Academic literature on the topic 'Earthquakes – Africa, East'
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Journal articles on the topic "Earthquakes – Africa, East"
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Langer, C. J., M. G. Bonilla, and G. A. Bollinger. "Aftershocks and surface faulting associated with the intraplate Guinea, West Africa, earthquake of 22 December 1983." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 5 (1987): 1579–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770051579.
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Abstract This study reports on the results of geological and seismological field studies conducted following the rare occurrence of a moderate-sized West African earthquake (mb = 6.4) with associated ground breakage. The epicentral area of the northwestern Guinea earthquake of 22 December 1983 is a coastal margin, intraplate locale with a very low level of historical seismicity. The principal results include the observation that seismic faulting occurred on a preexisting fault system and that there is good agreement among the surface faulting, the spatial distribution of the aftershock hypocenters, and the composite focal mechanism solutions. We are not able, however, to shed any light on the reason(s) for the unexpected occurrence of this intraplate earthquake. Thus, the significance of this study is its contribution to the observational datum for such earthquakes and for the seismicity of West Africa. The main shock was associated with at least 9 km of surface fault-rupture. Trending east-southeast to east-west, measured fault displacements up to ∼13 cm were predominantly right-lateral strike slip and were accompanied by an additional component (5 to 7 cm) of vertical movement, southwest side down. The surface faulting occurred on a preexisting fault whose field characteristics suggest a low slip rate with very infrequent earthquakes. There were extensive rockfalls and minor liquefaction effects at distances less than 10 km from the surface faulting and main shock epicenter. Main shock focal mechanism solutions derived from teleseismic data by other workers show a strong component of normal faulting motion that was not observed in the ground ruptures. A 15-day period of aftershock monitoring, commencing 22 days after the main shock, was conducted. Eleven portable, analog short-period vertical seismographs were deployed in a network with an aperture of 25 km and an average station spacing of 7 km. Ninety-five aftershocks were located from the more than 200 recorded events with duration magnitudes of about 1.5 or greater. Analysis of a selected subset (91) of those events define a tabular aftershock volume (26 km long by 14 km wide by 4 km thick) trending east-southeast and dipping steeply (∼60°) to the south-southwest. Composite focal mechanisms for groups of events, distributed throughout the aftershock volume, exhibit right-lateral, strike-slip motion on subvertical planes that strike almost due east. Although the general agreement between the field geologic and seismologic results is good, our preferred interpretation is for three en-echelon faults striking almost due east-west.
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Midzi, V., T. Pule, B. Manzunzu, T. Mulabisana, B. S. Zulu, and S. Myendeki. "Improved earthquake location in the gold mining regions of South Africa using new velocity models." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 1 (2020): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0008.
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Abstract Reliable local earthquake locations depend on many factors of which a major one is the velocity model. Currently the Council for Geoscience (CGS) has been using the global IASP91 velocity model for earthquake locations in the cluster networks. To continue improving the earthquake locations it is necessary that new velocity models are determined for each cluster region (Central and East Rand - CERAND, the Klerksdorp – Orkney – Stilfontein – Hartebeesfontein – KOSH and the Far West and West Rand - WRAND). The availability of good quality data recorded by the cluster networks since their inception in 2010 provides an opportunity to conduct this work. Thus data from the cluster networks database were selected according to set quality criteria to obtain parametric data for 130 earthquakes in the CERAND region, 404 in the KOSH region and 1024 in the WRAND region. These data were used to determine a minimum 1-D velocity model with associated station corrections for each of the regions using the VELEST software package. Comparison of epicentres obtained using the new velocity models to epicentres previously published by the CGS, showed improvement in the quality of the new locations. Thus, the new models will be implemented in the day-to-day analysis of data recorded in the three study regions by the cluster network of stations.
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Khan, A. A., A. Kumar, and P. Lal. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM EARTHQUAKE EVENTS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION IN GENESIS OF <i>TSUNAMI</i> IN THE INDIAN OCEAN." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W2 (December 5, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w2-43-2019.
