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Journal articles on the topic 'Earthquakes'
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1
Dai, Xiaofeng, Xin Liu, Rui Liu, Menghao Song, Guangbin Zhu, Xiaotao Chang, and Jinyun Guo. "Coseismic Slip Distribution and Coulomb Stress Change of the 2023 MW 7.8 Pazarcik and MW 7.5 Elbistan Earthquakes in Turkey." Remote Sensing 16, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16020240.
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On 6 February 2023, the MW 7.8 Pazarcik and the MW 7.5 Elbistan earthquakes occurred in southeastern Turkey, close to the Syrian border, causing many deaths and a great deal of property destruction. The Pazarcik earthquake mainly damaged the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). The Elbistan earthquake mainly damaged the Cardak fault (CF) and the Doğanşehir fault (DF). In this study, Sentinel-1A ascending (ASC) and descending (DES) orbit image data and pixel offset tracking (POT) were used to derive surface deformation fields in the range and azimuth directions induced by the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (hereinafter referred to as the Turkey double earthquakes). Utilizing GPS coordinate sequence data, we computed the three-dimensional surface deformation resulting from the Turkey double earthquakes. The surface deformation InSAR and GPS results were combined to invert the coseismic slip distribution of the EAFZ, CF, and DF using a layered earth model. The results show that the coseismic ruptures of the Turkey double earthquakes were dominated by left-lateral strike-slips. The maximum slip was 7.76 m on the EAFZ and about 8.2 m on the CF. Both the earthquakes ruptured the surface. The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) was computed based on the fault slip distribution and the geometric parameters of all the active faults within 300 km of the MW 7.8 Pazarcik earthquake’s epicenter. The CFS change resulting from the Pazarcik earthquake suggests that the subsequent Elbistan earthquake was triggered by the Pazarcik earthquake. The Antakya fault experienced an increase in CFS of 8.4 bars during this double-earthquake event. Therefore, the MW 6.3 Uzunbağ earthquake on 20 February 2023 was jointly influenced by the Turkey double earthquakes. Through stress analysis of all the active faults within 300 km of the MW 7.8 Pazarcik earthquake’s epicenter, the Ecemis segment, Camliyayla fault, Aadag fault, Ayvali fault, and Pula segment were all found to be under stress loading. Particularly, the Ayvali fault and Pula segment exhibited conspicuous stress loading, signaling a higher risk of future seismic activity.
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Hidayawan, Ahmad, Andri Kurniawan, Bagas Wahyu Adhi, Beni Setiyanto, and Hayu Rahayu. "Analisis Penentuan Parameter Gempa Untuk Perhitungan Stabilitas Bendungan." MoDuluS Media Komunikasi Dunia Ilmu Sipil 6, no. 1 (August 9, 2024): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.32585/modulus.v6i1.5529.
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Dams have an important role in controlling floods and providing water supply for infrastructure and community needs. The construction of the Pidekso Dam, as part of government efforts, requires research to determine earthquake parameters to ensure the safety of its structure. Pidekso Dam, located in the downstream Bengawan Solo river, is prone to earthquakes because it is adjacent to areas where earthquakes often occur. This study aims to determine the parameters of the earthquake coefficient Operating Basis Earthquakeee (OBE) and MaximumaDesignaEarthquakee (MDE) based on the 2017 earthquake map of Indonesia. Analysis was conducted to assess the risk of dam collapse due to earthquakes. Based on the dam risk class criteria, Pidekso Dam has a high risk class with a total weight of 30. For OBE earthquake analysis, the earthquake coefficient used ranges from 0.1 to 0.15 g, with a probability of being exceeded by 2% in 100 years. As for MDE earthquakes, the earthquake coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 0.6 g, with a repeat period T = 5000 years.
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Tiwari, Ram Krishna, and Harihar Paudyal. "Spatial mapping of b-value and fractal dimension prior to November 8, 2022 Doti Earthquake, Nepal." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0289673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289673.
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An earthquake of magnitude 5.6 mb (6.6 ML) hit western Nepal (Doti region) in the wee hours of wednesday morning local time (2:12 AM, 2022.11.08) killing at least six people. Gutenberg-Richter b-value of earthquake distribution and correlation fractal dimension (D2) are estimated for 493 earthquakes with magnitude of completeness 3.6 prior to this earthquake. We consider earthquakes in western Nepal Himalaya and adjoining region (80.0–83.5°E and 27.3–30.5°N) for the period of 1964 to 2022 for the analysis. The b-value 0.68±0.03 implies a high stress zone and the spatial correlation dimension 1.81±0.02 implies a highly heterogeneous region where the epicenters are spatially distributed. Low b-values and high D2 values identify the study region as a high hazard zone. Focal mechanism styles and low b-values correlate with thrust nature of earthquakes and show that the earthquake’s occurrence is associated with the dynamics of the faults responsible for generating the past earthquakes.
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Isik, Ercan, Coskun Sagir, Zuhal Tozlu, and Umit Salim Ustaoglu. "Determination of Urban Earthquake Risk for Kırşehir, Turkey." Earth Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n3.60255.
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Predicting the outcomes of earthquakes before they occur is one of the fundamental components of modern disaster management. Loss estimation analyses have an important place at the assessment stage of earthquakes and in estimation of losses that earthquakes may lead to. With these analyses, it is possible to access information that is relevant to potential damages and losses. In this paper, loss estimation analyses were carried out by using the earthquake scenario which foresaw a previous earthquake that was experienced in an around Kırşehir which is seismically active and located in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey. The 1938 Akpınar earthquake which occurred in and around the province of Kırşehir was taken into consideration as an earthquak escenario, and loss estimation analyses were conducted for this earthquake scenario. In this paper, significant contributions will be made for preparation of an earthquake master plan and risk management plan for Kırşehir. Besides, studies on reduction of earthquake losses in the region may utilise these results.
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Pırtı, Atınç. "Investigation of the effects of Kahramanmaraş earthquake series on Cyprus Arc, Dead Sea fault, Hatay regions and stations close to two earthquakes epicenters." Geodesy and cartography 50, no. 3 (September 25, 2024): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2024.19634.
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In various parts of the globe, there have been several earthquakes of a modest size. Monitoring the change of the points over time is a key component of typical techniques for extracting dynamic responses. This technique was unable to completely extract all of the earthquake’s dynamic properties. The GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) may be a useful tool for obtaining values of the point’s displacement that are more exact up to millimeters, which can help to overcome these flaws and evaluate the seismic wave of such earthquakes. Ultimately, PPP is a crucial tool for getting the precise observations. In this study, Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) approach to analyze the station’s displacement components and the station’s heights in periods from the two Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The earthquake sequences that occurred in Turkey’s Kahramanmaraş in 2023 is an example of complicated faulting brought on by interactions between three plates close to the Hatay Triple Junction (HTJ). While the relative plate movements in this area are minimal (usually less than 10 mm/year), even sluggish plate motion zones may nevertheless see earthquakes that are quite destructive. Due to the three-plate system’s unusual geometry, a number of large earthquakes with very varied fault orientations were active throughout this series. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake happened on February 6, 2023 in southern Turkey, close to Syria’s northern border. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake, situated about 95 kilometers to the southwest, was occurred nine hours after the first one. The first earthquake was as big as the most powerful one ever recorded there in 1939 and was the most catastrophic to strike earthquake-prone Turkey in more than 20 years. In this study, the effects of two earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş were investigated on the Cyprus Arc, the Dead Sea fault, Hatay and the points close to two earthquakes zone. In the obtained results, it was computed that the greatest horizontal displacement occurred at the HAT2 station with 68.97 cm.
6
Brimzhanova, S. S., А. А. Akhmadiya, N. Nabiyev, and Kh Moldamurat. "Determination of the earthquake epicenter using the maximum displacement method obtained by Sentinel-1A/B data via ESA SNAP software." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 84, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.154.
