Academic literature on the topic 'Earthworms Soil pollution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Earthworms Soil pollution"
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Brantschen, Jeanine, Sebastian Gygax, Adrien Mestrot, and Aline Frossard. "Soil Hg Contamination Impact on Earthworms’ Gut Microbiome." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072565.
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Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and is known for its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate along the food chain. In many terrestrial polluted sites, earthworms are in direct contact with Hg contamination by ingesting large quantities of soil. However, little is known about the impact of Hg soil pollution on earthworms’ gut microbiome. In this study, two incubation experiments involving earthworms in soils from a long-term Hg-polluted site were conducted to assess: (1) the effect of soil Hg contamination on the diversity and structure of microbial communities in earthworm, cast and soil samples; and (2) how the gut microbiome of different digestive track parts of the earthworm responds to soil Hg contamination. The large accumulation of total Hg and methyl-Hg within the earthworm tissues clearly impacted the bacterial and fungal gut community structures, drastically decreasing the relative abundance of the dominating gut bacterial class Mollicutes. Hg-tolerant taxa were found to be taxonomically widespread but consistent along the different parts of the earthworm digestive tract. This study revealed that although Hg might not directly affect the health of macro-organisms in the food-web such as earthworms, their metabolism and legacy in the soil might be impacted through changes in their gut microbiome.
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Dabke, Suneet V. "Vermi-remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil." Journal of Health and Pollution 3, no. 4 (January 1, 2013): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-3.4.4.
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Background. Rapid development in India has lead to pollution around industrial facilities. Earthworms are tolerant of many contaminants, and some are reported to remove heavy metals and pesticides from soil via tissue accumulation. Earthworm activity also increases levels of beneficial microbes. Objectives. Test vermi-remediation as a low-cost, on-site method of remediating heavy metal soil contamination. Methods. Soil was assessed for heavy metal contamination. Existing worm population was estimated via sampling, then the soil supplemented with beneficial bacteria, compost and a proprietary earthworm growth accelerator. Site was seeded with grass and maize, and Eisenia fetida worms introduced. Earthworm population was studied and soil contamination and accumulation in maize roots analyzed at the end of the project. Discussion. Worms were expected to remove heavy metals via bio-accumulation and also stimulate microbial remediation by increasing soil micro-organisms. Conclusions. The study showed positive results, with a reduction in chromium and survival of introduced earthworms, which reproduced after soil treatment, indicating improved conditions. Chromium concentrations were reduced to as low as 4.54mg/kg from a high of 194.17 mg/kg. There was variation in iron content and a controlled reduction in cadmium and lead. Due to limited funding, further study of the soil's final nutrient balance and earthworm analysis was not possible. Further study is necessary.
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Kula, E., and P. Švarc. "Earthworms (Lumbricidae) from a surface layer and wireworms (Elateridae) of forest stands in the anthropogenically-disturbed area of the Děčínská vrchovina Upland (Czech Republic)." Beskydy 5, no. 1 (2012): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201205010043.
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In the area negatively affected by air pollution in the past, the earthworm assemblages and the occurrence of wireworms (Elateridae) in forest ecosystems were evaluated in relation to site conditions. From soil samples taken in 38 stands (Fagus, Betula, Alnus, Quercus, Pinus, Larix, Abies) earthworms and wireworms were extracted by means of Tullgren funnels. Eudominant species (Dendrobaena vejdovskyi, D. octaedra, D. illyrica) are typical representatives of forest ecosystems of the Ore Mountains. Relationships were proved to a tree species creating a forest stand and the pH of Ah horizon. The area is characterized by the generally low diversity of earthworms particularly in young stands of beech and Norway spruce. Faunistically rich sites occurred only in a mixed stand (birch, mountain ash, larch) and in a blue spruce monoculture. Reduced abundance of earthworms in the organic matter of mounds was surprising. The type/form of soil preparation, forest weed cover and the age of trees did not affect significantly the earthworm assemblages. The abundance of wireworms was increased in pine and larch stands and reduced in alder and blue spruce stands. The increasing pH value negatively affected the abundance of wireworms.
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Calisi, A., M. G. Lionetto, E. De Lorenzis, A. Leomanni, and T. Schettino. "Metallothionein Induction in the Coelomic Fluid of the EarthwormLumbricus terrestrisfollowing Heavy Metal Exposure: A Short Report." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/109386.
