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Seniukov, S., and I. Nuzhdina. "VOLCANOES of KAMCHATKA." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.43.
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The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies and ash clouds. Daily information about the volcanic activity is published on the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/~ssl/monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. Annual results of the seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Kluchevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky, and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, and Kizimen volcano are presented. 4390 earthquakes with КS=3.0–8.5 were located for the Northern volcano group, 213 earthquakes with КS=1.8–5.7 – for Avacha volcano group, 110 earthquakes with КS=2.7–7.2 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 199 earthquakes with КS=3.0–8.5 for Kizimen volcano, and 22 earthquakes with КS=3.7–6.7 for the Zhupanovsky volcano in 2013. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy, and earthquake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote methods in 2013: intensive volcanic activity of Sheveluch volcano associated with new cone, subplinian summit eruption of Kluchevskoy volcano, seismic and volcanic activity of Zhupanovsky volcano after a 56-year quite period, and the ending of the long-time eruptions: Tolbachik fissure eruption and Kizimen volcano eruption.
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Seniukov, S., and I. Nuzhdina. "VOLCANOES OF KAMCHATKA." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 23 (December 15, 2020): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2020.23.38.
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The results of near real-time monitoring of the active Kamchatka volcanoes are described. Continuous monitoring was carried out using three remote methods: 1) seismic monitoring according to automatic telemetric seismic stations; 2) visual and video observation; 3) satellite observation of the thermal anomalies and the ash clouds. Daily information about volcanic activity is published in the Internet (http://www.emsd.ru/~ssl/ monitoring/main.htm) since February 2000. Annual results of seismic activity of the Northern (Shiveluch, Klu-chevskoy, Bezymianny, Krestovsky and Ushkovsky), Avacha (Avachinsky and Koryaksky), Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group and Kizimen volcano are presented. 4983 earthquakes with КS=2.1–8.7 were located for Northern volcano group, 469 earthquakes with КS=1.6–6.1 – for Avacha volcano group, 459 earthquakes with КS=1.9–6.1 – Mutnovsky-Gorely volcano group, 220 earthquakes with КS=2.4–8.5 for Kizimen volcano and 238 earthquakes with КS=2.5–8.4 for Zhupanovsky volcano in 2014. Maps of epicenters, quantities of seismic energy and earth-quake distribution according to class are given. All periods of activity were fixed and investigated by remote me-thods in 2014: intensive volcanic activity of Shiveluch volcano associated with new cone, a con-tinuation of the seismic and volcanic activity of Zhupanovsky volcano after 56-year quite period and the ending of the summit explosive-effusive eruption of Kluchevskoy volcano in January-February.
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Bagirov, E., R. Nadirov, and I. Lerche. "Earthquakes, Mud Volcano Eruptions, and Fracture Formation Hazards in the South Caspian Basin: Statistical Inferences from the Historical Record." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 14, no. 6 (December 1996): 585–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879601400604.
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Based on data since 1832 from 533 earthquakes and 220 mud volcanoes in the Azerbaijan region, an analysis is given of: (a) the occurrence likelihood of weak, medium and strong earthquakes, the latter capable of causing significant damage; (b) the likely directions from which damaging earthquake waves can arrive; (c) the likelihood of a mud volcano hazard (ejected breccia and/or mud flows and/or flame ignition) in temporal association with an earthquake; and (d) the likelihood of fracture formation associated with mud volcanic eruptions. The Chirag region of the South Caspian Basin is used to illustrate application of the methods because of the potential significance of the region for hydrocarbon exploration involving rigs susceptible to the above hazards. The statistical information would indicate that the occurrence likelihood for a 7-balls or higher damaging earthquake in the Chirag region corresponds to an average waiting time of around 5,000 yrs; a medium strength (6-balls or higher) earthquake should occur, on average, in the region every 1,200 yrs, while a weak earthquake (5-balls or higher) is likely to occur, on average, every 110 years. The most likely direction of longitudinal seismic waves from earthquakes of sufficient strength to cause significant damage in the Chirag region, be the earthquake epicenter in the region or at a remote focus, is roughly east and west, with a slight prevalence for a westward origin. There is some correlation between earthquake actively and mud volcano activity, suggesting that mud volcanoes occur between zero to five years prior to earthquakes. But the correlation is not sharply delineated due to the paucity and quality of currently available data. For surface fractures, associated with mud volcano eruptions, which can be meters wide and can stretch for a kilometer or more, only volcanoes with five or more eruptions were used to estimate the likelihood of fracture occurrence, yielding an average of about 30% chance of occurrence. The low number and low quality of data did not permit any more detailed investigation of fracture parameters – such as average width, length or offset. In view of the potential hazards for oil rigs in the offshore South Caspian Basin, it would seem that organized, high quality, data collection both offshore and onshore should be rapidly undertaken as a vital adjunct to drilling operations in order to sharpen the assessments of risk factors presented here.
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Kugaenko, Yu A., V. A. Saltykov, I. Yu Koulakov, V. M. Pavlov, P. V. Voropaev, I. F. Abkadyrov, and V. P. Komzeleva. "An Awakening Magmatic System beneath the Udina Volcanic Complex (Kamchatka): Evidence from Seismic Unrest of 2017–2019." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194098.
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Abstract —The Udina volcanic complex located in the southeastern part of the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes in Kamchatka remained dormant for several thousand years, but the magmatic system beneath the area may be awakening judging by seismic unrest. Seismicity in the area is characterized by data from permanent regional seismic stations and campaign local stations, as well as by data of the Kamchatka earthquake catalog. Seismic activity having nucleated at shallow depths in the vicinities of the Udina volcanoes since October 2017 may reflect a beginning cycle of volcanism. The earthquakes are mainly long-period (LP) 0.5–5 Hz events, which are commonly attributed to the movement of viscous magma and resonance phenomena in magma conduits. Such earthquakes may be a response to inputs of new magma batches to the plumbing system that feeds the volcanoes and thus may be precursors of volcanic unrest. Seismic campaigns of May–July 2018 near the Udina complex provided more rigorous constraints on earthquake coordinates and origin depths and showed that most of the earthquakes originated within 5 km beneath the Bolshaya Udina Volcano. Seismic tomographic inversion using the LOTOS code revealed a zone of high P-wave velocities, low S-wave velocities, and a high vP/vS ratio directly beneath the volcano. Such a combination of parameters typically occurs in active volcanic areas and marks intrusion of partially molten magma and/or liquid fluids. The velocity anomaly detected in 2018 is shallower than that recovered in 2014–2015. The seismic evidence, along with the available geological and geophysical data, record the movement of viscous magma related to the Udina feeding system in the middle crust, which is implicit proof for connection between the intermediate crustal and deep mantle magma sources renewed after a long lull.
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Inoue, Hiroshi, Renato U. Solidum, and Jr. "Special Issue on Enhancement of Earthquake and Volcano Monitoring and Effective Utilization of Disaster Mitigation Information in the Philippines." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0005.
