Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Earthquake reconstruction'

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69).<br>A year after the South Asia earthquake, over 60% of the survivors are still vulnerable due to the lack of adequate shelter, the absence of basic facilities for water and sanitation and livelihood restoration. The harsh topography, limited financial and human resources of the displaced and the environmental impact have resulted in the construction of shelters that do not directly address the improvement in living conditions and remain vulnerable to future disasters. This thesis presents an overview of an integrated approach towards making the reconstruction in the earthquake affected areas of Northern Pakistan more sustainable. The review of shelter solutions and practical recommendations aim at showing that there is no 'single best' solution in terms of shelter design. Rather a synthesis of low tech solutions for improving the sustainability and safety of existing shelters has been provided along with an understanding of the social mechanisms necessary to address local needs and priorities. There are three main components that have been included to provide the primary context and discuss the role and design for sustainable shelters in the earthquake affected areas of Northern Pakistan are the 'Review of Housing', 'Design' and the 'Structural test'.<br>(cont.) The review of housing focuses on understanding the current role of stakeholder participation in the construction of homes, the feasibility of constructing homes using indigenous building technology, criteria for assessing the sustainability of designs and in depth case studies on the different housing mechanisms ( owner driven reconstruction, participatory housing and contractor driven reconstruction). The best practices for shelter design and construction have been rearticulated in the 'Design' section, which provides an overview of some of the construction practices that exist and are being implemented in the field for the reasons of their efficiency, affordability and resourcefulness. The 'Structural Test' corroborates suggestions for improving layout and floor plan of unreinforced masonry construction. Apart from the design of the main structural components, innovations for improved seismic resistance, thermal efficiency, ventilation and roof-rainwater harvesting have been presented to improve the functionality of shelter. Thus by integrating use of suitable shelter materials, design and construction techniques, while also considering the implications indoor lighting, ,heating and cooking and the opportunities for livelihood generation, the construction of sustainable and safer shelters has been encouraged.<br>by Zehra Ali.<br>S.B.

Mainstreaming gender within reconstruction is vital to enhance sustainable development in disaster affected regions. Promoting needs and concerns of women and men as well as their experience and knowledge in all process of reconstruction can fulfill sustainable post-disaster reconstruction. Studies have found that failure to address gender issues in post-disaster reconstruction will hinder the opportunities of reconstruction to achieve sustainable development. Yet, many cases of reconstruction activities across developing countries failed to promote gender mainstreaming. This research aims to provide policy-relevant findings regarding strategies for mainstreaming gender with the aim of achieving sustainability in post-earthquake reconstruction in Indonesia. The case of gender mainstreaming issues at post-disaster reconstruction at Bantul and Sleman Yogyakarta Indonesia were examined. Multiple case studies were applied to achieve the aim and objectives of the study. Accordingly, the sequential mixed-method approach was used with the primary data collection methods are semi-structure interviews and questionnaires. For analyzing the qualitative data, the study chooses content analysis technique along with descriptive and inferential statistics that be used for quantitative data analysis. This study confirms that women are not only more vulnerable but also have a larger number of vulnerabilities. Women face all dimensions of gender vulnerability during reconstruction. Among the most vulnerable groups are pregnant women, women with disabilities and older women. Despite their vulnerability, women can make a difference during reconstruction through their economic, social and environmental capacities. This study shows that women’s capacities in the economic, social and environmental dimensions not only substantially reduce their families’ and communities’ vulnerability but also enhance the sustainability of their families and communities following an earthquake. This study further shows that gender mainstreaming strategies within sustainable reconstruction should incorporate not only strategies for protecting against gender vulnerabilities but also strategies for promoting gender capacities. Both are fundamental to the achievement of sustainable reconstruction. Further, this study presents key enabling and constraining factors in the mainstreaming gender into sustainable post-disaster reconstruction. These stem from government, non-government organizations, and society. The key enabling factor on the part of government is strong women’s leadership, while the key enabling factor from society is support from active roles for women’s groups. This study shows that adequate technical and financial supports are the key factors from non-government organizations. The key constraining factor from the government is resistance from senior bureaucrats.

Five years ago, a massive earthquake and its subsequent aftershocks rocked the core of Nepal. Recovery from these quakes has been a long and difficult process. This thesis will explore findings from a qualitative evaluation of Lumanti Support Group for Shelter, an NGO in Kathmandu, Nepal that implemented a residential reconstruction program in four peri-urban communities in Kathmandu Valley. These findings are a culmination of 26 semi-structured interviews and document analysis. This research highlights the processes of reconstruction and the forms of resistance that occurred through disaster governance.

The world's earthquake problem is increasing without a change in the earth's geology. Human suffering during earthquakes is almost entirely caused by man-made structures. This is mainly because the world's population is fast increasing and previously unoccupied areas are now being inhabited without much attention being given to vulnerability of the building sites and construction techniques. Such buildings cannot withstand even moderate earthquakes. Earthquake fatality records show that most of the losses to life occur in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Economic losses due to earthquakes arc usually large in high-income countries. The financial impact of earthquake disasters is greater in poorer countries, who find serious problems in rebuilding their towns and villages after a disaster. Most government-implemented reconstruction programmes in low-income and lower middle-income countries have failed because they did not meet the socio-economic needs of the earthquake victims. Consequently a majority of such communities were obliged to live in vulnerable houses. The lack of acceptability of most reconstruction programmes emphasised the need to investigate and analyse the associated problems. This has been performed by studying a recently implemented programme. lt was intended to review the earthquake-victims' response to the programme and what should be done to introduce efficient and effective earthquake-resistant construction strategies in the hazard-prone areas. For this purpose, field work was carried out in the Republic of Yemen to study the reconstruction programme undertaken after the 1982 earthquake. The research findings suggest that reconstruction programmes will be implemented more efficiently and effectively, if the people living in earthquake-affected area arc aware of the hazard and they manage the location, design and construction of their houses using safe techniques. The study proposes certain measures for adoption by the governments of such countries to mitigate the risk of disasters in earthquake-prone areas.

De nombreuses études ont tenté d’éclairer la complexité de la rupture sismique de grands séismes en utilisant des techniques d’imagerie cohérente telles que la back- projection (BP). Dans une étude récente, Fukahata et al. (2013) ont suggéré que, d’un point de vue théorique, l’image BP de la rupture sismique est liée au glissement ou à la vitesse de glissement sur la faille. Cependant, la relation quantitative entre les images BP et les propriétés physiques du processus de rupture reste encore peu connue. Cette thèse vise à clarifier comment les images BP du champ d’ondes rayonné peuvent être utilisées pour déduire les hétérogénéités spatiales en glissement et en vitesse de rupture le long de la faille. Nous réalisons des simulations de différents processus de rupture à l’aide d’un modèle de source linéaire. Pour chaque modèle de rupture, nous calculons les sismogrammes synthétiques à trois réseaux télésismiques et nous appliquons la technique de BP afin d’identifier les sources de rayonnement haute fréquence (HF). Cette procédure permet de comparer les images BP avec le modèle de rupture originaire et d’interpréter les émissions HF en fonction des trois paramètres cinématiques: le temps de montée, la valeur du glissement final, la vitesse de rupture. Nos résultats montrent que les pics HF extraits avec l’analyse BP sont le plus étroitement associés aux hétérogénéités spatio-temporelles de l’accélération du glissement. Nous vérifions nos observations sur deux grands séismes survenus dans la faille de Swan Islands à neuf ans d’intervalle: le séisme du 2009 (Mw 7.3) et celui du 2018 (Mw 7.5) au nord du Honduras. Les deux événements montrent une géométrie linéaire, ce qui les rend comparables à notre approche synthétique. Malgré la géométrie simple, les deux séismes sont caractérisés par un taux de glissement complexe, avec plusieurs sous-événements. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent que l’image BP des émissions HF permet d’estimer une longueur et une vitesse de rupture compatibles avec d’autres études et qu’un fort rayonnement HF pourrait correspondre aux zones de forte variabilité du taux de glissement. En conclusion, nous utilisons une méthode de réseau de neurones afin de prédire les paramètres cinématiques d’une rupture sismique à partir de son image BP. Le réseau s’appuie sur un grand nombre de processus de rupture synthétiques et leurs images BP, dans le but d’identifier le lien statistique entre le rayonnement HF et les paramètres cinématiques. Nos résultats montrent que le réseau de neurones appliqué à l’image BP du séisme est capable de prédire les valeurs du temps de montée et de la vitesse de rupture le long de la faille, ainsi que la position moyenne de l’hétérogénéité. Par contre, le réseau de neurones n’arrive pas à récupérer les valeurs du glissement final, auquel l’approche BP est relativement insensible. Notre étude permet de mieux comprendre l’écart qui existe actuellement entre la description théorique de la génération de rayonnements HF et les observations d’émissions HF obtenues par des techniques d’imagerie cohérentes, en s’appuyant aux pistes d’action possibles et en suggérant de nouvelles perspectives<br>Many studies have attempted to illuminate rupture complexities of large earthquakes through the use of coherent imaging techniques such as back-projection (BP). Recently, Fukahata et al. (2013) suggested that, from a theoretical point of view, the BP image of the rupture is related to the slip motion on the fault. However, the quantitative relationship between the BP images and the physical properties of the earthquake rupture process still remains unclear.Our work aims at clarifying how BP images of the radiated wavefield can be used to infer spatial heterogeneities in slip and rupture velocity along the fault. We simulate different rupture processes using a line source model. For each rupture model, we calculate synthetic seismograms at three teleseismic arrays and we apply the BP technique to identify the sources of high-frequency (HF) radiation. This procedure allows for the comparison of the BP images with the originating rupture model, and thus the interpretation of HF emissions in terms of along-fault variation of the three kinematic parameters: rise time, final slip, rupture velocity. Our results show that the HF peaks retrieved from BP analysis are most closely associated with space-time heterogeneities of slip acceleration. We verify our findings on two major earthquakes that occurred 9 years apart on the strike-slip Swan Islands fault: the Mw 7.3 2009 and the Mw 7.5 2018 North of Hondurasearthquakes. Both events followed a simple linear geometry, making them suitable for comparison with our synthetic approach. Despite the simple geometry, both slip-rate functions are complex, with several subevents. Our preliminary results show that the BP image of HF emissions allows to estimate a rupture length and velocity which are compatible with other studies and that strong HF radiation corresponds to the areas of large variability of the moment-rate function. An outstanding question is whether one can use the BP image of the earthquake to retrieve the kinematic parameters along the fault. We build on the findings obtained in the synthetic examples by training a neural network model to directly predict the kinematic parameters along the fault, given an input BP image. We train the network on a large number of different synthetic rupture processes and their BP images, with the goal of identifying the statistical link between HF radiation and rupture kinematic parameters. Our results show that the neural network applied to the BP image of the earthquake is able to predict the values of rise time and rupture velocity along the fault, as well as thecentral position of the heterogeneity, but not the absolute slip values, to which the HF BP approach is relatively insensitive. Our work sheds some light on the gap currently existing between the theoretical description of the generation of HF radiation and the observations of HF emissions obtained by coherent imaging techniques, tackling possible courses of action and suggesting new perspectives