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Earthworms are useful bioindicator organisms for soil biomonitoring. Recently the use of pollution biomarkers in earthworms has been increasingly investigated for soil monitoring and assessment. Earthworm coelomic fluid is particularly interesting from a toxicological perspective, because it is responsible for pollutant disposition and tissue distribution to the whole organism. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of heavy metal exposure on metallothionein (Mt) induction in the coelomic fluid ofLumbricus terrestrisin view of future use as sensitive biomarker suitable for application to metal polluted soil monitoring and assessment.L. terrestriscoelomic fluid showed a detectable Mt concentration of about4.0±0.6 μg/mL (mean ± SEM,n=10) in basal physiological condition. When the animals were exposed to CuSO4or CdCl2or to a mixture of the two metals in OECD soils for 72 h, the Mt specific concentration significantly (P<0.001) increased. The Mt response in the coelomic fluid perfectly reflected the commonly used Mt response in the whole organism when the two responses were compared on the same specimens. These findings indicate the suitability of Mt determination inL. terrestriscoelomic fluid as a sensitive biomarker for application to metal polluted soil monitoring and assessment.
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Supriatna, Supriatna, Sondang Siahaan, and Indah Restiaty. "Pencemaran Tanah Oleh Pestisida Di Perkebunan Sayur Kelurahan Eka Jaya Kecamatan Jambi Selatan Kota Jambi (Studi Keberadaan Jamur Makroza dan Cacing Tanah)." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i1.1348.
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Healthy vegetables can only be from healthy and pollution-free farmland, including pesticide pollution. When a harmful or toxic substance has contaminated the surface of the soil, it can evaporate, be swept away by rainwater and or enter the soil. Pollution that enters the soil is then immersed as toxic chemicals in the soil. Toxic substances in the soil can have a direct impact on humans when touched or can contaminate groundwater thus lowering the function of the soil as a place of growing and developing plants. The purpose of this study is to find out the picture of soil pollution by pesticides and the presence of earthworms and mycoriza fungi in the soil. The use of pesticides that are not in accordance with the rules and formulations cause pollution to vegetables and the environment such as soil and water. By taking soil samples and checking the content of pesticides can be known whether the pesticides used have polluted the soil. The presence of worms and mycoriza will be less and less even none at all on the soil that has been polluted. The results showed that from six soil sampling locations found two locations of carbamate pesticide pollution (33.3%), no mycoriza mushrooms were found at one location (15.6%) and earthworms are found throughout the site (100%). Pollution occurs because vegetable farmers and palawija use pesticides exceeding the recommended dose and occur pengulang in the adjacent time span. Mycoriza mushrooms are found in the form of spores, fungal spores have a stronger survival ability compared to the whole stem of the mycoriza fungus. Earthworms derived from manure used as fertilizer, in addition to its ability to avoid toxic soil mucus presence in his body can protect tabnah cacaing from pesticide exposure.
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Aryonugroho, Alfarizky, and Nina Dwi Lestari. "PENGARUH VERMIKOMPOS ABU TERBANG BATUBARA MENGGUNAKAN CACING TANAH Eisenia fetida TERHADAP KANDUNGAN N, P, K, DAN Pb." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.2.7.
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The plan to build a coal-fired steam power plant is expected to increase. One of the wastes generated from coal-fired steam power plants is coal fly ash. The accumulation of coal fly ash can cause environmental pollution such as soil and groundwater pollution in the storage location. Vermicompost can be used for managing coal fly ash by utilizing earthworms as decomposers. Earthworms can increase the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and reduce the solubility of lead contained in coal fly ash. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vermicompost using earthworm Eisenia fetida on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lead in coal fly ash. The study consisted of five treatments, with a total weight of 3 kg coal fly ash each. The results showed that mixing cow dung in vermicomposting of coal fly ash significantly increased N, P, K and decreased Pb in vermicompost.
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Švarc, P., and E. Kula. "Earthworm (Lumbricidae) assemblages of forest ecosystems in the anthropogenically." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 6 (July 7, 2011): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2010-jfs.
