Journal articles: 'Earthworks (Archaeology)'

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Robertshaw, Peter. "Munsa Earthworks." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 32, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672709709511585.

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Chadwick, Adrian M. "‘The Stubborn Light of Things’. Landscape, Relational Agency, and Linear Earthworks in Later Prehistoric Britain." European Journal of Archaeology 19, no. 2 (2016): 245–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2015.1102006.

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Several regions in Britain saw the construction of large, linear earthworks of banks and ditches during the later Bronze Age and in the Iron Age, often extending for many kilometres. In the light of recent theoretical discussions of materiality and relational agency within archaeology and other social sciences, and through an avowedly discursive poetics of place, examples of these earthworks are re-assessed as actants, capable of affecting and directing the lives of people, animals, and plants. These linear earthworks were not static monuments, but were active assemblages or meshworks of materiality, movement, and memory.

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Welch, Paul D. "Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley by E.G. Squier & E.H. Davis: the first classic of US archaeology." Antiquity 72, no. 278 (December 1998): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087597.

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The two most important 19th-century books on archaeology in the United States both dealt with earthworks. The earlier of these two, Ancient monuments of the Mississippi Valley by Ephraim G. Squier & Edwin H. Davis, was the first volume published by the fledgling Smithsonian Institution, and is 150 years old this year. It presented, with lavish illustrations, information about hundreds of earthworks. Its principal argument was that the mounds had been built by an American race distinct from the historically known indigenes, no less and perhaps considerably more than 1000 years ago. This volume in no small measure catalysed the development of archaeology in the United States. Without Squier & Davis’ extensive documentation of the vast number, size, complexity and variety of earthworks, the later book might never have been commissioned or might have been conceived in far less ambitious terms.

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Burks, Jarrod, and Robert A. Cook. "Beyond Squier and Davis: Rediscovering Ohio's Earthworks Using Geophysical Remote Sensing." American Antiquity 76, no. 4 (October 2011): 667–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.667.

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The prehistoric earthworks of Ohio have played a major role in the development of American archaeology and they continue to figure prominently in archaeological research. However, while a select group of larger earthwork sites have been intensively studied and resurveyed with geophysical survey instruments, much of the ongoing earthwork research, and reference to less-well-known sites, still relies on nineteenth-and early twentieth-century maps. In this article, we present the results of magnetic gradient surveys at three earthwork complexes in south central Ohio. Though much degraded by agricultural plowing and other historic impacts, our survey results show that despite near invisibility at the surface, Ohio's earthwork sites are (1) readily detected in geophysical surveys, (2) more complex than most early maps suggest, and (3) more numerous and varied than once thought. Given the major role these sites have taken on in studies that explore topics ranging from community structure and burial ceremonialism to population mobility and the development of socioeconomic complexity, a radical redrafting of the nineteenth-century maps could have far-reaching implications in the study of Woodland period (specifically, ca. 300 B.C.-A.D. 500) cultures in the Midwest U.S.

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DeBoer, Warren R. "Ceremonial Centres from the Cayapas (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) to Chillicothe (Ohio, USA)." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7, no. 2 (October 1997): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001955.

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Although they are some of the most impressive archaeological monuments in North America, the geometric earthworks of Ohio Hopewell remain poorly understood. By incorporating multiple lines of ethnographic and archaeological evidence an interpretation of the meanings congealed in these ancient earthworks can be offered.

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Tankersley, Kenneth B. "Archaeological Geology of the Turner Site Complex, Hamilton County, Ohio." North American Archaeologist 28, no. 4 (October 2007): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/na.28.4.a.

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For more than 150 years, the age of the Turner site complex has been based on the seriation of artifacts and geometry of the earthworks. Seriation failed to provide meaningful relative dates because it was based on errors in the geographic and geologic data of the nineteenth century. Newly interpreted geography, geology, and direct AMS 14C measurements indicate that the Hopewell village, Elevated Circle, and Graded Way predate the construction of the Great Oval, Mound 3, and possibly Mound 15 (ca. 1710 + 50 RC yr B.P. to 1850 + 50 RC yr B.P., ca. A.D. 53 to A.D. 537 calibrated calendar years at two-sigma). Radiocarbon evidence also indicates that the Turner earthworks were built during the Post-Holocene Climatic Optimum. Hydraulic features such as dams, ditches, and drains are likely examples of Hopewell pragmatic, economic, and ritual adaptations to the cool and dry conditions associated with this climatic event.

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Ashbee, Paul, and Peter Jewell. "The Experimental Earthworks revisited." Antiquity 72, no. 277 (September 1998): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00086920.

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Few archaeological projects set out with the intention of running for decades. The committee of the Experimental Earthwork project, however, developed an elaborate programme from 1960 until well into the 3rd millennium AD, designed to study the long-term processes of earthwork construction and change. Paul Ashbee and the late Peter Jewell present their personal view of the aims, experiences and some results of this project.Sadly Peter Jewell died on 23 May 1998, and this paper is a fitting tribute to his major role in the enterprise.

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O'Neal, Michael A., Matt E. O'Mansky, and Joseph A. MacGregor. "Modeling the natural degradation of earthworks." Geoarchaeology 20, no. 7 (2005): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.20079.

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Evans, J. G., and M. P. Vaughan. "An Investigation into the Environment and Archaeology of the Wessex Linear Ditch System." Antiquaries Journal 65, no. 1 (March 1985): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500024689.

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Investigations into a later prehistoric ditch system in an area of Wessex about 15 km. south-west of Salisbury are described. The main objectives were to study the past environment of the earthworks at various stages in their history and to investigate their form and how they may have functioned. The two parts of the system studied were just south of Blagdon Plantation, Pentridge, Dorset, and on Knoll Down, Damerham, Hants. Excavations, study of soil and sediment macromorphology, and molluscan analysis were the main techniques used.At Blagdon Plantation the earthwork lay in an area in which there was no trace of earlier fields. The bank was of simple dump construction, the ditch shallow and flat-bottomed, possibly unfinished. The molluscan sequence prior to the construction of the earthwork indicated a succession from closed woodland to stable grassland. The ditch sequence showed no trace of shading, and there was no indication of a former hedgerow on the bank crest. At Knoll Down, the earthwork crosses lynchets of an Iron Age field system, dated by potsherds from the ancient ploughsoil sealed beneath the bank. In one profile, lynchet deposits with an open-country molluscan fauna preceded the bank, and in some sections clear ploughsoils were present. A short episode when the area was under grass immediately preceded the earthwork. At one point, where there was no accompanying buried soil, deeply incised ploughmarks were present at the base of the bank, interpreted as clearance- or marking-out lines, possibly of a symbolic nature. The bank was of simple dump construction, the ditch deep, steep-sided, and with a narrow, flat bottom. There was no indication of a hedge. An earlier, smaller ditch, which may have held a wooden palisade, had been backfilled deliberately. These changes, which may reflect friction between different groups of people on various scales, took place in a prevailing environmental background of open country.

