damping devices in bracing system and the suspension roof with dampers are studied. Through the application of optimal control theory a systematic design procedures to implement dampers in structures is proposed.
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CHENG, CHI-FANG, and 陳琪芳. "Action Research on the Teaching of Earthquake Hazard Mitigation — Case of First Grade Elementary School Students." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5rhz4t.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大仁科技大學<br>環境管理研究所<br>105<br>The geographic location of Taiwan is associated with frequent earthquakes that caused considerable fatality or property losses. Thus the earthquake preparedness education becomes an important issue. To build a solid foundation for earthquake preparedness education during childhood, the present study designed a set of teaching plan that encompasses the earthquake preparedness movies, lessons and drills that were carried out in this study, and were used as tool for action research of the earthquake preparedness education for the first grade elementary school students. To evaluate if our teaching plan improved the earthquake preparedness competence of first grade elementary school students, questionnaire-based test assessments, consisting of questions on earthquake preparedness knowledge, strategy, attitude and skills, were given before and after the earthquake preparedness education. During the course of earthquake preparedness education, the teaching plan was modified based on interview findings prior to education, perceptions of students toward the teaching plans during the course, and the in-class observation notes and after-class notes comparison of teachers. Upon completion of the teaching plan, these students were interviewed again for learning perceptions, and their change in earthquake preparedness knowledge, attitude and skills. Comparing the data collected before and after the education, the findings are summarized as the following：
1.The completion of this earthquake preparedness education plan was found to improve the earthquake preparedness knowledge and skills of elementary school students.
2.The completion of this earthquake preparedness education plan was found to influence positively the attitude of first grade elementary school students toward earthquake preparedness.
3.This study is considered the first action research on earthquake preparedness education for first grader elementary school students, and in considered innovative.
It is hoped that the outcome of this study can improve the earthquake preparedness competence of first grade elementary school students, and will provide a guideline for future study.
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Chen, Ting-Chen, and 陳廷甄. "A performance research of disater activities for mudslide disaster mitigation education---- a case study of 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29793020723627483342.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺中教育大學<br>環境教育及管理研究所<br>99<br>This research studied the performance of educational activities regarding mudslide disaster mitigation. The facilities in the 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan were utilized, and mudslide-related activities were conducted. The research discussed how the mudslide-related educational activities would influence the second grade elementary students and provide them with knowledge, attitude, and skills of mudslide disaster mitigation. The participants were the second grade students of five elementary schools in Taichung. The students were having a field trip to the 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan, and it took half day to complete the four activities.
Activity 1：The introduction of the Chelongpu Fault Preservation Hall, Activity 2：The illustration of the picture book “A little bear plants trees”, Activity 3：The preparation of emergency backpacks, Activity 4：Watching 3D movie “The Impacts of Earthquakes” .
The students were required to do the pre-test and post-test before and after the activities. The qualitative data were collected and analyzed, including the teacher’s notes, observation records, activity sheets, and questionnaires. The research results were as follows:
1. Before participation of the activities, the students were at a moderate level regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of mudslide disaster mitigation.
2. These educational activities would contribute to the increase of the students’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills of mudslide disaster mitigation.
3. The educational background of a students’ parents, his/her hazard experiences, and the learning resources significantly affected a student’s knowledge of mudslide disaster mitigation.
4. The educational background of a students’ parents, reading habits, disaster experiences, learning resources, and participation in related activities significantly affected a students’ attitudes toward mudslide disaster mitigation.
5. Whether a student had participated in related activities significantly affected their skills of mudslide disaster mitigation.
6. A students’ knowledge was significantly related to their attitude, and students’ attitude were significantly related to skills regarding mudslide disaster mitigation.
7. The design of four activities was in accordance with the learning theories of second grade students’ stage. Therefore, the students were having excellent interactions with instructors of the 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan. Because the students paid attention to every activities, they obtained good performance in the questionnaires.