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Assemblages of earthworms were evaluated in spruce and beech stands in the Kienhaida Nature Reserve (Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic) and its immediate surroundings, where site conditions were modified by the soil preparation for forest regeneration. The beech stands of the reserve showed low diversity but higher earthworm abundance than did the spruce stands, which in turn showed the lowest Lumbricidae abundance (18 individuals·m<sup>–2</sup>). The highest abundance of earthworms (124 individuals·m<sup>–2</sup>) was found in the soil of mounds created 30 years prior to sampling from the organic soil of the A<sub>h</sub> horizon. The highest species diversity and low abundance were characteristic of areas between the mounds, the soil surface of which was greatly disturbed after removal of the A<sub>h</sub> horizon to create those mounds. The degree to which the reforested clear-cuts created due to air pollution were overgrown with weeds contributed positively to the diversity and abundance of Lumbricidae.
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Owagboriaye, Folarin Ojo, Gabriel Adewunmi Dedeke, and Kehinde Olutoyin Ademolu. "Glutathione-S-Transferase Production in Earthworm as Tool for Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Abattoir Soil." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i2.18484.
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<p>The use of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in earthworm tissue as tool for assessment of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils was evaluated in this study. Five (5) replicates each of earthworm species (<em>Libyodrilus violaceous</em>, <em>Eudrilus eugeniae</em> and <em>Alma millsoni</em>), soil and rumen waste samples were collected from three (3) abattoir sites (Lafenwa, Gbonogun and Madojutimi abattoirs) and a control site located within Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, beside an undisturbed stream with no rumen waste. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Mn) concentrations in rumen waste, abattoir soils and earthworm tissues were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The pH and organic matter (OM) concentrations of the rumen waste and abattoir soils were determined by standard methods. GST activities in the earthworm tissues were determined through the conjugation of 1mM reduced glutathione (GSH) with 1mM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The rumen waste recorded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) % OM, heavy metal concentrations and pH level than in their respective abattoir soils. The mean heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Mn were highest in the tissue of earthworm species obtained from Lafenwa abattoir. A significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher GST activities were recorded in the tissue of earthworm species obtained from Lafenwa and Gbonogun abattoirs. <em>Libyodrilous violaceus </em>obtained from Lafenwa abattoir recorded the highest GST activity (8.47±1.39) in their tissue followed by the ones from Gbonogun abattoir (8.21±0.85). A significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlations was observed between GST activities in earthworm tissues and heavy metal concentrations. GST activities can therefore be used to assess the level of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils.</p><p><em>Keywords</em>: Glutathione-S-transferase, Biomarker, Earthworms, Heavy metals, Abattoir</p>
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Baeva, Yuliya I., and N. A. Chernykh. "Evaluation of migration ability of polychlorinated biphenyls in the «soil-plant» and «soil-earthworms»." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-4-336-339.
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In the article there is given a hygienic assessment ofpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination of soils of the city of Serpukhov of the Moscow region. For the first time there was investigated the PCB’s ability to migrate in the system "soil-earthworms", and were calculated bioaccumulation factors at the different level of soil contamination. There was performed a comparative evaluation of the accumulation of given contaminants by higher terrestrial plants and representatives of soil paedobionts (Lumbricidae worms), and revealed clear differences in these processes. There was shown the possibility of the use of earthworms as a highly sensitive bio-indicators in monitoring for soil contamination by persistent organic pollutants, even at low concentrations.
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Butt, Kevin Richard, Camille Méline, and Guénola Pérès. "Marine macroalgae as food for earthworms: growth and selection experiments across ecotypes." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 27 (January 10, 2020): 33493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07666-y.
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AbstractHistorically, subsistence farmers around the Atlantic coast of NW Europe utilized marine algae as a fertilizer in agroecosystems, a practice that continued in small areas and is now considered to have real potential for re-establishing sustainable food production systems on marginal soils. Earthworms form a significant component of soil fauna, and their ecosystem services are well-documented. Therefore, palatability of marine organic amendments to faunal detritivores of terrestrial systems is of interest. This work aimed to assess the potential for growth of Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea longa fed with two common macroalgae (seaweeds), Laminaria digitata and Fucus serratus. In addition, choice chambers were constructed to permit earthworm selection of these macroalgae with more conventional organic materials, horse manure (HM) and birch leaves (BL). Over a period of 2 months, earthworm species showed significantly greater mass gain with conventional food (p < 0.05). Laminaria outperformed Fucus, which in turn was superior to soil alone. Similarly, when given a choice, a significant preference (p < 0.001) was shown for the more nitrogen-rich HM and BL over the seaweeds. No removal was recorded for A. caliginosa when offered seaweeds only. By contrast, L. rubellus and A. longa showed significant preferences (p < 0.001) for Laminaria over Fucus and fresh material over degraded. These results underline an interest to profit from natural resources (seaweeds) to maintain or improve soil biological quality in marginal coastal areas.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthworms Soil pollution"
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Goats, Geoffrey Charles. "Assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals upon earthworms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37706.
