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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Earthquakes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 April 2025

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1

Donner, Stefanie, Manfred Strecker, Dirk Rößler, Abdolreza Ghods, Frank Krüger, Angela Landgraf, and Paolo Ballato. "Earthquake source models for earthquakes in Northern Iran." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3258/.

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The complex system of strike-slip and thrust faults in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran, are not well understood yet. Mainly structural and geomorphic data are available so far. As a more extensive base for seismotectonic studies and seismic hazard analysis we plan to do a comprehensive seismic moment tensor study also from smaller magnitudes (M < 4.5) by developing a new algorithm. Here, we present first preliminary results.

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2

Ito, Eri. "Integrated Earthquake Risk Evaluation for Mega-Thrust Earthquakes." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263356.

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3

Weatherley, Dion Kent. "Investigations of automaton earthquake models : implications for seismicity and earthquake forecasting /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16401.pdf.

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4

Cothern, Keegan. "Bracing Japan: Earthquakes, Nature, Planning, and the (Re)Construction of Japan, 1923-1995." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462783823.

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5

Hampsher, Joshua A. "English interpretations of the earthquake at Lisbon." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1550.

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6

Kumar, Senthil. "Earthquake size, recurrence and rupture mechanics of large surface-rupture earthquakes along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3209126.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"August 2005." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

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7

Convers, Jaime Andres. "Global investigations of radiated seismic energy and real-time implementation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50356.

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This dissertation contains investigations of radiated seismic energy measurements from large earthquakes and duration determinations as significant properties of the dynamic earthquake rupture and its applications in the identification of very large and slow source rupturing earthquakes. This includes a description of earthquake released seismic energy from 1997 to 2010 and identification of slow source tsunami earthquakes in that time period. The implementation of these measurements in real-time since the beginning of 2009, with a case study of the Mentawai 2010 tsunami earthquake are also discussed. Further studies of rupture duration assessments and its technical improvements for more rapid and robust solutions are investigated as well, with application to the Tohoku-Oki 2011 earthquake an a case of directivity in the 2007 Mw 8.1 Solomon islands earthquake. Finally, the set of routines and programs developed for implementation at Georgia Tech and IRIS to produce the real-time results since 2009 presented in this study are described.

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8

Neupane, Ganesh Prasad. "Comparison of Natural and Predicted Earthquake Occurrence in Seismologically Active Areas for Determination of Statistical Significance." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1213494761.

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9

McHattie, Samuel Alexander. "Seismic Response of the UC Physics Building in the Canterbury Earthquakes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resource Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8801.

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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the seismic response of the UC Physics Building based on recorded ground motions during the Canterbury earthquakes, and to use the recorded response to evaluate the efficacy of various conventional structural analysis modelling assumptions. The recorded instrument data is examined and analysed to determine how the UC Physics Building performed during the earthquake-induced ground motions. Ten of the largest earthquake events from the 2010-11 Canterbury earthquake sequence are selected in order to understand the seismic response under various levels of demand. Peak response amplitude values are found which characterise the demand from each event. Spectral analysis techniques are utilised to find the natural periods of the structure in each orthogonal direction. Significant torsional and rocking responses are also identified from the recorded ground motions. In addition, the observed building response is used to scrutinise the adequacy of NZ design code prescriptions for fundamental period, response spectra, floor acceleration and effective member stiffness. The efficacy of conventional numerical modelling assumptions for representing the UC Physics Building are examined using the observed building response. The numerical models comprise of the following: a one dimensional multi degree of freedom model, a two dimensional model along each axis of the building and a three dimensional model. Both moderate and strong ground motion records are used to examine the response and subsequently clarify the importance of linear and non-linear responses and the inclusion of base flexibility. The effects of soil-structure interaction are found to be significant in the transverse direction but not the longitudinal direction. Non-linear models predict minor in-elastic behaviour in both directions during the 4 September 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake. The observed torsional response is found to be accurately captured by the three dimensional model by considering the interaction between the UC Physics Building and the adjacent structure. With the inclusion of adequate numerical modelling assumptions, the structural response is able to be predicted to within 10% for the majority of the earthquake events considered.

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10

Budimir, Mirianna. "Cascading natural hazards : probability and loss modelling for earthquakes and earthquake-triggered landslides." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378652/.

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11

Sheikh, Md Neaz. "Simplified analysis of earthquake site response with particular application to low and moderate seismicity regions." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2353008x.

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12

Bucholc, Magda. "Tidal triggering of earthquakes." Thesis, Ulster University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.694217.