[EN] The international debate on the environmental crisis, known since the 70's, pushes to review priorities in light of today's time to safeguard the future. In this regard, the problem of waste disposal takes on a great importance, especially from the construction sector. At the same time, it is necessary to revamp the Italian architectural heritage. The research identifies the implementation of regeneration building through the transformation of waste into resources for the area. The study of regulatory laws and best practices in the field of construction make it possible to identify effective ways of reusing components. In addition, the methods, tools, and techniques of demolition are analysed to ensure the uniformity of the merceologic fraction and the integrity of the elements. In the goal to promote the exploitation of the residual performances of materials that derive from selective demolitions, such as wood and steel, methodological and operational processes aimed at maximizing their reuse are further explained. The developed theories have been tested in the territory of L'Aquila, Italy. The city was severely damaged by the earthquake on the 6th of April, 2009. The reconstruction is an opportunity for the regeneration and development of the whole territory; however, it has many logistical, environmental, and economical problems. The restoration of the roads and the preservation of buildings necessitated the construction of safety systems. When reconstruction operations of a building begin, safety systems should be gradually dismantled. At present, end-life scenarios are not programmed, and the materials that constitute the safety systems are temporarily stored or transported to the landfill. The enormous quantity of waste results in economic and environmental damage, along with logistical disruptions. The research defines methodological-operative lines to reuse and recycle the materials that make up the safety systems, identify ways to pursue the optimization and sustainability of the rebuilding process. It has defined a process for the specific reuse in the seismic crater. Two lines of research developed from the data, and they are detailed below. Endogenous reuse: the materials that are derived from the dismantling of safety systems are immediately reused in sites for the construction of temporary buildings, i.e., construction site offices, changing rooms, refectories, toilets, etc. Temporary endogenous reuse is included in the reconstruction project with the matching function of structural or technological adjustment. Endogenous permanent reuse occurs through the improvement for the installations or redefinition of the internal space. Exogenous reuse: the materials that are derived from the dismantling of safety systems, are reused in neighbouring reconstruction sites within a radius of 100 km. The materials can also be used for the construction of temporary structures designed to accommodate the functions related to the community, such as school, offices, residences, etc. Finally, through the use of the prices present in the Region Abruzzo 2014 Price List, and by using the data previously obtained, a spread sheet for the assessment of the economic and environmental gain resulting from the reuse by businesses and public administrations was created. The research was used to define and develop sustainable methods for regeneration building, which also apply to the reconstruction of L'Aquila, to promote local resources and to resolve logistical, economical, and environmental issues related to this process.<br>[ES] El debate internacional sobre la crisis ambiental, desarrollada desde los años setenta, anima a revisar las prioridades de la época actual para salvaguardar el futuro. En este sentido tiene una gran importancia el problema de la eliminación de residuos, especialmente cuando provienen del sector de la construcción. Paralelamente existe la necesidad de renovar el patrimonio arquitectónico italiano. La investigación identifica las modalidades de ejecución en cuanto a la regeneración de las construcciones a través de la transformación de los residuos en recursos medioambientales o sostenibles. El estudio de las normas y de las buenas prácticas en el campo de la construcción, ha hecho posible determinar modalidades de actuación para la reutilización de componentes. Además, se han analizado los métodos, herramientas y técnicas para la demolición garantizando la uniformidad de los materiales y la integridad de los elementos. Con el objetivo de promover la explotación de las prestaciones residuales de los materiales resultantes de la demolición selectiva, en el caso de la madera y el acero fueron elaborados procesos metodológicos-operativos para la optimización de su reutilización. Las teorías desarrolladas han sido experimentadas en el territorio de L'Aquila (Italia), severamente dañado por el terremoto ocurrido el día 6 de abril de 2009. La reconstrucción es, de hecho, una oportunidad para la regeneración y el desarrollo de todo el territorio, pero en la actualidad tiene muchos problemas de orden logístico, ambiental y económico. La recuperación de la viabilidad y la preservación de los edificios han necesitado operaciones de consolidación de los edificios. Cuando comiencen las operaciones de reconstrucción del edificio, estos sistemas deben ser desmantelados. En la actualidad no han sido programados escenarios contemplen la viabilidad del final del ciclo de vida y los materiales que componen los sistemas de seguridad, por lo tanto, van a confluir en el almacenamiento o el vertedero temporal. Resulta un daño muy importante tanto a nivel económico, como ambiental y logístico. El proyecto de investigación define líneas metodológico-operativas para la reutilización/recuperación de los materiales que componen los sistemas de seguridad de los edificios e identifica maneras de conseguir la optimización y la sostenibilidad del proceso de reconstrucción. Se ha definido un proceso de reutilización específico para el territorio de L'Aquila, desarrollando dos líneas de investigación: reutilización endógena: los materiales provenientes del desmantelamiento de los sistemas de seguridad que son inmediatamente reutilizados dentro de la obra para la edificación de construcciones temporales o servicios, como oficinas, vestuarios, aseos, etc. (reutilización endógena temporal) o se insertan en el proyecto de reconstrucción con función de ajuste/mejoría de las estructuras, de las instalaciones o de los aspectos o la redefinición del espacio interno (reutilización endógena permanente); reutilización exógena: los materiales que derivan del desmantelamiento de los sistemas de seguridad se reutilizan en las obras de reconstrucción vecinas (en un radio de 100 km), o para la construcción de estructuras temporales que albergan las funciones relacionadas con la comunidad (escuelas, oficinas, residencias , etc.). Por último, a través de la utilización de la lista de precios de la Regione Abruzzo 2014 y el uso de los datos obtenidos previamente, ha sido elaborada una hoja de cálculo para evaluar el beneficio ambiental y económico resultante de la reutilización para las empresas y para las administraciones públicas. La investigación ha permitido desarrollar métodos de regeneración de la construcción sostenible, que pueden ser aplicados también a la reconstrucción en curso en la zona de L'Aquila, para promover los recursos locales y al mismo tiempo para resolver los problemas logístic<br>[CAT] El debat internacional sobre la crisi ambiental, desenvolupada des dels anys setanta, anima a revisar les prioritats de l'època actual per salvaguardar el futur. En aquest sentit té una gran importància el problema de l'eliminació de residus, especialment quan provenen del sector de la construcció. Parallelament existeix la necessitat de renovar el patrimoni arquitectònic italià. La investigació identifica les modalitats d'execució quant a la regeneració de les construccions a través de la transformació dels residus en recursos mediambientals o sostenibles. L'estudi de les normes i de les bones pràctiques en el camp de la construcció, ha fet possible determinar modalitats d'actuació per a la reutilització de components. A més, s'han analitzat els mètodes, eines i tècniques per a la demolició garantint la uniformitat dels materials i la integritat dels elements. Amb l'objectiu de promoure l'explotació de les prestacions residuals dels materials resultants de la demolició selectiva, en el cas de la fusta i l'acer van ser elaborats processos metodològics-operatius per a l'optimització de la seva reutilització. Les teories desenvolupades han estat experimentades al territori de L'Aquila (Itàlia), severament danyat pel terratrèmol ocorregut el dia 6 d'abril de 2009. La reconstrucció és, de fet, una oportunitat per a la regeneració i el desenvolupament de tot el territori, però en l'actualitat té molts problemes d'ordre logístic, ambiental i econòmic.. La recuperació de la viabilitat i la preservació dels edificis han necessitat operacions de consolidació dels edificis. Quan comencin les operacions de reconstrucció de l'edifici, aquests sistemes han de ser desmantellats. En l'actualitat no han estat programats escenaris que contemplen la viavilitat de la fi del cicle de vida i els materials que composen els sistemes de seguretat, per tant, van a confluir en l'emmagatzematge o l'abocador temporal. Resulta un dany molt important tant a nivell econòmic, com ambiental i logístic. El projecte de recerca defineix línies metodològic-operatives per a la reutilització/recuperació dels materials que composen els sistemes de seguretat dels edificis i identifica maneres d'aconseguir l'optimització i la sostenibilitat del procés de reconstrucció. S'ha definit un procés de reutilització específic per al territori de L'Aquila, desenvolupant dues línies de recerca: reutilització endogena: els materials provinents del desmantellament dels sistemes de seguretat que són immediatament reutilitzats dins de l'obra per a l'edificació de construccions temporals o serveis, com a oficines, vestuaris, banys, etc. (reutilització endogena temporal) o s'insereixen en el projecte de reconstrucció amb funció d'ajust/millora de les estructures, de les instal·lacions o dels aspectes o la redefinició de l'espai intern (reutilització endogena permanent); reutilització exògena: els materials que deriven del desmantellament dels sistemes de seguretat es reutilitzen en les obres de reconstrucció veïnes (en un radi de 100 km), o per a la construcció d'estructures temporals que alberguen les funcions relacionades amb la comunitat (escoles, oficines, residències, etc.). Finalment, a través de la utilització de la llista de preus de la Regione Abruzzo 2014 i l'ús de les dades obtingudes prèviament, ha estat elaborat un full de càlcul per avaluar el benefici ambiental i econòmic resultant de la reutilització per a les empreses i per a les administracions públiques. La investigació ha permès desenvolupar mètodes de regeneració de la construcció sostenible, que poden ser aplicats també a la reconstrucció en curs a la zona de L'Aquila, per promoure els recursos locals i al mateix temps per resoldre els problemes logístics, econòmics i ambientals relacionats amb aquest procés.<br>De Gregorio, S. (2016). FROM POST-EARTHQUAKE WASTE TO RESOURCE [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64872<br>TESIS