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This special issue of JDR features 18 papers and reports on an international 2010 to 2015 cooperative project entitled gEnhancement of Earthquake and Volcano Monitoring and Effective Utilization of Disaster Mitigation Information in the Philippines.h This project is being conducted under the SATREPS program (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development), cosponsored by the JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) and JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency). The Philippines is one of the worldfs most earthquake and volcano disaster-prone countries because it is located along the active boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate. Collisions by the two plates generate plate subductions and crustal stress that generates earthquakes and volcanic activities on the archipelago. The Philippines has experienced numerous disastrous earthquakes, the most recent being the 1990 M7.8 Luzon earthquake, which killed over 1,000 local residents. A damaging earthquake also occurred during this 5-year project, in October 2013, on Bohol Island, causing about 200 deaths when houses and other buildings collapsed. Volcanoes are another major killer in the Philippines. The largest in the last century was when the Taal volcano erupted in 1911, killing 1,300 by a base surge. The 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption is known as the largest volcanic event in the 20th century. The Mayon volcano is also known to be a beautiful but dangerous volcano that frequently erupts, causing lahars ? steaming moving fluid masses of volcanic debris and water ? that damaged villages at the foot of the mountain. The PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology), a governmental agency mandated to monitor earthquakes and volcanoes, provides earthquake and volcano information and alerts to the public. It also conducts research on the mechanisms behind such natural phenomena and on evaluating such hazards and risks. The PHIVOLCSfs other mission is educating people and society on being prepared for disasters. Earthquake and volcano bulletins and alerts, research output, and educational materials and training provided by PHIVOLCS have enriched knowledge and enhanced measures against disaster. The primary target of this SATREPS project is to enhance existing monitoring networks, whose equipment has been provided by Japanese ODA (Official Development Aid). Through the SATREPS project, we have introduced the latest technology to provide the public with more accurate information more quickly. This project also promotes research for deepening the understanding of earthquakes and volcano activities in better assessing hazard and risk. Project components, tasks, and main Japanese organizations are as follows: 1) Earthquake and tsunami monitoring, NIED 1-1) Advanced real-time earthquake source information, Nagoya University 1-2) Real-time seismic intensity network, NIED 1-3) Tsunami monitoring and forecasting, NIED, JMA 2) Evaluation of earthquake generation potential, Kyoto University 2-1) Campaign and continuous GPS observation, Kyoto University, GSI 2-2) Geological and geomorphological studies of earthquake faults, Kyoto University 3) Integrated real-time monitoring of the Taal and Mayon volcanoes, Nagoya University 3-1) Seismic and infrasonic observation, Nagoya University 3-2) Continuous GPS monitoring, Kyoto University 3-3) Electromagnetic monitoring, Tokai University 4) Provision of disaster mitigation information and promotion of utilization, NIED 4-1) Simple seismic diagnosis, NIED 4-2) Tsunami victims interview manga (comic book form) and DVD, NIED 4-3) Disaster information portal site, NIED <span style="font-size: xx-small;">*NIED: National Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention; JMA: Japan Meteorological Agency; GSI: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan</span> This issuefs first article by Melosantos et al., reports on results of installing a broadband seismometer network to provide seismic data used in the next two articles. Papers by Bonita and Punongbayan detail the results of SWIFT, a new earthquake source analysis system that automatically determines the location, size, and source mechanisms of moderate to large earthquakes. The report by Inoue et al. describes the development of the first instrumental intensity network system in the Philippines, followed by a report on its deployment and observation by Lasala et al. The article by Igarashi et al. describes the development of a tsunami simulation database for a local tsunami warning system in the Philippines. The next five papers represent the 2) Earthquake Generation Potential project component. Ohkura et al. detail the results of campaign GPS observations on Mindanao Island, which first delineated the detailed plate movement and internal deformation of Mindanao. Tobita et al. report the results of the first continuous GPS observations across the Philippine Fault. The next three papers describe the results of geological and geomorphological studies of the Philippine Fault on Mindanao Island by Perez et al., the 1973 Ragay Gulf Earthquake by Tsutsumi, and submarine mapping of the Philippine Fault by Yasuda et al.. These results provide insights on the recurrence and sizes of large damaging earthquakes in different areas. An electromagnetic study of the Taal volcano reported by Alanis et al. and the GPS monitoring of the Mayon volcano detailed by Takagi et al. are a part of intensive studies of these two volcanoes. Scientific research results were published in advance in other international journals by the research group concerning 3) Integrated Real-Time Volcano Monitoring of the Taal and Mayon Volcanoes. Real-time information on these volcanoes are telemetered to Manila and checked regularly as a part of standard operational procedures. Real-time earthquake and tsunami information by 1) Earthquake and Tsunami Monitoring has already been implemented in the monitoring system. The last five papers and reports cover results for 4) Provision of Disaster Mitigation Information and Promotion of Utilization. Imai et al. report on a full-scale shaking table test of typical residential Philippines houses made of hollow concrete blocks. They demonstrate the importance of following building codes. A paper by Imai et al. introduces simple seismic diagnosis for masonry houses as a practical tool for raising peoplefs awareness of housing vulnerability to earthquakes. Salcedo et al. report a dissemination strategy for the practical tools. The last two papers, by Villegas, report on video interviews made with Philippino tsunami survivors in the Tohoku area following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. The results are compiled and selected stories published in comic-book form as easy-to-understand educational materials on tsunami disaster awareness. Information on earthquakes and volcanoes provided by the enhanced monitoring system, research output, and educational materials obtained through the SATREPS project are provided to stakeholders to enhance measures against disasters at various levels and in different timeframes. Readers of this special issue can reference information through a newly established SATREPS project portal site, the PHIVOLCS Disaster Information Portal, at <a href="http://satreps.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/">http://satreps.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/</a>. It can also be accessed from the PHIVOLCS web page at <a href="http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/">http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/</a>. Finally, I extend my sincere thanks to all authors and reviewers involved in this special issue.
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Takada, Youichiro, and Yo Fukushima. "Volcanic Subsidence Triggered by Megathrust Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0373.
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Studies using spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis showed that two megathrust earthquakes – the 2011Mw9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake in Japan and the 2010Mw8.8Maule earthquake in Chile – triggered unprecedented subsidence in multiple volcanoes. There are strong similarities in the characteristics of the surface deformation in Japan and Chile: (1) Maximum subsidence is about 15 cm. (2) Areas of subsidence are elliptically elongated in a north-south direction perpendicular to the principal axis of the extensional stress change. (3) Most of this subsidence is coseismic. These similarities imply that volcanic subsidence triggered by the megathrust earthquakes is a ubiquitous phenomenon. Nonetheless, the mechanism of subsidence is yet to be investigated. Two main hypotheses have been proposed thus far: 1) The localized deformation of hot and weak plutonic bodies. 2) Water release from large hydrothermal reservoirs beneath the volcanoes.
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Kasahara, J. "GEOPHYSICS: Tides, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes." Science 297, no. 5580 (July 19, 2002): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1074601.