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Since tidal forces deform the Earth's crust with completely predictable stresses, the role of the Earth tides in triggering seismicity has long been investigated. The results of these investigations have, however, been inconclusive. Tidal triggering has been found to be non-existent or small (still not statistically significant) for strike-slip faults. On the other hand, a tide-earthquake has been observed in hydrothermal or magmaaffected areas and for reverse faults in the oceanic settings where the amplitude of tidal stresses is the largest. Here, we examine the effect of tidal stresses on earthquake occurrence in Southern California using three novel approaches. First, we analyse the difference in seismicity rates at times of positive and negative tidal Coulomb stresses/stress rates; for that, we resolve the tidal stresses/stress rates on failure planes assumed to be controlled by the orientation of their nearest geological structures. We find the earthquake behaviour with respect to tidal influence statistically non-random only in close proximity to tidal extremes. A particularly strong tidal signal is observed for reverse fault type events. Along with the significant increase in earthquake rates around tidal Coulomb stress maxima, we observe that the strength of the tidal correlation is closely related to the amplitude of the tidal stresses. Second, we look at the response of aftershocks to tidal stresses. Based on the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw 7.1 aftershock activity, we demonstrate that the probability of a fault failure due to tidal oscillations is strongly affected by earthquake-induced static stress changes. Accordingly, earthquakes in regions of increased static stresses are more consistent with tidal triggering than events in areas of static stress decrease. Third, we examine the relationship between the effect of tidal maximum compressional stresses on earthquake timing and the orientation of regional tectonic stress.

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13

Petal, Marla Ann. "Urban disaster mitigation and preparedness the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3142562.

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14

Schwartz, Richard Jay. "Analysis of prehistoric shoreline structures of Coastal South Carolina and their significance in assessing regional geological stability." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25804.

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15

Evans, Lisa. "Cyclic group and knapsack facets with applications to cutting planes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30639.

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16

Kiser, Eric. "Earthquake Characteristics as Imaged by the Back-Projection Method." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10355.

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This dissertation explores the capability of dense seismic array data for imaging the rupture properties of earthquake sources using a method known as back-projection. Only within the past 10 or 15 years has implementation of the method become feasible through the development of large aperture seismic arrays such as the High Sensitivity Seismograph Network in Japan and the Transportable Array in the United States. Coincidentally, this buildup in data coverage has also been accompanied by a global cluster of giant earthquakes (Mw>8.0). Much of the material in this thesis is devoted to imaging the source complexity of these large events. In particular, evidence for rupture segmentation, dynamic triggering, and frequency dependent energy release is presented. These observations have substantial implications for evaluating the seismic and tsunami hazards of future large earthquakes. In many cases, the details of the large ruptures can only be imaged by the back-projection method through the addition of different data sets and incorporating additional processing steps that enhance low-amplitude signals. These improvements to resolution can also be utilized to study much smaller events. This approach is taken for studying two very different types of earthquakes. First, a global study of the enigmatic intermediate-depth (100-300 km) earthquakes is performed. The results show that these events commonly have sub-horizontal rupture planes and suggest dynamic triggering of multiple sub-events. From these observations, a hypothesis for the generation of intermediate-depth events is proposed. Second, the early aftershock sequences of the 2004 Mw 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman and 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku, Japan earthquakes are studied using the back-projection method. These analyses show that many events can be detected that are not in any local or global earthquake catalogues. In particular, the locations of aftershocks in the back-projection results of the 2011 Tohoku sequence fill in gaps in the aftershock distribution of the Japan Meteorological Agency catalogue. These results may change inferences of the behavior of the 2011 mainshock, as well as the nature of future seismicity in this region. In addition, the rupture areas of the largest aftershocks can be determined, and compared to the rupture area of the mainshock. For the Tohoku event, this comparison reveals that the aftershocks contribute significantly to the cumulative failure area of the subduction interface. This result implies that future megathrust events in this region can have larger magnitudes than the 2011 event.
Earth and Planetary Sciences

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17

Marc, Odin [Verfasser], and Niels [Akademischer Betreuer] Hovius. "Earthquake-induced landsliding : earthquakes as erosional agents across timescales / Odin Marc ; Betreuer: Niels Hovius." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1218400951/34.

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18

Santangeli, J. R. "The mechanics of deep earthquakes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1569310/.