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Abstract. A very high magnitude earthquake (9.1 MW) triggered a devastating Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26th December 2004. The epicentre was located at 3.3° N, 95.8° E with a focal depth of ~30 km. The impacts of Tsunami were felt as far away in Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya along the east coast of Africa. Considering the role of earthquake, in the present study the spatio-temporal analysis of long term (1901 to 2019) earthquake events was performed, which recorded by USGS to understand the genesis of Tsunami (2004) in the Indian Ocean. The study exhibited that the maximum frequency of earthquake was observed between the ranges of 4 MW to 6 MW on the Richter scale during 2001–2010. There was only one earthquake event > 8 MW on the Richter scale (26th December 2004 having depth 30 km) in the Indian Ocean recorded during 1901–2019. The study exhibited that the maximum earthquake was observed between 30–40 km below the surface, and primarily of moderate to low magnitudes. The proximity analysis along the major fault line indicates that the maximum earthquakes were in the buffer of 200 km from fault line in Bay of Bengal. The decadal variation of earthquake exhibits that the maximum number of earthquake events (8427 events) were triggered during the year 2001–2010, whereas during the year 2004, the total 902 earthquake events > 4 MW was recorded. The study indicates that the earthquakes > 7 MW (on Richter scale) and depth below 30 km (shallow earthquake) are primarily responsible to major Tsunami events in the Indian Ocean. The very high magnitude (> 9 MW on the Richter scale) and shallow depth (~30 km) are the major cause of 2004 Tsunami and its high level of damage. There were very low frequency (10–15 events) of earthquake occurred having magnitude > 7 and depth < 30 km.
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Shudofsky, Gordon N., Sierd Cloetingh, Seth Stein, and Rinus Wortel. "Unusually deep earthquakes in East Africa: Constraints on the thermo-mechanical structure of a continental rift system." Geophysical Research Letters 14, no. 7 (1987): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl014i007p00741.
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Albaric, Julie, Jacques Déverchère, Julie Perrot, Andrey Jakovlev, and Anne Deschamps. "Deep crustal earthquakes in North Tanzania, East Africa: Interplay between tectonic and magmatic processes in an incipient rift." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15, no. 2 (2014): 374–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013gc005027.
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Kopeć, Anna. "Reduction of atmospheric disturbances in PSInSAR measure technique based on ENVISAT ASAR data for Erta Ale Ridge." E3S Web of Conferences 29 (2018): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182900022.
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The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is becoming more and more popular to investigate surface deformation, associated with volcanism, earthquakes, landslides, and post-mining surface subsidence. The measuring accuracy depends on many factors: surface, time and geometric decorrelation, orbit errors, however the largest challenges are the tropospheric delays. The spatial and temporal variations in temperature, pressure, and relative humidity are responsible for tropospheric delays. So far, many methods have been developed, but researchers are still searching for the one, that will allow to correct interferograms consistently in different regions and times. The article focuses on examining the methods based on empirical phase-based methods, spectrometer measurements and weather model. These methods were applied to the ENVISAT ASAR data for the Erta Ale Ridge in the Afar Depression, East Africa
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Maxfield, Louise. "Commemorating EMDR’s 25th Anniversary byHighlighting EMDR Humanitarian Projects." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 8, no. 4 (2014): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.4.179.
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This editorial introduces the special issue of the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research that commemorates the 25th anniversary of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy by highlighting EMDR humanitarian programs around the world—in North America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. EMDR therapy is a valuable and appropriate intervention in humanitarian crises, given its effectiveness as a brief individual treatment, consecutive-day application, and group therapy. There are many compelling clinical vignettes in this issue, including some from a refugee camp in Syria, a hurricane in South America, and earthquakes in India and Italy. The authors in this issue bring years of experience to their articles, and their commentary on the challenges, future needs, and concerns is illuminating and thought-provoking.
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Shinoda, Sumio. "Special Issue on Infectious Disease Control of Natural Disasters." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 6 (2012): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0739.