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This article discusses a method for determining an earthquake’s epicenter using modern radar data from the Sentinel-1A/b remote sensing satellite. To determine the epicenter of the earthquake, finding the maximum displacement from the radar image data was used. The displacement (displacement) of the earth’s crust was obtained by processing on the ESA SNAP software. Two earthquakes that occurred in 2020 were studied to determine the epicenters in the ascending and descending orbits of the satellite. These earthquakes occurred in Western Xizang, China, and Doganyol, Turkey. The maximum deviation from the epicenter’s officially registered coordinates was 15.6 km for Doganyol and 3.2 km for the West Xinjiang Earthquake.
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Obara, Kazushige, and Takuya Nishimura. "Main Results from the Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-Zone Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0087.
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Understanding the occurrence mechanism of subduction zone earthquakes scientifically is intrinsically important for not only forecast of future subduction earthquakes but also disaster mitigation for strong ground motion and tsunami accompanied by large earthquakes. The Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-zone earthquakes mainly focused on interplate megathrust earthquakes in the subduction zones and the research activity included collection and classification of historical data on earthquake phenomena, clarifying the current earthquake phenomena and occurrence environment of earthquake sources, modelling earthquake phenomena, forecast of further earthquake activity based on monitoring crustal activity and precursory phenomena, and development of observation and analysis technique. Moreover, we studied the occurrence mechanism of intraslab earthquakes within the subducting oceanic plate. Five-year observational research program actually produced enormous results for deep understanding of subduction zone earthquakes phenomena, especially in terms of slow earthquakes, infrequent huge earthquakes, and intraslab earthquakes. This paper mainly introduces results from researches on these phenomena in subduction zones.
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Lai, Junyan, Lu Ding, Yuan Zhang, Weimin Wu, Haruo Hayashi, Reo Kimura, Masafumi Hosokawa, and Yukihisa Sakurada. "Development of NERSS Training Program for Earthquake Emergency Response Capacity Building of Local Governments." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0263.
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Responses to medium-magnitude earthquakes are as significant as to catastrophic earthquakes, because medium-magnitude temblors occur as many as a dozen times more than catastrophic earthquakes – at least from the year 1900. In China, local governments are obligated to protect residents against earthquakes that have a magnitude of <bm>Ms</bm>$6.0. The ways in which local governments perform these obligations differ, however, due to obstacles such as inadequate disaster planning, a lack of public earthquake awareness, and a shortage of qualified emergency managers. When an earthquake hits, the hazards that residents are unaware of may arise concurrently, putting thousands lives and millions of acres of property in danger. In short, the response capacity of local governments is crucial to an earthquake’s aftermath. To enhance the capacity of local government response to earthquake emergencies, the National Earthquake Response Support Service (NERSS) of China started work on training programs years ago. With the cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Japanese scientists in the last five years, based on lessons learned from China’s historical earthquakes and disasters, the authors have created the prototype for an earthquake disaster management curriculum, which it has then been demonstrated and continuously improved. This paper reviews the prototype curriculum and its development methodology, presents demonstrative deliveries of the curriculum, and discusses training effectiveness and further improvements. Applying an international emergency management framework and related experience, focusing on local government capacity building, the demonstrative trainings have been proved to be beneficial to local government response activities and the latest amendment to earthquake preplanning in China. Future systematic tracking research of training effectiveness is proposed to keep curriculum updating and appropriate as times change.
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Cui, Yueju, Jianan Huang, Zhaojun Zeng, and Zhenyu Zou. "CO Emissions Associated with Three Major Earthquakes Occurring in Diverse Tectonic Environments." Remote Sensing 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2024): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16030480.
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Significant amounts of gases are emitted from the earth’s crust into the atmosphere before, during, and after major earthquakes. To understand the relationship between gas emissions, earthquakes, and tectonics, we conducted a thorough investigation using satellite data from AQUA AIRS. We focused on three major earthquakes: the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan MW 7.9 earthquake in China’s intra-continental plate, the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman MW 9.1 earthquake in Indonesia Island, and the 4 April 2010 Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake in Mexico’s active plate margin. Anomalies in the total column (TotCO) and multiple layers (CO VMR) of carbon monoxide were observed along fault zones, with peak values at the epicenter areas. Furthermore, temporal anomalies of TotCO and CO VMR appeared in the month of the Wenchuan earthquake in the intra-continent, three months prior to the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and one month before the Baja California earthquake in the active plate margins, respectively. Notably, the duration of CO anomalies before earthquakes in active plate margins was longer than that in the intra-continental region, and the intensity of the CO anomaly in active plate margins was higher than that in the intra-continental region. The results show a profound correlation with both seismic and tectonic activities, which was particularly evident in the earthquake’s magnitude, rupture length, and the tectonic settings surrounding the epicenter. Furthermore, the type of the fault at which the earthquake occurred also played an important role in these CO anomaly variations. These findings support the identification of earthquake precursors and may help improve our understanding of earthquake forecasting and tectonics.
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Nanjo, Kazuyoshi Z. "Predicting the unpredictable." Impact 2020, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.6.35.
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Better understanding of hazardous natural phenomena means improved preparedness and the opportunity to mitigate the damaging impact of these natural hazards. For example, improving knowledge about earthquakes can enable safer buildings to be built, as well as disaster prevention measures to be implemented, ultimately saving lives. This is particularly important in a country like Japan, which is earthquake-prone and where earthquakes prove to be very unpredictable. A team of Japanese researchers is seeking to reduce uncertainty in earthquake hazards by conducting statistical analyses of seismic activity, with a focus on the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake. These investigations have enabled the researchers to estimate the state of the stress in and around the earthquake's focal region, and they believe this may lead to a method for qualitatively evaluating whether the next Nankai Trough earthquake is imminent.
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Hashimoto, Tetsuo, and Takashi Yokota. "Successive Occurrence of Large Earthquakes Along the Kuril Trench." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p1059.
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Large earthquakes have repeatedly occurred from Hokkaido to the Kamchatka Peninsula along the Kuril Trench. First, we confirmed the successive occurrence of large earthquakes of similar magnitude in nearby regions and within a short time interval using earthquake catalogs issued by international organizations. The searching criteria was whether a succeeding earthquake (Mw ≥ 7.75) had occurred within 500 km and 3 years of a preceding earthquake (Mw ≥ 7.70) in the period between 1890 and 2014. The pairs of successively occurring earthquakes were the June 1893 and March 1894 earthquakes, the September and November 1918 earthquakes, the October 1963 earthquakes, the October 1994 and December 1995 earthquakes, and the November 2006 and January 2007 earthquakes. These 5 pairs among the 21 large earthquakes were identified the successively occurring large earthquakes. Next, we tried to relocate the epicenters of the 1918 earthquakes because their epicenters had been changed in the version of the earthquake catalog referenced. We re-read the arrival times of the P and S waves from the seismograms of Japan Meteorological Agency and estimated the epicenters for the 1918 earthquakes from S-P times. The epicenters were a relative offset of about 160 km and the September event was near the epicenter of the 2006 Kuril earthquake.
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Dewi, CN, F. Febriani, T. Anggono, Syuhada, M. Ramdhan, M. Hasib, AD Prasetio, et al. "Anomalous geomagnetic activities before the Karangasem - Bali, Indonesia earthquakes on December 13, 2022." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1373, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1373/1/012010.
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Abstract A series of earthquakes occurred on Bali Island, Indonesia, on December 13, 2022. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) recorded four shallow earthquakes around Karangasem - Bali with magnitude (M) > 4 at that time. The largest was the M 5.2 earthquake, which occurred at 10:38:21.67 UTC with 10 km of depth. We analyzed the anomalous geomagnetic activities during these earthquakes by utilizing the geomagnetic data from the Bayan geomagnetic station located on Lombok Island, less than 100 km from the earthquake’s epicenters. We conducted the polarization ratio analysis by applying the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the five hours of night geomagnetic data (16:00 - 21:00 UTC). The spectral power values of X, Y, and Z geomagnetic data at frequencies 0.04 - 0.06 Hz were calculated and compared with the disturbance storm time (Dst) to find their correlation. The Pearson correlation analysis indicates that they are significantly uncorrelated. Finally, we calculated the Sz/Sg to analyze the geomagnetic anomalies and found them 6 - 11 days before the earthquakes at frequencies 0.04 - 0.06 Hz. We consider that these anomalies are possibly caused by the M 5.2 earthquake since it had the highest magnitude, Es, and Kls values.