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Deep-focus earthquakes have remained a puzzle for researchers since 1928 when they were first reliably identified by Kiyoo Wadati in Japan. At the time it was understood that earthquakes at these depths should not have been possible as ductile deformation should be dominant. It is now known that deep-focus earthquakes occur in the depth range of 300 to 700 km with two peaks in activity around 400 and 600 km, although this does vary among slabs. Investigations into the mechanism responsible for generating deep-focus earthquakes have concentrated on transformational faulting, a process whereby a metastable mineral undergoing a phase change can cause seismogenic failure via a thermally driven runaway mechanism. Various previous high-pressure high-temperature experiments have been conducted on the olivine-spinel transition in both the germanate analogue and the natural magnesium silicate systems. However there is contention over whether olivine could in fact survive metastably beyond 500 km, and there are other candidate phases that could be responsible. This thesis presents experiments involving MgGeO3 high-clinopyroxene - ilmenite transition as an analogue for MgSiO3 clinopyroxene-akimotoite transition. The P-T phase relations have been determined experimentally and from a Debeye fit to the thermal expansivity of the germanate clinopyroxene and ilmenite phases. Further experiments have demonstrated that, under a set of critical conditions, compression through the clinopyroxene-ilmenite phase boundary results in large acoustic emissions emanating from the sample volume, at pressures very close to the phase boundary. This implies that the natural transition may well be capable of being seismogenic within the Earth.

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19

Myhill, Robert. "The mechanisms of deep earthquakes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610725.

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20

Maynard, Robert C. "Earthquakes, Freedom and the Future." School of Journalism, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/583007.

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The John Peter Zenger Award for Freedom of the Press and the People's Right to Know, 1989 / Earthquakes, Freedom and the Future by Robert C. Maynard, The Oakland Tribune / Tucson, Arizona, November 10, 1989

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21

Hughes, Andrew A. "The mechanisms of deep earthquakes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14132.

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High temperatures and pressures inhibit frictional sliding, normally restricting the occurrence of earthquakes to depths less than 30 km. However, in subduction zones, earthquakes occur down to depths approaching 700 km. In the literature, the process which enables unstable sliding at great depths is often linked to the occurrence of mineral reactions. In this thesis, both the pressure-temperature conditions of deep seismogenesis and the detailed kinematics of deep earthquake sources are investigated. Two dimensional thermal models are calculated for many subduction zones and are used to predict the spatial loci of various mineral reactions, and also to estimate the temperatures at which earthquakes nucleate. I show that the spatial distribution of seismicity is strongly controlled by temperature but is largely independent of pressure, suggesting that seismogenesis is unrelated to the occurrence of mineral reactions, which are dependent on both pressure and temperature. Moment tensor inversion using the polarities and relative amplitudes of P and its surface reflections, pP and sP, provides high-resolution constraint on the mechanisms of deep earthquakes. Using this technique, analysis of eight earthquakes revealed them all to be compatible with a double couple source (constant volume, simple shear). The most well constrained solution shows explicitly that any reduction in volume accounts for less than 2% of the total seismic moment. Variations in the duration of P and pP are modelled as directivity effects to invert for the geometry of rupture. The inferred rupture velocities vary widely between different events, with a minimum range 1.2 £ V_r £ 4.5 km s^-1, and are independent of pressure, temperature and fault plane orientation. The results described are in agreement with the hypothesis that instability develops as a result of dynamic grain size reduction and / or heating through viscous dissipation in a predominantly plastic deformation regime. This mechanism is consistent with published field observations, of pseudotachylytes in otherwise ductile shear zones, from the deep crust and shallow lithospheric mantle.

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22

Lee, Jimin. "Earthquake site effect modeling in sedimentary basins using a 3-D indirect boundary element-fast multipole method." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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23

Hardy, Anna Corella. "Hypocenter Locations and Focal Mechanism Solutions of Earthquakes in the Epicentral Area of the 1886 Charleston, SC, Earthquake." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51252.

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The Charleston earthquake of 1886 was one of the largest shocks to occur on the eastern coast of North America. The geological cause has long been a controversial issue and a variety of source models have been proposed. Previous potential field modeling and reinterpretation of seismic reflection and well data collected in the early 1980s indicate that the crust between approximately 1 and 4.5 km depth is comprised primarily of Mesozoic mafic rocks, with extensive faulting that is spatially coincident with modern seismicity in the epicentral area (Chapman and Beale, 2010). This thesis proposes a new and testable hypothesis concerning the fault source of the 1886 shock that is very different from all previous interpretations. It is based on data collected during 2011-2012 from a local seismic network deployment in the immediate epicentral area. The 8-station temporary network was designed to better constrain earthquake hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms. Hypocenter locations of 134 earthquakes indicate a south-striking, west-dipping seismogenic zone in the upper 12 km of the crust. Over 40% of the 66 well-constrained focal mechanisms show reverse faulting on approximately north-south trending nodal planes, consistent with the orientation of the tabular hypocenter distribution. I offer the following hypothesis: The 1886 shock occurred by compressional reactivation of a major, south-striking, west-dipping early Mesozoic extensional fault. The modern seismicity can be regarded as a long-term aftershock sequence that is outlining the 1886 damage zone. Variability of shallow focal mechanisms is due to the complex early Mesozoic fault structure in the upper 4-5 km.
Master of Science