Qabil Ajmeri (an Urdu poet) once wrote: وقت کرتاهے پرورش برسوں حادثہ ایک دم نہيں ھوتا Translation: Time nurtures for years Accident is never sudden Same is true for disasters; they just don’t happen suddenly. It is our actions (or inaction in certain cases) over the years that turn a hazard into a disaster. Development policies, governance system, disaster management system, poverty, and level of hazard are some of the most important factors that contribute towards disaster vulnerability. Most of the developing countries suffer higher disaster losses (as compared to the developed countries) due to their inability to properly address these factors. Societies need to have better development policies, good governance, efficient disaster management system, and improved livelihoods to minimise disaster vulnerability. Conducted from the positionality (Robinson 2014) of a victim of the earthquake and an important functionary of the post-2005 earthquake reconstruction programme in AJK, this research is an auto-ethnographic study in order to understand how societies become vulnerable to natural disasters and what role post-disaster housing reconstruction can play in addressing this vulnerability. By loosely following Blaikie et al.’s (1994) ‘Pressure and Release’ (PAR) model and Collins’ (2009) “disaster and development approach”, this research attempts to find what factors made people vulnerable to seismic hazard in AJK and turned an otherwise not so big Mw=7.6 earthquake into one of the deadliest environmental disasters in the world. The performance and impact of the post-2005 earthquake housing reconstruction program is evaluated in this study by using the mixed-methods research approach. The study finds that the sustainability of the seismic resistant construction and continuation of the pre-earthquake vulnerability factors are still issues. Till the time issues mentioned in this study are not addressed properly, communities in general and the study area in particular will remain vulnerable to environmental disasters.

Amatrice is the subject of the project. The small Italian village located in the Apennines, 150 km north from Rome, lived the 24th August 2016 one of the most terrible moment in its entire history: a dreadful earthquake of magnitude 6.0 M hit the town destroying the entire historical centre and leaving 300 of its 2600 inhabitants under the rubble of the collapsed buildings. The following months have seen an attempt to face the emergency by providing the first aid and services to the wounded population, but major questions are still unanswered: what is the future of Amatrice and its inhabitants? What will remain of the city after the tremendous catastrophe? What will be changed? The project tries to give an answer to these questions reflecting upon the role of architecture in situation of catastrophic events. What can architecture do after a catastrophe?Which is its role in the process of reconstruction?How to rebuild a city completely wiped out by the catastrophe? What to keep? What to give back? What to add? What to erase?

In today’s world, project risk management has always been a complex topic, especially inconstruction industry; thus managing project risks is required as compulsory for anyconstruction project to be successful. This master thesis presents a critical analysis ofproject risk management and significant impacts of its application on the success of aspecific project’s delivery. It identifies different types of project risk managementprocesses and frameworks used by construction projects. In order to examine how risk andrisk management process is perceived in construction projects, a case study of a LeheHome reconstruction project is chosen and data collection methods of semi-structuredinterviews and questionnaires are applied. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore,describe and analyze the perceived risk management practice in Lehe Home reconstructionproject. Managing risks in Lehe Home project has been recognised as a very importantproject management process in order to achieve the project objectives in terms of time,cost, quality. The study will examine and evaluate the risk management process in specificphases of Lehe Home project and essentially analyze the empirical findings. Finally, thestudy generalizes and develops the project risk analysis and management from Lehe Homeproject and suggests for public sectors to help project managers to make better decisionsunder risky conditions.

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 89-97).<br>In September 2017, two severe earthquakes hit Mexico, killing hundreds of people and destroying thousand of structures, including houses, schools, churches, and other buildings. As a consequence, 18,851 settlements were declared disaster areas (DOF. 2017); 96% of those settlements are rancherías -- rural settlements and smallest geo-political unit in Mexico (INEGI. 2010). Because they tend to be very poor, the Mexican federal government intervened to assist affected families by utilizing national savings to provide conditional cash transfers for self-building, with the aim of facilitating housing reconstruction. However, this federal program, like other development programs used by the Mexican government, uses a top-down approach that has been criticized as a one-size-fits-all-solution that does not address the overwhelming needs of those living in earthquake-affected rancherías. This thesis studies the Mexican post-earthquake house reconstruction program at national, state, ranchería and household levels, with the objective of (1) examining the post-earthquake housing development program implemented by the Mexican government, (2) analyzing how national reconstruction plans can be made more efficient at local level, and (3) making recommendations to increase program efficiency through the proposal of a new policy initiative. In order to understand the reconstruction process, I first studied the protocols deployed at national and state levels. I then visited families in the midst of their reconstruction process in three rancherías -- La Nopalera in Yautepec, Morelos; Acatzingo de la Piedra in Tenancingo, Estado de Mexico; and San Juan Tlacotompa in Ecatzingo, Estado de México. This fieldwork permitted discovering that reconstruction is being led by external agents that fail to understand rural needs, consequently imposing urban housing solutions on a rural setting, thereby creating financial, structural and health risks. At the same time, capacity building training is concentrated on these external, urban-oriented agents, leaving local communities with minimal involvement or training in reconstruction efforts. Based on these findings, this thesis provides recommendations on how to address the misdirection of reconstruction efforts and proposes the creation of a university network for Rural Risk Reduction, so as to decentralise the technical capacity, currently concentrated in Mexican cities, while integrating local knowledge regarding rural-specific needs.<br>by Akemi Sato Matsumoto Miranda.<br>M.C.P.

In this dissertation, I conduct a reflection on the effects of disaster on time perceptions and their consequences on architecture as a vessel of social and individual values, through a study of two major paradigmatic disasters spaces – Post World War II Japan and Post-earthquake Haiti. While on the surface these two cases do not have many points in common, both are instrumental to establishing the manifestation of disasters' impacts on the culture of construction and on the architectural theories that ensue from them. The first case, Japan after the Second World War, establishes the long term influences and changes in social and architectural thought that occur after a disaster, while Haiti, examines the role of the architect in the reconstruction phases and attempts to register the immediate impressions of local architects on the disaster's impact on their practice. I show that both cases exhibit manifestations of the importance of the architect's role of not only building back, but moving forward while capitalizing on the events and social changes that happened.<br>Ph. D.

This thesis is aimed at exploring the relation of socio-cultural characteristics and policies with post-quake reconstruction of rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. The primary concern of the study is limited to examine the traditional architectural practice ; dhajji-dewari and social composition of the community during and after reconstruction. It is analyzed that how the socio-cultural aspects of rural communities are affected by the policies, how policies are affected by the socio-cultural aspects of the community and how both of these can influence the final product. The thesis was rooted in the fact that 80% of the 600,000 damaged/destroyed buildings during 8th October, 2005 Kashmir earthquake were rural temporary (Katcha) houses. It was hence to be investigated that how far the Rural Housing Reconstruction Program (RHRP) has reduced (or increased) the vulnerability of the area for future. The impact of any policy launched during this program was not limited to few housing units rather more than 0.1 million dhajji houses could be affected through this. The rural Kashmir reconstruction was commenced with the in-hand knowledge of several previous post-quake reconstruction programs and was appreciated widely by experts. It was yet to be explored that which mistakes were committed/repeated by the stakeholders during policy making, delivery, implementation and post implementation phases. Covering the phases of policy making, delivery and implementation, the major findings of the thesis are categorized into three sections ; the sustainability generating aspects of reconstruction, vulnerability enhancing dimensions of reconstruction, and, those outcomes of reconstruction which are not yet categorized under "sustainability" or "vulnerability" by the experts focusing particularly rural Kashmir. Community satisfaction is given primary focus to rate different outcomes.The study concludes that ignoring socio-cultural aspects of the community during reconstruction may lead to vulnerability in post-reconstruction scenario. Considering the post implementation phase, the current trends are observed by examining under-construction houses. By pictorially presenting the architectural details of these houses it is examined that deviations from guidelines are in practice. People start forgetting the disaster impacts after few years and their immediate needs drive their decision priorities. It is suggested that after reconstruction program ends up, some authorities must be present in the reconstructed area to guide people for their current requirements and future needs and also to control the spread of non compliant construction.