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Fan, Gang, Jun Wang, Shunchao Qi, Gongda Lu, Xingguo Yang, and Jiawen Zhou. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Earthquakes in Longmenshan Fault and Adjacent Area, before and after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Shock and Vibration 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9400276.
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Seismicity sequence following a main earthquake usually contains much meaningful information for unveiling the focal mechanism and predicting the reoccurrence interval of large earthquakes. The spatiotemporal evolution of earthquakes before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) is analysed comprehensively in this study. The frequency-magnitude relation of the 3493 earthquake events retrieved from the database of the International Seismological Centre indicates that the adopted catalogue is complete for magnitudes ≥Ms 3.4. The seismicity during the 10 years before the Wenchuan earthquake remained stable, including the magnitudes and focal depths. However, seismicity attenuated sharply in the year following the Wenchuan earthquake, and the magnitude of earthquakes before the Wenchuan earthquake decreased gradually. The area of the seismogenic zone of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was smaller than the earthquake stricken area. The earthquakes that occurred in the Longmenshan fault area and adjacent area in the study period were mainly shallow earthquakes. The focal depths of earthquakes in the study area became stable gradually after the Wenchuan earthquake, mainly within the range from 10 to 16 km. The earthquakes in the study area were mainly distributed with an along-dip distance of 0–20 km, and the seismicity was distributed uniformly along the fault strike.
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Obara, Kazushige. "Contribution of Slow Earthquake Study for Assessing the Occurrence Potential of Megathrust Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0317.
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Studies of slow earthquakes during the last decade have suggested a relationship between various types of earthquakes occurring at the interface between subducting oceanic plates and overlying continental plates. Such a relationship has been postulated for slow earthquakes, which are distributed between the stable sliding zone and the locked zone, and megathrust earthquakes, which are located in the locked zone. The adjacency of the respective sources of slow and megathrust earthquakes suggests expected interactions between these two types of earthquakes. Observed interactions between different types of slow earthquakes located at neighbor area suggest a common triggering mechanism in the seismogenic zone. Also, it is expected that stress accumulations in the locked zone should influence stress regimes in surrounding regions; thus, slow earthquake activity in the stable sliding zone may change in response to stress build-up in the locked zone. Numerical simulations reproducing both megathrust and slow earthquakes show a shortening of the recurrence interval between slow earthquake episodes leading up to the occurrence of a megathrust earthquake. Similarities between the activities of slow and megathrust earthquakes, such as those related to periodicity and patterns of multisegment ruptures, are useful for understanding megathrust earthquakes, particularly given the higher frequency of occurrence of slow earthquakes. From this perspective, the continuous and accurate monitoring of slow earthquake activity is important for evaluating the occurrence potential of megathrust earthquakes.
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Wang, Xi, Zeyuan Zhong, Yuechen Yao, Zexu Li, Shiyong Zhou, Changsheng Jiang, and Ke Jia. "Small Earthquakes Can Help Predict Large Earthquakes: A Machine Learning Perspective." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 6424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116424.
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Earthquake prediction is a long-standing problem in seismology that has garnered attention from the scientific community and the public. Despite ongoing efforts to understand the physical mechanisms of earthquake occurrence, there is no convincing physical or statistical model for predicting large earthquakes. Machine learning methods, such as random forest and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, excel at identifying patterns in large-scale databases and offer a potential means to improve earthquake prediction performance. Differing from physical and statistical approaches to earthquake prediction, we explore whether small earthquakes can be used to predict large earthquakes within the framework of machine learning. Specifically, we attempt to answer two questions for a given region: (1) Is there a likelihood of a large earthquake (e.g., M ≥ 6.0) occurring within the next year? (2) What is the maximum magnitude of an earthquake expected to occur within the next year? Our results show that the random forest method performs best in classifying large earthquake occurrences, while the LSTM method provides a rough estimation of earthquake magnitude. We conclude that small earthquakes contain information relevant to predicting future large earthquakes and that machine learning provides a promising avenue for improving the prediction of earthquake occurrences.
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Maslyaev, A. V. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES." ASJ. 1, no. 38 (July 14, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.38.12.
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Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
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Satake, Kenji. "Geological and historical evidence of irregular recurrent earthquakes in Japan." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2053 (October 28, 2015): 20140375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0375.
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Great ( M ∼8) earthquakes repeatedly occur along the subduction zones around Japan and cause fault slip of a few to several metres releasing strains accumulated from decades to centuries of plate motions. Assuming a simple ‘characteristic earthquake’ model that similar earthquakes repeat at regular intervals, probabilities of future earthquake occurrence have been calculated by a government committee. However, recent studies on past earthquakes including geological traces from giant ( M ∼9) earthquakes indicate a variety of size and recurrence interval of interplate earthquakes. Along the Kuril Trench off Hokkaido, limited historical records indicate that average recurrence interval of great earthquakes is approximately 100 years, but the tsunami deposits show that giant earthquakes occurred at a much longer interval of approximately 400 years. Along the Japan Trench off northern Honshu, recurrence of giant earthquakes similar to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake with an interval of approximately 600 years is inferred from historical records and tsunami deposits. Along the Sagami Trough near Tokyo, two types of Kanto earthquakes with recurrence interval of a few hundred years and a few thousand years had been recognized, but studies show that the recent three Kanto earthquakes had different source extents. Along the Nankai Trough off western Japan, recurrence of great earthquakes with an interval of approximately 100 years has been identified from historical literature, but tsunami deposits indicate that the sizes of the recurrent earthquakes are variable. Such variability makes it difficult to apply a simple ‘characteristic earthquake’ model for the long-term forecast, and several attempts such as use of geological data for the evaluation of future earthquake probabilities or the estimation of maximum earthquake size in each subduction zone are being conducted by government committees.
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Zhang, Tao, Guangyuan Tan, Weihua Bai, Yueqiang Sun, Yuhe Wang, Xiaotian Luo, Hongqing Song, and Shuyu Sun. "A Disturbance Frequency Index in Earthquake Forecast Using Radio Occultation Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 3089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123089.
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Earthquake forecasting is the process of forecasting the time, location, and magnitude of an earthquake, hoping to gain some time to prepare to reduce the disasters caused by earthquakes. In this paper, the possible relationship between the maximum electron density, the corresponding critical frequency, and the occurrence of earthquakes is explored by means of radio occultation data based on mechanism analysis and actual earthquake-nearby data. A new disturbance frequency index is proposed in this paper as a novel method to help forecast earthquakes. Forecasting of the location and timing of earthquakes is based on the connection between proven new frequency distributions and earthquakes. The effectiveness of this index is verified by backtracking observation around the 2022 Ya’an earthquake. Using this index, occultation data can forecast the occurrence of earthquakes five days ahead of detection, which can help break the bottleneck in earthquake forecasting.
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CHEW, SOON-HOE, and KARMA KUENZA. "INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC SIGNALS FOR TSUNAMIGENIC EARTHQUAKES." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, no. 02 (June 2007): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431107000109.