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Kasztelan, Robert. "Metody odkrywania niedawnej przeszłości." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 28 (December 27, 2023): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2023.28.03.

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The article aims to show the possibility of studying events from the recent history with the help archaeology of the contemporary past. The reader will have the opportunity to get to know historical and ethnographic sources related to the anti-communist underground unit headed by a commander nicknamed “Tarzan”. The article will also present the relics of earthworks (bunkers, dugouts). They will be interpreted using archaeological methods.

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R., BELOUSOV, ZAPRUDSKY S., LEONOV A., MILYAEV G., and RYABTSEVA K. "THE WORK OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY SECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE PROTECTION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE ALTAI REGION IN 2021 (RUSSIA)." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 28 (2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2022.28.03.

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The article presents the main results of the work of the Sector of Archaeology of the Department of State Supervision of the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Altai Territory, created in 2019. The most important areas of activity of the Sector of Archaeology within the framework of the transferred federal powers are: systematic observation of archaeological heritage sites, identification of damage as a result of illegal and uncoordinated archaeological work, as well as taking measures to preserve and protect archaeological sites. As a result of this activity, an external visual inspection and photographic recording of 526 archaeological heritage sites were carried out. Several facts of damage to archaeological heritage sites as a result of illegal archaeological and non-coordinated earthworks have also been established. The article highlights the work of the staff of the Archaeology Sector in the legal and practical sphere of the protection of cultural heritage sites in 2021

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Saunaluoma, Sanna, Martti Pärssinen, and Denise Schaan. "Diversity of Pre-colonial Earthworks in the Brazilian State of Acre, Southwestern Amazonia." Journal of Field Archaeology 43, no. 5 (July 4, 2018): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2018.1483686.

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Malone, Steve. "Roman Field-System Earthworks in the Birklands and Belhaugh Hays, Nottinghamshire." Britannia 48 (March 6, 2017): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x17000046.

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ABSTRACTProcessing and analysis of LiDAR data in Nottinghamshire has identified the survival of earthwork field-systems beneath woodland in some of the oldest established parts of Sherwood Forest. The morphology and alignment of these field-systems strongly suggest that they represent a survival of the late Iron Age and Roman brickwork-plan field-systems of North Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire with considerable potential to elucidate the history of abandonment of these fields and the establishment of Sherwood Forest.

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Dixon, Piers, and John Gilbert. "Dormount Hope." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 150 (November 30, 2021): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.150.1314.

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Until recently, deer hunting in medieval Scotland has been poorly researched archaeologically. In Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland Gilbert identified medieval parks at Stirling and Kincardine in Perthshire that William the Lion created, but it is only in recent years that excavations by Hall and Malloy have begun to explore their archaeology. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland recorded another type of hunting feature, a deer trap at Hermitage Castle, in 1996 and then re-recorded the earthwork at Dormount Hope in 2000, originally reported as two separate monuments. Although the earthworks of parks and traps display similarities in the construction of their earthwork boundaries, the individual sites have variations in their topography that beg questions about their function. This paper establishes that the earthwork is indeed a single monument which has an open end allowing deer to be driven into the natural canyon of Dormount Hope. It goes on to discuss its dating in both archaeological and documentary terms and then its function as either a park, trap or hay (haga OE). This last possibility is raised by its apparent mention in a Melrose Abbey charter of the neighbouring estate of Raeshaw dating to the last quarter of the 12th century, made by the lords of Hownam, a family of Anglian origin. This Anglian connection leads to its interpretation as a hay – a kind of deer hunting enclosure or trap known in many parts of England prior to the Norman Conquest, for which ‘hay’ place names, such as Hawick, in the Scottish Borders provide support.

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Artemov, Nikolai. "Necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin: History and Stages of Field Archaeological Research." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.1.37350.

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The object of this study are the necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin, the subject of the study is the history of their study by field archaeological methods. The purpose of the study is to examine the history of the study of Kremlin necropolises in the context of field archaeological research in the Kremlin and highlight the stages of development of this process. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as methods of field archaeological research, their application and development in Kremlin archaeology and necropolistics – from the fixation of accidental finds and the search for relics to systematic archaeological observations and full-fledged archaeological excavations. Special attention is paid to the history of the discovery of burial complexes unknown according to written sources. As a result of the conducted research, the article examines the history of the study of the Moscow Kremlin in the XIX-XXI centuries by field archaeological methods, in the context of the archaeological study of the Moscow Kremlin, the history of field archaeological research of Kremlin necropolises is highlighted and, based on the analysis of the materials considered, the chronological stages of the development of Kremlin archaeology are highlighted. The scientific novelty of the article is to create a single brief description of the history of the study of the necropolises of the Moscow Kremlin by field methods of archaeology and to develop a periodization of the development of Kremlin archaeology. The main conclusion of the study is the identification of two major periods in the archaeological study of the Moscow Kremlin and the Kremlin necropolises. The criterion for the allocation of periods is the development of field research methods - from the fixation of random finds and observations to systematic excavations. The first period covers more than a century – from the late 1830s to the early 1950s. The author characterizes it as a time of accidental finds and occasional observations of earthworks. The second period begins in the second half of the XX century, when it became possible to conduct systematic observations of earthworks in the Moscow Kremlin, lay architectural and archaeological pits and conduct full-fledged archaeological excavations.

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Riris, Philip. "Spatial structure among the geometric earthworks of western Amazonia (Acre, Brazil)." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59 (September 2020): 101177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101177.

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Bell, Mark. "Two Chimeras in the Landscape." Offa's Dyke Journal 2 (November 25, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/odj.v2i0.282.