Seismic hazard analysis is concerned with estimating risk to human populations due to earthquakes and the other natural disasters that they cause. In many parts of the world, earthquake-generated tsunamis are especially dangerous. Assessing the risk for seismic disasters relies on historical data that indicate which fault zones are capable of supporting significant earthquakes. Due to the nature of geologic time scales, the era of seismological data collection with modern instruments has captured only a part of the Earth's seismic hot zones. However, non-instrumental records, such as anecdotal accounts in newspapers, personal journals, or oral tradition, provide limited information on earthquakes that occurred before the modern era. Here, we introduce a method for reconstructing the source earthquakes of historical tsunamis based on anecdotal accounts. We frame the reconstruction task as a Bayesian inference problem by making a probabilistic interpretation of the anecdotal records. Utilizing robust models for simulating earthquakes and tsunamis provided by the software package GeoClaw, we implement a Metropolis-Hastings sampler for the posterior distribution on source earthquake parameters. In this work, we present our analysis of the 1852 Banda Arc earthquake and tsunami as a case study for the method. Our method is implemented as a Python package, which we call tsunamibayes. It is available, open-source, on GitHub: https://github.com/jwp37/tsunamibayes.

Cette recherche vise à étudier la double réponse de l'Etat et une partie de la population sud péruvienne de la catastrophe provoquée par le tremblement de terre du 13 Août 1868 aux départements du sud du Pérou. Basé sur la mémoire sismique profondément enracinée dans cette région, produit de souvenirs de grands tremblements de terre au cours des trois cents dernières années, cet événement sismique a été perçu par ses contemporains comme le plus violent de toute l'histoire de la région de la côte sud du Pérou. Aujourd'hui, les sismologues également ont reconnu comme la plus grande ampleur et l'intensité ont eu lieu non seulement dans la région mais à travers le Pérou au cours des cinq derniers siècles. D'autre part, dans la zone touchée ont été réglées centres urbains des centaines d'échelle très différente, allant des grandes villes aux petites villes comme Arequipa seulement des centaines d'habitants autochtones, situés dans les parties supérieures de la montagne. Par conséquent, la catastrophe de 1868 est le résultat de l'interaction initiale de deux facteurs, un fréquent événement géologique dans la région directement touchée structure urbaine diversifiée, vulnérables à l'action d'un phénomène naturel de cette ampleur. À travers le titre que je voulais mettre en évidence tous les éléments impliqués dans cette recherche. D'une part, une situation (la catastrophe) impliquant deux joueurs (la société et de l'Etat), a accéléré directement par un événement naturel (tremblement de terre), qui se produit dans un domaine spécifique (départements péruviens du sud), comparativement à qui développe un processus (reconstruction) s'étendant sur une dizaine d'années (1868-1878). La réaction de l'Etat a été rapide que possible pour faire face à la phase d'urgence et de réhabilitation. Toutefois, la reconstruction a été une période d'une décennie qui mets en évidence les carences de l'État que l'allocation des ressources dans la région touchée n'était pas constant dans le temps et, bien au contraire diminué de quasiment disparaître dans les préoccupations budgétaires des gouvernements successifs des années 1870. Pendant ce temps, l'économie s'est redressée de manière significative, matérialisée dans un processus qui est à la fois une augmentation du volume de la production agricole, en particulier le vin et le commerce intérieur et international. Ne doit pas être négligé que la reconstruction a dû faire face à des difficultés en raison de l'émergence de nouveaux risques naturels influencé aussi les difficultés à maintenir un rythme approprié de récupération. La recherche a également identifié une internationalisation de la catastrophe, c'est à dire, l'ensemble des informations de diverses manières (privé, militaire et diplomatique) a élargi la connaissance des caractéristiques de la catastrophe qui contribuent de manière significative à la création de conditions pour l'organisation et l'orientation l'aide de différentes origines, mais surtout monétaire de la zone touchée<br>This research aims to study the dual response of the state and a section of the southern Peruvian population to the catastrophe caused by the earthquake of August 13, 1868 in the departments of southern Peru. Based on seismic memory deeply rooted in that area, souvenir product of large earthquakes in the past three hundred years, this seismic event was perceived by contemporaries as the most violent of all the regional history of the southern coast of Peru. Today, seismologists also recognized as the largest magnitude and intensity occurred not only in the area but throughout Peru in the last five centuries. On the other hand, in the affected area were settled urban centers hundreds of very different scale, ranging from large cities to small towns like Arequipa just hundreds indigenous inhabitants, located in the upper parts of the mountain. Therefore, the catastrophe of 1868 is the result of the initial interaction of two factors, one frequently occurring geological event in the area directly affected diverse urban structure, vulnerable to the action of a natural phenomenon of this magnitude. Through the title I wanted to highlight all the elements involved in this research. On one hand, a situation (the catastrophe) involving two players (the society and the state), accelerated directly by a natural event (the earthquake), which occurs in a specific area (southern Peruvian departments), compared to which develops a process (reconstruction) extending for about a decade (1868-1878). The state's reaction was swift as possible to deal with the emergency and rehabilitation phase. However, the reconstruction was a period over a decade demonstrated the failings of the state as the allocation of resources to the affected area was not constant in time and quite the contrary diminished to virtually disappear in the budgetary concerns of successive governments of the 1870s. Meanwhile, the economy recovered significantly, materialized process both increased volume of agricultural production, especially wine, and domestic and international trade. Should not be overlooked that the reconstruction had to face difficulties due to the emergence of new natural hazards influenced also the difficulties to maintain an appropriate pace of recovery. Research has also identified an internationalization of the disaster, ie, the set of information in various ways (private, military and diplomatic) expanded the knowledge of the characteristics of the disaster significantly contributing to creating conditions for the organization and referral aid of different origins, although mainly Monetary to the affected area

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>高階公共管理組<br>94<br>This study is to discuss about 921 Earthquake Reconstruction''s Special Budget. Government Budget is a treasury revenue-expenditure plan that a government wants to acquire political, economical and social purposes, including annual revenue and annual expenditure in a period, which is based on a country’s total resources and burden capacity of citizens. By reading a budget proposal, one can realize the emphasis, way, and solidification method of the whole administration of a government. A budget proposal, providing some important information of expense revenue-expenditure management of a government, which provides some executive orders as well as an important reference to know the policy of a government. By the preparation, deliberation, execution and review budget proposal, we can control the outcome of various group negotiation and the process of operation. It may be purified via budget proposal analysis that the five functions of management: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling; the front planning, organizing as well as the middle staffing, directing, and the rear controlling. In addition to the General Budget, the R.O.C. Government establishes a system of Special Budget, which provides a budget mechanism outside the general budget. It is worthy to study that the characteristic and status of the Special Budget, how to prepare, what influence, and how to work. Among Special Budget, the 921 Earthquake Reconstruction''s Special Budget is a tremendous one. The 921 Earthquake in 1999, the most harmful earthquake in Taiwanese history, leaving 2505 death, 755 badly injured, and numerous homeless. To resolve those problems of relieving victims and recovering of this disaster, two ruling parties of KMT and DPP then, Taiwanese government have expended hundred millions dollars of recovery expenditure. It is worthy to inspect and study the obstructions, influences, and effects of the 921 Earthquake Special Budget. The 921 Earthquake Post-disaster Recovery Project will go to an end in 2006, now, it is the right time to study the Recovery Budget. Considerately, those expenditures relating to the 921 Earthquake Post-disaster Recovery, the Recovery Special Budget as well as public budget, fund budget, and civil donate money, are also to be discussed. There are many studies concerning to the 921 Earthquake, but, there is no budget approach study yet; and this study may fill the blank of those. On the way of research, this study, a public-budget-practice-approach one, emphasizing both qualification and quantification researches. By arranging and inducting the data concerning to expenditure and budget, and collect, analyze the original data and documents of public and private sections, I hope to purify the relationship that between relative resources and policy proposition, and raising some useful conclusions and suggestions for Taiwanese government budget.