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Large natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis and typhoons often produce many refugees, forcing them to live inconvenient and unsanitary lives in temporary places of refuge. Even if they can remain in their homes, hygienic conditions may be worsened by interrupted electricity, water, fuel and other lifelines. Winter disasters bring more concerns, such as influenza and cold weather, while those in summer raise problems of diarrhea-related disease. Two of Japan’s largest recent earthquakes, the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, did not cause large infectious disease outbreaks thanks to proper countermeasures. Even so, such outbreaks frequently occur worldwide. One recent example is the 2010 cholera outbreak following an earthquake in Haiti. In an added complication, it is thought that the outbreak was from a foreign source – an Asian epidemic strain of cholera. Many refugees have resulted from ethnic and tribal conflicts in Africa. In a visit to Kenya as a short-term expert for the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), I observed a cholera outbreak in a Somali refugee camp. Health facilities at the camp were extremely bad, with the occurrence of drought adding to the suffering in these regions. Many developing countries in tropical and subtropical regions have problems of insufficient food supplies due to recent population growth. Disasters breaking out in these areas leave an unwelcome legacy of undernourishment and malnutrition, especially among young children. In this situation, the number of fatalities due to diarrhea is very high. Such fatalities are fewer in developed countries, but diarrhea in children under 5 years of age in developing countries remains a serious problem. World Health Organization (WHO) statistics published this year show that the global number of deaths in 2010 of children under 5 was some 76 million, 10% of which suffered from diarrhea-related disease. Malaria, pneumonia, premature birth, birth asphyxia and neonatal sepsis are additional causes of these deaths. This special issue details the countermeasures taken against infectious diseases in recent large disasters. As stated above, no serious outbreaks of infection were observed in the Great East Japan Earthquake, but damage to a local atomic power plant was extensive, as reported by the mass media. In addition to refugees from the earthquake and tsunami, many residents near the atomic power plant were forced to move out of their homes and towns because of the possible release of radiation, even though their homes had not been destroyed or even damaged. The lack of serious infectious disease outbreaks were more than made up for, however, by many problems with infectious disease. The subject of infectious disease risk and public health recovery is described by Dr. Hitoshi Oshitani of Tohoku University. Another article covers communicable diseases following the Great Earthquake described by Dr. Kentaro Iwata of Kobe University. The Great Earthquake and resulting tsunami in Sumatra, Indonesia, in December 2005 left more than 2,300,000 victims. Because this happened in a tropical region, public health control, especially food sanitation, was the worst problem. Dr. Nasronudin of Airlangga University in Indonesia communicates his experiences in this situation. The 2011 Haiti earthquake also involved a tropical region. As a Central American country, Haiti has had no experience with cholera in nearly a century and faces a cholera outbreak after the earthquake. Dr. G. B. Nair a cholera specialist at the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute of India, investigated the situation in Haiti and found that the causative strain was an Asian epidemic cholera. We therefore asked Dr. Nair to write about the Haiti cholera epidemic. Global microbial culture collection facilities have many microbial stocks that, if somehow released by a disaster, would cause at least two serious problems – one of environmental pollution by pathogenic organisms triggering infectious disease and another of the loss of valuable microbial resources. This makes it vital to maintain safe, secure culture collections against disasters. Dr. Takayuki Ezaki, Gifu University, describes this subject. Finally, we thank the authors for their contributions and the reviewers for their invaluable comments.
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Chang, Ilhan, Minkyung Jeon, and Gye-Chun Cho. "Application of Microbial Biopolymers as an Alternative Construction Binder for Earth Buildings in Underdeveloped Countries." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/326745.
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Earth buildings are still a common type of residence for one-third of the world’s population. However, these buildings are not durable or resistant against earthquakes and floods, and this amplifies their potential harm to humans. Earthen construction without soil binders (e.g., cement) is known to result in poor strength and durability performance of earth buildings. Failure to use construction binders is related to the imbalance in binder prices in different countries. In particular, the price of cement in Africa, Middle East, and Southwest Asia countries is extremely high relative to the global trend of consumer goods and accounts for the limited usage of cement in those regions. Moreover, environmental concerns regarding cement usage have recently risen due to high CO2emissions. Meanwhile, biopolymers have been introduced as an alternative binder for soil strengthening. Previous studies and feasibility attempts in this area show that the mechanical properties (i.e., compressive strength) of biopolymer mixed soil blocks (i.e, both 1% xanthan gum and 1% gellan gum) satisfied the international criteria for binders used in earthen structures. Economic and market analyses have demonstrated that the biopolymer binder has high potential as a self-sufficient local construction binder for earth buildings where the usage of ordinary cement is restricted.
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Jackson, James. "Fatal attraction: living with earthquakes, the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake vulnerability in the modern world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1845 (2006): 1911–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1805.
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The great earthquake belt which stretches from the Mediterranean through the Middle East into Central Asia results from the ongoing collision between the Eurasian plate and the African, Arabian and Indian plates to the south. Through much of this belt, the topography is created and controlled by fault movement in earthquakes. Many habitations are located at the foot of the fault-controlled mountain range-fronts that bound inhospitable deserts or elevated plateaus, in positions that are favourable for trade-routes, strategic control of access or for water supply. As a result, they are vulnerable to earthquakes, which often seem to have targeted population centres precisely. For many centuries, an uneasy accommodation was reached between human needs and the earthquake-controlled landscape, sometimes brilliantly exploited by local hydrological engineering, as in Iran. Occasional earthquakes would occur, killing a shocking proportion of the population, but the populations of the settlements themselves would be relatively small. Many once-small rural communities have now grown into towns, cities or megacities, while retaining their vulnerability through poor building standards. Earthquakes that occur in these places today now kill many more than they did in the past, as we have witnessed in the last few years. Extreme catastrophes have been rare only because the exposure of modern megacities to earthquake hazards has been relatively short (approx. 50 years); an increase in the number of such catastrophes now seems to be inevitable.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthquakes – Africa, East"
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DuPass, Mary K. 1961. "Upper mantle shear velocity structure of east Africa, the Arabian shield, and the eastern Mediterranean." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558112.