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This article discusses the history of investigations into British linear earthworks in the twentieth century. The influence of pre-existing beliefs about the environment of Britain, especially the existence of impassable forest cover, deeply influenced the interpretation of linear monuments and had a lasting effect on the study of these monuments. A brief history of the personalities involved is followed by two case studies of monuments that were believed to be post-Roman in date but are now seen as Iron Age monuments. The implications of the change in the relationship to of the dykes to the landscape is discussed along with potential future research, better informed by an awareness of this confusing tradition of field archaeology.

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Stevenson, Christopher M., Ihab Abdelrehim, and Steven W. Novak. "High Precision Measurement of Obsidian Hydration Layers on Artifacts from the Hopewell Site Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry." American Antiquity 69, no. 3 (July 2004): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128406.

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Obsidian hydration dating has served as one of the chronological indicators for the Hopewell Culture earthworks (ca. 200 B.C.—A.D. 500) in central Ohio. This work presents new obsidian hydration dates developed from high precision hydration layer depth profiling using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These data suggest that long-distance exchange in obsidian occurred throughout the Hopewell period.

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Watling, Jennifer, José Iriarte, Francis E. Mayle, Denise Schaan, Luiz C. R. Pessenda, Neil J. Loader, F. Alayne Street-Perrott, Ruth E. Dickau, Antonia Damasceno, and Alceu Ranzi. "Impact of pre-Columbian “geoglyph” builders on Amazonian forests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 8 (February 6, 2017): 1868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614359114.

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Over 450 pre-Columbian (pre-AD 1492) geometric ditched enclosures (“geoglyphs”) occupy ∼13,000 km2of Acre state, Brazil, representing a key discovery of Amazonian archaeology. These huge earthworks were concealed for centuries underterra firme(upland interfluvial) rainforest, directly challenging the “pristine” status of this ecosystem and its perceived vulnerability to human impacts. We reconstruct the environmental context of geoglyph construction and the nature, extent, and legacy of associated human impacts. We show that bamboo forest dominated the region for ≥6,000 y and that only small, temporary clearings were made to build the geoglyphs; however, construction occurred within anthropogenic forest that had been actively managed for millennia. In the absence of widespread deforestation, exploitation of forest products shaped a largely forested landscape that survived intact until the late 20th century.

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Xie, Liye, Steven L. Kuhn, Guoping Sun, John W. Olsen, Yunfei Zheng, Pin Ding, and Ye Zhao. "Labor Costs for Prehistoric Earthwork Construction: Experimental and Archaeological Insights from the Lower Yangzi Basin, China." American Antiquity 80, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.67.

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AbstractThis paper examines choices of earth-working tools made by Neolithic Chinese populations. In the Hemudu Culture (7000–5000 B.P.), bone (scapula) digging tools were used from the earliest times, whereas peoples in surrounding areas used stone spades. A range of experiments on manufacturing costs, durability, and use efficiency under realistic conditions show that bone and stone spades are functionally equivalent when soils are soft, but that stone implements provide significant and easily perceived advantages when working harder soils. The persistence of scapular spades in the Hemudu Culture would have constrained decisions about undertaking large construction projects under normal soil conditions. Our results show that, in addition to generalized labor for construction, labor demands for producing earth-working implements for large-scale prehistoric earthworks could have also been substantial. These findings not only help explain the processes of intensifying rice-agriculture and sedentary settlements in the Lower Yangzi Basin, but also create a solid foundation for further investigation of how the recruitment of both generalized and specialized laborers, the organization of craft production, and the relevant logistics for large-scale earthworks may have paralleled concentrations of political power in prehistory.

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Neighbour, T., R. Strachan, and B. A. Hobbs. "Resistivity imaging of the linear earthworks at the Mull of Galloway, Dumfries and Galloway." Archaeological Prospection 8, no. 3 (2001): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arp.163.

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Bernardini, Wesley. "Hopewell geometric earthworks: a case study in the referential and experiential meaning of monuments." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23, no. 3 (September 2004): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2004.06.001.

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Geddes, George. "Archaeology in the margins - RCAHMS emergency survey in the 1950s." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 143 (November 30, 2014): 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.143.363.392.

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In the years following the Second World War, the British government made a number of changes aimed at improving our self-sufficiency, whether in foodstuffs, timber or energy. The combination of schemes of subsidy and improvements in technology brought with it an increasing threat to monuments that had survived by virtue of the fact that they were sited in marginal land. In response, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) halted its national programme of County Inventories to undertake a rescue project that used newly available aerial photographs to identify threatened unrecorded prehistoric monuments, such as brochs, forts, palisaded settlements and earthworks. After eight years, the two archaeologists, with some help from other professionals and volunteers, had recorded more that 700 sites and prepared 190 measured surveys. While rescue was initially achieved through record, excavation and communication with the Ordnance Survey (OS), a small number are now protected by Scheduling. The results of the project went further, helping to underpin Stuart Piggott's development of a regional Iron Age synthesis in the 1960s. Now online for the first time, the information that was produced is the most detailed that exists for more than 90% of the sites, and, as with any documentary source, it is incumbent upon us to understand its strengths and weaknesses when we use it to understand, manage or protect the sites we care for and value.

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Howey, Meghan C. L., and John O'Shea. "On Archaeology and the Study of Ritual: Considering Inadequacies in the Culture-History Approach and Quests for Internal “Meaning”." American Antiquity 74, no. 1 (January 2009): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600047582.

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Mason contends that we (Howey and O'Shea 2006) created a "chimera" of the Missaukee Earthworks site as a regional ceremonial center in Late Prehistoric Michigan (A.D. 1200-1600) by misinterpreting archaeological and ethnohistoric data. In considering Mason's critique, we re-emphasize the value, and methods, of studying ritual via material remains and show that Mason’s arguments simply serve to exemplify why the culture-historic approach has failed in its effort to understand the pre-contact Native cultures of the Great Lakes. Whitley contends we are misguided about the aims of archaeological studies of ritual and the place of "meaning" in these studies. In considering the "meaning" archaeologists seek in our studies of past ritual, we emphasize the problems we see in quests for what is ultimately immaterial and unrecoverable, the internal or emotive "meaning" of past ritual.

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Lepper, Bradley T., and Tod A. Frolking. "Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13, no. 2 (October 2003): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774303000106.