碩士<br>世新大學<br>觀光學系<br>92<br>Middle Taiwanese economic lifeblood was shocked when earthquake on the September 21st. 1999 ,The Council for Cultural Affairs to Execute Yuan to give assistance and to establish 60 destinations of these disaster communities integration and mobilization , To check and accept the result of community construction ,in accordance with 18 communities different style, arranged 8 communities tourist lines of the depth tour of community culture ,to showing different style and features about the reconstruction Areas, This case studying is combined with disaster tourism and study not only the value about community reconstruction, but also the operating of government. The way to promote the community construction after earthquake is by marketing and broadcasting which is a good study. The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between the tourist recognize and satisfied about communities’ tour. The target of this case studying is accordance with the Council for Cultural Affairs to Execute Yuan arranged 18 communities and 8 community tourist lines. We have total 500 questionnaires, there are 480 return and 469 valid questionnaires, the return ratio is 97%, and the results of the questionnaires are as follow: 1. From the aspect of visitor’s tour experience, in the past year the frequency about tourist to participate in resembling leisure actions only once or twice mostly, the fewer tour frequency about the countryside and a tribe of aborigine to exhibit that will become the potential market in the future. 2. From the aspect of visitor’s tour experience, the recognition about the communities’ meaning of culture is higher than economy and history. 3. The visitor’s recognition about the communities’ restructures resource integration and resident’s participation is higher than past culture and future ecological protection. 4. From the aspect of the importance essential about of developing communities’ tour, we discover that when tourist enter restructures area, attach important about contain is lower and the activities contain is lower also. 5. Detecting the studying of tourist recognition about the reconstruction Areas communities’ development, the source of tour information to have outstanding difference.

碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>經濟學系<br>92<br>The 921 Earthquake severely damaged the central area of Taiwan caused serious wealth losses of the household. Many buildings were ruined or partially collapsed. It is evident that updated and detailed quake-related housing statistics is the fundamental to understand the consequences and success of housing reconstruction after the quake. The government has been attempting to establish the database system of damaged building, however, there is still lack of reliable data as well as clear guideline to accurately estimate the hazard of disasters. It is therefore very difficult to evaluate the accomplishment of reconstruction. Purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the progress of rebuilt and recovery after the 921 earthquake. Contributions of this study are as follows. First, we recount building damage statistics from the hosing tax data released by the Ministry of Finance. Comparing the tax data with office earthquake statistics, we are able to allocate the possible over-estimates of quake-relief subsidies. Second, we tried to depict the changing patterns of building material after the 921 earthquake and found the drastically increase of steel buildings. Third, by using the quake victims survey data conducted by the 921 Commission, we discuss the determinant on the ability of housing reconstruction within the context of logistic regression.

碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>經濟學系<br>91<br>Taiwan struck by a devastating earthquake on September 21st, 1999. The 921 earthquake was one of the worst quakes to strike the country this century. Although the government has devoted all efforts in earthquake-related reconstruction after the quake, there are no clear indicators to evaluate the accomplishment of reconstruction. To examine the issues of independent residential building reconstruction after the quake, collect the related data correctly and comprehensively is the first step. However, there are no reliable data to evaluate the results of reconstruction efforts since the reconstruction statistics from government exist large difference from that of nongovernmental sources. The main purpose of this study is to closely re-examine the after-quake reconstruction efforts and accomplishments. Two issues are addressed as follows: first is to discuss the reconstruction policies related to the independent residential buildings, second is to collect and compare reconstruction statistics from various sources. Three years after the quake, it is time to re-examine the reconstruction policies and follow the evolution of the strategies. We find some policies, e.g., the Emergency Loan with Favored Interest Rate, does help the housing rebuilt of quake victims, while some policies with evident flaws that can do little to help the reconstruction. The discussion can provide references for the design of future reconstruction policy. Through collecting and comparing statistics from the local government, tax administrative bureau, the Central Bank, and central government, we try to re-build the after-quake time-series reconstruction statistics to depict the dynamics of residential housing rebuilt, and to make comparisons between various sources. Our findings document the rapid reconstruction process that is attributed to the efforts of both government and private sectors. Furthermore, we find the confusion of after-quake statistics is the fundamental problem that might impede the reconstruction speed. Policy recommendation is to set-up an emergency survey system in peacetime in order to serve as the guideline of after-disaster reconstruction.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>103<br>Abstract As a result of globalization in the past several decades, significant development differences have been often raised between urban and rural areas throughout the Taiwan region, among which it is especially severe in the hardware and software construction for elementary education facilities. Understanding the nature and impact of the differences are the first step and essential for improvement and narrowing the gap as to formulate a better development strategy for major metropolitan areas in Taiwan. The study was carried out on the basis of several selected rehabilitation projects for elementary schools in central Taiwan after the devastating 921 earthquake in 1999, in which event public buildings, including schools, gas station, police station, water and power lines, suffered severe damages throughout the central Taiwan region. Results of the study include the following:(1) unique design concept and construction technique can be developed and properly used to fit in the surrounding environmental elements for each individual school, (2) the ideal of ecological engineering such as energy saving, resource recycle, low pollution, is proved feasible and can be further promoted through public school construction projects to establish more comfortable, healthier and pro-environment campus for young students and general publics.

碩士<br>長榮大學<br>土地管理與開發學系碩士班<br>99<br>921 earthquake had occurred more than 10 years and community reconstruction had completed. The economic loss exceeded NT$360 billion and the most seriously damaged area located in the middle Taiwan. There were more than ten thousand people lost their home. Due to the limited budget and human resources the lack of horizontal cooperation and integration caused the community having to rely on private professional team to realize their reconstruction target without tedious communication with the public sector. Hence, this study extends the indepth interview results from ABRI. Using the secondary data the hierarchical criteria of evaluation was constructed and Fuzzy Delphi was applied to screen the key evaluation items. There were 7 items concluded as follow: 1. Safety, life and mental problems. 2. Difficulty of residents consensus. 3. Asymmetric information caused the incapability of residents to disaster. 4. Disaster prevention exercise execution. 5. Housing reconstruction and management. 6. Reconstruction financial support. 7. One stop service for disaster. Finally using public participation with public - private partnership viewpoint the community reconstruction mechanism (community organization consensus, disaster information integrations, knowledge promotion and professional counselling platform) was proposed. Through the horizontal integration made by public- private sector the efficiency of after disaster reconstruction are expected.

碩士<br>長榮大學<br>土地管理與開發研究所<br>97<br>There have been many Chi-Chi earthquake reconstructions processing since 921 happened. The aboriginal tribes'' relocating-reconstruction was also involved in this tough mission. Therefore, this research mainly addressed public and private department by building the mobilization links, and the resource distribution as well as the organization in the utilization social network in the aboriginal resident tribe when relocating-reconstruction processed. The procedure must achieve the specific degrees and expected stages which were really beneficial to the tribe reconstructs. For the purposes, the study tried to decrease mistakes during the process of tribes-reconstruction. Furthermore, to coordinate with other external resources, to give the proper identification, and to build the cooperation were another main purposes in the study. The cases chosen in the study were Tan-Nan, Chung-yuan-Ko, and San-Cha-Keng. During the processes of reconstruction, the supports from other organization and their manipulations were described in the study. In order to achieve the purposes, several approaches were adopted, firstly, a complex interview was conducted with the members of associations, in addition, the contents of interview was analyzed and integrated by the theory of Social Network. Finally, the data attribution was transferred from quality to quantity by drawing the picture of network-paten. To achieve the purposes, there were six parts divided, which were cooperation, assistance, trusty, profession, support giant from human resources, and amount of subsidy. Furthermore, based on the factor of time, three chunks were attributed, that are lands, economic status, and construction. From the case-study, although the resources in Tan-Nan were few, the community had the best normalized network. In the case of San-Cha-Keng, the resources and supports from organizations were most of all, but the interest groups were also many which would protest the policies against their interests. Chung-yuan-Ko has the strong central leader, however, comparing to other two tribes, the organizational function was a little weak. The network pattern also could explain the process of reconstructions to some extends by showing the relationship built among relative organizations. The advanced meaning also can be illustrated by qualified interview-data. From the combination between quality and quantity-analysis, the cooperation of official and private departments when processing the reconstruction in aboriginal tribes could be presented as possible. From the findings, several useful advices and suggestions also could be addressed in the advanced study in the future.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>中山學術研究所<br>91<br>Abstract： Taiwan has been suffering from a series of severe earthquake disaster. Especially in 921 Earthquake. To deal with such a disastrous situation, government implemented the new plans for the quake-ravaged areas, such as the guiding principle of 921 disaster recovery. This study is attempted to program Industry Reconstruction of post- earthquake in the disaster area. The research method of this research is consisted of data analysis and SWOT Analysis. The research results have indicated: 1.The government plays an important role in the process of Industry Reconstruction. In the entire process of industry reconstruction, from the rescue at the early stage to the replacement of industry reconstruction, it is inevitably that the role of government would be the main influence of industry reconstruction effectiveness. However, in the meanwhile, because of the urge of becoming a member of WTO, it had caused the rate of the unemployment increased and some small businesses closing down. People had economically undertaken all the domestic pressures of becoming a member of WTO, and yet now the government had to face another problem, industry reconstruction in the quake-ravaged areas. It seems that it would be much harder for the government to overcome all at once, therefore, a series of well-related policy is needed, such as the guiding of job-shifted for farmers and style-shifted of agriculture, the strategic alliance of the agriculture association, the promotion of Tourism and the construction of the specific industry in the quake-ravaged areas. Those policies should be concerned in regarding to post-earthquake recovery. 2.The people participation in the reconstruction progress After 921 earthquake, it is obviously that government had difficulty to undertake all issues domestically and internationally. Therefore, it found that the participation of people in the post earthquake recovery would be necessary. Indeed, with the participation of people, it can speed up the process of the recovery. As a result, the participation of people in the quake- ravaged areas was seriously required to the re-development of the specific local industry. 3.The style-shifted of industry and resource integration Since Taiwan had put efforts on becoming a member of WTO in order to increase its products more competitive in the atmosphere of international trade, the style-shifted of Industry would be necessary in avoidance to elimination of the potential domestic industry. For example, when the style-shifted, from agriculture to agricultural Industry, had occurred, the needs of machines in Agriculture would be increased in order to reduce the cost of agriculture production. As a consequence, the agriculture production would become more competitive in international trade and it would increase GDP in a sense. Therefore, promoting the number of experts in relation to the knowledge of agriculture from government would be the prior in order to increase the competitiveness in international trade.