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Brodsky, E. E., B. Sturtevant, and H. Kanamori. "Earthquakes, volcanoes, and rectified diffusion." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103, B10 (October 10, 1998): 23827–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98jb02130.
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Iguchi, Masato, Surono, Takeshi Nishimura, Muhamad Hendrasto, Umar Rosadi, Takahiro Ohkura, Hetty Triastuty, et al. "Methods for Eruption Prediction and Hazard Evaluation at Indonesian Volcanoes." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0026.
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We report methods, based on geophysical observations and geological surveys, for the prediction of eruptions and the evaluation of the activity of 4 volcanoes in Indonesia. These are Semeru, Guntur, Kelud and Sinabung volcanoes. Minor increases in tilt were detected by borehole tiltmeters prior to eruptions at the Semeru volcano depending on the seismic amplitude of explosion earthquakes. The results show the possibility of prediction of the type and magnitude of eruption and the effectiveness of observation with a high signalto-noise ratio. The establishment of background data is important for evaluating volcanic activity in longterm prediction. Typical distributions of volcanic and local tectonic earthquakes were obtained around the Guntur volcano, where geodetic monitoring by continuous GPS observation is valuable. The cumulative volume of eruptive products is valuable for evaluating the potential for future eruption. The eruptive rate of the Kelud volcano is ca 2×106m3/y (dense rock equivalent), but the volume of the 2007 eruption was only 2×107m3, suggesting a still high potential for eruption. Based on geological surveys and dating, an eruption scenario is proposed for the activity of Mt. Sinabung, where phreatic eruptions occurred in 2010 after a historically long dormancy.
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Slattery, William. "Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and the Information Superhighway." Science Activities: Classroom Projects and Curriculum Ideas 33, no. 3 (September 1996): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00368121.1996.10113226.
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Kierner, Cynthia A. "Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Ice—Oh My!" Reviews in American History 43, no. 4 (2015): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2015.0100.
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Santoso, D., E. J. Wahyudi, W. G. A. Kadir, S. Alawiyah, A. D. Nugraha, P. Supendi, and W. W. Parnadi. "Gravity Structure around Mt. Pandan, Madiun, East Java, Indonesia and Its Relationship to 2016 Seismic Activity." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 882–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0069.
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Abstract Java Island is part of the island arc influenced by subducting Indo-Australian beneath Eurasian tectonic plates, therefore there is high seismic activity and an active volcanic chain trending East-West. One of the volcanoes in Java Island is Mt. Pandan, northern part of Madiun, East Java region, which is known as one of the dormant volcano in the region. According to the list of volcanoes in Indonesia Mt. Pandan is not classified as an active volcano. The previous studies mentioned that Mt. Pandan is a modern volcano which is located in the Kendeng zone. On June 25, 2015, there was felt earthquake (M 4.2) causing several houses damaged around Mt. Pandan as reported by Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia and then in February 2016, more than twenty small earthquakes (M < 4) occurred again in the area. In order to understand the structure beneath Mt. Pandan, we have conducted gravity measurement and seismicity analysis through hypocenter relocation. Our results show prominent low gravity and density anomalies by forward modeling derived from residual anomaly around Mt. Pandan area. The clusters of small earthquakes appear at depths of less than 30 km beneath Mt. Pandan. The selected focal mechanism of the event in the area is left-lateral faulting in the north and oblique dominant thrust in the south of Mt. Pandan. Some indications related to submagmatic activities such as hot springs and warm ground is found. Our interpretation is this phenomenon may be related to tectonic and magmatic activities. On the other hand, it confirms also that Mt. Pandan is probably a modern volcanic center.
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Uchida, Naoki, and Roland Bürgmann. "Repeating Earthquakes." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 305–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060119.
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Repeating earthquakes, or repeaters, are identical in location and geometry but occur at different times. They appear to represent recurring seismic energy release from distinct structures such as slip on a fault patch. Repeaters are most commonly found on creeping plate boundary faults, where seismic patches are loaded by surrounding slow slip, and they can be used to track fault creep at depth. Their hosting environments also include volcanoes, subducted slabs, mining-induced fault structures, glaciers, and landslides. While true repeaters should have identical seismic waveforms, small differences in their seismograms can be used to examine subtle changes in source properties or in material properties of the rocks through which the waves propagate. Source studies have documented the presence of smaller slip patches within the rupture areas of larger repeaters, illuminated earthquake triggering mechanisms, and revealed systematic changes in rupture characteristics as a function of loading rate. ▪ Repeating earthquakes are observed in diverse tectonic and nontectonic settings. ▪ Their occurrence patterns provide quantitative information about fault creep, earthquake cycle dynamics, triggering, and predictability. ▪ Their seismic waveform characteristics provide important insights on earthquake source variability and temporal Earth structure changes.
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Shakirova, Alexandra, and Pavel Firstov. "Observation of the seismic mode «drumbeats» on volcanoes of the world and Kizimen volcano (Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 127 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912703004.
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The squeezing of viscous lava flows or blocks on an extrusive dome during eruptions of andesitic and dacitic volcanoes is accompanied by volcanic earthquakes the seismic mode «drumbeats». The features of this mode are the quasi-periodicity of the volcanic earthquakes appearance for a long time, uniform waveforms and close VE magnitudes. This mode shows surprisingly the equilibrium behavior of a volcanic eruption.
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Hendrasto, Muhamad, Surono, Agus Budianto, Kristianto, Hetty Triastuty, Nia Haerani, Ahmad Basuki, et al. "Evaluation of Volcanic Activity at Sinabung Volcano, After More Than 400 Years of Quiet." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0037.
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Before its 2010 eruption, Sinabung Volcano was a Btype volcano, in its Indonesian classification. A series of explosions featuring 1-5 km high phreatic-ash columns occurred from August 27, 2010 untill September 7, 2010. SO2 flux measured during the eruptions showed sizeable gas emission and the youngest volcanic product has age of 1200 years BP obtained from 14C dating. At the end of August 2010, four continuous seismic stations were established around the volcano, and 6 additional stations were deployed in October 2010. Deformation monitoring was conducted temporarily till in February 2011, four continuous GPS stations were installed. All were set up through collaboration between Indonesian and Japanese academic and government institutions. Hypocenter calculations using data of 4 seismic stations fromSeptember to October 2010 showed two concentrations for shallow volcanic earthquakes (VTB) 0.5-2 km beneath the crater and for deep volcanic earthquakes (VTA) 2.5-14 km beneath the crater. These epicenters defined a northeast-southwest lineament, near an elongated sinistral fault zone between Sinabung and Sibayak volcanoes. Earthquake sources went deeper northeastward. Results using the data of 10 stations from November 2010 to February 2011 showed that earthquakes were concentrated at depths of 4-6 km beneath Lake Lau Kawar. Tilt and Electro-optic Distance Measurement (EDM) measurements from August to September 2010 showed no significant changes We inferred that since the last explosion in 7 September 2010, stabilization process both in pressure and energy were low.