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Tsunami can cause severe damage to properties and loss of many human lives. Tsunami is often related to earthquakes. Within a close proximity and with similar magnitude, some earthquakes produce very severe tsunamis, e.g. the December 2004 Sumatra earthquake, and others produce very minor or insignificant wave height increase, e.g. the March 2005 Sumatra earthquake. Thus, the study of tsunamigenesis of earthquakes, i.e., whether an earthquake will generate significant tsunami, is critical to the prevention or minimization of damage due to tsunami. In this study, the seismic signals from earthquakes were analyzed in order to determine tsunamigenesis more accurately. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the seismic signals of the earthquakes was performed for a number of historical earthquake records of both tsunamigenic and non-tsunamigenic earthquakes of similar magnitude and epicenter distance. The results showed that tsunamigenic earthquakes have lower amplitude in the high frequency range (0.15–0.3 Hz) as compared to non-tsunamigenic earthquakes. Preliminary wavelet analysis of these earthquakes also revealed that the intensity pattern of tsunamigenic and non-tsunamigenic earthquake was similar to the findings from FFT. Both techniques lead to the conclusion that the long period signal and the depletion of high frequency energy revealed in the seismic signal may well indicate the tsunamigenic potential of the earthquakes. Thus the techniques that analyze the frequency content of the seismic signals have a great potential to complement the existing Pacific Tsunami Warning System, which only takes the magnitude of earthquake as the determining factor in predicting the generation of tsunami.
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Hori, Takane. "Earthquake and Tsunami Scenarios as Basic Information to Prepare Next Nankai Megathrust Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0775.
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This paper describes earthquake and tsunami scenarios as basic information for preparing for the next Nankai megathrust earthquakes. Models to clarify the size of the Nankai megathrust earthquake and changes in occurrence intervals, simulations using such models, and simulations of crustal deformations and tsunamis based on the simulations were employed. This paper re-examines past earthquakes and tsunamis, the possibility of slightly larger earthquakes and tsunamis, their sizes, the necessity of countermeasures against subsidence caused by earthquakes in the Inland Sea, the possibility of the Nankai earthquake occurrence before the Tokai (Tonankai) earthquake, and the possibility of the triggering of the Nankai earthquake by the Hyuga-nada earthquake.
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Hough, Susan E., and Stacey S. Martin. "Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?" Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 20, 2021): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200366.
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Abstract Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
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Suparmanto, Gatot, and Ika Subekti Wulandari. "Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Prosedur Evakuasi Saat Terjadinya Gempa Bumi Di Desa Wonorejo Karanganyar." Pelita Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/pelitamasyarakat.v3i1.5580.
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Earthquakes in Indonesia cause physical damage as well as fatalities, high mortality rates and disability when an earthquake occurs, it is necessary to reduce or prevent it by increasing people's knowledge and skills about how to evacuate during an earthquake. Earthquakes that are not resolved with resilience and lack of human resources that can handle earthquakes from pre-disaster, during disaster and post-disaster. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's crust (Earth's plates). The frequency of a region, refers to the type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using a seismometer. Moment magnitude is the most common scale where earthquakes occur throughout the world so that the community is demanded to be prepared, one of which is evacuation during a disaster which is held by evacuation counseling in Wonorejo Village, Karanganyar. earthquake with pre-test data 75% of the residents did not know and after counseling and post-testing it was found that 90% of the residents understood the skills and knowledge of evacuation during an earthquake. with the lack of knowledge and skills of residents regarding evacuation during an earthquake, it is very appropriate for residents to understand when an earthquake occurs
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Rhoades, David Alan, Paul G. Somerville, Felipe Dimer de Oliveira, and Hong Kie Thio. "Effect of tectonic setting on the fit and performance of a long-range earthquake forecasting model." Research in Geophysics 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rg.2012.e3.
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The Every Earthquake a Precursor According to Scale (EEPAS) long-range earthquake forecasting model has been shown to be informative in several seismically active regions, including New Zealand, California and Japan. In previous applications of the model, the tectonic setting of earthquakes has been ignored. Here we distinguish crustal, plate interface, and slab earthquakes and apply the model to earthquakes with magnitude M≥4 in the Japan region from 1926 onwards. The target magnitude range is M≥ 6; the fitting period is 1966-1995; and the testing period is 1996-2005. In forecasting major slab earthquakes, it is optimal to use only slab and interface events as precursors. In forecasting major interface events, it is optimal to use only interface events as precursors. In forecasting major crustal events, it is optimal to use only crustal events as precursors. For the smoothed-seismicity component of the EEPAS model, it is optimal to use slab and interface events for earthquakes in the slab, interface events only for earthquakes on the interface, and crustal and interface events for crustal earthquakes. The optimal model parameters indicate that the precursor areas for slab earthquakes are relatively small compared to those for earthquakes in other tectonic categories, and that the precursor times and precursory earthquake magnitudes for crustal earthquakes are relatively large. The optimal models fit the learning data sets better than the raw EEPAS model, with an average information gain per earthquake of about 0.4. The average information gain is similar in the testing period, although it is higher for crustal earthquakes and lower for slab and interface earthquakes than in the learning period. These results show that earthquake interactions are stronger between earthquakes of similar tectonic types and that distinguishing tectonic types improves forecasts by enhancing the depth resolution where tectonic categories of earthquakes are vertically separated. However, when depth resolution is ignored, the model formed by aggregating the optimal forecasts for each tectonic category performs no better than the raw EEPAS model.
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Lee, Jae-Kyoung, and Tae-Hee Yoon. "Basic Study on the Variability Analysis between the Domestic Earthquake Tendency and Hydro-environmental Factors." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 17, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2021.17.11.79.
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This study analyzed the trends of earthquakes, correlations and variability between hydro-environmental (HE) factors (radon, EC, WL, WT) and domestic earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula. First, the earthquake cases that occurred from 1978 to 2020 were analyzed separately by region & time, and inland & seaside. Gyeongbuk region (42.2 %) and September (12.9 %) had the highest ratio of earthquakes because of the earthquakes in Gyeongju (2016.09) and Pohang (2017.11). In the inland and seaside earthquakes, the correlation between the inland (2-lagged months) and the seaside earthquakes showed was high correlation (R2 =76.3 %). Second, the variability of HE factors was analyzed for 4 earthquake cases. The variability of the HE factors before the earthquakes occurred was very large, and it was confirmed that the earthquakes were related to HE factors. Finally, the coincidence of the variability of HE factors according to the earthquakes was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, at the time of the earthquakes, all of HE factors showed very important results with the same variability. Accordingly, monitoring the variability and trends of HE factors is expected to provide important basic data for the earthquake researches.
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Simanjuntak, Andrean V. H., and Olymphia Olymphia. "Perbandingan Energi Gempa Bumi Utama dan Susulan (Studi Kasus : Gempa Subduksi Pulau Sumatera dan Jawa)." Jurnal Fisika FLUX 14, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/flux.v14i1.3776.
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Indonesia is located on the third meeting of the active tectonic world plates which are Eurasian Indian - Australia and the Pacific Plate. This condition makes Indonesia as a tectonically active area with seismicity level or pattern of high seismicity. Occurrence of devastating earthquake followed by aftershocks of earthquakes, often increase the level of social unrest. The purpose of this study is calculate the energy of devastating earthquakes and followed by aftershocks, so it can be compared to the amount of energy released by both of them. By obtaining these comparisons, the study is based on scientific studies can be used as a reference in providing information on the possible impact of an occurrence of the earthquake and its aftershocks. Empirical formula of Guttenberg- Richter was used to calculate the energy value, historical data with aftershock earthquakes was obtained from ISC (International Seismological Center) for five major earthquakes are Bengkulu, Pangandaran, Simeulue, West Sumatra, and Tasikmalaya earthquake. Earthquake aftershocks taken within three months after a major earthquake. From analysis and energy calculations of earthquake aftershocks of a major earthquake with a magnitude of five large, energy-earthquake aftershocks ranging from 0.1% to 33%, with a random pattern. By comparing the energy aftershocks of earthquakes, the results are generally 10%, it is estimated that the earthquake with strike-slip mechanism having earthquake aftershocks with a total energy is less than 10%. While earthquakes with earthquake aftershocks have thrust mechanism with a total energy of more than 10%.
