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Journal articles on the topic 'East Africa' Biology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hide, Geoff. "History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12, no. 1 (1999): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.1.112.

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SUMMARY The history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa is characterized by the appearance of disease epidemics interspersed by long periods of endemicity. Despite the presence of the tsetse fly in large areas of East Africa, these epidemics tend to occur multiply in specific regions or foci rather than spreading over vast areas. Many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but recent molecular approaches and detailed analyses of epidemics have highlighted the stability of human-infective trypanosome strains within these foci. The new molecular data, taken alongside the history and biology of human sleeping sickness, are beginning to highlight the important factors involved in the generation of epidemics. Specific, human-infective trypanosome strains may be associated with each focus, which, in the presence of the right conditions, can be responsible for the generation of an epidemic. Changes in agricultural practice, favoring the presence of tsetse flies, and the important contribution of domestic animals as a reservoir for the parasite are key factors in the maintenance of such epidemics. This review examines the contribution of molecular and genetic data to our understanding of the epidemiology and history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa.

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2

Moots, R. "SP0191 The ILAR-east africa initiative." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, Suppl 3 (2013): 47.1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1666.

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3

., T. J. Msogoya, A. P. Maerere ., and B. W. Grout . "Field Performance of Micropropagated East African Banana (Musa AAA East Africa) in the Eastern Zone of Tanzania." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 5, no. 4 (2006): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2006.471.474.

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4

Berg, S., M. C. Garcia-Pelayo, B. Muller, et al. "African 2, a Clonal Complex of Mycobacterium bovis Epidemiologically Important in East Africa." Journal of Bacteriology 194, no. 6 (2012): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00048-12.

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5

Berg, S., M. C. Garcia-Pelayo, B. Muller, et al. "African 2, a Clonal Complex of Mycobacterium bovis Epidemiologically Important in East Africa." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 3 (2010): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00750-10.

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6

Rabiu, Safianu, and Martin Fisher. "The breeding season and diet of Arvicanthis in northern Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 4 (1989): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003837.

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ABSTRACTThe breeding season and diet of the rat Arvicanthis was monitored from December 1983 to November 1985 in the semi-arid Sudan savanna at Kano, Nigeria, West Africa. Breeding began 1–2 months before the start of the rainy season and ceased at the beginning of the dry season. The diet of Arvicanthis was omnivorous, but with seasonal differences. Monocotyledons and dicotyledons predominated in the diet in the dry season, with seeds and insects increasing in the diet in the rainy season. The major differences between the ecology of Arvicanthis at Kano and on the East African savanna were that in East Africa the breeding season is longer and begins after the start of the rainy season. These and other dissimilarities between the biology of Arvicanthis in the two areas could be due to the effect of climatic differences on food supply and to the possible existence of different taxonomic groupings of Arvicanthis in the two regions.

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7

Maslin, Mark A., Susanne Shultz, and Martin H. Trauth. "A synthesis of the theories and concepts of early human evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1663 (2015): 20140064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0064.

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Current evidence suggests that many of the major events in hominin evolution occurred in East Africa. Hence, over the past two decades, there has been intensive work undertaken to understand African palaeoclimate and tectonics in order to put together a coherent picture of how the environment of Africa has varied over the past 10 Myr. A new consensus is emerging that suggests the unusual geology and climate of East Africa created a complex, environmentally very variable setting. This new understanding of East African climate has led to the pulsed climate variability hypothesis that suggests the long-term drying trend in East Africa was punctuated by episodes of short alternating periods of extreme humidity and aridity which may have driven hominin speciation, encephalization and dispersals out of Africa. This hypothesis is unique as it provides a conceptual framework within which other evolutionary theories can be examined: first, at macro-scale comparing phylogenetic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium ; second, at a more focused level of human evolution comparing allopatric speciation , aridity hypothesis , turnover pulse hypothesis , variability selection hypothesis , Red Queen hypothesis and sympatric speciation based on sexual selection. It is proposed that each one of these mechanisms may have been acting on hominins during these short periods of climate variability, which then produce a range of different traits that led to the emergence of new species. In the case of Homo erectus ( sensu lato ), it is not just brain size that changes but life history (shortened inter-birth intervals, delayed development), body size and dimorphism, shoulder morphology to allow thrown projectiles, adaptation to long-distance running, ecological flexibility and social behaviour. The future of evolutionary research should be to create evidence-based meta-narratives, which encompass multiple mechanisms that select for different traits leading ultimately to speciation.