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Kennedy, Ben. "What effects do earthquakes have on volcanoes?" Geology 45, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 765–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/focus0820172.1.
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Rowe, Christie. "Shaking Loose: Sand volcanoes and Jurassic earthquakes." Geology 41, no. 10 (October 2013): 1135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/focus102013.1.
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Stefánsson, Einar. "Earthquakes, volcanoes and Nordic Congress of Ophthalmology." Acta Ophthalmologica 88, no. 3 (February 13, 2009): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01922.x.
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Shakirova, Alexandra, Pavel Firstov, and Mikhail Lemzikov. "One of the possible mechanisms for generating the seismic mode “drumbeats” when moving the Kizimen Volcano viscous lava flow along the slope in 2011-2012." Russian Journal of Seismology 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/2686-7907.2020.3.04.
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"Drumbeats" is an unusual seismic mode consisting of volcanic micro-earthquakes with monotonous waveforms (multiplets) that are recorded from tens of minutes to months. Due to the quasi-regularity of the occurrence of earthquakes, the mode was called "drumbeats". The "drumbeats" mode is registered when individual blocks are squeezed out on the extrusive domes of andesite and dacite volcanoes of the world and occurs at stable equilibrium states in the channel-magma system during an eruption. For the first time in the world practice of volcanological research, the "drumbeats" mode was registered, accompanying the movement of a viscous lava flow with a volume of 0.3 km3 of the Kizimen volcano eruption in 2010-2013. The paper considers kinematic and dynamic parameters of micro-earthquakes of the "drumbeats" mode, their mechanisms, and offers a phenomenological model for generating the "drumbeats" mode that occurs when a lava flow moves along the slope of the Kizimen volcano.
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Skoufias, Emmanuel, Eric Strobl, and Thomas Tveit. "Constructing Damage Indices Based on Publicly Available Spatial Data: Exemplified by Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 410–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00348-4.
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AbstractThis article demonstrates the construction of earthquake and volcano damage indices using publicly available remote sensing sources and data on the physical characteristics of events. For earthquakes we use peak ground motion maps in conjunction with building type fragility curves to construct a local damage indicator. For volcanoes we employ volcanic ash data as a proxy for local damages. Both indices are then spatially aggregated by taking local economic exposure into account by assessing nightlight intensity derived from satellite images. We demonstrate the use of these indices with a case study of Indonesia, a country frequently exposed to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The results show that the indices capture the areas with the highest damage, and we provide overviews of the modeled aggregated damage for all provinces and districts in Indonesia for the time period 2004 to 2014. The indices were constructed using a combination of software programs—ArcGIS/Python, Matlab, and Stata. We also outline what potential freeware alternatives exist. Finally, for each index we highlight the assumptions and limitations that a potential practitioner needs to be aware of.
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Oldroyd, David, Filomena Amador, Jan Kozák, Ana Carneiro, and Manuel Pinto. "The Study of Earthquakes in the Hundred Years Following the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 321–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.2.h9v2708334745978.
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This paper traces some of the main developments in the study of earthquakes and their scientific investigation from 1755 (the year of the Great Lisbon Earthquake: GLE) to 1855. The GLE was widely reported and discussed, though at that time there was no systematic and accurate collection of seismic data so that the event did not in itself lead to significant scientific advances. But an idea is given of the attempts as regards Portugal and Spain to explain the GLE in the terms of the day. In 1760, John Michell described methods for ascertaining (in principle) the position of what would today be called the GLE's epicentre and its focal depth. His attempted explanation of the quake is described. The Calabrian Earthquake (1783) was followed by more systematic studies of its effects, showing how the centre of damage could be identified and estimates made of zones of equal damage (isoseismal zones). The undulatory nature of seismic displacements was recognized by Michell and others, but some observers in Italy thought they detected "vorticose" motion - an idea supported by the clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the stones of two obelisks disturbed by the Calabrian Earthquake. The association of earthquakes with volcanoes received ongoing discussion through the century following the GLE and electrical explanations were also popular, particularly in Italy. The connection of volcanoes with land elevation or subsidence attracted the attention of Lyell and Darwin. The idea of isoseismal maps was adumbrated by von Buch in relation to the Silesian Earthquake of 1799 and a simple isoseismal map was drawn for the Rhineland Earthquake by Egen (1828) and a simple intensity scale proposed. Von Humboldt described earthquakes and volcanoes he had studied in South and Central America, but failed to establish any systematic system for their recording, and unhelpfully he gave rise to the notion of "craters of elevation" to account for the formation of volcanoes. Through the first half of the nineteenth century, extensive efforts were made to catalogue historical data on earthquakes' timing, location, and intensity, and their concomitant astronomical and meteorological circumstances, but initially few useful patterns could be discerned. There was no network of seismic stations, and the pendulum instruments for earthquake detection and recording were largely ineffective. The early development of seismoscopes/seismographs is described, but none worked satisfactorily in the period under discussion (except for Mallet's method for detecting artificial seismic disturbances). In the 1840s, William Hopkins published mathematical analyses of crustal deformations and earthquake phenomena and the transmission of seismic waves. He recognized two kinds of wave, which travelled at different velocities, and on that basis he proposed methods for determining the focal position of an earthquake. But the wave velocities were not known accurately and, though valid in principle, his method, utilizing the different travel-times for the two kinds of waves, could not be applied immediately. Studying the Visp Earthquake (1855), Georg Volger (with August Petermann) drew two isoseismal maps and proposed a numerical intensity scale, but it was not generally applicable since Volger allocated a value of ‘0’ to the region of maximum intensity and ‘6’ to the areas where motion was just discernible. Robert Mallet's work in the early 1850s was fundamental and marked the beginning of modern seismology (his term). Using artificial explosions and accurate clocks, he measured (longitudinal) wave velocities in soft sediments and hard granite, finding that velocities were higher for the latter. His catalogue of earthquakes and his plot of their distribution worldwide yielded a map that matches modern maps of plate boundaries. Mallet was stimulated by Lyell's drawings of the rotated Calabrian obelisks, and he showed that such movements could be produced by seismic waves, and "vorticose" motions need not be invoked. Soon after 1855, improved seismic detectors and recorders were devised and the systematic seismic investigations began. The period discussed in the present paper could be said to belong to the "pre-paradigm" stage of seismology.
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Shakirova, Aleksandra, and Pavel Firstov. "Seismic mode “drumbeats”, caused by the movement of a viscous lava flow during the Kizimen volcano eruption in may-october 2011." Российский сейсмологический журнал [Russian Journal of Seismology] 1, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/2686-7907.2019.1.06.