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24

Hill-Butler, C. "Evaluating the effect of large magnitude earthquakes on thermal volcanic activity : a comparative assessment of the parameters and mechanisms that trigger volcanic unrest and eruptions." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/5f612a7d-ebbf-4d38-90aa-89c4984a1c0f/1.

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Volcanic eruptions and unrest have the potential to have large impacts on society causing social, economic and environmental losses. One of the primary goals of volcanological studies is to understand a volcano’s behaviour so that future instances of unrest or impending eruptions can be predicted. Despite this, our ability to predict the onset, location and size of future periods of unrest remains inadequate and one of the main problems in forecasting is associated with the inherent complexity of volcanoes. In practice, most reliable forecasts have employed a probabilistic approach where knowledge of volcanic activity triggers have been incorporated into scenarios to indicate the probability of unrest. The proposed relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic activity may, therefore, indicate an important precursory signal for volcanic activity forecasting. There have been numerous reports of a spatial and temporal link between volcanic activity and high magnitude seismic events and it has been suggested that significantly more periods of volcanic unrest occur in the months and years following an earthquake than expected by chance. Disparities between earthquake-volcano assessments and variability between responding volcanoes, however, has meant that the conditions that influence a volcano’s response to earthquakes have not been determined. Using data from the MODVOLC algorithm, a proxy for volcanic activity, this research examined a globally comparable database of satellite-derived volcanic radiant flux to identify significant changes in volcanic activity following an earthquake. Cases of potentially triggered volcanic activity were then analysed to identify the earthquake and volcano parameters that influence the relationship and evaluate the mechansisms proposed to trigger volcanic activity following an earthquake. At a global scale, this research identified that 57% [8 out of 14] of all large magnitude earthquakes were followed by increases in global volcanic activity. The most significant change in volcanic radiant flux, which demonstrates the potential of large earthquakes to influence volcanic activity at a global scale, occurred between December 2004 and April 2005. During this time, new thermal activity was detected at 10 volcanoes and the total daily volcanic radiant flux doubled within 52 days. Within a regional setting, this research also identified that instances of potentially triggered volcanic activity were statistically different to instances where no triggering was observed. In addition, assessments of earthquake and volcano parameters identified that earthquake fault characteristics increase the probability of triggered volcanic activity and variable response proportions at individual volcanoes and regionally demonstrated the critical role of the state of the volcanic system in determining if a volcano will respond. Despite the identification of these factors, this research was not able to define a model for the prediction of volcanic activity following earthquakes and, alternatively, proposed a process for response. In doing so, this thesis confirmed the potential use of earthquakes as a precursory indicator to volcanic activity and identified the most likely mechanisms that lead to seismically triggered volcanic unrest.

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25

Durmaz, Sıdıka Bahar Serim Erkal. "Earthquake conscious urban transformation and redevelopment:repercussions of İzmir radius project on Fikri Altay district/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/sehirplanlama/T000378.pdf.

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Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005.
Keywords: Earthquake risk, damage estimation, risk assessment, earthquake resistance, urban renewal. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 138-143).

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26

Bayhan, Beyhan. "Buildings Under Recurring Near-field Earthquakes." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612424/index.pdf.

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Prior to this study, to our best knowledge, no cast-in-place, older-type RC building has ever been subjected to near-field strong ground motions from three major earthquakes. This happened in an indirect way in Turkey over a time span of eleven years. Three identical buildings belonging to Ministry of Public Works and Resettlement (MPWR) that had been built to the same design templates, experienced March 13th 1992 Erzincan earthquake in Erzincan, November 12th 1999 Dü
zce earthquake in Bolu and May 1st 2003 Bingö
l earthquake in Bingö
l, respectively. The ground motion sensor stations were fortuitously nearby in an adjacent single-story building in Bolu and Bingö
l. The station in Erzincan was in a single-story building about 2 km away from the case study building but we assume that the record applies to the building there. These three data represent characteristics of near-field ground motions and the distance of the sensor stations to the nearest fault trace was less than 10 km. The buildings sustained varying degrees of damage during the earthquakes and their damage survey was employed through site investigations. Given that the damage information, input motions, design drawings and material properties of the buildings are all known, this provided an opportunity to predict the structural damage to these buildings by proper modeling using the tools of current computational performance assessment procedures. In this circumstance, three dimensional (3D) analytical models of the MPWR buildings have been performed. Bi-directional excitations have been applied to the models by nonlinear time history analyses (NTHA). The results illustrate that NTHA are capable of indicating the occurrence of shear failure in captive columns
however, they overestimate the global damage level for all buildings. The overestimation is more significant in Erzincan case where the building sustained a pulse-type motion without significant distress.