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8

Khan, R. S., and J. C. Krug. "New Records of the Sordariaceae from East Africa." Mycologia 81, no. 6 (1989): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760104.

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9

Krug, J. C., and R. S. Khan. "A New Species of Thecotheus from East Africa." Mycologia 79, no. 2 (1987): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1987.12025699.

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10

Khan, R. S., and J. C. Krug. "New Records of the Sordariaceae from East Africa." Mycologia 81, no. 6 (1989): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1989.12025675.

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11

Krug, J. C., and R. S. Khan. "A New Species of Thecotheus from East Africa." Mycologia 79, no. 2 (1987): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3807653.

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12

KOROVCHINSKY, NIKOLAI M., and LA-ORSRI SANOAMUANG. "Diaphanosoma senegal Gauthier, 1951 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Sididae) in South-East Asia." Zootaxa 1695, no. 1 (2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1695.1.3.

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Representatives of a rare species, Diaphanosoma senegal Gauthier, 1951, are recorded for the first time from seven localities in Northeast Thailand and in one locality in the south of Vietnam. The known species range is thereby much expanded to the east, from West Africa to South-East Asia. Close comparative examination of specimens from the latter region has revealed morphological differences from all other representatives of the species, inhabiting the vast area from West Africa to India and Bangladesh, thus substantiating their attribution to a new subspecies, D. senegal isanensis. The description of the new taxon is supplemented by notes on biology and zoogeography of the species.

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13

Chao, ChihCheng T., and Robert R. Krueger. "The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Overview of Biology, Uses, and Cultivation." HortScience 42, no. 5 (2007): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1077.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the oldest fruit crops grown in the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and the Middle East. The most probable area of origin of the date palm was in or near what is now the country of Iraq, but date cultivation spread to many countries starting in ancient times. Dates are a major food source and income source for local populations in the Middle East and North Africa, and play significant roles in the economy, society, and environment in these areas. In addition to serving directly as a food source, dates are packed and processed in a number of ways, and other parts of the tree are used for various purposes. The date palm is a diploid, perennial, dioecious, and monocotyledonous plant adapted to arid environments. It has unique biological and developmental characteristics that necessitate special propagation, culture, and management techniques. Thousands of date palm cultivars and selections exist in different date-growing countries. Different genetic marker systems have been used to study genetic relationships among date palm cultivars. The long life cycle, long period of juvenility, and dioecism of date palms make breeding challenging. Worldwide date production has grown from 1,809,091 t in 1962 to 6,924,975 t in 2005. Worldwide date production will continue to grow, especially in the Middle East, despite current and future challenges.

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14

Fennessy, ST. "Reproductive biology and growth of the yellowbelly rockcodEpinephelus marginatus(Serranidae) from South-East Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 28, no. 1 (2006): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320609504128.

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15

Simoben, Conrad V., Ammar Qaseem, Aurélien F. A. Moumbock, et al. "Pharmacoinformatic Investigation of Medicinal Plants from East Africa." Molecular Informatics 39, no. 11 (2020): 2000163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/minf.202000163.

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16

RWEYEMAMU, MARK, ROGER PASKIN, ABDELALI BENKIRANE, VINCENT MARTIN, PETER ROEDER, and KRIS WOJCIECHOWSKI. "Emerging Diseases of Africa and the Middle East." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, no. 1 (2006): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05275.x.

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17

Adewoyin, Ademola Samson. "Management of Sickle Cell Disease: A Review for Physician Education in Nigeria (Sub-Saharan Africa)." Anemia 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/791498.