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The “drumbeats” mode is a sequence of volcanic earthquakes with similar waveforms (multiplets) that are recorded from tens of minutes to months. As a rule, the “drumbeats” mode accompanies the squeezing of lava blocks on extrusive domes of andesite-dacite volcanoes. Squeezing and movement of a viscous lava flow during an eruption Kizimen volcano in 2010-2013 was accompanied by multiplets with energy classes K<6 (magnitudes < 2.5), which were recorded from tens of minutes to months. Two series of the strongest multiplets were recorded during the four months from May to mid-October 2011. The volcanic earthquakes of multiplets can be attributed to hybrid and long-period. The coordinates of the foci were identified for the most powerful 35 events of two multiplets of “drumbeats” mode and were localized in the frontal part of the lava flow. The location of the volcanic earthquakes hypocenters suggests that they are generated during the motion of a viscous lava flow the volcano slope. The emergence of multiplets, apparently, can be considered as a process of self-oscillations of the relaxation type.
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Ying, Ji Tian, Syoki YOSHIDA, Kenji ISHII, Abdulrahim AL-Barram, and Orie SAKAMOTO. "The Leading-edge Study of Earthquakes and Volcanoes." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 134, no. 3 (2014): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.134.152.
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Buchbinder, Goetz G. R., and Alberto Sarria. "A satellite-based seismic and volcanic monitoring system for Colombia." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 1670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840051670.
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Abstract A satellite-based seismic network with 13 sites has been installed in Colombia. Each site has one vertical short-period seismometer. The purpose of the network is 2-fold and complementary: a number of the sites are on or near active volcanoes in order to give warnings in case of recurring volcanic activity, and all the stations will create the foundation of a national Colombian Seismic Network. The satellite links have room to accommodate a future expansion to 24 sites. All the data are sent continuously to Bogota by satellite, for analysis. To aid in the volcano monitoring, a visual record is produced for each site. In addition, continuous data or optionally triggered events are stored on disks. An associated analysis system determines epicentral parameters for the earthquakes that are occurring in Colombia and then produces earthquake catalogs.
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Cuffaro, Marco, Andrea Billi, Sabina Bigi, Alessandro Bosman, Cinzia G. Caruso, Alessia Conti, Andrea Corbo, et al. "The Bortoluzzi Mud Volcano (Ionian Sea, Italy) and its potential for tracking the seismic cycle of active faults." Solid Earth 10, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 741–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-741-2019.
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Abstract. The Ionian Sea in southern Italy is at the center of active interaction and convergence between the Eurasian and African–Adriatic plates in the Mediterranean. This area is seismically active with instrumentally and/or historically recorded Mw>7.0 earthquakes, and it is affected by recently discovered long strike-slip faults across the active Calabrian accretionary wedge. Many mud volcanoes occur on top of the wedge. A recently discovered one (called the Bortoluzzi Mud Volcano or BMV) was surveyed during the Seismofaults 2017 cruise (May 2017). High-resolution bathymetric backscatter surveys, seismic reflection profiles, geochemical and earthquake data, and a gravity core are used here to geologically, geochemically, and geophysically characterize this structure. The BMV is a circular feature ≃22 m high and ≃1100 m in diameter with steep slopes (up to a dip of 22∘). It sits atop the Calabrian accretionary wedge and a system of flower-like oblique-slip faults that are probably seismically active as demonstrated by earthquake hypocentral and focal data. Geochemistry of water samples from the seawater column on top of the BMV shows a significant contamination of the bottom waters from saline (evaporite-type) CH4-dominated crustal-derived fluids similar to the fluids collected from a mud volcano located on the Calabria mainland over the same accretionary wedge. These results attest to the occurrence of open crustal pathways for fluids through the BMV down to at least the Messinian evaporites at about −3000 m. This evidence is also substantiated by helium isotope ratios and by comparison and contrast with different geochemical data from three seawater columns located over other active faults in the Ionian Sea area. One conclusion is that the BMV may be useful for tracking the seismic cycle of active faults through geochemical monitoring. Due to the widespread diffusion of mud volcanoes in seismically active settings, this study contributes to indicating a future path for the use of mud volcanoes in the monitoring and mitigation of natural hazards.
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Coviello, Velio, Lucia Capra, Gianluca Norini, Norma Dávila, Dolors Ferrés, Víctor Hugo Márquez-Ramírez, and Eduard Pico. "Earthquake-induced debris flows at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021.
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Abstract. The 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla–Morelos intraslab earthquake (depth: 57 km) severely hit Popocatépetl Volcano, located ∼ 70 km north of the epicenter. The seismic shaking triggered shallow landslides on the volcanic edifice, mobilizing slope material saturated by the 3 d antecedent rainfall. We produced a landslide map based on a semi-automatic classification of a 50 cm resolution optical image acquired 2 months after the earthquake. We identified hundreds of soil slips and three large debris flows for a total affected area of 3.8 km2. Landslide distribution appears controlled by the joint effect of slope material properties and topographic amplification. In most cases, the sliding surfaces correspond with discontinuities between pumice-fall and massive ash-fall deposits from late Holocene eruptions. The largest landslides occurred on the slopes of aligned ENE–WSW-trending ravines, on opposite sides of the volcano, roughly parallel to the regional maximum horizontal stress and to volcano-tectonic structural features. This suggests transient reactivation of local faults and extensional fractures as one of the mechanisms that weakened the volcanic edifice and promoted the largest slope failures. The material involved in the larger landslides transformed into three large debris flows due to liquefaction. These debris flows mobilized a total volume of about 106 m3 of material also including large wood, were highly viscous, and propagated up to 7.7 km from the initiation areas. We reconstructed this mass wasting cascade by means of field evidence, samples from both landslide scarps and deposits, and analysis of remotely sensed and rainfall data. Although subduction-related earthquakes are known to produce a smaller number of landslides than shallow crustal earthquakes, the processes described here show how an unusual intraslab earthquake can produce an exceptional impact on an active volcano. This scenario, not related to the magmatic activity of the volcano, should be considered in multi-hazard risk assessment at Popocatépetl and other active volcanoes located along volcanic arcs.
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Wech, Aaron G., Weston A. Thelen, and Amanda M. Thomas. "Deep long-period earthquakes generated by second boiling beneath Mauna Kea volcano." Science 368, no. 6492 (May 14, 2020): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba4798.
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Deep long-period earthquakes (DLPs) are an enigmatic type of volcanic seismicity that sometimes precedes eruptions but mostly occurs at quiescent volcanoes. These earthquakes are depleted in high-frequency content and typically occur near the base of the crust. We observed a near-periodic, long-lived sequence of more than one million DLPs in the past 19 years beneath the dormant postshield Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaiʻi. We argue that this DLP sequence was caused by repeated pressurization of volatiles exsolved through crystallization of cooling magma stalled beneath the crust. This “second boiling” of magma is a well-known process but has not previously been linked to DLP activity. Our observations suggest that, rather than portending eruptions, global DLP activity may more commonly be indicative of stagnant, cooling magma.
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Kiryukhin, A., V. Lavrushin, P. Kiryukhin, and P. Voronin. "Geofluid Systems of Koryaksky-Avachinsky Volcanoes (Kamchatka, Russia)." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4279652.