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27

McCormack, David Andrew. "Seismological studies of large continental earthquakes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321496.

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28

Henry, Chris. "Teleseismic studies of large submarine earthquakes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249590.

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29

Logan, Alan Leslie Leonard. "Accurate relative location of similar earthquakes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12457.

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30

Bowers, David. "Moment tensors for teleseismically recorded earthquakes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12480.

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P waveforms from small intraplate earthquakes observed at teleseismic distances often exhibit discrete arrivals which are easily interpreted in terms of a direct P phase and associated surface reflections. These arrivals contain information about the P and S radiation pattern at the source. This thesis attempts to quantify how much information about the source is contained in seismograms from small disturbances. In the first study, regional surface waves and P waves recorded at teleseismic distances by short period (SP), long period (LP) and broadband (BB) seismographs are analysed to determine the source parameters of the Völkershausen seismic disturbance of 13 March 1989. This disturbance is the source of some controversy, with many proposed source mechanisms, including a shallow multiple mine collapse. Application of the relative amplitude method and forward modelling of the P waveforms recorded at teleseismic distances suggest that the data are consistent with a sub-vertical normal dip slip fault striking northwest-southeast at a depth of 6.5 km. Forward modelling of the surface waves recorded by the Blacknest broadband network shows that the observed surface waves are consistent with this source model. Examination of SP seismograms from the French network and waveforms from the Gräfenberg array, in the distance range 100 to 500 km, show no large R_g phase, which would be expected for a shallow mine collapse. In a second study, over 50 small earthquakes in the 1976 Gazli sequence were analysed based on SP array station recordings. Pearce et al (1980) studied 21 of these earthquakes using the relative amplitude method (Pearce 1977, 1980), assuming an a priori double couple source, and found that the observed waveforms were consistent with 45° reverse dip slip faults striking northwest-southeast.

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31

Manchikalapudi, Lakshminarayana. "Transportation problems faced after big earthquakes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41684.

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Transportation facilities and services provide the cornerstones to the rescue and response operations after a big earthquake. This study appraises the transportation actions taken by the authorities in the immediate aftermath of the Loma Prieta Earthquake of October 17, 1989. The failure of several transportation structures had a significant impact on rescue operations, traffic congestion and change in travel patterns in the San Francisco Bay Area. Emphasis is placed on travel demand management strategies adopted to meet the travel needs in the Bay Area and to return traffic to normalcy. The short-term and long-term impacts of closures of certain highways due to a 7.5 magnitude earthquake are also addressed in this research. Recent predictions by the United States Geological Survey show that there is a 67 percent chance of a big earthquake of 7.5 magnitude happening in the Bay Area before the year 2020. Therefore, there is a dire need to look at the transportation problems that the Bay Area might face if the "Big One" really hits. It is also important to note that certain bridges play a major role in the cross-bay transportation. Hence, the failure of such critical links would greatly influence the mobility of the citizens in the region. A macro-level measure referred to as "Weighted Roadway Congestion index" (RCIW) is developed to assess the severity of the closures of these links. To fulfill this objective, scenario analysis is performed for the expected closures in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is important to note that the macro-level measure developed is applicable only to urban areas. This research also aims at identifying the key network parameters, such as number of lane-miles per freeway exit and freeway network connectivity that impact roadway congestion after earthquakes.
Master of Science

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32

Nayak, Srinivas. "Terrestrial resonance coupling during great earthquakes." Thesis, IIG, 2022. http://library.iigm.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/123456798/332.

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33

Nyffenegger, Paul A. "Aftershock occurrence rate decay for individual sequences and catalogs /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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34

Abe, Steffen. "Investigation of the influence of different micro-physics on the dynamic behaviour of faults using the lattice solid model /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16551.pdf.

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35

DuPass, Mary K. 1961. "Upper mantle shear velocity structure of east Africa, the Arabian shield, and the eastern Mediterranean." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558112.

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36

Cassidy, John Francis. "The 1918 and 1957 Vancouver Island earthquakes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26183.

