Academic literature on the topic 'Earthworm avoidance test'
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Journal articles on the topic "Earthworm avoidance test"
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Tichá, Zuzana, Pavel Mach, Markéta Žáková, and Monika Vítězová. "Avoidance behaviour testing of Eisenia andrei in biodegradable plastic environment." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051423.
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Avoidance behaviour test with the earthworms (ISO 17512-1:2008) is a rapid screening test for the evaluation of soil and the influence of pollutants and chemicals on the behaviour of earthworms. The purpose of the testing is to determine the avoidance behaviour of earthworm (in this case Eisenia andrei was used) which can be used as an organism for the composting and occur naturally in soil environment. The methodology was modified according to the needs of the avoidance behaviour testing of earthworms in biodegradable plastic environment. It is a biodegradable thermoplastic material Mater-Bi, which is produced from corn starch. Californian earthworm (Eisenia andrei) was chosen as a test organism. The two-chamber test was used in testing. 10 earthworms were used, which were exposed to a number of concentrations of the test substance, which was mixed into the compost environment. It was recorded both a positive result, avoidance reaction, as well as a negative result, non-avoidance reaction and also there was a case, where individuals prefer both substrates equally. Organisms showed no escape reaction and were fairly evenly distributed in both halves of the test vessel, it can be assessed that organisms prefer both substrates equally. In testing, the mortality was zero, none of the individuals died, at the conclusion of the test there were not found any dead individuals. Avoidance higher than 80 % didn’t occur; it cannot be said that the substrate is toxic or degraded.
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Azevedo, Amanda Rampelotto de, and Mariana Vieira Coronas. "Uso de testes de fuga com minhocas Eisenia andrei e Eisenia fetida para identificação da toxidade de agrotóxicos no Brasil: Uma breve revisão da literatura." Ciência e Natura 40 (March 12, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x35495.
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The trade of pesticides in Brazil in 2017 was 539,944.95 tons of active ingredients. Tests that evaluate the avoidance behavior in soil fauna, such as earthworms, indicate the loss of soil habitat function and the risks of these pesticides to the environment. These organisms have chemoreceptors and sensory tubers in the body which make them highly sensitive to chemicals in the environment. The objective of the present study was to review the literature on the use of the Eisenia fetida e Eisenia andrei earthworm avoidance test in the evaluation of pesticides in Brazil. The databases PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were used for bibliographic research using the terms: earthworm, avoidance, Brazil or agrotóxicos, teste de fuga/evitamento, Eisenia fetida e Eisenia andrei. We found 13 studies, totaling 25 evaluations and 17 active ingredients, which evaluated the avoidance behavior in Eisenia fetida e Eisenia andrei in Brazil. The most tested pesticide, with eight evaluations, was the Glyphosate herbicide which is the most commercialized in Brazil. The avoidance behavior was observed in 17 evaluations. The use of this earthworm avoidance test is a sensitive tool to evaluate the ecotoxicological risks of pesticides.
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Hund-Rinke, Kerstin, and Hendrik Wiechering. "Earthworm avoidance test for soil assessments." Journal of Soils and Sediments 1, no. 1 (2001): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986464.
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Piola, Lucas, Julio Fuchs, María Luisa Oneto, et al. "Biomarkers for the assessment of chlorpyrifos effects on earthworms and on soil functional parameters." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (2009): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800011.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms and on soil functional parameters. An integrated laboratory-field study was performed in a wheat field in Argentina, sprayed with chlorpyrifos at two recommended application rates (240 or 960 g ha-1 style='vertical-align:baseline'> a.i.). Laboratory tests included neutral red retention time, comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis), and avoidance behavior, each using the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed in soil collected 1 or 14 days after pesticide application, and the bait-lamina test. Field tests assessed organic matter breakdown using the litterbag and bait-lamina assays. Earthworm populations in the field were assessed using formalin application and hand-sorting. The neutral red retention time and comet assays were sensitive biomarkers to the effects of chlorpyrifos on the earthworm E. andrei; however, the earthworm avoidance test was not sufficiently robust to assess these effects. Feeding activity of soil biota, assessed by the bait lamina test, was significantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos after 97 days, but recovered by the 118th day of the test. Litterbag test showed no significant differences in comparison to controls. Earthworm abundance in the field was too low to adequately test the sensitivity of this assessment endpoint.