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Alligator Mound is an animal effigy mound in central Ohio, USA. Since Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis first recorded and mapped it in 1848, many have speculated regarding its age and meaning, but with remarkably little systematic archaeological investigation. Many scholars have assumed the Hopewell culture (c. 100 BC-AD 400) built the mound, based principally on its proximity to the Newark Earthworks. The Hopewell culture, however, is not known to have built other effigy mounds. Limited excavations in 1999 revealed details of mound stratigraphy and recovered charcoal embedded in mound fill near the base of the mound. This charcoal yielded radiocarbon dates that average between AD 1170 and 1270, suggesting that the Late Prehistoric Fort Ancient culture (c. AD 1000-1550) made the mound. This result coincides with dates obtained for Serpent Mound in southern Ohio and suggests that the construction of effigy mounds in eastern North America was restricted to the Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric traditions. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric analogies suggest that the so-called 'Alligator' might actually represent the Underwater Panther and have served as a shrine for invoking the aid of supernatural powers.

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Browne Ribeiro, Anna T., Helena P. Lima, Fernando L. T. Marques, Morgan J. Schmidt, and Kevin S. McDaniel. "Results from Pilot Archaeological Fieldwork at the Carrazedo Site, Lower Xingu River, Amazonia." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.318.

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Increasingly, archaeological research in Amazonia is revealing complex precolonial occupation in areas around riverine confluences. In 2014, the first site-based archaeological investigations were undertaken in Gurupá, Pará, Brazil, a municipality that spans the region of the Xingu-Amazon confluence. The Portuguese controlled access to Amazonia from 1623 onward through a network of settlements organized around Gurupá. Results from extensive excavations of terra preta sites, landscape archaeology, and analysis of ceramic evidence suggest that this was also a precolonial crossroads. Carrazedo, once a booming historical town (Arapijó), sits atop a significantly larger terra preta site. Excavations in historical and precolonial sectors of Carrazedo found well-preserved remains, including a precolonial house terrace complex. The extent of terra preta and earthworks at Carrazedo indicate that the precolonial occupation was more intensive than the colonial-historical period occupation. Regional survey revealed colonial-historical period sites consistently overlying expansive precolonial sites, the density and extent of which suggest a major precolonial center at the Xingu-Amazon confluence. Overall, ecological and landscape modifications appear to have been more intense in the precolonial past than during later periods. Short- and long-distance settlement networks also differed during the two periods. This as-of-yet understudied region promises to shed new light on deep-time human-environment interactions and spatial organization in the humid tropics of Amazonia.

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Evans, J. G., S. Limbrey, I. Máté, R. Mount, S. Davies, J. Fitt, H. I. Griffiths, et al. "An Environmental History of the Upper Kennet Valley, Wiltshire, for the Last 10,000 Years." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 59 (1993): 139–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003789.

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Research on the late Pleistocene and Holocene environment and archaeology of the upper Kennet valley, north Wiltshire, is described. In concentrating the work in the valley bottom, the main aims were: (1) to see if there was a record of environment and archaeology there, and if so to detail it; and (2) to redress brasses in research towards the visible archaeology of slopes and plateaus and their environmental record.Soils and sediments with biological and archaeological materials covered the late Pleistocene to the present and, with dating by14C and thermoluminescence, enabled a history of environment and human activity to be established.The distinction in hydrology and environment between the valley floor and slopes/plateaus varied with time. In the upper part of the study area at Avebury, there was no stream in the earlier Holocene: woodland covered the valley floor which in some areas was similar to that of the slopes/plateaus in being dry while in other areas it was marshy. In the lower part of the study area at West Overton there was also an earlier Holocene land surface but there were locally streams and swamps, represented by the North Farm Formation. During the earlier Neolithic there was woodland clearance and some cultivation of the valley floor which initiated minor hydrological changes, namely paludification at Avebury and alluviation at West Overton. Dry grassland later developed which was little different from that of the slopes and plateaus. There was no woodland regeneration during the later Neolithic in contrast to the situation in monument ditches on the valley slopes and plateaus. Throughout the study area there was a major episode of alluviation in open country, represented by the West Overton Formation, which was probably initiated in the Beaker period and carried on until the early Iron Age. This, while not putting the valley floor out of use and indeed perhaps enhancing its fertility, provided a very different environment from that of the slopes and plateaus. Another period of alluviation, represented by theArionClay, took place in post-Medieval times.The main Holocene deposits were not wholly allochthonous or made up solely of clastic material derived from slopewash incorporated into the river. Calcium carbonate precipitation accounted for much of the North Farm and West Overton Formations while theArionClay may derive from flocculated material redistributed from watermeadow channels in the course of their management. On the other hand, periods of arable activity in the area, often close to the river valley floor, notably in Iron Age, Roman and Medieval times, have no signal in terms of alluvium.Archaeology, although concealed, is abundant and significantly extends the local record of slopes and plateaus. Mesolithic flints, Neolithic flints and pottery, two lines of probably later Neolithic/Beaker sarsen boulders, later Bronze Age sarsen structures, pottery and a cremation are present on the valley floor, concealed by deposits of the West Overton Formation. Medieval activity, represented on the valley sides as earthworks, extends on to the valley floor where it is concealed byArionClay and earthworks of watermeadows. The visible distribution of archaeology presents a pattern which may be of more than local significance for chalkland areas.

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Williams, Howard, and Liam Delaney. "The Offa’s Dyke Collaboratory and the Offa’s Dyke Journal." Offa's Dyke Journal 1 (December 14, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/odj.v1i0.248.

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Opening the first volume of a new open-access peer-reviewed academic publication, we are pleased to introduce the Offa’s Dyke Journal. This venture stems from the activities of the Offa’s Dyke Collaboratory, a research network founded in April 2017 to foster and support new research on the monuments and landscapes of the Anglo-Welsh borderlands and comparative studies of borderlands and frontiers from prehistory to the present. The proceedings of a series of academic and public-facing events have informed the character and direction of the Journal. Moreover, its establishment coincides with the Cadw/Historic England/Offa’s Dyke Association-funded Offa’s Dyke Conservation Management Plan as well as other new community and research projects on linear earthworks. Funded by the University of Chester and the Offa’s Dyke Association, and published online by JAS Arqueologia and print-distributed by Archaeopress, the journal aims to provide a resource for scholars, students and the wider public regarding the archaeology, heritage and history of the Welsh Marches and its linear monuments. It also delivers a much-needed venue for interdisciplinary studies from other times and places.