博士<br>國立清華大學<br>社會學研究所<br>102<br>The conventional wisdom of disaster studies focused on the state and civil society as the outside helper in the reconstruction stage. The two aspects, however, largely neglect the subjective responses of victims and local communities. In the name of resilience, recent studies have turned to the effects of local community in disaster relief. According to the dataset of 921 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan and the my fieldwork after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China , I develop four ideal-type of communities—(1) strong state vs. strong community, (2) weak state vs. strong community, (3) strong state vs. weak community, (4) and weak state vs. weak community—and find that the performances of reconstruction, from the best to the worst, follow the same sequence. This comparative study displays how informal institutions in local community help affected populations overcome the collection action barriers and shape the process of rebuilding houses. I argue that the social resilience of different community determines the effect and efficiency of the housing reconstruction project. The more resilient community, the better construction. In contrast, the strong state top-down reconstruction project may damage the performances by destroy social networks in local communities.

碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>社會政策與社會工作學系<br>89<br>After 921 Earthquake, many social resources are thrown in disaster area. Making use of deep interviewing and focus group in qualitative research methods, this thesis collects the current status of resources integration of organizations in Zongliao, Nantou. By the result of this thesis, we find that the factors of social resources integration between organizations can be separated into two scopes: obstruction and auxiliary factors. The obstruction factors come from the difference of characteristics and objects of organizations, degree of specializations, funding sources, status of systematizations, and the bad experiences of leaders, lower serving thoughts. These make opposite effects of resources integration. The auxiliary factors come from sufficient resources and facilities, integration by relationship network and cooperative attitude of members. By the effects of different factors, different interactive modes of resources integration come into existence, including active participation, proper cooperation and passive withdrawal. In the organization of active participation, not only highly identify with resources integration and attend coordinating meeting actively, but also try to set concepts of resources integration into action and like to cooperate with other organizations. In the organizations of proper cooperation, they have higher autonomy and adopt proper attitude to topics of resources integration. They focus on their intended services and prior cooperate with organizations having similar serving targets. Except of their own business, the organizations of passive withdrawal take negative and passive attitude, and seldom attend other activities. We propose the proper ways of social resource integration as the following: 1.In human resource integration: Groups of organizations can hold volunteer recruiting and training together to provide mutual support. 2.In funding resource integration: The probable way is to hold activities together and to sponsor in turn. This helps lower the cost. 3.In service integration: According to responsible towns, organize the supplied services and bring up projects about unsupplied categories to prevent waste and redundancy. 4.In information integration: Leading by organization with high credit first. Some organizations are responsible to collect information and coordinate areas, activities and cases with redundant services. 5.In cases integration: The best way is the case management system. Combine the work of case management and the information collection to one organization. This system not only arranges the cases of each structure, but also supplies more information to related organizations. It is convenient to supply continuous service and bring greater efficiency.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災研究所<br>98<br>“Lessons learned” and “Taking precautions” are the basic concept of this study. After the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake, there are many problems appeared during recovery phase, most of them were related with residence reconstruction, such as: too much time spending in the process, residence reconstruction policy running opposite to itself …etc. If we can set up reconstruction targets and establish a comprehensive reconstruction plan before a disaster occurs, then we will be able to start reconstruction mechanism quickly, and speed up the residence reconstruction to meet people’s need. This study used the "Taiwan Earthquake Loss Estimation System (TELES)” to obtain required data from simulation analysis for large scale earthquake disasters, then choused the most severe damaged district as the study area. This study proposed reconstruction targets by considering local environment and TELES quantification data of the study area, then compiled needs of resources, inducted problems and difficulties which might encountered during reconstruction process, and finally proposed an adequate preparedness recovery strategy. The results of this study should be helpful to establish a comprehensive residence pre-disaster recovery plan and to integrate it into the mitigation strategies for large scale earthquake disasters for Taipei city.

碩士<br>實踐大學<br>建築設計學系碩士班<br>101<br>This work was personally involved in Hsieh Ying-Chun team in the "512 Earthquake" of the reconstruction process, the time from three and a half month after the earthquake, end of August 2008, relief came to an end into the rebuilding stage, until early 2009 before the winter stop workers. The spring of 2010 returned completed on-site inspections. Team places three different locations, mainly in the affected areas, coupled with field interviews and data collection, sorting out the Hsieh and his team work mode. The study found that Hsieh Ying-Chun team work theory and practice of complementary models, the key is "local practice – cooperative construction - an open system and simplify the construction method," this major work of architecture. With Hsieh's personal style and different team leaders in the interaction between different redevelopment sites, shaping out an open, diverse and informal nature of the operation panorama. Based on these findings, to further explore their core values and roles, first, intersubjectivity (value), and second, open architecture language (operation), the three dialogue with modernity (positioning). Intersubjectivity as a core concept, the key operation - open platform for building language, the language level of contemporary architecture from the industrial environment to do structural reflection, and with operations in real life challenge of modernity and correction.

碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>農學研究所<br>91<br>Taiwan area faces the problem of legal greenfield park deficiency. Thus the wide outdoor open space of campus in the urban environment appears as valuable. For this reason, the Construction and Planning Agency of Ministry of Interior had subsumed school within “ urban greenfield system”, and endowed it with functions of “the sort of disaster prevention and health care greenfield.” In the past, there was not much concerned with ecology in the process of school construction, e.g., the phenomena of deficiency of quantity of green-making, bad quality of greenfield ecology, the wasteful conditioning energy consumption results from bad campus disposition, water impermeability of school, etc., and consequently didn’t exemplify well the environment protection educational idea. In view of environment protection crisis of the Earth, policy of “sustainable development” becomes the only option of continuing human civilization and “green building” is one of the most important parts of sustainable residing policy. On the occasion of school reconstruction resulted from earthquake disaster, it is important that the application of green building idea in school construction and reinforcing students that the educational idea of sustainable development within their minds. In the aspects of green building ecological indicators of the post-disaster elementary schools reconstruction in earthquake disasters in Chia-yi county, qualified rate of biodiversity indicator reaches 55.56%, quantity of green-making indicator 77.78%, base’s water maintenance indicator 66.67%, and especially the qualified rate of ecological indicators in regional planned districts are higher than that of urban planned districts. It is unnoticeable that the ecological indicators has relation with campus square measure, through regression analysis; relation between ecological indicators and vacant lot square measure used by per student, among ecological indicators only the biodiversity indicator has positive relation with it and others (quantity of green-making indicator and base’s water maintenance indicator) don’t. The concrete design strategies of biodiversity of green building as fellows: by ecologization of pond, pool and river bank to create water ecology environment of high-density, by multi-holes environment and human interferenceless multi-layers ecological green-making to create variable perching environment of little creatures; meanwhile, by original plants, alluring bird and alluring butterfly plants, planting biodiversity to create abundant creatures base; of quantity of green-making as fellows: by reducing Building Coverage Ratio of building to broaden space of greenfield, planting arbor as possible, using perennial creeping plants creeping facades of building to increase quantity of green-making, and reinforcing the green-making of roof and balcony; of water maintenance of base as fellows: increasing the square measure of soil, square measure of permeability and making storage, permeable designs and garden rainwater-holding designs, etc.