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Ortega, Roberto, Dana Carciumaru, Alfredo Aguirre, Israel Santillan, and Saúl Martínez. "Insights of the September 2007 Cerralvo Earthquake–Hurricane Henriette Crisis in La Paz, Mexico: Aftershocks Detection with Artificial Neural Networks." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200254.
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Abstract Disastrous earthquakes and hurricanes, in general, are not contemporaneous. Here, we report the 2007 Cerralvo earthquake that had stricken the Gulf of California (GoC) when Hurricane Henriette landed during the aftershock activity. The greatest aftershock struck almost at the same time with Hurricane Henriette inducing panic among the inhabitants of La Paz, Baja California, peninsula. After the earthquake’s main event, the disaster preparedness professionals’ effort focused more on hurricane protocols than on the effects that the earthquake’s aftershocks could have been produced. This decision was probably related to the fact that the southern region of the GoC did not experience an earthquake greater than Mw 6.0 since 1995. The Cerralvo earthquake was unusual for its high number of aftershocks. After a visual inspection of the 24 hr heliplots, we noticed that many aftershocks were missing when we used the short-term average/long-term average method. For this reason, we developed an artificial neural network to recognize earthquakes more efficiently. We could not count a precise number of aftershocks during the crisis, but we detected ∼800 earthquakes using standard techniques from September to December. Eventually, a total of 1475 aftershocks were detected with the artificial neural network, contrasting with the low number of aftershocks usually reported in the middle GoC, which on average is about a dozen. Accurate information about the development of the seismic and hurricane phenomena is the most critical issue for authorities and people in general during this unusual experience. We learned that a robust algorithm to detect a huge number of aftershocks and better communication between researchers and authorities is a successful key in these situations.
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Kaneko, Hiroyuki. "Evaluation of Tsunami Disasters Caused by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0578.
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The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake is one of the earthquakes that have occurred multiple times in the past as part of the Sagami Trough earthquakes. These earthquakes, which occurred at the plate boundary, occurred in 1495 (Meio Earthquake), 1703 (Genroku Earthquake), and again in 1923, causing significant damage to various areas in Kanto, including Tokyo and Yokohama, and it came to be known as the Great Kanto Earthquake. The Sagami Trough earthquakes have consistently brought strong tsunami disasters to various areas in Kanto, extending from the Sagami Bay coast to the Boso Peninsula, and residents along the coast were highly aware of the risk of tsunamis occurring after major earthquakes. Although a tsunami occurred in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, it is believed to have had a wave height approximately half that of the tsunami in the Genroku Earthquake. However, this tsunami destroyed the livelihoods of villages and caused significant damage. In this study, we aim to reexamine historical records related to the tsunami in the Great Kanto Earthquake and objectively evaluate the actual situation of this tsunami disaster.
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Lee, Jangsoo, Irshad Khan, Seonhwa Choi, and Young-Woo Kwon. "A Smart IoT Device for Detecting and Responding to Earthquakes." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121546.
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The advancement of hardware and software technologies makes it possible to use smartphones or Internet of things for monitoring environments in realtime. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop a smartphone based earthquake early warning system, where low-cost acceleration sensors inside a smartphones are used for capturing earthquake signals. However, because a smartphone comes with a powerful CPU, spacious memory, and several sensors, it is waste of such resources to use it only for detecting earthquakes. Furthermore, because a smartphone is mostly in use during the daytime, the acquired data cannot be used for detecting earthquakes due to human activities. Therefore, in this article, we introduce a stand-alone device equipped with a low-cost acceleration sensor and least computing resources to detect earthquakes. To that end, we first select an appropriate acceleration sensor by assessing the performance and accuracy of four different sensors. Then, we design and develop an earthquake alert device. To detect earthquakes, we employ a simple machine learning technique which trains an earthquake detection model with daily motions, noise data recorded in buildings, and earthquakes recorded in the past. Furthermore, we evaluate the four acceleration sensors by recording two realistic earthquakes on a shake-table. In the experiments, the results show that the developed earthquake alert device can successfully detect earthquakes and send a warning message to nearby devices, thereby enabling proactive responses to earthquakes.
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Charlie, Wayne A., Raymond J. Battalora, Thomas J. Siller, and Donald O. Doehring. "Magnitude Recurrence Relations for Colorado Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 2 (May 2002): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1490546.
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Colorado has a significant potential for damaging earthquakes. The Colorado Geological Survey has identified 92 potentially active faults. Two faults have documented slip-rates approaching 1 mm per year. Four hundred and seventy-seven Colorado earthquakes have been felt and/or equaled or exceeded magnitude of 2.0 between 1870 and 1996. Eighty-two earthquakes have equaled or exceeded an MMI Scale of V. Colorado's largest historical earthquake, which occurred on 7 November 1882 (8 November UCT), had an estimated magnitude of 6.5 and maximum MMI of VII to VIII. Colorado's maximum credible earthquake has been estimated at 7.5 ML. In this paper we analyze independent earthquakes (foreshocks, aftershocks, and fluid-injection induced earthquakes removed) to develop magnitude-recurrence relations. Analysis of instrumentally measured earthquakes predicts that a 6.5 ML or larger earthquake occurring somewhere in Colorado has a mean recurrence interval of about 420 years. A magnitude 6.6 ML earthquake has a 10 percent Poisson's probability of exceedance in 50 years. A 7.5 ML earthquake has a 2 percent Poisson's probability of exceedance in 50 years. Colorado's magnitude-recurrence (Gutenberg-Richter) relation is log N=2.58−0.80 ML.
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Van Dissen, R., M. McSaveney, D. Townsend, G. Hancox, T. A. Little, W. Ries, N. Perrin, et al. "Landslides and liquefaction generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.4.196-200.
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Following both the Cook Strait earthquake (Mw 6.6; 21 July, 2013) and the Lake Grassmere earthquake (Mw 6.6; 16 August, 2013) reconnaissance visits were made of the epicentral regions to document the general distribution and extend of landslides, liquefaction, and other ground damage effects generated by these earthquakes. The extent of landsliding generated in central New Zealand by these two earthquakes was at the lower end of the expected range for shallow earthquakes of these magnitudes. Liquefaction effects generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes in central New Zealand were substantially less than those generated by the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes in the Christchurch area, despite the fact that the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes were of comparable size and proximity, and impacted grossly similar geological settings. There is no evidence of primary ground-surface fault rupture during the Lake Grassmere earthquake.
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Sinambela, Marzuki, and Eva Darnila. "VISUAL ANALYSIS OF LOCAL EARTHQUAKE IN NORTH TAPANULI BASED ON DATA SCIENCE." METHOMIKA Jurnal Manajemen Informatika dan Komputerisasi Akuntansi 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46880/jmika.vol7no2.pp363-367.
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Earthquakes are natural phenomena that occur when the Earth's tectonic plates move and release energy. Big Data's emergent epistemological and research paradigms, as well as data science, an increasingly integrated field of data research, are opening up new opportunities. Visualizing earthquake data is all about understanding earthquake characteristics such as size, location and depth. The result show that September was the quietest month in terms of earthquakes, and in this graph we can see the number of earthquakes for each month in 2022. The month of October is the one that has the highest number of earthquakes. We can see the average depth and magnitude of each year on the bubble chart. In addition, the size and color of the bubbles indicate the number of earthquakes that month. In general, most of the earthquakes occurred in the shallow earthquake range and the 1.8-3.85 magnitude range.
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Jenkins, Alex, Alison Rust, and Juliet Biggs. "relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: A global statistical study." Volcanica 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2024): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.07.01.165179.