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Howey, Meghan C. L., and Marieka Brouwer Burg. "Landscape bundling of ceremonial Earthworks: Incorporating ethnohistoric and contemporary Indigenous ontologies to revive Great Lakes archaeological legacy datasets." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62 (June 2021): 101272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101272.

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Khamaiko, N. V., L. V. Chmil, M. O. Hun, and L. V. Myronenko. "COLLECTIONS OF FINDS FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE ST. MICHAEL GOLDEN-DOMED MONASTERY YARD IN 1940s—1960s." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 152–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.01.10.

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The Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine has three collections of archaeological finds coming from excavations on the St. Michael Golden-domed Monastery yard. These are the materials from the excavation of 1940 led by Mikhail Karger, the survey of 1944 led by David Blifeld and observations over the earthworks of Volodymyr Diadenko in 1967. The excavations of 1940 revealed two Old Rus dwellings and several pits on the site between St. Michael Cathedral and the Refectory, as well as the previously unknown Old Rus temple of the 11th century, associated with the St. Dmitro Cathedral. The field inventory books stored in the Scientific Archive of the Institute of Archaeology allow to clarify the locations of excavated sections where the works were carried out, as well as to compile a list of finds with a preserved collection that is about much smaller than the total amount found during excavations. A significant part of it is building remains such as fragments of frescos (some with graffiti), bricks, floor tiles, tiles, acoustic jars, molten lead roof sheets. The collection contains also household items such as fragmented ceramic dishes, amphora containers, grinding stones, and remains of manufacture: a fragment of an iron bloom and the glassware production refuse. In addition, there are some artefacts from graves: fabric, leather shoe details. The finds dated to a wide chronological range from the 10th—11th to the 18th—19th centuries and display the life in the monastery during all this time, without chronological lacunae. The survey of David Blifeld in 1944 was caused by construction of a vegetable store on the courtyard of the former monastery, and the works of Volodymyr Diadenko in 1967 were apparently related to the supervision over earthworks in the Upper city of Kyiv. There are neither publication, no archive data about the last two stages of research, so collections of archaeological finds are the only source of information about these studies. Both collections are small. The collection of the year 1944 contains the 18th century pottery, as well as three fragments of vessels of the 12th—13th centuries from cultural layer. The collection is incomplete because of significant gaps of inventory numbers. Observations of Volodymyr Diadenko in 1967 revealed the dwelling of Old-Rus time, which can be dated to the 12th — early 13th century by the available materials (fragments of pots and a big pottery container). The collection also included a half of brick of the 17th—18th centuries and a sherd of acoustic jar that may indicate the location of the site close to any architectural object.

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Bloch, Lee. "Oral traditions and mounds, owls and movement at Poverty Point: An archaeological ethnography of multispecies embodiments and everyday life." Journal of Social Archaeology 19, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 356–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605319846985.

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Collaborative and Indigenous archaeologies call on researchers to recenter theory and practice on descendant peoples' lives and ways of knowing. Extending this project, this article takes story and dance as a site of theory, foregrounding Indigenous modes of embodiment in which bodily and sensory perspectives are cultivated through participation in more-than-human beings. Drawing on research with members of a small, Muskogee-identified community in the US South, it frames the large-scale earthworks at the Poverty Point site in Louisiana as representing a horned owl. This evokes stories about a people who lived in an owl-shaped village and who could move in particularly owlish ways. Critiquing ontological frameworks in which the sensory is universal and mind is removed from body and land, I argue that ancient peoples may have cultivated perspectival embodiments through the everyday activity of living together in the collective form of an owl. Moreover, as contemporary descendants return to Poverty Point, the land animates shared, multispecies sensory fields that enroll descendants into a longue durée of owlish encounters and entanglements, or what my hosts simply call “Owl's teachings.” Here, I call for an archaeology reimagined in the context of Native American and Indigenous studies, asking how mounds might animate resurgent possibilities rooted in (and routed through) deep Indigenous histories of return.

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Vervust, Soetkin, Tim Kinnaird, Peter Herring, and Sam Turner. "Optically stimulated luminescence profiling and dating of earthworks: the creation and development of prehistoric field boundaries at Bosigran, Cornwall." Antiquity 94, no. 374 (March 30, 2020): 420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.138.

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Daakir, M., M. Pierrot-Deseilligny, P. Bosser, F. Pichard, C. Thom, and Y. Rabot. "STUDY OF LEVER-ARM EFFECT USING EMBEDDED PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND ON-BOARD GPS RECEIVER ON UAV FOR METROLOGICAL MAPPING PURPOSE AND PROPOSAL OF A FREE GROUND MEASUREMENTS CALIBRATION PROCEDURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W4 (March 17, 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xl-3-w4-65-2016.

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Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on-board photogrammetry knows a significant growth due to the democratization of using drones in the civilian sector. Also, due to changes in regulations laws governing the rules of inclusion of a UAV in the airspace which become suitable for the development of professional activities. Fields of application of photogrammetry are diverse, for instance: architecture, geology, archaeology, mapping, industrial metrology, etc. Our research concerns the latter area. Vinci-Construction- Terrassement is a private company specialized in public earthworks that uses UAVs for metrology applications. This article deals with maximum accuracy one can achieve with a coupled camera and GPS receiver system for direct-georeferencing of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) without relying on Ground Control Points (GCPs) measurements. This article focuses specially on the lever-arm calibration part. This proposed calibration method is based on two steps: a first step involves the proper calibration for each sensor, i.e. to determine the position of the optical center of the camera and the GPS antenna phase center in a local coordinate system relative to the sensor. A second step concerns a 3d modeling of the UAV with embedded sensors through a photogrammetric acquisition. Processing this acquisition allows to determine the value of the lever-arm offset without using GCPs.

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McLeester, Madeleine, and Jesse Casana. "Finding Fields: Locating Archaeological Agricultural Landscapes Using Historical Aerial Photographs." American Antiquity 86, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.102.