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Sickle cell disease (SCD) predominates in sub-Saharan Africa, East Mediterranean areas, Middle East, and India. Nigeria, being the most populous black nation in the world, bears its greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The last few decades have witnessed remarkable scientific progress in the understanding of the complex pathophysiology of the disease. Improved clinical insights have heralded development and establishment of disease modifying interventions such as chronic blood transfusions, hydroxyurea therapy, and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Coupled with parallel improvements in general supportive, symptomatic, and preventive measures, current evidence reveals remarkable appreciation in quality of life among affected individuals in developed nations. Currently, in Nigeria and other West African states, treatment and control of SCD are largely suboptimal. Improved knowledge regarding SCD phenotypes and its comprehensive care among Nigerian physicians will enhance quality of care for affected persons. This paper therefore provides a review on the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of SCD in Nigeria, with a focus on its local patterns and peculiarities. Established treatment guidelines as appropriate in the Nigerian setting are proffered, as well as recommendations for improving care of affected persons.

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18

Msogoya, Theodosy, Brian Grout, and Andy Roberts. "Karyotypic and 2C Nuclear DNA Size Instability in vitro Induced Off-Types of East African Highland Banana (Musa AAA East Africa)." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 7, no. 3 (2008): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2008.578.581.

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19

Jiagge, Evelyn, Joseph Kwaku Oppong, Jessica Bensenhaver, et al. "Breast Cancer and African Ancestry: Lessons Learned at the 10-Year Anniversary of the Ghana-Michigan Research Partnership and International Breast Registry." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 5 (2016): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2015.002881.

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Women with African ancestry in western, sub-Saharan Africa and in the United States represent a population subset facing an increased risk of being diagnosed with biologically aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer that are negative for the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the HER2/neu marker. These tumors are commonly referred to as triple-negative breast cancer. Disparities in breast cancer incidence and outcome related to racial or ethnic identity motivated the establishment of the International Breast Registry, on the basis of partnerships between the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana, the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, Michigan. This research collaborative has featured educational training programs as well as scientific investigations related to the comparative biology of breast cancer in Ghanaian African, African American, and white/European American patients. Currently, the International Breast Registry has expanded to include African American patients throughout the United States by partnering with the Sisters Network (a national African American breast cancer survivors’ organization) and additional sites in Ghana (representing West Africa) as well as Ethiopia (representing East Africa). Its activities are now coordinated through the Henry Ford Health System International Center for the Study of Breast Cancer Subtypes. Herein, we review the history and results of this international program at its 10-year anniversary.

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20

Ibrahim, Muntaser E. "Genetic diversity of the Sudanese: insights on origin and implications for health." Human Molecular Genetics 30, R1 (2021): R37—R41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddab028.

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Abstract By virtue of their cultural, linguistic and genetic legacies, many populations from Sudan have deep histories in the region and retain high genetic diversities. Sudan’s location in north east Africa, a unique spot believed to act as a climatic refuge during periods of climate extremes, might have dictated that fate. Among the marked consequences of this diversity is the potential to provide information on the origin and structure of human populations within and outside the continent, as well as migration patterns towards various parts of the African continent, and out of Africa. The diverse Sudanese gene pool further has the potential to inform on genetic adaptations driven by culture and the environment resulting in unique and interesting traits, some of which are yet to be investigated. In addition, these genomes could offer clues to complex issues of causation amidst the challenge of new paradigms in biology underpinned by the genomic revolution.

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21

DISNEY, H. J. DE S., and A. J. MARSHALL. "A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE WEAVERFINCH QUELEA QUELEA (LINNAEUS) IN EAST AFRICA." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 127, no. 3 (2009): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1956.tb00475.x.

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22

Yeshaw, Yigizie, Misganaw Gebrie Worku, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale, and Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema. "Zinc utilization and associated factors among under-five children with diarrhea in East Africa: A generalized linear mixed modeling." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0243245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243245.