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Jadhav, Shrinivas S., and David M. "EFFECT OF FLUBENDIAMIDE ON MORPHOLOGY, AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN EARTHWORM EUDRILUS EUGENIAE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 9 (2017): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.20684.
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Objective: Flubendiamide is extensively used in agriculture practices as foliar application pesticide. Due to long persistency in the soil, flubendiamide pose serious health concern in non-target organisms. Our main objective was to examine flubendiamide impact on burrowing animal Eudrilus eugeniae with special emphasis on avoidance behaviour and neurotoxicity.Methods: Acute toxicity study of flubendiamide (Diamide pesticide) was conducted on earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae through direct paper contact method and artificial soil method. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of flubendiamide was calculated by following probit analysis. The neurotoxic potential of flubendiamide was studied with marker enzyme Acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) levels in both In vivo and In vitro experiments.Results: LC50 in earthworms was found to be 94.4 µg cm-2 at 48h paper contact test and 332.21 mg kg-1and 238.31 mg kg-1 respectively at 7 and 14 d artificial soil exposure. Morphological and physiological alterations in earthworms attribute to inhibition of AChE levels. The kinetic study of AChE activity in presence and absence of inhibitor suggests the enzyme reaction is competitive in nature.Conclusion: Present study establishes concentration-dependent flubendiamide toxicity in earthworm E. eugeniae. No clear conclusive remarks were made on earthworm avoidance behaviour as the worms were located both in toxic and control soil after 48h of exposure. Further studies may be needed in this aspect to establish clear understanding on avoidance nature of E. eugeniae in different soil types.
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Stander, A. H., A. le Roux, and P. Voua Otomo. "Can Local Enhancement in Earthworms Affect the Outcome of the Standard Earthworm Avoidance Test?" Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 103, no. 6 (2019): 776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02738-3.
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Frankenbach, Silja, Adam Scheffczyk, Stephan Jänsch, and Jörg Römbke. "Duration of the standard earthworm avoidance test: Are 48h necessary?" Applied Soil Ecology 83 (November 2014): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.04.006.
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Yeardley Jr., Roger B., James M. Lazorchak, and Laura C. Gast. "THE POTENTIAL OF AN EARTHWORM AVOIDANCE TEST FOR EVALUATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, no. 9 (1996): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015<1532:tpoaea>2.3.co;2.
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Yeardley, Roger B., Laura C. Gast, and James M. Lazorchak. "The potential of an earthworm avoidance test for evaluation of hazardous waste sites." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, no. 9 (1996): 1532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150915.
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Šestinová, Oľga, Jozef Hančuľák, and Lenka Findoráková. "Environmental risk assessment of metal-contaminated areas using different bioassays." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 19, no. 2 (2020): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/nbc.v19i2.654.