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Wong, Stephen W. "Reproductive toxicity and bioavailability of arsenic in contaminated artificial and natural soils using the earthworm." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79205.
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High concentrations of arsenic are found near gold-mine tailings. The most common form of arsenic found in soil is arsenate, which is a known toxicant. We used the standardised earthworm reproduction test for the species Eisenia andrei (E. andrei) to study the toxicity and bioavailability of arsenic-contaminated soil. Arsenic is toxic to earthworms as indicated by the decrease in survival and reproduction. Arsenic-spiked artificial soil was more toxic than arsenic-spiked field soil based on total arsenic concentration in soil. Moreover, soil from near mine tailings showed a reduced toxic effect despite its high soil arsenic concentration as compared to spiked field soil. Measurements of arsenic tissue concentrations in the earthworm indicated that uptake of arsenic into earthworm tissue was higher in spiked artificial soil as compared to spiked field soil and that the maximal body burden was 396 mug As/g dry tissue weight. However, when considering tissue arsenic concentration, spiked field soil is more toxic than spiked artificial soil. Therefore the tissue rather than soil content may better reflect the magnitude of arsenic toxicity to E. andrei.
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Svendsen, Claus. "Earthworm biomarkers in terrestrial ecosystems." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326956.
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Mombo, Stéphane. "Transferts des métaux et métalloïdes dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère : mécanismes biogéochimiques et conséquences environnement-santé." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0074/document.
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Des pollutions des sols (péri)urbains et urbaines fortement peuplées en métaux et metalloïdes persistants (éco)toxiques sont couramment observées à l’échelle globale. Certains éléments (Se, Cu…) ont des rôles biologiques et par contre d’autres (Pb, Cd…) ont uniquement un impact (éco)toxique qui peut être influencé par leur spéciation et compartimentation qui modifient leurs transferts et biodisponibilité. Dans une optique de gestion des sols et d’alimentation durables, des questions scientifiques pluridisciplinaires sont à creuser concernant : (i) les mécanismes en jeu dans la biodisponibilité et l’impact sur les organismes vivants des éléments inorganiques en lien avec leur spéciation ; (ii) la co-gestion des risques environnement-santé induits par des installations industrielles classées : ICPE en France (ex. usine de recyclage de batteries) avec les riverains qui cultivent des potagers ou les employés. Dans ce contexte, ont été étudiés : (i) le transfert des métaux entre phase solide et solution du sol sous l’influence des vers de terre sur un site ICPE; (ii) le transfert et la bioaccessibilité du Se en conditions contrôlées pour 2 formes chimiques; (iii) le risque sanitaire pour les riverains d’un site ICPE qui jardinent, et les facteurs influant les plombémies des professionnels (étude statistique des données). Une review bibliographique de la qualité du manioc en lien avec les pratiques culturales et culinaires et les caractéristiques de l’environnement a finalement été réalisée pour compléter la démarche « Sciences et Société » de la thèse. L’analyse des différents isotopes du plomb dans les sols aux alentours de l’usine de recyclage a permis de conclure que 84 à 100% du plomb des sols de surface est d’origine anthropique. Un comportement d’évitement des zones les plus polluées en plomb a été observé pour l’espèce de vers de terre A. caliginosa. Le transfert racinaire, la translocation du sélénium vers le maïs et sa bioaccessibilité dans le grain sont plus élevés dans le cas du séléniate (facteur de translocation de 1.1, et bioaccessibilité humaine de 89,3%) par rapport au sélénite (0.13, et bioaccessibilité de 82,7%). L’étude de la qualité des cultures des jardins proches de l’usine (à Bazoches), en relation avec la qualité du sol (faible contamination, pH basique et teneur élevée en matières organiques qui réduisent les transferts) et de l’atmosphère a mis en évidence un transfert atmosphère-plante qui dépend du métal (le Cd est le plus biodisponible) et du végétal. Les concentrations en Pb et Cd suivent respectivement les séquences : [laitue>poireau>céleri>carotte] et [laitue>céleri>carotte>poireau]. Pour réduire l’exposition des populations, un lavage soigneux des productions avant la consommation est préconiséPollution of (peri)urban soils by (eco)toxic metal(loid)s is commonly observed on a global scale. Some elements (Se, Cu ...) have biological roles and other (Pb, Cd ...) only have an (eco)toxic impact influenced by their