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Introduction Diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death among under-five children in low and middle income countries. Through the provision of zinc supplements has been shown to reduce the severity and duration of diarrhea, as well as the risk of mortality, the use of zinc for the treatment of diarrhea is still very low in low-income countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea in East Africa. Methods A secondary data analysis of the recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of East African countries were used to determine the prevalence and associated factors of zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea in East Africa. A total weighted samples of 16,875 under-five children with diarrhea were included in the study. A generalized linear mixed model (using Poisson regression with robust error variance) was used. Prevalence Ratios (PR) with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for those variables included in the final model. Results The overall prevalence of zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea in this study was 21.54% (95% CI = 20.92–22.16). Of East African countries, Uganda had the highest prevalence of zinc utilization (40.51%) whereas Comoros had the lowest (0.44%). Maternal primary education (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio(aPR) = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.16–1.44), secondary education (aPR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19–1.55) and higher education (aPR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.52–2.40), high community women education (aPR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02–1.24), high wealth index (aPR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.24), high community media exposure (aPR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.06–1.29) were associated with a higher prevalence of zinc utilization. Conclusion The prevalence of zinc utilization among under-five children was found to be low in East Africa. Maternal education, wealth index, community women education, and community media exposure were significantly associated with zinc utilization. Increased mass media exposure, maternal education and wealth index is recommended to improve zinc utilization among under-five children with diarrhea.

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23

O'gengo, J. A., J. G. Sayi, D. L. Cohen, et al. "493 Brain amyloid 6 protein deposition in non-demented African subjects from east Africa." Neurobiology of Aging 17, no. 4 (1996): S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(96)80495-7.

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24

Roberts, Danielle J., and Temesgen Zewotir. "District Effect Appraisal in East Sub-Saharan Africa: Combating Childhood Anaemia." Anemia 2019 (November 13, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1598920.

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Background. Anaemia in children is a significant health problem that receives little attention. This study aimed at determining the factors significantly associated with anaemia in children aged 6 to 59 months in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda while accounting for the spatial heterogeneity within and between the districts of the four countries. In addition, the performance of the districts with regard to their impact on anaemia was assessed and ranked. Methods. A generalised additive mixed model with a spatial effect based on the geographical coordinates of the clusters was used. A district-level random effect was included to further account for the heterogeneity as well as to rank the performance of the districts based on the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). Results. The results depicted significant spatial heterogeneity between and within the districts of the countries. After accounting for such spatial heterogeneity, child-level characteristics (gender, malaria test result, and mother’s highest education level), household-level characteristics (household size, household’s wealth index Z-score, the type of toilet facility available, and the type of place of residence), and the country of residence were found to be significantly associated with the child’s anaemia status. There was a significant interaction between the type of place of residence and the country of residence. Based on the BLUP for the district-level random effect, the top 3 best- and worst-performing districts within each country were identified. Conclusion. The ranking of the performance of the districts allows for the worst-performing districts to be targeted for further research in order to improve their anaemia control strategies, as well as for the best-performing districts to be identified to further determine why they are performing better and then to use these districts as role models in efforts to overcome childhood anaemia.

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25

Wood, A. D., and C. D. Buxton. "Aspects of the biology of the abaloneHaliotis midae(Linne, 1758) on the east coast of South Africa. 1. Feeding biology." South African Journal of Marine Science 17, no. 1 (1996): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776196784158590.

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26

Gouveia, Mateus H., Victor Borda, Thiago P. Leal, et al. "Origins, Admixture Dynamics, and Homogenization of the African Gene Pool in the Americas." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 6 (2020): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa033.