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Mining activities in the areas Krompachy and Rudňany-Markušovce were focused on mining and processing of copper and mercury ore and left harmful effects on the region of Eastern Slovakia. The aim of this study is using different screening methods (XRF, Phytotoxkit and earthworm bioassays) for environmental risk assessment of metal-contaminated areas. Elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry indicated severe pollution of studied soils by Cu, Ni, As and Hg, which exceeded limit values. Significant positive correlation is found between Pb and Zn occurrence in the agricultural soil from Krompachy: Kluknava, and for the contents of particular metals in soil from permanent grass vegetation in Kolinovce locality, namely between Pb and Ni, Pb and Zn, and between Hg and Zn contents. A 7-day bioassay and avoidance test with the Dendrobaena veneta was used to assess the environmental risk of heavy metals in soils. The earthworms mortality was very little influenced by metals in Krompachy soils, but rather affected by Rudňany soils tailing. Phytotoxkit results for soils from Krompachy showed inhibition in germination by 32 % and 29 % for Sinapis alba and Lepidium sativum, respectively. Results of the average percentage of growth inhibition by Lepidium sativum was 28 % and 24 % for Sinapis alba. On the other hand, soil samples from Rudňany tailing showed 56 % of germination inhibition by Sinapis alba, and 49 % for Lepidium sativum, respectively. Results of the average percentage of grow the inhibition by Lepidium sativum was 48 %, and 52 % for Sinapis alba Rudňany tailing soils. The significant results (P < 0.05) of the avoidance percentages of Dendrobaena veneta for tested soils were within the range 80 – 100 % in soils Rudňany-Markušovce tailing after 48 h. The variable toxicity of contaminated soils demonstrated the efficiency and usefulness of the Phytotoxkit and earthworm bioassays as a useful tool for evaluation of soil ecotoxicity. The results supported the expected negative impact of the soil samples on the region Eastern Slovakia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthworm avoidance test"
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Gudichuttu, Vindhya. "Phytostabilization of multi-metal contaminated mine waste materials: long-term monitoring of influence of soil amendments on soil properties, plants, and biota and the avoidance response of earthworms." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16989.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Agronomy<br>Ganga M. Hettiarachchi<br>Mine waste materials from the Tri-State mining region in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma pose environmental hazards. The area is contaminated with trace elements, such as Pb, Zn and Cd, which are transported to surrounding areas through water, wind erosion, and runoff. Phytostabilization or establishing healthy vegetative cover could be used to reduce or control these contaminated materials from further spreading with wind and water. However, further research is needed to monitor the long-term sustainability and assess if high applications of compost amendments could help to facilitate soil reclamation. The overall focus of this thesis was to monitor long-term effects of compost or lime additions at two different rates, with or without other soil amendments, on soil properties, plants, and soil biota. We used the earthworm avoidance test as a screening tool for testing effects of soil amendments on ecotoxicity. In the first field study, pelletized manure compost additions of 448 Mg ha⁻¹ significantly decreased the bioavailable Pb, Zn, and Cd while increasing plant nutrients, vegetative cover, and plant biomass as compared to the contaminated control and the low addition of compost (224 Mg ha⁻¹) over 2.5 years. Plant tissue metal concentrations with compost addition did not show any phytotoxicity in this study. Lime additions did not show any significant effect on any of the measurements. Results from the first study suggest that one time addition of large quantities of compost at 224 to 448 Mg ha⁻¹ can support establishing and maintaining healthy vegetative cover at least for a 2.5 year period. In the second field study, long-term monitoring of the effectiveness of the amendments was studied. Compost was applied at two different rates (45 or 269 Mg ha⁻¹) in 2006. Various chemical properties, microbial activities, and vegetative growth or plant biomass were measured approximately for 4.5 years to evaluate long-term changes in soil quality and sustainability of phytostabilization efforts, when combined or assisted with soil amendments to improve the quality of trace element-contaminated mine waste materials. Plants grown with compost additions of 269 Mg ha⁻¹ showed higher nutrients, biomass, and enzyme activities as compared to plants grown on the contaminated control and with the low addition of compost (45 Mg ha⁻¹) over 4.5 years. Decrease in plant biomass and enzyme activities seen in the high compost treatments by the end of the study period suggested that long-term sustainability of these efforts may require repeated addition of soil amendments every 4 to 5 years. Additionally, a laboratory study was conducted to assess the long-term effects of treatments used in the second field study on ecotoxicity using the avoidance behavior responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. There was no mortality of earthworms after a 48 h exposure period of any of these treated and untreated mine waste materials. Avoidance was clear for the contaminated control and the low compost treatment (45 Mg ha⁻¹). Moreover, the contaminated control did show habitat limitation (< 20% of earthworms was found in test soil). Current research studies provide evidence that, high rates of compost applications can be used to stabilize and reduce the bioavailability of trace elements in mine waste materials.
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Roß, Christina-Luise. "Kompostierte Gärreste aus Bioabfällen als Düngestoffe: Bodenökologische und pflanzenbauliche Wirkungen." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18663.