speciation and compartmentalization that can change their transfers and bioavailability. With the perspective of sustainable management of soil and food, multidisciplinary scientific questions are digging for: (i) the mechanisms involved in the bioavailability and impact on living organisms of inorganic elements related to speciation; (ii) the co-management of environmental-health risks from industrial regulated plants (ICPE in France, such as former battery recycling plant) with residents who grow vegetable gardens or employees. In this context, were studied: (1) the transfer of metals between solid phase and soil solution under the influence of earthworms on a ICPE site; (2) the transfer and bioavailability of Se in controlled conditions for two chemical forms; (3) the health risk for the residents with gardening activities near ICPE plant and factors influencing blood lead of professionals (statistical analysis of data). A literature review of the quality of cassava in connection with the cultivation and culinary practices and characteristics of the environment was finally performed to complete the "Science and Society" process of the thesis. From the analysis of different isotopes of lead in the soil around the recycling plant it was concluded that 84 to 100% of lead in surface soils has anthropogenic origin. Avoidance behavior in the most lead polluted areas was observed for A. caliginosa earthworm species. The selenium root transfer, translocation to corn and its bioavailability in the grain are higher in the case of selenate (translocation factor of 1.1, and human bioavailability of 89.3%) compared to selenite (0.13 and bioaccessibility 82.7%). The study of crops quality in the gardens near the ICPE plant (in Bazoches), in relation to atmosphere and soil quality (low Pb contamination, alkaline pH and high organic content that reduce pollutants transfers) highlighted an atmosphere-plant transfer which depends on the metal (Cd is the most bioavailable) and plant species. Pb and Cd concentrations follow respectively the sequences: [lettuce> Leek> celery> carrot] and [lettuce> celery> carrot> leek]. To reduce population exposure, thorough washing of productions before consumption is recommended
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Bart, Sylvain. "Impacts comportementaux, démographiques et fonctionnels des pesticides sur des annélides oligochètes du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA023.
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L’évaluation du risque liée à l’utilisation des pesticides pour les invertébrés du sol est aujourd’hui réalisée à l’aide de l’espèce modèle E. fetida via l’utilisation de tests ecotoxicologiques standardisés (ISO et OCDE) sur la mortalité ou la reproduction. Ces deux points mériteraient d’être révisés puisque (i) l’espèce modèle est rarement présente dans les agroécosystèmes où les pesticides sont majoritairement utilisés, (ii) les tests réalisés sont peu réalistes et leur analyse statistique de type ad hoc ne permet aucune extrapolation dans le temps ou à des niveaux d’organisation supérieurs. Ainsi, une nouvelle espèce modèle a été proposée: Aporrectodea caliginosa. De plus, dans l’objectif d’analyser les effets ecotoxicologiques des pesticides sur cette espèce, un modèle bioénergétique a été proposé et calibré. Ensuite, les effets écotoxicologiques de deux formulations commerciales de pesticide, couramment utilisées en Europe, ont été évalués sur l’ensemble du cycle de vie (mortalité, comportement, reproduction, croissance). Les données de croissance ont été analysées à l’aide du modèle bioénergétique couplé à un modèle toxicocinétique. Ces analyses ont apporté une compréhension mécanistique des effets et ont permis l’estimation de valeurs seuils (les concentrations sans effet, CSE), indépendantes du temps d’exposition. Enfin, dans un objectif d’évaluation intégrée de l’usage des pesticides, il a été mis en évidence que la présence des vers de terre atténuait les effets des pesticides sur les communautés microbiennes des sols, responsables de la dégradation de la matière organique. L’ensemble des résultats pourra être utilisé, au-delà de la thèse, pour calibrer un modèle de dynamique des populations spatialisé de type individu centré (IBM). Ce type de modèle pourra être utilisé en évaluation du risque, pratiquée par les industriels et les agences d’évaluationPesticide risk assessment for soil invertebrates is currently performed using the earthworm model species Eisenia fetida through the use of standardized ecotoxicological tests (ISO and OECD) on mortality or reproduction. These two points should be revised since (i) the model species is rarely found in agroecosystems where pesticides are used, (ii) the tests performed are unrealistic and their statistical analysis does not allow any extrapolation in time or at higher organizational levels (population). Thus, after a thorough reading of the literature, a new model species has been