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During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, over 450 precolumbian and historic Indigenous agricultural fields were documented across the state of Wisconsin. Today, the vast majority of these features are generally assumed to have been destroyed. Focusing on the Wisconsin River basin, which has the highest concentration of known archaeological field systems in the Midwest, this study explores the potential of using historical aerial photographs to identify and interpret archaeological agricultural features. Relying on state site records, an archive of high-resolution 1930s aerial images, and modern lidar data, we carefully examine the region surrounding 59 sites where fields had previously been documented. At a quarter of the sites we investigated, we successfully identified both known and unrecorded archaeological features—including agricultural fields, effigy mounds, earthworks, and house basins—most of which have been destroyed by recent land use practices. Our analysis sheds light on the complexity and richness of the archaeological landscape, with vast agricultural spaces situated beyond traditional site boundaries, and suggests that precolumbian and historic Indigenous agricultural fields may have been much larger and more widespread than conventionally understood.

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Daakir, M., M. Pierrot-Deseilligny, P. Bosser, F. Pichard, C. Thom, and Y. Rabot. "STUDY OF LEVER-ARM EFFECT USING EMBEDDED PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND ON-BOARD GPS RECEIVER ON UAV FOR METROLOGICAL MAPPING PURPOSE AND PROPOSAL OF A FREE GROUND MEASUREMENTS CALIBRATION PROCEDURE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W4 (March 17, 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w4-65-2016.

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Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on-board photogrammetry knows a significant growth due to the democratization of using drones in the civilian sector. Also, due to changes in regulations laws governing the rules of inclusion of a UAV in the airspace which become suitable for the development of professional activities. Fields of application of photogrammetry are diverse, for instance: architecture, geology, archaeology, mapping, industrial metrology, etc. Our research concerns the latter area. Vinci-Construction- Terrassement is a private company specialized in public earthworks that uses UAVs for metrology applications. This article deals with maximum accuracy one can achieve with a coupled camera and GPS receiver system for direct-georeferencing of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) without relying on Ground Control Points (GCPs) measurements. This article focuses specially on the lever-arm calibration part. This proposed calibration method is based on two steps: a first step involves the proper calibration for each sensor, i.e. to determine the position of the optical center of the camera and the GPS antenna phase center in a local coordinate system relative to the sensor. A second step concerns a 3d modeling of the UAV with embedded sensors through a photogrammetric acquisition. Processing this acquisition allows to determine the value of the lever-arm offset without using GCPs.

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Lee, M. R., M. E. Hodson, and G. N. Langworthy. "Crystallization of calcite from amorphous calcium carbonate: earthworms show the way." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.257.

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Darwin (1881) was one of the first scientists to formally record that earthworms excrete calcium carbonate granules, with some up to 2 mm in diameter. However, since Darwin’s studies they have received relatively little attention. The function of the granules remains a mystery, but may be related to regulation of Ca, CO2, pH or some other as yet undiscovered metabolic process (Robertson, 1936; Piearce, 1972). There has recently been an increase in research activity focussed on earthworm calcium carbonate granules driven by the work of Canti (Canti, 1998, 2007; Cantian d Piearce, 2003) and largely relating to their potential use in archaeology.

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Coluzzi, R., A. Lanorte, and R. Lasaponara. "On the LiDAR contribution for landscape archaeology and palaeoenvironmental studies: the case study of Bosco dell'Incoronata (Southern Italy)." Advances in Geosciences 24 (June 1, 2010): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-24-125-2010.

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Abstract. This paper focuses on the potential of the latest generation of Airborne laser scanning (ALS) for the detection and the spatial characterization of microtopographic relief linked to ancient landscapes and palaeoenvironmental features. ALS is an optical measurement technique for obtaining high-precision information about the Earth's surface including basic terrain mapping (Digital terrain model, bathymetry, corridor mapping), vegetation cover (forest assessment and inventory), coastal, and urban areas. Recent studies examined the possibility of using ALS in archaeological investigations to identify earthworks, although the ability of ALS measurements in this context has not yet been studied in detail. In this study, the investigations based on ALS survey and aerial photos were carried out for the natural protected area, Bosco dell'Incoronata in the Apulia Region (Southern Italy). The investigated area is an important site from the naturalistic, historic and archaeological point of view. It is an ancient lowland forest, still present in the medieval time, which has been characterized by a long and intensive human activity from Neolithic to Middle Ages. The LiDAR based analysis allowed us to identify features not visible from ground or from optical data set because hidden by forest canopy and dense understory. The DTM enabled us to identify some microtopographic relief linked to traces of past landscapes, as in the case of the Cervaro paleaoriverbed. It is quite interesting to note that the river changed many times from North to South side compared to the present stream, and traces of past human activities can be still evident close to the diverse paleaoriverbeds. Nevertheless, intensive and systematic study of the ancient landscapes of the Bosco dell'Incoronata is just beginning and so far questions tend to be raised rather than answered. The current study emphasizes the potential of aerial LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) survey for detecting surface discontinuities and microtopographic relief linked to palaeoenvironmental features, even hidden by under dense canopy and understory.

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Yerkes, Richard W. "Bone Chemistry, Body Parts, and Growth Marks: Evaluating Ohio Hopewell and Cahokia Mississippian Seasonality, Subsistence, Ritual, and Feasting." American Antiquity 70, no. 2 (April 2005): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035703.

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Human stable isotope values and deer utility indices have been used to reconstruct Hopewell and Mississippian diets and subsistence practices, but seasonality studies are also needed to resolve debates about feasting and elite provisioning. Dispersed Hopewell tribes foraged for food and harvested native cultigens. Seasonal feasts at earthworks helped integrate the dispersed populations. Mississippian subsistence cycles are reflected in the seasonal abundance of deposited floral and faunal remains. Pits filled in spring/summer have many fish, but few deer bones. Deer remains are abundant, but fish are rare, in pits filled during the fall/winter. Finding few deer remains in some pits at Cahokia may not mean that deer were scarce but may mean that few deer were hunted during the seasons when those trash pits were filled. Stable isotope values in human burials, analyses of floral and faunal remains from pits and middens filled throughout the year, and diachronic studies of deer size and herd stability indicate that the Cahokia elite consumed a variety of foods including substantial amounts of fish and venison. Patterns in deer element distributions in “elite“” and “non-elite” contexts suggest that venison may have been part of the tribute that was presented to high-status Cahokians.