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It is now generally accepted that large earthquakes can promote eruptions at nearby volcanoes. However, the prevalence of “triggered” eruptions, as well as the distance and timescale over which triggering occurs, remain unclear. Here, we use modern global earthquake and eruption records to compare volcanic eruption rates before and after large earthquakes with the time- averaged background eruption rate. We quantify the significance of observed deviations from the average eruption rate using Monte Carlo simulations. To integrate our findings with previous eruption triggering studies, we systematically vary the earthquake magnitudes we consider, as well as the distances and timescales used to calculate eruption rates. We also investigate the effects of earthquake depth and slip orientation. Overall, we find that post-earthquake eruption rates are around 1.25 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and one year following Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes, with above-average post-earthquake eruption rates possibly lasting for two to four years. By contrast, pre-earthquake eruption rates are around 0.9 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and182 days before Mw ≥7 earthquakes. Furthermore, deep earthquakes (≥7 0km) appear to more strongly affect eruption rates than shallow earthquakes, while earthquake slip orientation is also important. Further study of the relationships reported here represents a good opportunity to improve our understanding of tectono-magmatic relationships.
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Zheng, Tongyan, Lei Li, Chong Xu, and Yuandong Huang. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Earthquake Distribution and Associated Losses in Chinese Mainland from 1949 to 2021." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 8646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118646.
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A comprehensive earthquake hazard database is crucial for comprehending the characteristics of earthquake-related losses and establishing accurate loss prediction models. In this study, we compiled the earthquake events that have caused losses since 1949, and established and shared a database of earthquake hazard information for the Chinese mainland from 1949 to 2021. On this basis, we preliminarily analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of 608 earthquake events and the associated losses. The results show the following: (1) The number of earthquakes is generally increasing, with an average of annual occurrence rising from three to twelve, and the rise in the economic losses is not significant. The number of earthquakes occurring in the summer is slightly higher than that in the other three seasons. (2) The average depths of earthquakes within the six blocks display a decreasing trend from west to east, with a majority (63.8%) of earthquakes occurring at depths ranging from 5 to 16 km. (3) Although the number of earthquakes in the east is lower than that in the west, earthquakes in the east are more likely to cause casualties when they have the same epicenter intensity. Southwest China is located in the Circum-Pacific seismic zone where earthquake hazards are highly frequent. The results can provide fundamental data for developing earthquake-related loss prediction models.
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Meng, Qingjun, Benchun Duan, and Bin Luo. "Using a dynamic earthquake simulator to explore tsunami earthquake generation." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab470.
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SUMMARY Observations of historical tsunami earthquakes reveal that ruptures of these earthquakes propagate slowly at shallow depth with longer duration, depletion in high-frequency radiation and larger discrepancy of Mw–Ms than ordinary megathrust earthquakes. They can effectively generate tsunami and lead to huge damage to regional populated areas near the coast. In this study, we use a recently developed dynamic earthquake simulator to explore tsunami earthquake generation from a physics-based modelling point of view. We build a shallow-dipping subduction zone model in which locally locked, unstable patches (asperities) are distributed on a conditionally stable subduction interface at shallow depth. The dynamic earthquake simulator captures both quasi-static and dynamic processes of earthquake cycles. We find that earthquakes can nucleate on these asperities and propagate into the surrounding conditionally stable zone at slow speeds, generating tsunami earthquakes. A high normal stress asperity, representing a subducted seamount, can act as an asperity in some events but as a barrier in other events over multiple earthquake cycles. Low normal stress asperities typically act as asperities in tsunami earthquakes. The degree of velocity-weakening in the conditionally stable zone, which may sustain rupture at different speeds or stop rupture, is critical for tsunami earthquake generation and affects its recurrence interval. Distributed asperities may rupture in isolated events separated by tens of years, or in a sequence of events separated by hours to days, or in one large event in a cascade fashion, demonstrating complex interactions among them. The recurrence interval on a high normal stress asperity is much larger than that on low normal stress asperities. These modelling results shed lights on the observations from historical tsunami earthquakes, including the 1994 and 2006 Java tsunami earthquakes and 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake.
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Lule, Arjol, and Dhurata Ndreko. "Some Features of Seismicity in Leskovik-Korca-Oher Fault Zone During this Century." European Journal of Formal Sciences and Engineering 7, no. 2 (January 2, 2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.26417/0jm7pc94.
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During this century, the Leskoviku-Korca-Oher fault zone seismicity is dominated by 7 moderate earthquakes with magnitude ML ranging 4.5 – 5.3. The database of this study composed of 2858 seismic events with ML >0.5 is characterized by tectonic earthquakes with b-value 0.76. Most of the earthquakes have magnitude ranging between 1.8 and 3.3. The cumulative number of earthquakes during two decades trends to increase. Furthermore, on the Leskoviku-Korca-Oher territory there are approximately 1392 earthquakes with magnitude ML ≥2.0, about 355 earthquakes ML ≥3.0 with average depth 11km, about 30 earthquakes ML ≥4.0 also 9 earthquakes ML ≥4.5 and 4 earthquakes ML ≥5.0. Statistics from 2001 to 2023 show that every year inside the Leskoviku-Korca-Oher territory occurs one earthquake with ML >4.0 and every 5 years occurs an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.1 to 5.3 Richter. A series of earthquakes of maximal magnitude (ML =5.3) started on June 01, 2019, at 04:26 (UTC), close to Floq village about 17 km south-west of Korça town expresses the increased seismic activity of the Leskovik-Korca-Oher seismogenic zone. We present results from statistics and analysis of focal mechanism of seismic events. The region affected enormous small earthquakes and by some moderate earthquakes during this century together with the strongest earthquake of the May 1960 ML= 6.2, forms a roughly N−S trending active seismotectonic zone in southeastern Albania which presents a threat to nearby urban areas from Albania, Greece and the North-Macedonia.
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Abgaryan, G. R., and G. V. Sargsyan. "SEISMICITY of ARMENIA and ADJACENT TERRITORIES in 20182019." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 26 (December 14, 2023): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2023.26.05.
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Here is the overview of the seismicity of the territory of the Republic of Armenia and surrounding countries for 2018 and 2019. More than 4000 local earthquakes have been processed. N=1417 earthquakes for 2018 and N=1416 earthquakes for 2019 were included in the catalogue of the earthquakes of the Republic of Armenia. Within the Republic the highest level of seismic activity is fixed in the north, and in the source zone of the Spitak earthquake 1988, MLV=6.9, I0=10. Analysis of earthquake recurrence graphs for 2018, 2019 showed that the slope of the earthquake recurrence graphs (2018=0.47 and 2019=0.42 respectively) is slightly lower in absolute value than its average value for 1993–2017 (=0.49). Earthquakes felt on the territory of Armenia for 2018 and 2019 are described.
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Marchandon, M., M. Vergnolle, and O. Cavalié. "Fault interactions in a complex fault system: insight from the 1936–1997 NE Lut earthquake sequence." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 1157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa451.
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SUMMARY Calculations of Coulomb stress changes have shown that moderate to large earthquakes may increase stress at the location of future earthquakes. Coulomb stress transfers have thus been widely accepted to explain earthquake sequences, especially for sequences occurring within parallel or collinear fault systems. Relating, under this framework, successive earthquakes occurring within more complex fault systems (i.e. conjugate fault system) is more challenging. In this study, we assess which ingredients of the Coulomb stress change theory are decisive for explaining the succession of three large (Mw 7+) earthquakes that occurred on a conjugate fault system in the NE Lut, East Iran, during a 30-yr period. These earthquakes belong to a larger seismic sequence made up of 11 earthquakes (Mw 5.9+) from 1936 to 1997. To reach our goal, we calculate, at each earthquake date, the stress changes generated by the static deformation of the preceding earthquakes, the following post-seismic deformation due to the viscoelastic relaxation of the lithosphere, and the interseismic deformation since 1936. We first show that accurately modelling the source and receiver fault geometry is crucial to precisely estimating Coulomb stress changes. Then we show that 7 out of 10 earthquakes of the NE Lut sequence, considering the uncertainties, are favoured by the previous earthquakes. Furthermore, the last two M7+ earthquakes of the sequence (1979 and 1997) have mainly been favoured by the moderate Mw ∼ 6 earthquakes. Finally, we investigate the link between the Coulomb stress changes due to previous earthquakes and the rupture extension of the next earthquake and show that a correlation does exist for some earthquakes but is not systematic.