碩士<br>世新大學<br>行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)<br>99<br>In May 12th 2011, an earthquake happened in Wenchuan County of China, which was the worst natural disaster over the past six decades. It was also one of the most powerful earthquake in the history. Since this sizable disaster happened, the influences made by reconstruction of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) reach a considerable scale and get a lot of response. Because of Wenchuan earthquake, this disaster also awakes the citizen consciousness of Chinese people. Based on the above description, my research tries to analyze the function and contribution of reconstruction of NGO, and NGO has confronted with the problems. The research can provide references for the development of NGO in the future. Civil society will be mature through this citizen consciousness of Chinese people. Citizen consciousness will also help those in need, and create better future.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>建築學系<br>92<br>The buildings in disaster area of Chi-chi earthquake are badly destroyed, the condition of public buildings are serious especially in elementary and junior high schools. Totally 293 schools are supposed to be rebuilt, thousands need to be reinforced. However, this extreme disaster aroused the forces of contribution and cooperation of rebuilding. The civil society promised the fund and building tasks of 108 schools in a total of 293, and the planning and design expenses of other schools. The civil society made an essentially critical effort in the process of re-establishment of education. On the other side, governments as leading characters of school buildings commanded the power over administration of reconstruction and distribution of resource. What did they do during the presidential year of 2000, while new and old regimes shifted? How were it happen that education innovation and community empowering ideals transformed into spaces? This thesis is about school reconstruction of Chi-chi earthquake, conducting the theme of “New School Revolution”, which is lead by New Government’s Administration of Education. The goal is to probe into this reconstruction script, which is composed by the civil and authorities’ organizations; to represent numerous complicated meanings which related to each other in the process of renewal; and to outline the traces of politics and economy which behind the magnificent appearance in each stage -- from ideals emerging, to be practiced and after realized. Methodologically, the bibliographies mainly consisted of school reconstruction related spread chronologically to reinforce the depth of study, and to establish a non-temporary and non-isolated frame of reference to exam the plural accomplishments of “New school movement”. On this research, the urgent mission of school reconstruction nearly impossible accomplished by heritage of people and its experiences owing to Taiwan society’s effort on education innovation and campus transformation. Although there is still room for improvement in physical results, and the effects of education is worthy of further examination, the emerging and plural influences have been made in society during the early times of reconstruction completion. Influences on campus: 1. De-centralized campus lay-out. 2. High maintenance of campus operation. 3. Limited concern of children development. 4. More learning and adjustment on teaching and class management. Influences on professional practice: 1. Infamous image of architects need to be clarified. 2. Interdisciplinary dialogue should be established for deepen the knowledge of building typies. 3. It gives that the new schools embrace international and domestic awards additional splendor and puffs up itself. Influences on reconstruction area: 1. New school buildings in the disaster area become emerging landscapes in the country. 2. To promote the industries in the emerging trend of the disaster area tourism, new campuses become the spots of journeys.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>土木工程學系<br>89<br>In the 921 Earthquake, numerous buildings were damaged. After that, many engineers from different sectors were sent to inspect the damaged buildings, and to decide if the damaged buildings should be either 1) totally demolished and reconstructed, or 2) repaired to the original function. However, quite often the decisions made by different engineers were different. The wrong choices between demolition and repair will waste tremendous resource of the nation. In fact, many damaged buildings were repairable but very costly. The key to the above decision-making should be the “cost-efficiency” which is sometimes ignored by the engineers. Many researches have been conducted in the area of the damaged buildings from earthquake. Nevertheless most researches were related to the structural safety and the technologies to repair a damaged building. Very few studies are based on the viewpoint of cost-efficiency to judge if a damaged building should be reconstructed or repaired. Besides structural safety, the research proposes that the cost factor should be another major concern in making the choices. This research focuses on the cost problems when a damaged building needs to be either reconstructed or repaired. The CBS (Cost Breakdown Structure) is defined. The engineer-economics is intensively applied to analyze the two alternatives. The lifespan of a repaired building is uncertain, and usually is shorter than the entirely reconstructed one. The sensitivity analysis is conducted with various lifespan of building. Finally, the research results are implemented on a package developed under the MS-Access. To sum up, our research is aimed to come out a better decision by considering the cost-efficiency to answer if the damaged buildings should be reconstructed or repaired.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>建築研究所<br>100<br>It has been almost 13 years since the 921 campus reconstruction. During recent years, natural disasters still occur frequently. We often hear of the news concerning campus damage caused by earthquakes or typhoons. As the environment changes, the issue of campus reconstruction is as important as it used to be. In the face of frequent reoccurrence of campus disasters, how should we review and respond to subsequent campus reconstruction? Can we face such an issue by means of the experiences accumulated from the 921 New Campus Movement? What influence will result from such subsequent developments? All these issues deserve our continuous exploration. After all, the planning and design of a campus correlates with concepts and ideas, policies and laws, and the participative organizations and so on. Only by the implementation of educational objectives and the improvement of campus construction quality can we perfect campus construction day after day. Though the 921 campus reconstruction has ended, the results also play a very important role in the history of campus space reform. However, such a progress is not a history merely for reference and examples. We should have continual observations on the issues regarding campus reconstruction. Therefore, aiming at the developments of campus reconstruction and New Campus Movement until now, this study generalizes the policies, organizations, and relevant subsequent developments concerning the 921 campus reconstruction by research methods such as investigation and collection of related literature. Then, the progress of campus reconstruction is expounded by means of list making. In addition to analyzing the research findings during recent years, it also aims to retrospect the general situation of campus reconstruction and New Campus Movement developments through explorations of related elements, for clarifying the contextual characteristics and orientations of campus development and bringing up related suggestions. Therefore, through the aforementioned research and generalization, the progress of campus reconstruction in this study is divided into four stages: 1. Sketch Period of Campus Reconstruction Mechanism (From Sep. 21, 1999 to May 20, 2000). 2. Implementation Period of Campus Reconstruction Work (From May 20, 2000 to June 2002). 3. Promotion Period of Campus Reconstruction Results (From July 2002 to August 2005). 4. Period of Subsequent Campus Reconstruction Development (From September 2005 to October 2011). During the progress of campus reconstruction, the campus reconstruction work was promoted collectively by various civil groups, academic units, professional units and public sectors, and it was deemed as a chance to break through old stereotypes. With the visions and ideals congregated from all walks of life, the “New Campus Movement” was performed accordingly. During the course, many approaches were undertaken through learning and explorations, because the schedule of reconstruction was so tight and both public and private sectors were tenderfoots in dealing with such an emergency. Nevertheless, both governmental and civil groups cooperated collectively to achieve fruitful results in ideal policy breakthroughs, e.g. integration of educational reform ideas, conception of victim school fosterage mechanism, introduction of professional construction management approaches, the implementation with the best niches, etc. which were also the valuable characteristics in the context of campus development of “New Campus Movement”. Such ideals and experience are worthy of being passed down.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>歷史學系所<br>100<br>Shortly after 921 earthquake, a local and volunteered search and rescue team was established to aid the calamity by 921 earthquake in Song He tribe. Then, a team, coordinated by Huang, Yongguang, was to rebuild their hometown and to response to the post-disaster reconstructive related issue in Song He tribe. In the study, I discussed the situation, the difficulties encountered, and the action taken by the earthquake relief team in terms of reconstructing the tribe&apos;&apos;s residential community, life, and rebuilding of industrial business. In line with the Government and civilian group&apos;&apos;s help, under limited resources and assistance, I presented the results and actual reliefs to the Song He aboriginal tribe brought by these relief and reconstruction operations. The Song He tribe is one of Taiwanese aboriginal reservations. The ongoing settlement and reconstruction in Song He tribe were operated under the "Reconstruction project operating regulations??" by Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan. The project set out two main theme, one is the "relief of economic difficulties" and the other is the "nurturing talents." For the former, in order to solve the employment, one of the tribal long-term economic difficulties, the plan is to develop tourist industry. For the later, to make people get to know more about the concept, to reform of a new society, the plan is to create topic related curriculum in each classroom. All together, wish to develop a highly humanities village, a mechanism what the industries in the community give-back to form a mutual and beneficial relationship with the local community. While everything back to normal, Song He tribe steps on the right track, 7/2 flooding in 2004 which caused by the torrential rain of Ming Du Li Typhoon struck the area. And this time, the damages were worse than 921 earthquake. In addition, all the post-disaster reconstruction, effort, the developed system were all destroyed by it. Houses and farmland were washed away. The relocation of Song He tribe was taken place with the assistance and cooperation of several non-government organization . In the original tribal section, Song He Community Development Association applied for Bacon and rural regeneration project to the Water Conservation Bureau. Hoping that through participation, Song He aboriginal tribe could switch its impression of being the star-stricken areas to a model of a reborn community with vision and characteristics. The tribe experienced two major natural disasters: the 921 earthquake and 7/2 flooding. Despite these disasters, the Song He people&apos;&apos;s spirit has not been crashed by. They transformed the helpless and hopeless into positive strength that help themselves rebuild their home. During the reconstruction process, there are many valuable lessons for others to learn from, however, still many difficulties to be resolved. I expect the tribe could be rising like phoenix from the ashes, to live a better life from the tragedy.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>新聞研究所<br>88<br>The public concept of community media is one of crucial factor for local grass-root democracy, so does it do to Chi-Chi post-earthquake reconstruction. For local residents, community media is the access to public affairs. Through participation and open debate, people get consensus. This paper is dedicated to figure out how forces(social, economic and political ) shaped the local communication system in post-earthquake community by social research methods like in-dept inverview, servey and literary research. Research confirmed that the performance of community communication is affected through its ownership structure and contents, and at the same time, macro communication environment is a trial to radical grass-root community media.

碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>公共行政與政策學系<br>89<br>Abstract The destructive disasters are reported frequently in recent years, especially the earthquakes with large scale. What with technical development and advancement continuously, and what with the reconstruction to nature by design, people are placed in the social environment with risk. Consequently, the strengtheness of dealing with the contingency has become the focus of the world. The large earthquake of 921 caused Taiwan to incur the most serious loss during hundred years. In the process of making emergency rescue of earthquakes, we perceived that the structure of dealing with the contingency in Taiwan is just like an armchair strategist. After the deep introspection, “the disaster relieving approach” comes with the tide of fashion. Nevertheless, the system of dealing with the contingency doesn’t remold thoroughly, with the coming of “the disaster relieving approach”. It still can’t “skip over” the restrictions of traditional bureaucracy and sectionalism. We will the study of the topic of the reconstructions of dealing with the contingency. We analyze and examine in the aspect of statute of the disaster relieving, the aspects of organization and execution of dealing with the contingency. Also, we give the examples of America and Japan, which could be our learning objects and make proposals for reconstruction. Eventually, in the of view of new public management, we create a safe and firm cooperative relationship between the government and the locality, promote a good communication and coordinative relationship and desire to come to the companionship between the government and the locality, in order to set up the adamant system of dealing with the contingency in the future.