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The oceanic Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates are subducting beneath the continental America plate west of Vancouver Island. The Nootka fault zone, which separates these oceanic plates, experiences left-lateral shear due to the different rates of subduction for the Juan de Fuca (4 cm/yr) and the Explorer (<2 cm/yr) plates. Since 1918, six significant earthquakes (M= 5.3 - 7.2) have occurred in the region where the projection of this fault zone intersects central Vancouver Island. In this study two of the largest events are examined; the 1918 (Ms ≃ 7) and the 1957 (Ms ≃ 6) earthquakes. Prior to this research, no comprehensive studies of these events had been carried out. A total of 46 seismograms from 24 stations worldwide were obtained for the 1918 earthquake, and 138 seismograms from 46 stations were obtained for the 1957 earthquake. The preferred epicentre for the 1918 earthquake is 49.47°N, 126.24°W, with an estimated uncertainty of ±30 km. The preferred focal depth of 15 km indicates that this was a crustal earthquake. Magnitude estimates are Ms = 6.9 ± 0.3, mb, = 7.2 ± 0.4 and MI = 7.0, in agreement with previous studies. Surface wave analysis suggests this is a predominantly strike-slip earthquake occurring along either a NNW or an ENE striking fault. A seismic moment of 7.40x10²⁵ dyne-cm and a stress drop of 122 bars, indicative of an intraplate event, are estimated. The preferred epicentre for the 1957 earthquake is 49.65°N, 127.02°W with an uncertainty of ± 20 km. The estimated focal depth of 30 km suggests this event occurred in the subducting oceanic plate. Magnitude estimates are Ms = 5.9±0.2, rrif, = 6.3±0.3 and Mi = 5.7. Surface wave and P-nodal analyses indicate that this is a predominantly strike-slip earthquake; either dextral along a NNW striking fault, or sinistral along a ENE striking fault. The seismic moment is estimated to be 8.14x10²⁴ dyne-cm, and the stress drop to be 36 bars, which is indicative of an interplate event. The quality of these data does not allow for an unambiguous interpretation of these earthquakes in terms of seismotectonic models. However, the results of this study indicate that these earthquakes do not have normal or thrust mechanisms. The 1918 earthquake appears to be a crustal, intraplate event resulting indirectly from the complicated interaction of the Explorer, Juan de Fuca and America plates. The preferred epicentre, depth and stress drop for the 1957 earthquake are consistent with left-lateral motion between the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates along the Nootka fault zone where it is being subducted beneath Vancouver Island. Uncertainties in the above parameters however, do not rule out the possibility of this being a crustal earthquake along a NW striking fault.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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37

Hooge, Charles. "Earthquakes as a space-time multifractal process." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69526.

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During the 1940's, the probability of an earthquake occurring with seismic moment, $M sp prime$, was found to follow: Pr($M sp prime > M) sim M sp{-q sb{D}}$ where $q sb{D}$ is the Gutenberg-Richter exponent. Such distributions are connected with spatial scaling; they are now known to be generic features of multifractals, specifically connected with first order multifractal phase transitions. This behaviour has also been taken as the basic feature of self-organized criticality.
Seismographs measure seismic wave magnitudes, seismic moments are then estimated by semi-empirical power law relations. We first show that the horizontal structure of earthquake seismic moment is in accord with our model of it as a space-time multifractal. Evidence is also presented that suggests it is a universal multifractal. An exponent $ eta$ which varies the relation between magnitude and moment is introduced and $q sb{D, eta}$, the Gutenberg-Richter exponent for $ eta$, is calculated. Related to $q sb{D, eta}$, is the effective dimension, $D sb{dressing}$ = 1.3 of the spatial averaging which was determined, along with $q sb{D, eta}$, using earthquake data from the South-Western United States.

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38

Bracamontes, Dulce Maria Vargas. "Stress models related to volcano-tectonic earthquakes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540585.

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39

Emmerson, B. "The relationship between intraplate earthquakes and temperature." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598847.

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The thermal conductivity of mantle rocks is strongly dependent on temperature, and has been shown to have a significant effect on the modelled thermal structure of cooling oceanic plates. This dissertation models temperatures in subducting slabs, taking into account the temperature-dependence of the relevant physical parameters, and investigates the maximum temperatures, potential temperatures, and homologous temperatures up to which intraslab earthquakes occur. An analysis of the world’s subduction zones reveals that intraslab seismicity is consistent with being limited to material having potential temperatures less than 600 °C. Apparent exceptions to this pattern occur in regions where the Nazca Plate subducts subhorizontally beneath South America, with which the final study in this dissertation is concerned. The unusual subduction geometry in the Peruvian and Pampean segments of the South American subduction zone keeps the overriding plate and the subhorizontal subducting slab in contact for several hundreds of km. Thermal modelling including this unusual geometry shows the subducting slab to be relatively cold in these regions, as compared with typical subduction zones where more immediate contact with the mantle wedge results in a hotter slab temperature structure. In the Peruvian and Pampean regions, intraslab seismicity is found to occur at potential temperatures less than 600 °C. Furthermore, the continental mantle above the slab is shown to be cold enough to generate earthquakes. Teleseismic waveform-modelling is used to constrain 39 earthquake focal depths, and confirms that the continental mantle of Peru is indeed seismogenic.