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Zhou, Qian, and Wei Ming Yan. "Simulation of Oscillation Response of Free-Standing Object under Earthquakes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.417.
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To protect free-standing object,a rectangular object is taken as example and by SIMULINK technique its oscillation response under earthquakes were studied.Based on static and dynamic balance theories,oscillation conditions as well as motion equations of the free-standing object under earthquakes were deduced;Based on SIMULINK model,simulation analysis on the object under both level and vertical earthquakes were carried out,parameters such as initial conditions,earthquake intensity and ratio of width of the object against its height (B/H) and so on were discussed.Results show that under earthquakes oscillation conditions of the object relate closely to B/H,earthquake intensity and friction coefficient between object and its base;Under earthquakes oscillation response of the object is sensitive to initial conditions,and the response becomes more serious under less B/H or larger earthquake intensity conditions.Besides, SIMULINK technique can effectively simulate oscillation response of free-standing object under earthquakes,which proves the technique useful.
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Ecemis, Ali Serdar. "Why buildings collapse in the earthquakes, Turkey case." International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 25265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v9i12.4548.
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Many European countries with shores to the Mediterranean are under earthquake risk. Earthquakes in Turkey in the last 50 years caused lost of more than 50,000 human lives. Reinforced concrete buildings can collapse and cause loss of life even in earthquakes smaller than the design earthquakes defined by the seismic code. In this study, housing construction system and earthquake-resistant buildings in terms of system production problems in Turkey were discussed. The most common damage types after earthquakes are summarized.
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Piriyev, R. "PERIODICITY OF EARTHQUAKES IN THE CASPIAN SEA." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 2(97) (2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.97.06.
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The Caspian Sea is the largest closed reservoir in the world. The strongest earthquake in the Caspian Sea was the 7.9 magnitude, the 1895 Krasnovodsk earthquake. The parameters of earthquakes with different magnitude in recent years in the Caspian Sea were analyzed and the characteristic depth was determined based on statistical data. Attempts to determine their periodicity and attempts to predict for the future have been made on the basis of statistical data of earthquakes occurred within the last 50 years in the Caspian Sea and surrounding regions. In the data taken from the earthquake catalog, parameters of earthquakes whose magnitude is above 5.0 were used. In recent years, earthquakes with a magnitude below 5.0 have been accompanied in the Caspian Sea. The characteristic depth of earthquakes is considered ±60 km. The probability of recurrence of an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 occurred in 2000 is likely to occur in 2050.
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Udías, Agustín. "Development of seismology in Spain in the context of the three large earthquakes of 1755, 1884 and 1954." Earth Sciences History 32, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.32.2.f1168212m214l532.
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The occurrence of large earthquakes is in many cases a catalyst for the advancement of seismology. This article examines the influence of the three large earthquakes of 1755, 1884 and 1954, felt in the Iberian peninsula, in the development of seismology in Spain. The 1755 earthquake was the occasion for the establishment of the study of earthquakes as natural phenomena outside of religious considerations and the introduction of modern ideas about the origin of earthquakes. The 1884 earthquake was the first earthquake in Spain subject to a serious and detailed scientific study by three commissions from Spain, France and Italy. This led to the introduction in Spain of modern ideas about the study of earthquakes and their tectonic origin. It showed also the need for installing seismographic stations. The 1954 deep earthquake was the occasion for a renewed interest in Spain for seismology, improvements in the seismographic stations and the beginning of international cooperation.
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Pavlidou, Efthymia, Mark van der Meijde, Harald van der Werff, and Christoph Hecker. "Time Series Analysis of Land Surface Temperatures in 20 Earthquake Cases Worldwide." Remote Sensing 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010061.
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Earthquakes are reported to be preceded by anomalous increases in satellite-recorded thermal emissions, but published results are often contradicting and/or limited to short periods and areas around the earthquake. We apply a methodology that allows to detect subtle, localized spatio-temporal fluctuations in hyper-temporal, geostationary-based land surface temperature (LST) data. We study 10 areas worldwide, covering 20 large (Mw > 5.5) and shallow (<35 km) land-based earthquakes. We compare years and locations with and without earthquake, and we statistically evaluate our findings with respect to distance from epicentra and temporal coincidence with earthquakes. We detect anomalies throughout the duration of all datasets, at various distances from the earthquake, and in years with and without earthquake alike. We find no distinct repeated patterns in the case of earthquakes that happen in the same region in different years. We conclude that earthquakes do not have a significant effect on detected LST anomalies.
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Cao, Xu-Yang. "An Iterative PSD-Based Procedure for the Gaussian Stochastic Earthquake Model with Combined Intensity and Frequency Nonstationarities: Its Application into Precast Concrete Structures." Mathematics 11, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11061294.
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Earthquakes cause severe damage to human beings and financial development, and they are commonly associated with a lot of uncertainties and stochastic factors regarding their frequency, intensity and duration. Thus, how to accurately select an earthquake record and determine an earthquake’s influence on structures are important questions that deserve further investigation. In this paper, the author developed an iterative power spectral density (PSD)-based procedure for the Gaussian stochastic earthquake model with combined intensity and frequency nonstationarities. In addition, they applied this procedure to five precast concrete structures for dynamic analysis and verification. The research proved the effectiveness of the iterative procedure for matching the target response spectra and for generating the required seismic records. The application examples verified the accuracy of the seismic design for the precast concrete structures and indicated the reliable dynamic demands of the precast concrete structures under the stochastic excitation of nonstationary earthquakes. In general, the research provided a meaningful reference for further stochastic earthquake selections, and it could play an effective role in further assessments of precast structures.
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Li, Zhong, Zhaoyang Chen, Jianping Huang, Xingsu Li, Ying Han, Xuming Yang, and Zongyu Li. "Study on VLF Electric Field Anomalies Caused by Seismic Activity on the Western Coast of the Pacific Rim." Atmosphere 14, no. 11 (November 13, 2023): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111676.
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In order to explore the correlation between earthquakes and ionospheric very low-frequency (VLF) electric field disturbances, this article uses VLF data observed by the China Earthquake Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) to analyze very low-frequency signals before and after earthquakes from January 2019 to March 2023 in terms of the amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio of electric field power spectrum disturbances. Taking 73 earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.0 or higher occurring in the Circum-Pacific seismic belt as an example, comprehensive research on the VLF electric field disturbance phenomenon caused by strong earthquakes is conducted, considering both the earthquake location and source mechanism. The research results indicate the following: (1) there is a strong correlation between earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.0 or above and abnormal disturbances in the VLF electric field, which often occur within 20 days before the earthquake and within 800 km from the epicenter. (2) From the perspective of earthquake-prone areas, the VLF electric field anomalies observed before earthquakes in the Ryukyu Islands of the Taiwan region exhibit small and concentrated field fluctuations, while the Taiwan Philippines region exhibits larger field fluctuations and more dispersed fluctuations. The discovery of this correlation between seismic ionospheric phenomena and seismic activity provides a new and effective approach to earthquake monitoring, which can be used for earthquake prediction, early warning, and disaster prevention and reduction work.
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Wang, Yu Dong, and Wen Shuai Zhang. "Comparative Study on the Earthquake-Proofing Performance of Chinese and Japanese Building Structures." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.2061.
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In recent years, there were frequent earthquakes happening in China. These earthquakes have give rise to a high degree of casualties. However, compared with Japan in which the number of the earthquakes is the highest in the world, China's earthquake-proofing legal standards, requirements on the earthquake-proofing designs and the rate of the earthquake-proofing technologies as well as understanding of the structure of the building are not under the immature state at the present time.