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Maisuradze, Vissarion, and Marina Pirtskhalava. "Bouterolle from the Village of Patardzeuli (Kakheti, Eastern Georgia)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 19, no. 1 (2013): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341248.

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Abstract In the Sighnaghi museum there is a bronze bouterolle found by chance during earthworks in the village of Patardzeuli in Kakhetia (Eastern Georgia). This cast bronze object in the shape of a rhyton and 12 cm long is the terminal of a wooden dagger sheath (or a wooden one once covered in leather). The terminal tapers evenly downwards and then broadens out to one side with a curved open-work detail representing a highly stylized depiction of a bird’s head: it consists of an imitation of a delicate spiral resembling a curved beak, while the eye is conveyed by a round knob positioned on the main part of the terminal next to the lateral detail. There are two rows of round knobs around the top rim of the bouterolle: between them there are two holes on each side of the object passing right through it, thus allowing it to be attached to the wood. Objects of this category have been recorded in various versions in the Caucasus and in modified versions outside. In places, where a context for such finds has made it possible, the period during which they were used has been defined as the second half of the 7th and the 6th century BC. Mapping of such finds indicates that the area of distribution for these terminals is confined mainly to the Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Although heads of birds of prey with their clearly defined large eyes and large curved beaks are one of the most popular motifs in the repertoire of the Animal Style of the Scythians, bouterolles of the type in question are not found in Scythian culture as such. An exception is the terminal from Repyakhovataya Mogila, which in its shape, manner of execution and proportions stands out from the rest and has been classified as a Scythian variant of the Caucasian bouterolles. Our research has led us to conclude that the fashioning of the scabbard chape in the shape of a bird’s head can be traced back to the practice of a local tradition in the Caucasus. We suggest that on the bouterolle from Patardzeuli, as for the other terminals from this series, the widely known motif of a bird’s head has been interpreted in a specific style intrinsic only to these objects, which gave rise to this special form of terminal. All the features, which set this group apart from artefacts of Scythian type from the same period, make it possible to conclude that bronze bouterolles of the type examined here represent a phenomenon from the Caucasus.

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Sutton, J. E. G. "The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms." Journal of African History 34, no. 1 (March 1993): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032990.

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The main interlacustrine kingdoms have been presented, on the evidence of their royal genealogies recalling up to thirty reigns, as stretching back to a ‘Chwezi’ period some five centuries ago. This view was promoted especially in the Kitara zone, comprising Bunyoro and regions to its south and, as a close linguistic grouping, extending to Nkore, Karagwe and Buhaya. Rwanda to the south-west and Buganda to the east, though each rather distinct, share some of the same cultural and traditional features. In the central Kitara zone it has been further argued that the ‘Chwezi’ period is represented by various impressive archaeological sites – hilltop shrines, notably at Mubende, with special and archaic objects; complex earthwork enclosures at Bigo and elsewhere; and the concentrated settlement nearby at Ntusi. Certain of these have been claimed as Chwezi royal capitals of ancient Kitara, and specific features have been compared with royal abodes of recent centuries. Such literal interpretation, let alone royalist manipulation, of oral traditions is now considered too simplistic; not only are the Chwezi generally regarded as gods or mythical heroes, but also the role of archaeology is now seen as something more positive than the mere verification of verbal evidence.Renewed archaeological research indicates that Ntusi was occupied from about the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries a.d. and that the earthworks, including Bigo, and the settlement on Mubende hill fall into the latter half of that span. This cultural grouping thrived on a combination of cattle-keeping and grain cultivation, as is especially clear at Ntusi on fertile ground in the midst of the Bwera grasslands. It may have been the growing strains of a delicately balanced economy as competition increased for cattle and the pastures which led to its eventual breakdown. During the last half-millennium Bwera has been a peripheral and lightly populated district between Bunyoro, Nkore and Buganda. It is difficult to imagine these later kingdoms developing directly out of a supposed ‘Chwezi’ one based at Ntusi and the Bigo constructions.Two periods of marked change are discernible therefore, one around the middle of this millennium, the other at its beginning. That earlier, mid-Iron Age, revolution witnessed the introduction of cattle on a large scale and the first intensive exploitation of the interlacustrine grasslands. Cattle becoming then an economic asset, it may be inferred that ownership of stock and defence of the pastures became sources of prestige and patronage, with obvious social, political and military implications. This situation opened opportunities for other specializations, including the production of salt for distant distribution. Traditions concerning gods and heroes, and the continuing popular chwezi cults, illustrate the changes and may also echo the cultural and economic importance of iron and its working among agricultural populations from before the pastoral revolution.

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Lekson, Stephen H. "Star Shrines and Earthworks of the Desert Southwest. Gary A. David. 2012. Adventures Unlimited Publications, Kempton, Illinois. 384 pp. $19.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-935487-84-5." American Antiquity 80, no. 3 (July 2015): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600003620.

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White, John Robert. "The Stubbs Earthwork: Serpent Effigy or Simple Embankment." North American Archaeologist 17, no. 3 (January 1997): 203–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6w57-63h3-l6l6-ncnt.

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The once monumental Stubbs earthwork in southwestern Ohio was destroyed by sand and gravel mining operations in the early 1970s. Before its demise, the Stubbs earthwork, or effigy, as it was more commonly called, was the subject of more than a century of often acrimonious debate concerning its original configuration. No one disagreed that the embankment was of prehistoric creation, but there was a sharp division between those arguing that it was a serpent effigy and those claiming it to be a simpler and non-representational earthwork. The various viewpoints are herein presented and examined and heretofore unpublished fieldnotes on the site's original excavation by young archaeologist, Harlan Smith, brought to light.

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Briggs, C. Stephen. "Cyril Fox on Tour 1927–1952. Two of Sir Cyril's Notebooks Describing Minor Earthworks of the Welsh Marches and Visits to Four Welsh Museums, with two other Unpublished Papers. Transcribed and edited by David Hill and Stephen Matthews. 300mm. Pp vi + 226, 21 b&w ills, 15 maps. Oxford: Archaeopress, BAR Brit Ser 364, 2004. ISBN 1841715840. £35 (pbk)." Antiquaries Journal 86 (September 2006): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500000779.

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Howey, Meghan C. L., and John M. O'Shea. "Bear's Journey and the Study of Ritual in Archaeology." American Antiquity 71, no. 2 (April 2006): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035905.