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Abstract The Transatlantic Slave Trade transported more than 9 million Africans to the Americas between the early 16th and the mid-19th centuries. We performed a genome-wide analysis using 6,267 individuals from 25 populations to infer how different African groups contributed to North-, South-American, and Caribbean populations, in the context of geographic and geopolitical factors, and compared genetic data with demographic history records of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. We observed that West-Central Africa and Western Africa-associated ancestry clusters are more prevalent in northern latitudes of the Americas, whereas the South/East Africa-associated ancestry cluster is more prevalent in southern latitudes of the Americas. This pattern results from geographic and geopolitical factors leading to population differentiation. However, there is a substantial decrease in the between-population differentiation of the African gene pool within the Americas, when compared with the regions of origin from Africa, underscoring the importance of historical factors favoring admixture between individuals with different African origins in the New World. This between-population homogenization in the Americas is consistent with the excess of West-Central Africa ancestry (the most prevalent in the Americas) in the United States and Southeast-Brazil, with respect to historical-demography expectations. We also inferred that in most of the Americas, intercontinental admixture intensification occurred between 1750 and 1850, which correlates strongly with the peak of arrivals from Africa. This study contributes with a population genetics perspective to the ongoing social, cultural, and political debate regarding ancestry, admixture, and the mestizaje process in the Americas.

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27

Cuthbert, Mark O., and Gail M. Ashley. "A Spring Forward for Hominin Evolution in East Africa." PLoS ONE 9, no. 9 (2014): e107358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107358.

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28

van der Walt, B. A., and B. Q. Mann. "Aspects of the reproductive biology ofSarpa salpa(Pisces: Sparidae) off the east coast of South Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 33, no. 4 (1998): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1998.11448478.

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29

Fennessy, S. T. "Aspects of the Biology of Four Species of Sciaenidae from the East Coast of South Africa." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 50, no. 2 (2000): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1999.0560.

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30

Kohda, Masanori, and Michio Hori. "Dichromatism in relation to the trophic biology of predatory cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa." Journal of Zoology 229, no. 3 (1993): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02647.x.

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31

Kaur, Harbhajan, and Bezuayehu Kerisew Semahagn. "Meiosis in Three Species of Heteroptera from Ethiopia (East Africa)." CYTOLOGIA 75, no. 2 (2010): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.75.141.

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32

Magiera, Philipp, Suzan Taha, and Lothar Nolte. "Water demand management in the Middle East and North Africa." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 17, no. 3 (2006): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830610658700.

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33

Hussen, Siraj, and Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse. "Prevalence of Syphilis among Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2019 (July 16, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4562385.

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Objective. Syphilis is one of the most imperative STIs, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. During pregnancy it is associated with disastrous health outcomes in the newborn. In sub-Saharan Africa, study findings on the prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women are highly dispersed and inconsistent. The aim of the current review is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa among pregnant women. Design. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data Sources. Databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and HINARI and reference lists of previous prevalence studies were systematically searched for relevant literature from January 1999 to November 2018. Results were presented in forest plot, tables, and figures. Random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis. For the purpose of this review, a case of syphilis was defined as positive treponemal or nontreponemal tests among pregnant women. Data Extraction. Our search gave a total of 262 citations from all searched databases. Of these, 44 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria and comprising 175,546 subjects were finally included. Results. The pooled prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa was 2.9% (95%CI: 2.4%-3.4%). East and Southern African regions had a higher syphilis prevalence among pregnant women (3.2%, 95% CI: 2.3%-4.2% and 3.6%, 95%CI: 2.0%-5.1%, respectively) than the sub-Saharan African pooled prevalence. The prevalence of syphilis among pregnant women in most parts of the region seemed to have decreased over the past 20 years except for the East African region. However, prevalence did not significantly differ by region and time period. Conclusion. This review showed a high prevalence of syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa among pregnant women. The evidence suggests strengthening the screening program during pregnancy as part of the care package during antenatal care visits. Programs focusing on primary prevention of syphilis in women should also be strengthened.

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34

BARTSCH, DANIEL. "Revision of Gymnosophistis Meyrick, 1934 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from East Africa with description of a new species." Zootaxa 4532, no. 1 (2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4532.1.10.

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In this study, a revision and redescription of Gymnosophistis Meyrick, 1934 is provided. The type species, G. thyrsodoxa Meyrick, 1934, and a new species, G. staudei sp. nov., occur in Kenya. Females and biology of both species are unknown. Gymnosophistis is placed in Sesiini for the first time, with Alonina Walker, 1856 being most likely the sister group. A lectotype of G. thyrsodoxa is designated.