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Carr, Steve Asamoah Boamah. "Crustal stress changes induced by seasonal hydrological load variations in correlation with seismicity rate changes in the Malawi Rift System." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1621867336511141.
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El, Tahir Nada Bushra. "The seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in Sudan and East Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19371.
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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2015.<br>In this thesis the crustal structure beneath two areas of Africa is investigated. In Sudan, the new constraints on the crustal structure beneath the northern part of the Khartoum basin have been obtained. In East Africa, the size of the Tanzania Craton, and the differences between the Eastern and Western branches of the East African Rift System (EARS) have been determined. In southern Tanzania, the debate on the secular variation between Proterozoic and Archean crust has been investigated. The approach used in this thesis involves different data sets and methods.
In first part of the thesis, the crustal structure of the northern part of the Mesozoic Khartoum basin is investigated by using two modelling methods: H-k stacking of receiver functions, and a joint inversion of receiver functions and Rayleigh wave group velocities. H-k stacking indicated that the crust is 33-37 km thick with an average of 35 km, and the crustal Vp/Vs ratio is 1.74-1.81 with an average of 1.78. Similar results were obtained from the joint inversion for Moho depth, as well as an average shear wave velocity of 3.7 km/s for the crust. These results provide the first seismic estimates of Moho depth for a basin in Sudan. When compared to average crustal thickness for unrifted Proterozoic crust in eastern Africa, our results indicate that only a few kilometers of crustal thinning may have occurred beneath the Khartoum basin. This finding is consistent with estimates of effective elastic plate thickness, which indicate little modification of the Proterozoic lithosphere beneath the basin, and suggests that there may be insufficient topography on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath the Sudanese basins to channel plume material westward from Ethiopia.
In the second part of the thesis, the uppermost mantle structure beneath East Africa is investigated by using a standard singular value decomposition algorithm model. Results reveal fast Pn velocities beneath the Mozambique Belt to the east of the craton, the Kibaran Belt west of the craton, and beneath the northern half of the Ubendian Belt to the southwest of the craton. These results indicate that the cold, thick lithosphere of the Tanzania Craton extends beneath the Proterozoic mobile belts and the areal extent of the cratonic lithosphere is much larger than is indicated
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by the mapped boundaries of the craton. The results also show that the Pn velocities beneath the volcanic provinces along the Western Branch are not anomalously slow, which indicates little, if any, perturbation of the uppermost mantle beneath them. This is in contrast to the upper mantle structure at depths ≥ 70 km beneath the volcanic regions, which is clearly perturbed. The fast Pn velocities beneath the Western Branch contrast with the slow Pn velocities (7.5-7.8 km/s) beneath the Eastern Branch in Kenya, indicating that the upper mantle beneath the Eastern Branch has been altered more than beneath the Western Branch.
In the third part, the crustal structure beneath two Proterozoic mobile belts, the Usagaran and the Ubendian belts, is investigated by using the Non-Dominated Genetic Algorithm method. In the Usagaran belt, results show an average Moho depth of 35 km for station MAFI and 41 and 42 km for stations MOGR and MIKU, respectively. In the Ubendian Belt, results showed an average Moho depth of 43 km beneath the Ufipa sub-terrane compared to 39 km for Wakole sub-terrane. These results indicate localized thickening in the Ufipa sub-terrane, but not beneath the entire Ubendian Belt. These results indicate that is no clear evidence that Paleoproterozoic crust in East Africa is substantially thicker than Archaean crust.
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Mulibo, Gabriel Daudi Nyblade Andrew A. "The origin of earthquake swarms along the eastern branch of the east African Rift system in Tanzania." 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-3413/index.html.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Earthquakes – Africa, East"
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Our Assistants." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0018.