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Yu-TingSu and 蘇郁婷. "Mitigation and Preparation Strategies and Resident’s Intentions of the Earthquake Potential Area, A Case Study of Houchiali Fault in Tainan City." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3jnuy8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>都市計劃學系<br>105<br>In the face of the increasingly frequent natural disasters, the Government of the Republic of China responds to national land use management. This study demonstrates the resident's intentions to mitigation and preparation strategies and Intention is influenced by population attributes, risk perception and other factors. Research method is questionnaire survey and data analysis. To understand the causes of differences in the intention, it is found that the impacts of factors have different degrees of impact. Understanding the intentions of resident on mitigation and preparation strategies will help planners to produce a more widely accepted or more relevant regional strategy program so that strategy implementation is easier to implement, that is, a strategic efficiency of the promotion.
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Wang, Kuo-Whei, and 王國輝. "A Study on the Feasibility of Community Participation in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation - The Case of Four Communities in Chia-Yi City." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39064450004452479014.
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CHANG, CHIN CHOU, and 張景周. "Research on the Role of School Refuge Base in Disaster Prevention and Mitigation During Earthquake -An Example of Junior High School and Elementary School in Jhonghe Country, Taipei County." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86661842814699425942.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>中國科技大學<br>建築研究所<br>96<br>Abstract
I. Introduction
Since the heavy earthquake occurred in the middle part of Taiwan on “921” in 1999, the government has paid even more attention to the disaster prevention and rescue system in the local areas such as cities and towns. The Architecture and Building Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs has been progressively building the infrastructure information and making the spatial system plans for 23 major cities and towns in Taiwan so as to help regional governments to make overall inspections to the urban planning in the future and construct the disaster prevention and rescue systems. In the regional spatial system plan for each place, the schools are assigned as the refuges. However, the relevant authorities in the government did not completely incorporate schools into the disaster prevention and rescue system in the past, thus the chances for sharing the resources of disaster prevention and rescue have been missed.
Hence, the function of schools should not only be oriented mainly for education but also be expanded to play role of regional disaster prevention and rescue centers. In addition, the space, facility, equipment and human resources in the school can be utilized at ordinary times and when disaster occurs, thus the overall efficiency of the regional disaster prevention and rescue system can be improved as a result.
II. Method and Course
Neighboring to Taipei City, Jhonghe City has an area of 20.14 sq. km and a population of nearly 410,000 people, i.e., the population density is 20362.54 people/km2. It is the fifth population density leading area in Taipei County. In this study, it was planned to collect and analyze the resources of disaster prevention spaces in Jhonghe City first, followed by dividing the entire city into 12 disaster refuge districts based on the educational districts for junior high schools and elementary schools in the County, and then simulate and discuss the casualty and loss caused by the earthquake and the relation between the resources in the school and the performance of the disaster prevention and rescue in each district one by one. In particular, the open spaces and facility and equipment in the school buildings were considered so as to evaluate the suitability of the alternative responding actions such as using the school buildings for disaster rescue and as refuges as well as the related disaster responding and rescue mechanisms by using the school buildings as the refuges against the disasters.
III. Important Findings
The location and influence of the fault should be explored and monitored in detail; the safety inspection of school buildings should be regularly held. According to the inspection result of the required area for disaster refuge and the actual area provided for disaster refuge, there exist the schools where the refuge facilities should be improved such as Jung He Junior High School, Jhang He Junior High School, Hsing Nan Elementary School, Jy Shei Elementary School, Jhong He Elementary School, and Guang Fu Elementary School. In these schools, there is no large refuge nearby for supporting the disaster rescue. It is suggested to accelerate the acquisition of long-term refuges and large disaster prevention parks by the zoning conversion of the military, educational and industrial lands and then take the gross control such as limiting the number of people in the disaster refuge district to enter the schools. According to the inspection result of the water requirement for the disaster refuge and the water that can be supplied to the disaster refuges, the water consumption dramatically increased 24 hour and 3 days after the earthquake occurred due to the water requirement for the short term refuge of the rescued people for living and thus the total amount of supplied water (summed up from each school) was insufficient. Hence, for the followed overall inspection for making the urban planning, it is necessary to re-inspect the insufficiency of water supply. According to inspection results of the number of required stools for disaster refuges and the number of stools that can be provided, it is shown that the number of stools provided for the disaster refuges in each disaster refuge base in the current year (2007) is higher than the number of required stools when earthquake occurred in the current year (2007).