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The Koryaksky-Avachinsky volcanogenic basin, which has an area of 2530 km2, is located 25 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky City and includes five Quaternary volcanoes (two of which, Avachinsky (2750 masl) and Koryaksky (3456 masl), are active), and is located within a depression that has formed atop Cretaceous basement rocks. Magma injection zones (dikes and chamber-like shapes) are defined by plane-oriented clusters of local earthquakes that occur during volcanic activity (mostly in 2008–2011) below Koryaksky and Avachinsky volcanoes at depths ranging from −4.0 to −2.0 km and +1.0 to +2.0 km, respectively. Water isotopic (δD, δ18O) data indicate that these volcanoes act as recharge areas for their adjacent thermal mineral springs (Koryaksky Narzans, Isotovsky, and Pinachevsky) and the wells of the Bystrinsky and Elizovo aquifers. Carbon δ13С data in СО2 from CO2 springs in the northern foothills of Koryaksky Volcano reflect the magmatic origin of CO2. Carbon δ13С data in methane CH4 reservoirs penetrated by wells in the Neogene-Quaternary layer around Koryaksky and Avachinsky volcanoes indicate the thermobiogenic origin of methane. Thermal-hydrodynamic TOUGH2 conceptual modeling is used to determine what types of hydrogeologic boundaries and heat and mass sources are required to create the temperature, pressure, phase, and CO2 distributions observed within the given geological conditions of the Koryaksky-Avachinsky volcanic geofluid system.
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Jónsdóttir, Kristín, Ari Tryggvason, Roland Roberts, Bjoörn Lund, Heidi Soosalu, and Reynir Böðvarsson. "Habits of a glacier-covered volcano: seismicity patterns and velocity structure of Katla volcano, Iceland." Annals of Glaciology 45 (2007): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282499.
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AbstractThe Katla volcano, overlain by the Mýrdalsjökull glacier, is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes in Iceland. Earthquakes show anomalous magnitude-frequency behaviour and mainly occur in two distinct areas: within the oval caldera and around Goðabunga, a bulge on its western flank. The seismicity differs between the areas; earthquakes in Goðabunga are low frequency and shallow whereas those beneath the caldera occur at greater depths and are volcano-tectonic. The seismicity shows seasonal variations but the rates peak at different times in the two areas. A snow budget model, which gives an estimate of the glacial loading, shows good correlation with seismic activity on an annual scale. Data recorded by the permanent network South Iceland Lowland (SIL), as well as by a temporary network, are used to invert for a 3D seismic velocity model underneath Eyjafjallajökull, Goðabunga and the Katla caldera. The tomography resolves a 15 km wide, aseismic, high-velocity structure at a depth of more than 4 km between the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in the west and the Katla volcano in the east. Anomalously low velocities are observed beneath the Katla caldera, which is interpreted as being a significantly fractured area of anomalously high temperature.
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OKUBO, Shuhei. "Advances in gravity analyses for studying volcanoes and earthquakes." Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 96, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.96.005.
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Nichols, M. L., S. D. Malone, S. C. Moran, W. A. Thelen, and J. E. Vidale. "Deep long-period earthquakes beneath Washington and Oregon volcanoes." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 200, no. 3-4 (March 2011): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.12.005.
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Shuler, Ashley, Göran Ekström, and Meredith Nettles. "Physical mechanisms for vertical-CLVD earthquakes at active volcanoes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 4 (April 2013): 1569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50131.
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Wright, Rob. "Book Review: The little book of earthquakes and volcanoes." Holocene 13, no. 5 (July 2003): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968360301300520.
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Shuler, Ashley, Meredith Nettles, and Göran Ekström. "Global observation of vertical-CLVD earthquakes at active volcanoes." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 1 (January 2013): 138–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009721.
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GUTSCHER, M. A. "The great Lisbon earthquake and tsunami of 1755: lessons from the recent Sumatra earthquakes and possible link to Plato's Atlantis." European Review 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000184.
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Great earthquakes and tsunami can have a tremendous societal impact. The Lisbon earthquake and tsunami of 1755 caused tens of thousands of deaths in Portugal, Spain and NW Morocco. Felt as far as Hamburg and the Azores islands, its magnitude is estimated to be 8.5–9. However, because of the complex tectonics in Southern Iberia, the fault that produced the earthquake has not yet been clearly identified. Recently acquired data from the Gulf of Cadiz area (tomography, seismic profiles, high-resolution bathymetry, sampled active mud volcanoes) provide strong evidence for an active east dipping subduction zone beneath Gibraltar. Eleven out of 12 of the strongest earthquakes (M>8.5) of the past 100 years occurred along subduction zone megathrusts (including the December 2004 and March 2005 Sumatra earthquakes). Thus, it appears likely that the 1755 earthquake and tsunami were generated in a similar fashion, along the shallow east-dipping subduction fault plane. This implies that the Cadiz subduction zone is locked (like the Cascadia and Nankai/Japan subduction zones), with great earthquakes occurring over long return periods. Indeed, the regional paleoseismic record (contained in deep-water turbidites and shallow lagoon deposits) suggests great earthquakes off South West Iberia every 1500–2000 years. Tsunami deposits indicate an earlier great earthquake struck SW Iberia around 200 BC, as noted by Roman records from Cadiz. A written record of even older events may also exist. According to Plato's dialogues The Critias and The Timaeus, Atlantis was destroyed by ‘strong earthquakes and floods … in a single day and night’ at a date given as 11,600 BP. A 1 m thick turbidite deposit, containing coarse grained sediments from underwater avalanches, has been dated at 12,000 BP and may correspond to the destructive earthquake and tsunami described by Plato. The effects on a paleo-island (Spartel) in the straits of Gibraltar would have been devastating, if inhabited, and may have formed the basis for the Atlantis legend.
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Kholodov, V. N. "Thermobaric depth settings of sedimentary rock basins and their fluid dynamics: Сommunication 2. Superhigh pressures and mud volcanoes." Литология и полезные ископаемые 1, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x2019144-59.
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The article discusses the patterns of placement of mud volcanoes, their spatial connection with tectonic faults, anticlinal uplifts, oil and gas fields. The connection of mud volcanic activity with ultrahigh pressures arising in the clay strata of the stratisphere as a result of phase transformations of clay minerals and organic matter is argued. The role of earthquakes in the formation of fractured clays, increasing their permeability and the formation of mud crates is emphasized. On the example of the mud volcano Aligula (Turkmenistan), the processes of dilution of sandstones and clays, the formation of volcanic mud-crates are considered.
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Kopylova, G. N., and S. V. Boldina. "Hydrogeological precursors of earthquakes and volcanic activations according to observation data in Kamchatka Peninsula wells." Earth sciences and subsoil use 44, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2021-44-2-141-150.