proposed: Aporrectodea caliginosa. In addition, in order to analyze the ecotoxicological effects of pesticides on this species, an energy-based model has been calibrated. Then, the ecotoxicological impacts of two commercial pesticide formulations, commonly used in Europe, were assessed on the entire life cycle (mortality, behavior, reproduction, growth). The growth data were analyzed with the energy-based model coupled with a toxicokinetic model. These analyzes provided a mechanistic understanding of the effects and the estimation of non-time-dependent threshold values (The no effect concentrations, NEC). Finally, for the purpose of an integrated pesticide risk assessment, it has been demonstrated that earthworms mitigate pesticide effects on soil microbial activity, involved in the soil organic matter degradation. All of the results are intended to be used, beyond the thesis, for the calibration of a spatialized population dynamics model with an Individual-based model approach (IBM). This model could be use in risk assessment, as performed by industrials and risk-assessment agencies
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Covey, Aaron K. "Effects of earthworm burrowing on arsenic biotransformation and mobility implications for roxarsone-bearing poultry litter application /." Diss., 2008. http://etd.library.vanderbilt.edu/ETD-db/available/etd-12012008-135316/.
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Yuk, Jimmy. "The Application of NMR-based Metabolomics in Assessing the Sub-lethal Toxicity of Organohalogenated Pesticides to Earthworms." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/34977.
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The extensive agricultural usage of organohalogenated pesticides has raised many
concerns about their potential hazards especially in the soil environment. Environmental
metabolomics is an emerging field that investigates the changes in the metabolic profile of native
organisms in their environment due to the presence of an environmental stressor. Research presented here explores the potential of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics to examine the sub-lethal exposure of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida to sub-lethal concentrations of organohalogenated pesticides. Various one-dimensional (1-D) and two dimensional (2-D) NMR techniques were compared in a contact filter paper test earthworm metabolomic study using endosulfan, a prevalent pesticide in the environment. The results
determined that both the 1H Presaturation Utilizing Gradients and Echos (PURGE) and the 1H-13C Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) NMR techniques were most effective in discriminating and identifying significant metabolites in earthworms due to contaminant exposure. These two NMR techniques were further explored in another metabolomic study using various sub-lethal concentrations of endosulfan and an organofluorine pesticide, trifluralin to E. fetida. Principal component analysis (PCA) tests showed increasing separation between the exposed and unexposed earthworms as the concentrations for both contaminants increased. A neurotoxic mode of action (MOA) for endosulfan and a non-polar narcotic MOA for trifluralin were delineated as many significant metabolites, arising from exposure, were identified. The earthworm tissue extract is commonly used as the biological medium for metabolomic studies.
However, many overlapping resonances are apparent in an earthworm tissue extract NMR
spectrum due to the abundance of metabolites present. To mitigate this spectral overlap, the earthworm’s coelomic fluid (CF) was tested as a complementary biological medium to the tissue extract in an endosulfan exposure metabolomic study to identify additional metabolites of stress.
Compared to tests on the tissue extract, a plethora of different metabolites were identified in the earthworm CF using 1-D PURGE and 2-D HSQC NMR techniques. In addition to the neurotoxic MOA identified previously, an apoptotic MOA was also postulated due to endosulfan exposure. This thesis also explored the application of 1-D and 2-D NMR techniques in a soil metabolomic study to understand the exposure of E. fetida to sub-lethal concentrations of
endosulfan and its main degradation product, endosulfan sulfate. The earthworm’s CF and tissue extract were both analyzed to maximize the significant metabolites identified due to contaminant exposure. The PCA results identified similar toxicity for both organochlorine contaminants as the same separation, between exposed to the unexposed earthworms, were detected at various concentrations. Both neurotoxic and apopotic MOAs were observed as identical fluctuations of significant metabolites were found. This research demonstrates the potential of NMR-based metabolomics as a powerful environmental monitoring tool to understand sub-lethal organohalogenated pesticide exposure in soil using earthworms as living probes.