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Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollten Einsatzmöglichkeiten und -grenzen von kompostierten und durch Agglomeration oder Pelletierung weiter aufbereiteten Bioabfall-Gärresten untersucht werden. Außerdem sollte geprüft werden, ob durch verschiedene Zuschlagstoffe die Eigenschaften der Produkte so verbessert werden können, dass ein marktfähiges Düngeprodukt entsteht. Dazu wurden ein Feldversuch, Gefäß-, Rhizoboxen- und Bodenatmungsversuche, phytotoxikologische Tests und Regenwurm-Vermeidungstests durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden:
Die Stickstoffverfügbarkeit von kompostierten Gärprodukten aus Bioabfällen ist gering, der Gehalt an Phosphor und Kalium aber hoch. Langfristig sind so der Aufbau eines Nährstoffdepots im Boden und die Einsparung anderer Dünger möglich. Die Produkte enthalten zudem basisch wirksame Bestandteile, welche die Kalkung teilweise ersetzen können.
Komposte und Gärprodukte aus Bioabfällen können zur Steigerung der Humusgehalte im Boden beitragen. Ca. 80 % des enthaltenen Kohlenstoffs liegt in stabilisierter Form vor und kann im Boden sequestriert werden.
Problematisch sind hohe Schwermetall- und Störstoffgehalte. Die gesetzlich vorgegebenen Grenzwerte wurden in 50 % der getesteten Chargen überschritten.
Phytotoxische Effekte wurden nur in Einzelfällen festgestellt und waren nicht dosisabhängig, sondern traten punktuell auf.
Die Aktivität der Mikroorganismen im Boden wurde durch Anwendung der Gärprodukte gefördert.
Der Einfluss der Gärprodukte auf Regenwürmer konnte nicht eindeutig bestimmt werden. Eine Einschränkung der Habitatfunktion nach Gärproduktanwendung wurde nicht festgestellt.
Die Aufbereitung durch Agglomeration oder Pelletierung ist möglich, ohne dass die wesentlichen positiven Eigenschaften davon beeinträchtigt werden.
Durch Beimengung von Zuschlagstoffen können die Düngewirkung und die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Produkte verändert werden. Dies reduziert jedoch auch den Gehalt an stabiler organischer Substanz.<br>The scope of the present work was to determine the possibilities and limits for the application of composted digestates from biowaste on agricultural land. Furthermore it was tested whether it is possible to enhance the properties of the products by adding different amendments and to thereby create a marketable fertilizer product. A field trial, pot and rhizobox experiments, phytotoxicity tests and avoidance tests with earthworms were carried out. The results can be summarized as follows:
The nitrogen availability of composted biowaste digestates is limited but they have high contents of phosphorus and potassium. Repeated application of biowaste digestate can help to establish a stable nutrient pool in the soil save up on other fertilizers. In addition, the products are characterized by basic constituents who can partly replace liming.
Composts and fermentation products made from organic waste can contribute significantly to the increase of humus content in the soil. Approx. 80 % of the contained carbon is in stabilized form and can be sequestered in the soil.
High concentrations of heavy metals and other contaminants are problematic. The legal limits were exceeded in 50 % of the tested batches.
Phytotoxic effects were observed only in isolated cases and were not dose-dependent.
The activity of the microorganisms in the soil was significantly promoted by the application of the digestates.
The influence of the digestate products on earthworms could not be determined unequivocally. A restriction of the habitat function after digestate application was not detected.
Processing by agglomeration or pelletizing to increase transportability and storage stability is possible without impairing the essential positive properties of the digestates.
The addition of amendments can be used to adjust the fertilizing and physical properties of the products. This, however, reduces the content of stable organic matter.
Book chapters on the topic "Earthworm avoidance test"
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Natal-da-Luz, T., X. Domene, A. Scheffczyk, and J. P. Sousa. "Earthworm Avoidance Tests." In Ecotoxicological Characterization of Waste. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88959-7_20.
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