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The purpose of the study is generalization of data on the manifestations of hydrogeological earthquake precursors and volcanic activations based on long-term observations in the wells of the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The main problem under consideration is the connection between the manifestations of hydrogeological precursors in several wells with the values of the magnitude Mw and epicentral distance of earthquakes to the wells de as well as with the parameters of seismic action in the observation area including specific density of seismic wave energy e and macroseismic intensity of shaking IMSK-64. The study results revealed that hydrogeological precursors in two-four wells had been manifesting for the period from 1 to 9 months before the strongest earthquakes with Mw = 6.6–7.8 at the epicentral distances de = 90–300 km. Such earthquakes were accompanied by the shakings of the intensity of IMSK-64 = 4–6 points. The specific density of seismic energy under such earthquakes was minimum 0.1 J/m3. The hydrogeological precursors were confined to the area for which the ratios of the earthquake epicentral distance de to the maximum linear size of the earthquake source L, km ranged from 1 to 3.7. Using the established relationships between the manifestations of hydrogeological precursors and earthquake parameters, weekly prognostic conclusions were made for expert earthquake prediction councils based on the data of current observations in wells. The well located at the distance of 15 and 20 km from the Koryaksky and Avacha active volcanoes featured the anomalous rise of groundwater pressure before the eruptions in 1991 and 2008– 2009. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that observation equipment operating in wells, the study results of hydrogeological precursors of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as well as their application experience in the work of expert councils can form the scientific and technical basis for the development of geoinformation prediction technology for natural disasters in the Kamchatka Krai.
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Chester, David K., Angus M. Duncan, and Janet Speake. "Earthquakes, Volcanoes and God: Comparative Perspectives from Christianity and Islam." GeoHumanities 5, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 444–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2373566x.2019.1631202.
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Satake, Kenji, and Hery Harjono. "Multi-Disciplinary Hazard Reduction from Earthquakes and Volcanoes in Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0004.
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Indonesian and Japanese researchers have conducted a three-year, multi-disciplinary, cooperative research project. The project provides a platform for collaboration among researchers in natural science, engineering, and social or humanity sciences, and for officials in national and local governments. Research activities are grouped into (1) evaluation of earthquake potential and prediction of strong-motion and tsunami hazards based on geophysical investigations, (2) shortterm and long-term predictions of volcanic eruptions and development of methods for their evaluation, (3) establishment of social infrastructure based on engineering developments, (4) mitigation of social vulnerability to geohazards, and (5) promotion of disaster education and raising of disaster consciousness. To coordinate these research activities and to utilize the research results, the project has one last group, (6) application of the research and establishment of a collaboration mechanism between researchers and government officials. In addition to research collaboration in individual fields, inter-group meetings and workshops are regularly held to promote inter-disciplinary discussion and collaboration. Multi-disciplinary surveys on recent volcanic and tsunami disasters have also been conducted. The Joint Coordinating Committee, composed of representatives of relevant Indonesian ministries and institutions as well as project leaders, oversees the unique multi-institutional and multidisciplinary activities. This committee can be maintained after the completion of the project as a platform for Indonesian stakeholders.
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SAPIR, DEBARATI G. "Health Effects of Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Epidemiological and Policy Issues." Disasters 17, no. 3 (September 1993): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1993.tb00499.x.
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Rychert, Catherine A., and Nicholas Harmon. "Fluid-rich extinct volcanoes cause small earthquakes beneath New Zealand." Nature 595, no. 7866 (July 7, 2021): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01703-7.
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Scalera, G. "The vague volcano-seismic clock of the South American Pacific margin." Advances in Geosciences 35 (August 13, 2013): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-89-2013.
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Abstract. During his trip on the Beagle, Charles Darwin wrote about the eruptions associated with the Concepción earthquake of 1835. A later survey by Lorenzo Casertano, following the great 1960 Chilean earthquake, identified some unclear evidence of a link between eruptions and the seismic event, although some reservations were also raised. Using data available in 2006 in the Smithsonian Institution Catalogue of volcanic eruptions, Scalera revealed grounded evidence that South-American Wadati-Benioff zone earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 8.4 are associated with an increased rate of volcanic eruptions, but it was still impossible to determine a causal link between the two phenomena. An average return period of about 50 yr was deducible from the data for the time window 1800–1999. After 2006, the Smithsonian Institution's effort to improve our knowledge of this region has greatly increased the completeness of the catalogue, adding the eruptions from the 2000–2010 interval, together with 50 % more new entries in the list of Andean volcanoes. The great Chilean Maule earthquake of 27 February 2010 (M=8.8), occurring exactly five decades after the 1960 event, provided an occasion to reanalyse this updated database. The results suggest a preferential causal eruptions-earthquake relationship, but additional future volcano-seismic events should be studied to arrive at a definitive conclusion, within the perspective of using this phenomenon for Civil Protection. The possible correlation of South American volcano-seismic events with the Markowitz oscillation of the Polar Motion is another good reason for trying to establish an integrated geodynamic explanation.
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Bharadwaj, Pallavi, and Katie Burk. "Foundation News." Leading Edge 40, no. 8 (August 2021): 560–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40080560.1.
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Many of the world's most pressing humanitarian issues fall into categories where geoscientists can make significant contributions because of their unique and advanced knowledge about the earth. These issues include water, sanitation, and hygiene; food security; disaster risk reduction, which encompasses landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes; and environmental and cultural conservation.
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Suzuki, Yota, Hirofumi Muraoka, and Hiroshi Asanuma. "Thermal Monitoring of the Lithosphere by the Interaction of Deep Low-Frequency and Ordinary High-Frequency Earthquakes in Northeastern Japan." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061546.
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Deep low-frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are known to occur in dehydration phenomena from the subducting hydrous slab and in magmatic phenomena beneath Quaternary volcanoes in Japan. To realize the spatial and temporal characteristics of the magmatic deep low-frequency earthquakes, their hypocenters along with those of ordinary overhead high-frequency earthquakes are analyzed beneath six volcanic fields in northeastern Japan. This trial clarifies the rising basaltic magma conduits and rheological profiles of the lithosphere. Deep low-frequency earthquakes tend to form three vertical clusters corresponding to the rheological strength peak of the peridotite upper mantle, gabbroic lower crust, and granitic upper crust. Interactive aseismic gaps between low- and high-frequency earthquakes reveal the brittle–plastic transition as an isothermal indicator in the lithosphere. This relationship provides a tool to monitor the thermal evolution of the lithosphere and to explore sustainable geothermal resources with basaltic magma replenishment systems.
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Bacon, Charles R., and Joel E. Robinson. "Postglacial faulting near Crater Lake, Oregon, and its possible association with the Mazama caldera-forming eruption." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 9-10 (February 14, 2019): 1440–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35013.1.