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Hinojosa, Hector R. "The Importance of Assessing the Geological Site Effects of Ancient Earthquakes from the Archaeoseismological Point of View." Eng 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010043.
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Earthquakes have and continue to, occur worldwide, though some places are affected more than others by earthquake-induced ground shaking and the same earthquake can cause more damage in one area than in nearby locations due to site-specific geological site conditions, also known as local site effects. Depending on the chronology of the earthquakes, various disciplines of seismology include instrumental and historical seismology, archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology and neotectonics, each focusing on using specific sources of information to evaluate recent or ancient earthquakes. Past earthquakes are investigated to expand the pre-instrumental and instrumental earthquake catalog and better evaluate a region’s seismic hazard. Archaeoseismology offers a way to achieve these goals because it links how ancient civilizations and their environment might have interacted and responded to past earthquake-induced ground motion and soil amplification. Hence, archaeoseismology explores pre-instrumental (past) earthquakes that might have affected sites of human occupation and their nearby settings, which have left their co-seismic marks in ancient manufactured constructions exhumed by archaeological excavations. However, archaeoseismological observations are often made on a limited epicentral area, poorly constrained dated earthquakes and occasionally on unclear evidence of earthquake damage. Archaeological excavations or field investigations often underestimate the critical role that an archaeological site’s ancient geological site conditions might have played in causing co-seismic structural damage to ancient anthropogenic structures. Nevertheless, the archaeological community might document and inaccurately diagnose structural damage by ancient earthquake shaking to structures and even estimate the size of past earthquakes giving little or no consideration to the role of geological site effects in addressing the causative earthquake. This mixture of factors frequently leads to imprecise estimates of the size of ancient earthquakes and unlikely earthquake environmental impacts, leaving unexplained the location and the moment magnitude of the causative earthquake. Hence, it is essential not to rely solely on earthquake intensities based on archaeologically documented co-seismic damage without assessing the nature of the observed structural damage and the contribution of the geological site effects. This paper explains the geological site effects concept to archaeologists unfamiliar with the notion. It clarifies its role in assessing ground shaking, soil amplification and earthquake intensity by past earthquakes and how and why the geological site effects can be estimated when a site is thought to have been struck by an earthquake. Hence, the geological site effects must be considered when archaeological excavations describe and interpret destruction layers. Conversely, engineers and seismologists dealing with seismic hazard risk assessment must pay close attention to archaeological investigations assessing earthquake intensities and locations based on field evidence of damage to structures attributed to past earthquakes, because the geological site effects might have been factored in inaccurately or not at all.
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Rusdi, Zyad. "PEMBUATAN DASHBOARD GEMPA BUMI DI INDONESIA." Computatio : Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/computatio.v6i2.19850.
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Earthquakes are one of the most frequent disasters in Indonesia in recent years. Earthquakes often strike the country of Indonesia because Indonesia is located along tectonic paths so that earthquakes become an unavoidable disaster and my goal in conducting this research is to show data on earthquakes that occurred in Indonesia during the last few years from 2008 to 2018. Earthquakes also have risks. which is quite large depending on the strength of the earthquake produced, the higher the strength of the earthquake, the greater the risk that will be caused to the risk of a tsunami. The data used are date, area, earthquake strength, victims and damage caused by the earthquake for the manufacture of earthquake dashboards in Indonesia and the purpose of making dashboards to provide information to users about earthquake events that occurred in Indonesia through the dashboard display to make it easier for users to understand the data. presented through the dashboard. The dashboard creation will be done using the Power BI application. The method used is the waterfall method because it has a clear flow from beginning to end.
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Frohlich, Cliff. "Does maximum earthquake size depend on focal depth?" Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020329.
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Abstract While the Gutenberg-Richter “law” (GR) with b-value of 1.0 is an inexact description of the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution, it does provide a convenient statistical basis for identifying when the largest earthquakes in a catalog are either anomalously large or anomalously small. When the largest earthquakes are as predicted by the GR distribution, it is inappropriate to infer that the largest historically known earthquake is the largest possible. Only when the largest observed earthquakes are significantly smaller than predicted can we infer that the largest possible earthquakes have occurred. Analysis of the global historical catalog demonstrates that at nearly all depths, the largest deep and intermediate earthquakes have sizes close to those predicted by a GR distribution with b of 1.0. Only between about 300 to 450 km and beneath 600 km are the largest known earthquakes somewhat larger than predicted. However, when geographically isolatable subgroups within catalogs are considered separately, largest earthquakes that are either anomalously large or small are quite common. Often this is because individual regions have b-values much different than 1.0; alternatively, sometimes there appear to be physical constraints limiting the size of the largest possible earthquake. As examples illustrating these assertions, this article evaluates two subgroups—deep-focus earthquakes occurring beneath Spain and intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Bucaramanga, Colombia, “nest.”
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Chebrov, Danila, A. Chebrova, E. Matveenko, S. Droznina, Svetlana Mityushkina, A. Gusev, Vadim Saltikov, and P. Voropaev. "KAMCHATKA AND COMMANDER ISLANDS." Zemletriaseniia Severnoi Evrazii [Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia], no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2019.22.17.
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The seismicity of Kamchatka and surrounding territories for 2013 is viewed. The minimum local magnitude of completeness is MLmin=3.25 in the Kamchatka earthquake catalogue totally, and MLmin=4 for earthquakes under the Okhotsk sea (with h≥350 km). The Kamchatka earthquake catalogue of 2013 with ML≥3.6, which includes 1750 events, is published. 146 earthquakes of published catalog with ML=3.6–7.8 were felt with seismic intensity ranged from 2 to 7 of the MSK-64 scale in Kamchatka and surrounding areas. Focal mechanisms were determined in two ways: 1) from first motion P-wave arrivals for 107 earthquakes; 2) using waveforms for 25 earthquakes. The background seismicity level (SESL’09) within the Kamchatka responsibility zone was extremely high in 2013. It exceeded the rate of seismicity in all previous years of observations. There were 6672 earthquakes, including 129 events with КS≥11.5 (ML≥5) in the region during the year. The mechanisms of 107 earthquakes were defined. 148 earthquakes were felt with intensity from 2 up to 7 on the territory of Kamchatskii Krai, North Kuril Islands, and Komandor Islands. There were several unusual events in 2013. The strong earthquake with magnitude Mw=5.8 on March 13 in the area of the Kamchatka Isthmus (Il'pyr earthquake), which is a rare phenomenon for the Northern Kamchatka. There was the strongest deep earthquake in the world (Mw=8.3) on May 24 under the Sea of Okhotsk (Okhotsk earthquake) at the depth of 630 km. The event caused an abnormal macro-seismic effect. The intensive earthquake swarm was observed in the Avacha Bay (Mwmax=6.1) in May 2013. It is the strongest earthquake swarm registered by the Kamchatka network during the period of detailed seismological observations since 1962
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Cao, Dinh Trong, Xuan Bach Mai, Anh Tuan Thai, Thanh Hai Dang, and Dinh Trieu Cao. "Identification of triggered seismic sources in Song Tranh 2 reservoir based on the geological - geophysical data." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 8 (August 25, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.64(8).11-16.
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The M4.7 earthquake that occurred at the end of 2012 confirmed the danger of triggered earthquakes in the Song Tranh 2 hydropower region, where earthquakes have not ever been recorded before the impoundment in 2010. The task of assessing the triggered earthquake hazard and forecasting its impact on the hydroelectric dam is extremely urgent. To improve the accuracy of this impact assessment, it is necessary to access the active faults for triggered earthquakes to be more effective in earthquake seismic hazard assessment. In this paper, the authors presented a combination of analytical methods combining geological - geophysical data in identifying active sources of triggered earthquakes that stimulate Song Tranh 2 hydropower reservoir with a 3-step analysis process. Research results have identified 5 sources of earthquakes related to 4 active faults connected with the Song Tranh 2 hydropower reservoir.