Key word: protection；disaster protection system；school building；Jhonghe
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Yu, Ya-Hui, and 游雅惠. "Quantitative Strategies for Urban Earthquake Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation:A Case Study of Neihu District in Taipei City." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x94v47.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災研究所<br>97<br>Taiwan is located in the Central Pacific seismic zone, earthquakes occur each year more than 200, is the world''s earthquake-prone countries. With economic development, urbanization speed up significantly, therefore the population density, urban function and expanding facilities and a high degree of modernization, making the potential harm of the earthquake is also growing, and similar damage occurred in the city (especially in densely populated cities), they brought about the harm and damage caused by far than when the earthquake occurred in the village even more serious.
In this study, to use " Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System (TELES)" as a tool in Neihu to carry out urban disaster prevention plan, and the collection of domestic and international disaster mitigation, preparedness information, using different methods of disaster mitigation (land-use controls, building codes, earthquake insurance etc…), and the Taipei disaster prevention plan content, the implementation of the current situation, to carry out a systematic analysis of the relevance of disaster reduction and preparedness countermeasures.
Simulation of four seismic events selected to review the results of TELES. Preparedness strategies including evacuation (Sanctuary, evacuation routes), medical (human resources, medical equipment), life rescue (fire fighting, search and rescue), and relief materials from the earthquake, goods and materials for preparedness strategies. In addition to the TELES strategy for Disaster Reduction as a tool to select high susceptible areas and deteriorated areas, but also proposing mitigation for the construction of disaster prevention and community Disaster Prevention.
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Chi, Tou Chang, and 張七斗. "Campus Disaster Prevention Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies for Earthquakes—A Case Study of JhongJheng Elementary School in Fongshan District, Kaohsiung City." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92thz8.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>正修科技大學<br>營建工程研究所<br>102<br>Campus disaster prevention mechanisms and mitigation strategies for earthquakes are important parts of the Ministry of Education’s disaster prevention mechanisms for campus spaces. However, no professional academic units have provided guidance in investigating and researching disaster prevention mechanisms. Thus, campuses on every level neglect more in-depth guidance when conducting disaster drills. In addition, on the subject of campus disaster prevention, no studies have addressed the awareness of the faculty, teachers, and students of user institutions to help these schools conduct institutionalized disaster drills. Therefore, we designed the School Earthquake Mechanism Awareness Analysis (【SEMAA】inquiry table for campus disaster prevention systems to screen the awareness of the faculty, teachers, and students of schools.
Our review of the earthquake literature included risk assessment theory (disaster risk assessment), the causes of earthquakes and their damage characteristics in buildings, historical earthquakes in Taiwan, the earthquake literature (disaster prevention parks), and domestic and foreign disaster response mechanisms. In regard to the overall direction of this study, the working process of this study included an analysis of land use in the neighboring and surrounding environments, transportation analysis, and a field site survey of the building life, building height, and existing evacuation moving lines at JhongJheng Elementary School. In addition, we guided the faculty and staff of the school to complete the【SEMAA】inquiry table to increase the effective return rate of the inquiry table. We then used numerical statistics to analyze the user unit’s awareness of earthquake evacuation to facilitate the strengthening of the required drills and to draft
a disaster evacuation map specifically for this campus.
In this study, not only did we analyze the disaster prevention awareness of the campus’s faculty, teachers, and students, but we also actually counseled the teachers and students of the campus on earthquake disaster prevention and conducted pre-disaster drills. We performed spatial analysis of conditions after predicted disaster damage to draft a disaster evacuation map for the school and to improve use of the campus for the evacuation of neighboring units. These results can serve as a reference for the future implementation of evacuation and disaster prevention maps in
schools.