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Liang, Jung-Chung, and 梁容鐘. "The suitability of using the growth and reproduction of earthworms to evaluate the heavy metal pollution of soils." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21005657088750753548.
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碩士國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系
93
Earthworm is a good biological indicator of soil quality. Using earthworm as a biological indicator could provide the information of the heavy metal bioavailability, however, few research had been done in Taiwan. The OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) earthworm toxicity test was used in this study. The earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was incubated in artificial soils with a series of the concentrations of cadmium(Cd), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), chromium (Cr3+) and nickel(Ni). Survival, biomass, cocoon production, reproduction and metal bioaccumulation of the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were determined over experimental period. Additionally, the combined effect of heavy metal on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) also was evaluated by the mixture of different concentrations of copper, nickel and zinc (LC50, ⅔ LC50, ½ LC50). The results showed that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of heavy metals for earthworm at 14th day were Cd > 200 mg kg-1, Zn: 1546 mg kg-1, Cu: 785 mg kg-1, Cr3+: 2031 mg kg-1, and Ni: 1254 mg kg-1. The survival, biomass and reproduction of earthworm were declined with the increasing concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. No significantly effect on survival and biomass of earthworm was observed in the monitor concentration of heavy metals. At control concentration of heavy metals, reproduction of earthworm was significantly depressed, although there was no lethal effect for earthworm. It indicated the reproduction was more suitable for evaluation of the degree of heavy metal pollution. Results also showed that earthworm tissue metal concentration were log-linearly to the total soil metal content. Cadmium was the most concentrated by earthworm, due to its bioconcentration factor (BCF) was highest (range from 11 to 45), but for zinc, copper, chromium and nickel the BCF were lower than 1. The 56-days survival percentages of earthworm in mixture treatment, containing copper, nickel, and zinc was lower than other treatments. It indicated that the mixtures of copper, nickel, and zinc were the most toxic to earthworm. In addition, the toxicity of binary heavy metal mixtures containing of copper, nickel, and zinc on earthworm was Cu + Ni > Cu + Zn > Ni + Zn.
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Makuleke, Peace. "An assessment of impacts of landfill composition on soil quality, heavy metal and plant health : a case of Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27575.
Full textAbstract:
Landfills have served as the major sites for waste disposal in both developed and developing countries. Upon closure of a landfill site, the surface could be converted to a golf course, recreation park, playground, animal refuge, tennis court and industrial site. Even when closed, landfills still have the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment as a result of the migration of leachate from decomposing waste contained in the site. This study focused on assessing the
impacts of a closed landfill on soils and plants at Lumberstewart closed landfill site in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-30 cm, 30 - 60 cm and 60-90 cm) at the landfill and a control site. The soil samples were analysed for their texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Samples of jimson weed and pigweed growing at the closed landfill and the control
site were collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of the same set of heavy metals in these weeds determined. Soil samples were digested using EPA
method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludge and soils whereas nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was used for digestion of plant samples. Both plant and soil digests were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Soils from the landfill as well as the control site had a high content of sand with soil pH values which were alkaline. The electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were relatively low ranging from 0.39 to 1.67 dS/m, indicating low levels of salts in soils at the landfill. The concentrations of heavy metals at the closed landfill site were higher than the control site. Heavy metals concentrations in soils at the closed landfill followed the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. Results indicated that Fe was exceptionally higher than the other metals with concentration values averaging 45690±17255 mg/kg. Cadmium on the other hand had the least concentration with values of 0.01±0.00 mg/kg.
Values of Enrichment Factors of heavy metals around the soil at different depths indicated that the enrichment of heavy metals increased with depth at the landfill up to 30-60 cm after which a
decrease was observed. Values for heavy metal Contamination Factor of soils around the landfill ranged from low concentration (CF<1) to very high concentration (CF>6). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for the soil at the Lumberstewart landfill indicated that all sites were polluted (PLI>1). Site 6 had significantly higher mean concentration of heavy metals in soils at the landfill whereas site 11 had the least. The concentrations of Cd and Ni in soils at the landfill were below
permissible limits of South African National Norms and Standards (NNS) as prescribed by NEMA (2008) in South Africa whereas Cr, Cu and Zn in soils were above the NNS permissible limits.