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35

Cyrus, D. P. "The reproductive biology ofSolea bleekeri(Teleostei) in Lake St Lucia on the south-east coast of Africa." South African Journal of Marine Science 10, no. 1 (1991): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/02577619109504618.

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36

Kahl, M. P. "A contribution to the ecology and reproductive biology of the Marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) in East Africa." Journal of Zoology 148, no. 3 (2009): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02952.x.

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37

Makani, Julie, Elineema Meda, Stella Rwezaula, et al. "Sickle Cell Anaemia in East Africa: Preliminary Results from a Cohort Study." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3802.3802.

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Abstract Background: The recognition of Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) as a problem of public health significance by the world health organisation in May 2006 has major implications in Africa where an estimated 300,000 children are born every year. In Tanzania, 20% of the population are heterozygous for the S Gene; up to 10,000 children are born every year with SCA. In order to target limited resources, research and interventional programmes require the identification of problem areas that will need to have maximum impact. Despite the protection against malaria in heterozygous individuals, paradoxically malaria is thought to be a common cause of morbidity and mortality in SCA. Bacterial infections have been implicated as a common cause of mortality and Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) has been used to identify patients at increased risk of stroke, a recognised cause of morbidity. Aims: The study attempts to define causes of morbidity and mortality in SCA in Tanzania focusing on three major areas where it is important to establish clear answers. The aims of the study are to determine the role of malaria infection in SCA patients, to describe the major bacterial pathogens associated with admission in SCA patients and to describe the spectrum of cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFv) using TCD in SCA patients in East Africa. Study design: This is a prospective, descriptive cohort study in Muhimbili national hospital, Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania with clinical surveillance of patients in outpatient clinic every three months and during admission to hospital for any acute clinical event. Results: From March 2004 to June 2006, there have been 5,601 visits during which clinical and laboratory data has been collected on 1,000 (male 51.4%) SCA patients. The mean age of the patients is 10 7.4 years, (range 7 months54 yrs), with 91.7% below 20 years of age; 8.28% under the age of 5 years. The frequency of major clinical events, including fits (5.2%), stroke (1.9%) is reported. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in outpatients and during admission was 2.9% and 7.7% respectively which was lower than in the non-sickle population. There have been 516 admissions during this period, presenting with pain (44%), anaemia (17%) and fever (15%). Salmonella species (Non typhoid salmonella) was the commonest bacterial pathogens isolated. TCD was done in 400 patients (age 2 – 16 years); with 25% having a time averaged maximal mean velocity of 150 cms/second or more, suggesting stenosis. Conclusion: Preliminary analysis suggest over 90% of the SCA population are under 20 years of age, with a deficit in the under 5 year age group. There is reduced malaria infection, suggesting resistance to malaria and not susceptibility as previously reported. Painful crises were the commonest cause of admission with salmonella the most frequent pathogen isolated. TCD identified at least 25% of patients with CBFv suggestive of stenosis. This study is the initial step in describing the causes of morbidity in patients with SCD disease in Tanzania and will form the basis of longitudinal studies that will attempt to guide interventional strategies, target research and provide insight into natural history of SCD in East Africa.

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Inusa, Baba, Raffaella Colombatti, David C. Rees, et al. "Geographic Differences in Phenotype and Treatment of Children with Sickle Cell Anemia from the Multinational DOVE Study." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3653.3653.