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Sargeant, Susanne. "Modelling shallow earthquakes with teleseismic broadband data." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251561.

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41

Green, P. "Vector fields and Thurston's theory of earthquakes." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383789.

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42

McGuire, Jeffrey Joseph 1972. "Space-time rupture properties of large earthquakes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59870.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-179).
Slow earthquakes have been hypothesized to be compound events, i.e. comprised of both an ordinary earthquake and a smooth moment-release transient of longer duration. Low-frequency normal-mode based studies which support the compound event hypothesis have suggested that low-frequency source-spectra of some slow earthquakes require that the slow-component initiated before the fast component. We present observations of low-frequency P-wave energy arriving prior to the high-frequency, mainshock for two oceanic transform fault events. Both the 1994, M, 7.0, Romanche and 1997, M, 6.8, Prince Edward Island events show clear time-domain evidence for episodes of smooth moment release that preferentially radiated energy at low frequencies. Inversions for the moment-rate functions of these events yield compound event sequences where the derivative of the moment-rate function is 2-3 orders of magnitude smaller during the slow event than during the ordinary fast event. The smoothness of the moment-rate function implies that the smooth components of the compound events have rupture and slip velocities which are orders of magnitude smaller than those during ordinary earthquakes. Determining the space-time rupture histories of earthquakes that are only recorded teleseismically is a difficult and non-unique process. We developed a method to determine the 2nd degree polynomial moments of an earthquake's space-time moment release distribution using frequency dependent measurements of global surface- and body-wave arrivals. Our method incorporates both current 3-D earth models and the physical constraint that the source-region have non-negative volume. The 2nd moments provide estimates of the duration, spatial extent, and directivity of an event's rupture. In addition, they can be used to systematically resolve the fault-plane ambiguity. Our values of the 2nd moments for the 1995, Mw 8.0, Jalisco Mexico earthquake agree well with those determined from local slip inversions, and our inversion for the 1st-degree moments of the 1995 Kobe earthquake shows that the measurement errors resulting from unmodeled lateral heterogeneity are small. By estimating the 2nd moments for a catalog of large earthquakes, we are able to systematically resolve the fault-plane ambiguity on a global scale. While the 2nd moments of most large earthquakes are aligned along one of the candidate fault-planes of the event's moment tensor, the 2nd moments of the Romanche and Prince Edwards events are oriented at a high angle to both of their candidate fault-planes. The only type of source-model that can satisfy the observed 0th, 1st, and 2nd degree moments of these events is one that involves slip on two parallel faults. This observation agrees with subevent locations determined using travel-time picks which suggest that multiple parallel faults ruptured in both of these earthquakes. The geometry of both event sequences is consistent with a scenario in which a slow-event on the main transform fault redistributes stress in the region, triggering subevents on both the main and sub-parallel adjacent faults. This evidence for co-seismic rupture of multiple faults combined with other seismic and marine geologic data suggest that deformation at oceanic transforms can be distributed over a wide region (~100 km) on both long (geologic) and short (co-seismic) time-scales.
by Jeffrey Joseph McGuire.
Ph.D.

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43

Eriksson, Sara, and Sara Reslan. "Practical study to prevent collapse against earthquakes." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131978.

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Indonesien ligger i Indiska Oceanen och består av ett flertal öar. Landet ligger nära stora tektoniska plattor som tenderar att röra på sig. Det är därför en väldigt stor risk att jordbävningar inträffar i Indonesien. I dagsläget vet man inte varför plattorna rör på sig eller när det kommer att ske.Jordbävningar av hög kaliber är sällsynta och det är praktiskt omöjligt att dimensionera byggnader mot sådana skalv. När konstruktioner tas fram för att bygga jordbävningsresistent är grundidén att byggnader ska tåla måttliga skalv. För att undersöka hur byggnationen ser ut i Indonesien utfördes fältundersökningar samt ett volontärarbete på plats genom organisationen Green Lion. Studien syftar till att hitta enkla lösningar för att få en mer jordbävningsresistent byggnad. För att en byggnad ska ha en stor chans att klara sig måste material med bra töjningsegenskaper användas, armering av stål har sådana egenskaper. En annan viktig åtgärd är att bygga konstruktionen sammanhängande så att de olika elementen stöttar upp varandra när byggnaden utsätts för krafter.