Heavy metal concentrations in soils at the landfill were above World Health (WHO) permissible limits except for Cd which was equal (0.01 mg/kg) to the permissible values of Cd in the soils at sites 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in jimson weed and pigweed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in both plants from all sites at the landfill were significantly higher than the control site. Heavy metal transfer coefficient for both plants indicated that heavy metal uptake was more species dependent than soil heavy metal concentration dependent. The results from this research indicate that though the Lumberstewart Landfill has been closed, it is still affecting the soils in the vicinity of the
landfill. Plants and water around the Lumberstewart closed landfill could be at risk from heavy metal contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil could present a health risk to communities should they decide to use the landfill site for arable purposes.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
Books on the topic "Earthworms Soil pollution"
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Wilson, Valerie J. The impact of soil composition on the response of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida, exposed to a hydrocarbon toxicant. 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Earthworms Soil pollution"
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Bouché, M. B. "An Integrated Bioindication System Applied to Soil Pollution Assessments: From Earthworms to Ecosystems." In Bioindicator Systems for Soil Pollution, 141–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1752-1_12.
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Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadiós, Rosa Carmen, Francisco Javier Guzmán Bernardo, Nuria Rodríguez Fariñas, and María Jiménez Moreno. "The Role of Earthworms in Mercury Pollution Soil Assessment." In Environment, Energy and Climate Change I, 159–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_271.
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Sun, Feifei, Yini Ma, Hongyan Guo, and Rong Ji. "Fate of Several Typical Organic Pollutants in Soil and Impacts of Earthworms and Plants." In Twenty Years of Research and Development on Soil Pollution and Remediation in China, 575–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6029-8_35.
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Yadav, Shweta. "Contribution of Earthworm to Bioremediation as a Living Machine." In Handbook of Research on Inventive Bioremediation Techniques, 324–40. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2325-3.ch014.
Full textAbstract:
The literature regarding the benefits of earthworms is fairly ancient. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, referred to them as ‘intestines of earth' because of their habit of ingesting and ejecting the soil. In the subtropical regions of Egypt and India, the success of the ancient civilization of the Nile and the Indus Valley was partly due to the fertile soils created by the activity of the earthworms and by the continual renewal of the land by the alluvium process. During the Cleopatra era (69-30 BC), the earthworm was declared a sacred animal in the ancient Egypt. Later Darwin remarked the earthworms have played more roles throughout the history of the world than any other animal. Besides to contribute in physical structure and nutritive value of the soil by burrowing and feeding they can also be a potential pollution hazard. They are useful tool in environment monitoring and are good indicators of condition of soils. This chapter reviews soil contamination that influences earthworms and how they cope-up in contaminated environment.
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Kaur, Tamanreet. "Vermicomposting: An Effective Option for Recycling Organic Wastes." In Organic Agriculture. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91892.
Full textAbstract:
Urbanization and industrialization resulted in rapid increase in volume of solid waste; its management has become one of the biggest problems today. Solid wastes can be disposed off by methods like land filling, incineration, conversion into biogas, recycling, and composting, but its overproduction has led to inappropriate disposal practices such as their indiscriminate and inappropriately timed application to agricultural fields that ultimately leads to water and soil pollution. However, if handled properly, these organic wastes can be used for vermicomposting; it is an effective recycling technology that improves the quality of the products which is disinfected, detoxified, and highly nutritive. It is a low cost, eco-biotechnological process of waste management in which earthworms are used to cooperate with microorganisms in order to convert biodegradable wastes into organic fertilizer. Earthworms excreta (vermicast) is a nutritive organic fertilizer rich in humus, NPK, micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes; nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, actinomycets, and growth hormones auxins, gibberlins and cytokinins, is a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, being an excellent growth promoter and protector for crop plants. Thus, vermiculture not only results in management of soild waste but also produces excellent nutrient enriched vermicompost. Vermicompost is beneficial for sustainable organic agriculture and maintaining balanced ecosystem.
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Giulia, Maria, Antonio Calisi, and Trifone Schettino. "Earthworm Biomarkers as Tools for Soil Pollution Assessment." In Soil Health and Land Use Management. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/28265.
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