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Abstract Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is characterized by significant phenotypic variability. DOVE1 was a Phase 3, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multinational study that investigated the efficacy and safety of prasugrel, a P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist, for reduction of vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs), a composite of painful crisis or acute chest syndrome, in 2- to <18-year-olds with SCA (age cohorts: 2 to <6 years, 6 to <12 years, and 12 to <18 years) (NCT01794000). Methods: DOVE was conducted at 51 sites in 13 countries across 4 continents. A total of 341 subjects were randomized (prasugrel, n=171; placebo, n=170) and SCA genotypes (homozygous hemoglobin S; hemoglobin Sβ0 thalassemia) were included. Eligibility required ≥2 VOCs in the prior year. Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics and study endpoints were compared by region. Since no overall treatment effect was found, data provided reflect the combined 341 subjects (Americas, N=57; sub-Saharan Africa [SSA], N=148; North Africa/Middle East, N=110; Europe, N=26). Results: Per regional enrollment, the largest proportion of subjects were 6 to <12 years in SSA (48.6% [n=72]), 12 to <18 years in the Americas (45.6% [n=26]) and North Africa/Middle East (58.2% [n=64]), but more evenly divided among the 3 age groups in Europe (30.8-34.6% [n=8-9]). Self-reported racial groupings differed by region (p<0.001): 100% white in North Africa/Middle East; 100% black in SSA; 19.2% white, 76.9% black, and 3.8% multiple in Europe; and 1.8% white, 96.4% black, and 1.8% multiple in the Americas. Mean body mass index was <17 in SSA and Europe (15.3 and 16.6 kg/m2) but >18 in North Africa/Middle East and the Americas (18.3 and 18.1 kg/m2) (p<0.001). Mean blood pressures were lowest in SSA (systolic: 99.0 vs. 105.4-108.0 mmHg, p=0.004; diastolic: 58.3 vs. 60.4-62.9 mmHg, p=0.003). The proportion of subjects with history of acute chest syndrome prior to enrollment was lower in SSA (6.1%) than other regions (18.2-66.7%, p<0.001). Mean number of VOCs in the year prior to enrollment was higher in the Americas than other regions (5.8 vs. 3.2-3.4, p=0.041). Hydroxyurea (HU) use at baseline varied by region: 91.2% in the Americas, 72.7% in North Africa/Middle East, 42.3% in Europe, and 6.8% in SSA (p<0.001). For subjects not on HU at baseline (Table 1), mean hemoglobin at baseline was lowest in SSA (7.6 g/dL); reticulocyte count was lowest in the Americas (214.8 billion/L) and highest in Europe (327.8 billion/L) (p=0.004). For all geographic regions, the most frequent serious adverse events (SAEs) were classified as blood and lymphatic system disorders, with the highest percentage reported as painful crisis. The second most frequent SAEs in SSA, North Africa/Middle East, and Europe were various infections and infestations. The second most frequent in the Americas was respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders; all were reported as acute chest syndrome. The overall rate of VOCs (events per patient-year) was 3.2 in Europe, 3.0 in the Americas, 2.6 in SSA, and 2.0 in North Africa/Middle East. The percentage of patients hospitalized for VOCs was greatest in Europe (76.9%) compared to other regions (28.4-57.9%); however, mean hospital stay per VOC was similar across regions (5.3-6.2 days). The percentage of VOCs causing hospitalization was highest in Europe (67.7%), followed by North Africa/Middle East (48.7%), the Americas (46.5%), and SSA (26.4%). In SSA, the majority of VOCs were managed as outpatient hospital visits (67.9%), whereas other regions more frequently used inpatient hospital visits (33.2-55.2%). Regardless of region, almost all VOCs were treated with analgesics (overall: 99.5%) and approximately half were treated with intravenous (IV) fluids (overall: 54.4%). In contrast, the proportion of VOC-related transfusions was greater in North Africa/Middle East and Europe (18.6% and 18.8%) than in the Americas and SSA (10.0% and 6.4%). Conclusions: In the DOVE study, management of VOCs with analgesics and IV fluids was similar across regions. However, there were regional differences in VOC-related hospitalizations and transfusions that may reflect differences in culture, utilization of resources, disease severity, or a combination of factors. References: 1Heeney MM, et al. A multinational trial of prasugrel for sickle cell vaso-occlusive events. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:625-635. Disclosures Colombatti: Eli Lilly and Company: Research Funding. Heeney:Eli Lilly and Company: Research Funding; Sancilio and Company: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding. Hoppe:Eli Lilly and Company: Consultancy. Ogutu:Eli Lilly and Company: Research Funding. Hassab:Eli Lilly and Company: Research Funding. Zhou:Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Other: Minor Shareholder. Yao:Eli Lilly and Company: Employment. Brown:Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Other: Minor Shareholder. Heath:Eli Lilly and Company: Employment. Jakubowski:Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Other: Minor Shareholder. Abboud:Eli Lilly and Company: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MAST Therapeutics: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria.