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44

Souquière, François. "Mechanics of earthquakes in the continental crust." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA2047.

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This thesis aims at deciphering the complex and polyphase seismic deformation associated with two major pseudotachylyte-bearing fault zones, the pre-mesozoic Outer Hebrides Fault (OHF) in northwest Scotland, and the Mesozoic to Cenozoic Canavese fault zone and adjacent Ivrea zone in the Italian Alps. For both areas, the deformation was analysed from the field scale to scanning electron microscope scale to scanning electron microscope scale. In addition, Ar:Ar absolute dating was performed on Italian pseudotachylytes. The first part of this thesis shows that the OHF in the south Uist-Barra area is clearly segmented: the northern Stulabhal segment is characterized by quartz-feldspar gneisses (QF gneisses) in the foot wall and by two –pyroxene gneisses (Corodale gneisses) in the hanging-wall. The southern Eriskay segment is characterized by QF gneisses both in the hanging wal. Moreover, the Stulabhal segment is underlined by a continuous and mappable, several meters thick, pseudotachylyte sole at the base of the hanging wall, and by diffuse pseudotachylyte fault vein in the footwall, while the Eriksay segment consists of several faults outlined by pseudotachylyte-rich zones whose thickness never exceeds 1 m. […]In the second part of this thesis, we clarify the spatial and temporal distribution of pseudotachylyte in the Val Sesia area of the Ivrea zone. Pseudotachylytesin the Balmuccia periotite tectonic lens were formed during at least two periods:before Permian times and lateCretaceous to Tertiary. Pseudotachylytes in gabbroic rocks are randomly distributed over two-kilometrer-wide belt and were formed in the early Cretaceous. Pseudotachylytes in paragneisses distributed near the Canavese fault were formed in Eocene Times and are probably related to the thrusting of the Sesia zone over the Ivrea zone. This polyphase formation accompanied the exhumation of the Ivrea crust. […] This comparative analysis between the two fault zones brings information pertaining to the mechanical behavior of the continental crust.

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45

Dunn, Meredith M. "Relocation of Eastern Tennessee Earthquakes Using hypoDD." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10085.

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The double difference earthquake location algorithm, implemented in the program HYPODD, was used to relocate a data set of approximately 1000 earthquakes in the eastern Tennessee seismic zone (ETSZ), using a recently developed velocity model. The double difference algorithm is used to calculate accurate relative hypocenter locations by removing the effects of un-modeled velocity structure. The study examines the earthquake hypocenter relocations in an effort to resolve fault orientations and thereby gain insights into the tectonics of the seismic zone. The analysis involves visual comparison of three-dimensional perspective plots of the hypocenter relocations oriented according to focal mechanism nodal planes derived from events within several, dense clusters of earthquakes. The northwestern boundary of the seismic zone corresponds to the steep magnetic gradient of the New York-Alabama lineament. The double-difference relocations reinforced previous interpretations of a vertical boundary between seismic and relatively aseismic crust at that location. Areas at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the ETSZ exhibit northwest trending hypocenter alignments, which are perpendicular to the overall northeastern trend of the seismic zone. These alignments agree with focal mechanism nodal plane orientations and are interpreted as seismogenic faults. In the central, most seismically active portion of the ETSZ, relocations appear to indicate a diffuse zone of hypocenters that are west-striking and north-dipping. The orientation of this zone of earthquake hypocenters is consistent with an existing seismic reflection profile that images mid to upper crustal reflectors with apparent dips of approximately 35 degrees to the north. The interpreted fault planes are all consistent with an east-northeast oriented, sub-horizontal maximum regional compressive stress, consistent with findings in previous studies.
Master of Science

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46

Song, Seok-Goo. "Source characteristics of large strike-slip earthquakes /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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47

Rohanimanesh, Mohammad S. "Mutual pounding of structures during strong earthquakes." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-144915/.

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48

Billington, Edward Davis. "Spatial and temporal seismicity variations in the South Sandwich and Northwestern South American subduction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25950.

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49

Sodeify, Kamran. "Modelling for response analysis of earth dams subjected to travelling surface waves." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295725.

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50

Mir, Riyaz Ahmad. "An experimental investigation into the seismic induced failure of moderately high concrete gravity dams." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239139.

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