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This paper considers the archaeological study of ritual and explores the interrelationships that exist between ideologically meaningful accounts of ritual and the material representations of ritual practice that remain for archaeological evaluation. Specifically, the paper addresses the development and antiquity of the Midewiwin ritual, a ceremonial complex that is known historically throughout the Great Lakes region. The serendipitous discovery of a linkage between the Mide origin tale of Bear's Journey and the layout of the Late Prehistoric earthwork enclosures of northern Michigan provides an opportunity to document how a ritual system is represented in the archaeological record and to evaluate how the understanding of the archaeology is altered by having access to the meaning underpinning the ritual performance. The research provides unambiguous evidence for the prehistoric antiquity of the Mide ceremony and illustrates the contribution archaeology can make to understanding the long-term processes of ritual practice and change.

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Hill, David. "Offa's Dyke: Pattern and Purpose." Antiquaries Journal 80, no. 1 (September 2000): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500050216.

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The great eighth-century earthwork on the frontier of Wales and England has been known for at least eleven hundred years as Offa's Dyke. Research into this work has been dominated by the need to find, or explain, the ‘missing’ stretches of the Dyke. The interpretation presented here is based on the known earthwork and does not involve the need to explain away any perceived gaps.

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Kim, Nam C., Lai Van Toi, and Trinh Hoang Hiep. "Co Loa: an investigation of Vietnam's ancient capital." Antiquity 84, no. 326 (November 25, 2010): 1011–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067041.

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History, legend and memory have long pointed to Co Loa, an earthwork enclosure outside Hanoi, as the seat of an indigenous power that gave identity to the people of the Bac Bo region, north Vietnam. Survey, excavation and a set of radiocarbon dates now put this site on the historical map. The main rampart of the middle circuit was built in the later centuries BC, before the coming of Han Imperial China. Nor was this rampart the first defence. The authors show the potential of archaeology for revealing the creation and development of a polity among the prosperous people of the Dongson culture.

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Buzian, H. M. "RESEARCH OF OLD RUS SITES NEAR THE VILLAGE OF TSYBLI IN PEREYASLAV REGION (Pages Of The Field Work Of Dr. Oleg Sukhobokov)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 44, no. 3 (August 15, 2022): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.03.08.

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The research materials of the Livoberezhno-Dnieprovska Slavic-Rus archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1995 in the village of Tsybli in Pereyaslav region headed by Dr. Oleg Sukhobokov are publish in the paper. Research staff of the Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi State Historical and Cultural Reserve and the Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi Grigory Skovoroda Pedagogical Institute took part in its work. The expedition worked since July 4 to August 8 1995. Dr. Oleh Sukhobokov had long-time scientific ties with the Pereyaslav Reserve, and at the Institute Professor Sukhobokov carried out scientific and pedagogical work, lectured at the Faculty of History, and was a member of the editorial board of the periodical scientific publication. The goal of expedition was a comprehensive survey and excavation of multicultural archaeological sites in the vicinity of the settlement. The main focus of its work was the excavation of Old Rus monuments: the hillforts and settlements in the Uzviz 1, Uzviz 2 and Tserkva tracts. According to a number of signs the sites near the village Tsibli form a common complex — a three-parts settlement with a complex structure consisting of a fortified hillfort, an unfortified suburb on the plateau, a «posad» on the slope of the loess terrace — the «pidnizhia». It is also possible that there was a kind of “obolon” located on the lower part of the bank of the former Tsybli River, directly under the hillfort (the cultural layer of the latter was significantly destroyed by economic earthworks). The picture is complemented by the remains of a satellite village in the Tserkva tract located on the high end of the forest terrace, separated from the loess one by a water channel which is a remnant of the former Tsybli riverbed. The most interesting objects of research in 1995 were the remains of earth fortifications of the settlement in Uzviz 1 tract and two underground dwellings in the Uzviz 2 tract. In the Tserkva tract the massive cultural layers related to the functioning of the old village of Tsybli in the 17th—20th centuries and with the Old Rus settlement of the 11th—13th centuries were discovered. In two excavated Old Rus dwellings the remains of adobe household stoves were found, and thanks to the fire the charred remains of wooden structures and interior details of one of the dwellings were survived. The dwellings date from the 12th to the early 13th century. The nature of the charred remains and their considerable number allow us to draw certain conclusions regarding the construction and furnishing of the dwelling. Based on research materials, an attempt was made to graphically reconstruct one of the houses. Study of the complex of sites near the Tsybli village in Pereyaslav region in 1995, in which Dr. Oleg Sukhobokov took a direct part, made it possible to clarify the existing theories on the nature and borders of the settlement of this territory in Old Rus Age and to determine the prospects for further research.

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Fradley, Michael. "The Field Archaeology of the Romano-British Settlement at Charterhouse-on-Mendip." Britannia 40 (November 2009): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/006811309789785990.

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ABSTRACTThe Romano-British lead-mining complex at Charterhouse-on-Mendip has long been recognised as amongst the most important industrial sites within the British province. This paper brings together the results of the recent English Heritage earthwork survey of the site which has enabled for the frst time the full characterisation of the settlement and its relationship with the core mining zones of the Blackmoor and Velvet Bottom valleys. It has also allowed a reassessment of life within an industrial settlement such as Charterhouse which challenges many preconceived perceptions of these settlement forms.

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Whittaker, William E., and William Green. "Early and Middle Woodland Earthwork Enclosures in Iowa." North American Archaeologist 31, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/na.31.1.b.

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Passmore, David G., Stephan Harrison, and David Capps Tunwell. "Second World War conflict archaeology in the forests of north-west Europe." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (December 2014): 1275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115455.

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Concrete fortifications have long served as battle-scarred memorials of the Second World War. The forests of north-west Europe, meanwhile, have concealed a preserved landscape of earthwork field fortifications, military support structures and bomb- and shell-craters that promise to enhance our understanding of the conflict landscapes of the 1944 Normandy Campaign and the subsequent battles in the Ardennes and Hürtgenwald forests. Recent survey has revealed that the archaeology surviving in wooded landscapes can significantly enhance our understanding of ground combat in areas covered by forest. In particular, this evidence sheds new light on the logistical support of field armies and the impact of Allied bombing on German installations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Earthworks (Archaeology)'

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