碩士<br>佛光大學<br>未來與樂活產業學系<br>104<br>Urban Reconstruction & City Marketing of the Iwate Prefecture after the Tohoku Earthquake in Japan. This research investigates the aftermath of the Tohoku earthquake including the industries that were affected by the fallout, the scope of the disaster, current recovery, latest status of urban renewal, and the strategies for marketing the restored cities. Government officials, Council members, and local inhabitants of Iwate Prefecture were interviewed. The results are as follows: 1. Ten environmental radiation monitor stations were set up to record the radiation level in the air, all the data collected have been within the safe range. However, restrictions have been applied to sales of wild mushrooms and vegetables from Southern Iwate as well as seafood harvested within the contaminated zone. 2. Construction industry flourished in the coastal region as cities underwent reconstruction. Yet, rising building material and international oil prices throttled the growth of the construction industry, causing a number of companies finance problems. 3. Effective on April, 01, 2014, sales tax in Japan was increased to 8%, Iwate’s economy also see an improvement. 4. During reconstruction, residents will be relocated to higher grounds. Those who are engaged in fishery will be allowed to live close to where they work. Should a natural disaster take place, they will be evacuated immediately. 5. Up until December, 31, 2013, 96.3% of the waste material in this prefecture was cleared. 6. A construction project of 135 breakwaters is under way. So far, 20 have been completed, 88 are still in construction, and 27 are pending. The progress seems to fall behind as compared to other reconstruction projects. 7. The reconstruction of the coastal railway is following it schedule. As the Yamada Line between Miyako City and Kamaishi City had long suffered deficit, the Japan Railways Group plans to replace the train service between these two cities with bus routes. With the opposition of the local residents, no consensus has been reached yet. 8. From April, 17 to June, 19, 2014, the Iwate Prefecture government is cooperating with China Airlines to run a test direct flight route between Hanamaki and Hualien to promote tourism.

碩士<br>中興大學<br>歷史學系所<br>103<br>Abstract After Chinese immigrant to America for more than one hundred years, the United States Senate approved a resolution apologizing for the nation''s past discriminatory laws that targeted Chinese immigrants, and the Panama Government also praised the contribution and sacrifice of Chinese immigrants for build the Panama Canal. At the same time, the stage for early Chinese immigrant''s contribution and unfair treatment in history have been more seriously treat than before. San Francisco is the oldest Chinatown in America, the shelter for more than 20,000 Chinese immigrants to avoid from persecution at that time. When the Great Earthquake stroked San Francisco in 1906, destroyed and conflagration were attacked this city. The Chinese faced huge losses, and the pressure that the San Francisco''s government wanted to relocate the Chinatown. Chinese didn''t surrender but break through the difficult situation, and rebuilt the Chinatown at the original site. Therefore in this thesis, I focus on four subjects to analysis: First, the living circumstances of old San Francisco’s Chinatown before the Great Earthquake in 1906. Secondly, how the whole city suffered from the great earthquake and fire at 1906. Thirdly, the America and Chinese governments’ relief act and arrange for Chinese victims. Fourthly, discuss that whether the Chinatown site was reconstructed or relocated it. The rise of historical disaster studies, express that human factors played an important role in natural disaster''s huge losses and casualties. Therefore, this thesis hopes to observe from disaster views to look inside the destruction and reconstruction of the San Francisco Chinatown under the Great Earthquake of 1906.

碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>衛生福利研究所<br>90<br>Abstract After the 921 earthquake, many professionals and experts joined the community reconstruction effort to help survivors rebuild their homes. The volunteers witnessed a terrible scene and had to console people who were angry and disappointed. The volunteers’ own difficult experiences resulting from such encounters were also often neglected because of their need to maintain their own “expert” reputations. In researching this study, we conducted in-depth interviews with the volunteers. We attempted to ascertain the experiences and responses of the volunteers assigned by the Department of Health (DOH) to the rescue and reconstruction effort after the 921 earthquake — mostly graduate students of the Institute of Health and Welfare Policy and the Institute of Community Health Nursing of NYMU. The results showed that the volunteers relied on their mission-like enthusiasm in helping others. They determined what the needs survivors based on the community assessment interviews and provided the appropriate health services. After fulfillment of survivors urgent needs , the volunteers gradually discovered that survivors needed the most was the financial assistance. However, the volunteers could not directly provide economic assistance. The inability to help created doubts about continuing volunteer work. Furthermore, the volunteer teams also faced their own internal instabilities. Hampered by the long distance traveling to the disaster area, the volunteers had doubts about their capabilities to help and effectiveness. Collaborative teems with the various disciplines were gathered to resolve the variety of needs for survivors. The complexity of coordinating activities and schedule of different teams, took their toll. To complicate matters still further, the volunteers had to play dual roles: as students and as rescue volunteers. Not only did they have to be effective rescuers, they also had to complete their own school requirements and projects. As the demands of each role increased, conflicts occurred — which were most often exhibited in the foul moods of the volunteers. The concerns about their negative moods would affect other team members discouraged volunteers from publicly confiding their troubles. Most released their emotions in other ways, such as peer support.As volunteers, the teams were happy to see the great impact they made on the lives of the survivors. The trust, passion, and positive evaluations they received were encouraging and supportive. Their volunteer experiences were clearly enriching and worthwhile. Policy implication of the study are as follows: (1) to provide suitable debriefing resources；(2) to give the rescue training and education opportunities.

碩士<br>東海大學<br>建築學系<br>95<br>Passed through post-disaster reconstruction for 6 years, San-Cha-Keng Atayal aboriginal tribe has finished the immigration on December 2005. The discuss about immigrating aboriginal tribes to lower damage costs began in 1980,and has continued to test the emergency responses and recovery efforts of tribes and the governments. By looking into the reconstructed experiences in San-Cha-Keng can be the basis of immigrated reconstruction of aboriginal tribes in the future. By the research methods include file review and interviews to construct the processes of immigrated reconstruction which is involved in communication between the government, the third sector and aboriginal inhabitants. And set up the analyzed frame by file review to look into the experiences of immigration in San-Cha-Keng Atayal aboriginal tribe. In this research, the reconstruction in San-Cha-Keng put emphasis on environment rebuilding, but lacked in life and economy reconstruction. In environment rebuild process, the ownerships of aboriginal reservation are too complex to levy lands for new tribe, and lacking for communication between departments in the government are the main reasons that resulted to the delay of tribe immigrated. Moreover, life construction service center did not have enough professional ability to help life and economy reconstruction. In the phases of response, placement and reconstruction, the predicament of environment rebuilding, life and economy reconstruction all resulted form re-allotment of resources and power, and legalization that focus on just and fair allotment.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>社會學研究所<br>106<br>Resilience is an important concept in the Sociology of Disaster, and plays a key role in post-disaster recovery. Recent trends in Sociology of Disaster have led to a proliferation of studies that consider social capital as observations of resilience. Little is known about the impact of social capital on post-disaster recovery. Housing reconstruction is a major area of interest within the field post-earthquake recovery. The aim of this essay is to explore the relationship between social capital and housing reconstruction in post-921 earthquake recovery. Social capital, seen as a form of capital that produces public goods for a common, is associated with increased positive effect of recovery. However, group solidarity in communities is often purchased at the price of hostility toward out-group members. It is very important when measuring social capital to consider both of positive and negative externalities. This study uses the analysis frame recognized by existing researches that social capital can be classified into three types: bonding, bridging and linking. It also argues the three types would affect the housing reconstruction. To outline these impacts in greater details, this paper is a case study of 921 earthquake housing reconstruction. Data for the study were collected from UDN (United Daily News) Data, the database of 921 earthquake recovery in Taiwan and the publications of 921 Earthquake Relief Foundation. Statistical results show a positive correlation between the predictive value of reconstruction completed and social capital. Organized social activity and political visitation have a positive effect on housing reconstruction. In sum, this finding broadly supports the work of other studies in this area related to social capital with resilience. Although extensive research concentrated on the advantageous influence of 921 reconstruction allowance. This research has also shown that social capital can play an important role in addressing the issue of post-disaster recovery.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>建築與城鄉研究所<br>100<br>To enable post-disaster reconstruction plans to be helpful for reconstruction work, this study focuses on 921 earthquake township reconstruction master plans in Wufeng Township , Dali City, and Guoxing Township, analyzing four aspects including the method of investigation on elementary data, the channel for public participation, the operation of township organization, and the allocation and execution of restitution and recovery programs. Through analyzing and comparing the executive results of these township reconstruction master plans using various manipulation models, the study also reviews the frame of township reconstruction master plans, the evaluation method in enabling the reconstruction work by Executive Yuan Resurrection Committee as well as their views and experiences in planning and executing these reconstruction master plans in the hopes of providing some directions for future post-reconstruction plan-making. In this study, it is found that firstly, detailed disaster damage survey could help the reconstruction plans to be processed in a more proactive way, and analysis of second-hand data gained from some urban planning cases that were planned and reviewed in peacetime is also helpful for rapidly and appropriately making up reconstruction vision and programs. Secondly, the communication mechanism building up among the professional planning team, reconstruction committee, and the public contributes to the three parties in terms of setting up a common goal, reaching a consensus, and forming the local cohesion as well as initiative spirit. Thirdly, the dominant role of township organization in planning and executing reconstruction plans could be established through the assistance from other organizations and clear principles of reconstruction funding. Lastly, clear regulations and operating principles for reconstruction plans could help the reconstruction plans to be more pragmatic and feasible.