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Canadian media guru Marshall McLuhan predicted the rise of the “global village” back in 1962. Time and space, he said, would cease to be barriers to communication, enabling people to form relationships on a worldwide basis. In the past 10 years, rapid growth in communication opportunities has validated much of his analysis. All the same, the world has not turned into one great village. Whole regions of our planet have been excluded, as we can see from the map of the world’s Internet connections. The major links bypass the continent of Africa. From the Atlantic Ocean, they touch the Cape of Good Hope before arcing onward to the Pacific, with just the occasional minor branch to the African coast. They look much like the trade routes of the old Dutch and English East India Companies, in fact. A cable running through Africa would be far too vulnerable, even assuming that any local people or businesses could afford fast Internet connections in the first place. So it is that an entire continent can miss out on the communication revolution, causing it in turn to be shunned by the business world. Software firms develop their programs in China and India rather than in Cameroon. A denser network of communications could give people a greater opportunity to participate in the global economy. It might also give them more control over their water supplies or provide them with early signals of global change. Many other problems that humans face are technical in nature, as are the tools we need to confront them. Microelectronics offers tools to better monitor our health. And more flexible, error-aware computers could steer us away from crises. We need tools that are responsive and ubiquitous. We need to measure and control larger areas on a shorter timescale and with much greater accuracy than is currently possible. We still don’t have enough sensors to monitor our climate or imminent earthquakes. We consume too much energy and too many raw materials in our manufacturing plants because we don’t know how to control the processes more accurately.
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Goff, James, and Walter Dudley. "Boxing Day." In Tsunami. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546123.003.0016.
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It had been well over 100 years since a major tsunami had struck the Indian Ocean, an event lost from living memory. The world’s only tsunami warning system operated exclusively in the Pacific Ocean, leaving the Indian Ocean neglected. On the day after Christmas 2004, a major earthquake struck off the coast of Indonesia, creating a tsunami that would ultimately leave more than 230,000 dead. The tsunami waves would spread across the Indian Ocean, causing massive death and destruction in Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and even along the east coast of Africa. This chapter presents survivor stories to add a unique perspective to this devastating event. The Indian Ocean now has a tsunami warning system, but it is being seriously neglected. What that portends no one yet knows.
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Casseus, Clara Rachel Eybalin. "Pushing the Limits of Mediterranean Configurations." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4438-9.ch001.
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The outbreak of conflicts in parts of the Middle East and North Africa since 2011 has turned cities into contentious spaces and primary sites hosting large numbers of refugees and undocumented migrants. Yet, the lack of economic perspectives and human rights' violations are push factors for emigration in a number of countries beyond the Mediterranean facing a gap in comprehensively addressing migratory challenges from a broad-based perspective. How can urbanization be addressed concerning the discourse about conflict-induced displacement without first identifying the noncitizen? Considering forced displacement induced by war/environmental disaster, this chapter situates its discussion of global displacement, war, and non-citizenship by exploring the interplay between place, power, and politics. It argues for deconstructing non-citizenship and reinstating displacement in the city by analysing the decision-making processes and experiences of non-citizens in the cities of Jeddah, Doha, and Beirut, while expanding the issue of statelessness to post-earthquake Haïti.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Our Mission." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0003.
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There was no shortage of unprecedented events as we were writing this book. Oil and food prices rocketed and then fell back to Earth; there was a devastating earthquake in Haiti; banks failed; and a new flu virus sparked a worldwide pandemic alert. None of these developments was predicted a year in advance—or at least, not loudly enough to be heard. For all our technological and forecasting skills, we proved unable to take appropriate measures in advance. Technology has been helping us satisfy our material needs since prehistoric times. We learned how to till the soil, how to communicate with one another, and how to stay healthy. Almost everyone in the Western world now has enough to eat, a roof over their heads, and clean water. A great many basic needs have therefore been met—so much so that some observers now claim that the need for further technological advances is diminishing. Recent events argue against such a view. Humanity is increasingly confronted with crises that, for the first time in our history, are global in scope. The food shortages we saw in 2007 occurred simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and South America; the recession that took hold in 2008 did so simultaneously worldwide; and when the flu pandemic broke out in 2009, germs were able to cross between continents in a matter of days. Climate change and oil depletion, meanwhile, are no less global challenges that we will face in the decades ahead. The globalization of disaster is itself rooted in our technology. Generations of engineers have steadily woven an international web of industries, communications, and markets that has resulted in planetary interdependence. These global networks are now so tightly knit that we share a common fate. We will now survive together or quite possibly perish together. The authors of this book are concerned about the new scale on which many of these pressing problems are now manifesting themselves. Because technology has been a key factor in triggering these issues in the first place, we believe it should also be part of solving them and of preventing similar problems from arising in the future.
Conference papers on the topic "Earthquakes – Africa, East"
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Ebinger, C. J., S. J. Oliva, Connor Drooff, et al. "LOWER CRUSTAL EARTHQUAKES IN MAGMATIC AND AMAGMATIC RIFT SECTORS, EAST AFRICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308278.
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