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Abstract Volcanoes of subduction-related magmatic arcs occur in a variety of crustal tectonic regimes, including where active faults indicate arc-normal extension. The Cascades arc volcano Mount Mazama overlaps on its west an ∼10-km-wide zone of ∼north-south–trending normal faults. A lidar (light detection and ranging) survey of Crater Lake National Park, reveals several previously unrecognized faults west of the caldera. Postglacial vertical separations measured from profiles across scarps range from ∼2 m to as much as 12 m. Scarp profiles commonly suggest two or more postglacial surface-rupturing events. Ignimbrite of the ca. 7.6 ka climactic eruption of Mount Mazama, during which Crater Lake caldera formed, appears to bury fault strands where they project into thick, valley-filling ignimbrite. Lack of lateral offset of linear features suggests principally normal displacement, although predominant left stepping of scarp strands implies a component of dextral slip. West-northwest–east-southeast and north-northwest–south-southeast linear topographic elements, such as low scarps or ridges, shallow troughs, and straight reaches of streams, suggest that erosion was influenced by distributed shear, consistent with GPS vectors and clockwise rotation of the Oregon forearc block. Surface rupture lengths (SRL) of faults suggest earthquakes of (moment magnitude) Mw6.5 from empirical scaling relationships. If several faults slipped in one event, a combined SRL of 44 km suggests an earthquake of Mw7.0. Postglacial scarps as high as 12 m imply maximum vertical slip rates of 1.5 mm/yr for the zone west of Crater Lake, considerably higher than the ∼0.3 mm/yr long-term rate for the nearby West Klamath Lake fault zone. An unanswered question is the timing of surface-rupturing earthquakes relative to the Mazama climactic eruption. The eruption may have been preceded by a large earthquake. Alternatively, large surface-rupturing earthquakes may have occurred during the eruption, a result of decrease in east-west compressive stress during ejection of ∼50 km3 of magma and concurrent caldera collapse.
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Manga, M., and M. Bonini. "Large historical eruptions at subaerial mud volcanoes, Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2012): 3377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3377-2012.
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Abstract. Active mud volcanoes in the northern Apennines, Italy, currently have gentle eruptions. There are, however, historical accounts of violent eruptions and outbursts. Evidence for large past eruptions is also recorded by large decimeter rock clasts preserved in erupted mud. We measured the rheological properties of mud currently being erupted in order to evaluate the conditions needed to transport such large clasts to the surface. The mud is well-characterized by the Herschel-Bulkley model, with yield stresses between 4 and 8 Pa. Yield stresses of this magnitude can support the weight of particles with diameters up to several mm. At present, particles larger than this size are not being carried to the surface. The transport of larger clasts to the surface requires ascent speeds greater than their settling speed in the mud. We use a model for the settling of particles and rheological parameters from laboratory measurements to show that the eruption of large clasts requires ascent velocities > 1 m s−1, at least three orders of magnitude greater than during the present, comparatively quiescent, activity. After regional earthquakes on 20 May and 29 May 2012, discharge also increased at locations where the stress changes produced by the earthquakes would have unclamped feeder dikes below the mud volcanoes. The magnitude of increased discharge, however, is less than that inferred from the large clasts. Both historical accounts and erupted deposits are consistent in recording episodic large eruptions.
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Hejmanowski, Ryszard, Agnieszka A. Malinowska, Wojciech T. Witkowski, and Artur Guzy. "An Analysis Applying InSAR of Subsidence Caused by Nearby Mining-Induced Earthquakes." Geosciences 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9120490.
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Earthquake occurrence is usually unpredictable apart from sites in the vicinity of volcanoes. It is not easy to measure displacements caused by seismic phenomena using classical geodetic methods, which are based on point survey. Therefore, the surveying of ground movements caused by seismic events should be carried out continuously. Nowadays, remote sensing data and InSAR are often applied to monitor ground displacements in areas affected by seismicity. The effects of severe nearby mining-induced earthquakes have been discussed in the paper. The earthquakes occurred in 2017 and had a magnitude of 4.7 and 4.8. The distance between the epicenters of the mining-induced earthquakes was around 1.6 km. The aim of the investigation has been to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of ground movements caused by the two tremors using the InSAR technique. Superposition of surface displacement has been studied in time and space. The main scientific aim has been to prove that in the areas where high-energy tremors occur, ground movements overlap. Due to proximity between the epicenters, the mining-induced earthquakes caused the formation of a large subsidence trough with the dimension of approximately 1.2 km × 4.2 km and total subsidence of ca. 116 mm. Two-time phases of subsidence were determined with temporal overlapping. The subsidence analysis has enhanced the cognition of the impact of mining-induced seismicity on the kinematics of surface changes. Moreover, the present work supports the thesis that InSAR is a valuable and adequately accurate technique to monitor ground displacements caused by mining induced earthquakes.
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Veliyev, H. O., and E. A. Kazimov. "Consideration of abnormal changes of seismo-geodynamic aspects in drilling process." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-12-17-24.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with the study of seismo-geodynamic aspects associated with mud volcanoes, the analysis of the impact of earthquake factors outcome on construction process of oil-gas, gascondensate wells and the development of preventive measures towards reduction of risks in the drilling process in active zones. The task set has been solved by gathering and analyzing the seismo-geodynamic factors of the fields where drilling operations are carried out. Based on the study of seismic data of the active and dormant volcanoes the preventive measures are recommended for the optimum well drilling regime. Dynamic and kinematic parameters of seismic waves in the rocks have been analyzed in the context of Umid, Babek, Neft Dashlary fields and the regularities in their behavior specified as well. It was defined that the well drilling in geodynamic conditions for which complicated industry-related phenomenon is characteristic, particularly earthquakes, their epicenter is located at the depth of 10-15 km. It is recommended in such active zones with stress-deformed state to conduct drilling operations exactly in regulated regime with minimum risks to avoid various failures and complications.
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Kusmita, Tri, Kirbani Brotopuspito, and Hetty Triastuty. "ANALISIS PARAMETER SUMBER SPEKTRAL GEMPABUMI VTA (VULKANO TEKTONIK-A) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS VULKANIK GUNUNG SINABUNG." JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 5, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jop.v5i1.8267.
Full textAbstract:
The source parameters describe the different physical properties of seismic volumes under the volcanoes. Source parameters that can be used to distinguish seismic events that are generated by different types of volcanoes activities. Temporary changes of the spectral source parameters provided a description of the main events during the eruption process. Source parameters are calculated by correlating the relationship between source frequency at spectral displacement (corner frequency) and source parameters based on spectral sources of the Brune model (1970). The angular frequency obtained by applying the FFT algorithm to the VTA spectral displacement. The source parameters analyzed from this VTA earthquake are the spectral slope, seismic moment, stress drop, length of rupture, moment magnitude and radiation energy. Based on the obtained corner frequency (12 Hz-13 Hz), seismic moment, moment magnitude and energy radiation respectively were at 0.2 -1.9 x 1012 Nm, 0.7 - 2 Mw, and 0.1 - 9.5 x 1015 erg. The length of rupture were from 144.2 to 243.1 m, the spectra slope has 2.1 - 7.8 dB/cm, and stress drop are 0.1 - 7,6 bar. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the changes of spectra characteristic and fluctuate of source patrameters value of VTA earthquakes was asosiated with the different volcanic activity of Sinabung.
Keywords: spectral, VTA, source parameter, volcanic earthquake
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Shnyukov, Y. F., and M. A. Deyak. "MUD VOLCANOES OF THE KERCH PENINSULA AS POTENTIAL PRECURSORS THE EARTHQUAKES." Geological Journal, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2018.2.133455.
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