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Antinori, Spinello, Laura Galimberti, Laura Milazzo, and Mario Corbellino. "BIOLOGY OF HUMAN MALARIA PLASMODIA INCLUDING PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 4, no. 1 (2012): e2012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2012.013.

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Malaria is a vector-borne infection caused by unicellular parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodia are obligate intracellular parasites that in humans after a clinically silent replication phase in the liver are able to infect and replicate within the erythrocytes. Four species (P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale and P.vivax) are traditionally recognized as responsible of natural infection in human beings but the recent upsurge of P.knowlesi malaria in South-East Asia has led clinicians to consider it as the fifth human malaria parasite. Recent studies in wild-living apes in Africa have revealed that P.falciparum, the most deadly form of human malaria, is not only human-host restricted as previously believed and its phylogenetic lineage is much more complex with new species identified in gorilla, bonobo and chimpanzee. Although less impressive, new data on biology of P.malariae, P.ovale and P.vivax are also emerging and will be briefly discussed in this review.

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Massawe, Deogracious P., Lucy R. Stewart, Jovia Kamatenesi, Theodore Asiimwe, and Margaret G. Redinbaugh. "Complete sequence and diversity of a maize-associated Polerovirus in East Africa." Virus Genes 54, no. 3 (2018): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-018-1560-5.

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MOUND, L. A., M. MASUMOTO, and S. OKAJIMA. "The Palaeotropical genus Craspedothrips, with new species from Africa and Malaysia (Thysanoptera, Thripinae)." Zootaxa 3478, no. 1 (2012): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3478.1.7.

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An identification key is provided to 10 species recognised in the genus Craspedothrips, including three new species, C. malaysiae from Malaysia, and C. nyanzai, C. poecilus, and C. reticulatus from East Africa. Plesiopsothrips zurstrasseni Bournier et al. is considered a new synonym of C. hargreavesi, and Plesiopsothrips carvalhoi Bournier a new synonym of C. xanthocerus. One oriental species, C. antennalis Karny, is newly recorded from Australia. Little is known of the biology of most species, but C. antennatus and C. xanthocerus are both recorded in association with Hemileia vastatrix on the leaves of Coffea species (Rubiaceae) in Africa, C. minor is recorded from flowers of Cassia (Fabaceae), and C. antennalis is recorded from plants of the family Apocynaceae.

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de la Torre, Ignacio. "The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1567 (2011): 1028–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0350.

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The search for the earliest stone tools is a topic that has received much attention in studies on the archaeology of human origins. New evidence could position the oldest traces of stone tool-use before 3.39 Myr, substantially earlier than previously documented. Nonetheless, the first unmistakable evidence of tool-making dates to 2.6 Ma, the period in which Oldowan assemblages first appear in the East African record. However, this is not an unchangeable time boundary, and considerations about the tempo and modo of tool-making emergence have varied through time. This paper summarizes the history of research on the origins of stone knapping in Africa and places the current evidence in a historical perspective.

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CUTLER, S. J., P. BROWNING, and J. C. SCOTT. "Ornithodoros moubata, a Soft Tick Vector for Rickettsia in East Africa?" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1078, no. 1 (2006): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.074.

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Fernandes, Veronica, Nicolas Brucato, Joana C. Ferreira, et al. "Genome-Wide Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Populations: Shedding Light on the History of a Fundamental Bridge between Continents." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 3 (2019): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz005.

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Abstract The Arabian Peninsula (AP) was an important crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe, being the cradle of the structure defining these main human population groups, and a continuing path for their admixture. The screening of 741,000 variants in 420 Arabians and 80 Iranians allowed us to quantify the dominant sub-Saharan African admixture in the west of the peninsula, whereas South Asian and Levantine/European influence was stronger in the east, leading to a rift between western and eastern sides of the Peninsula. Dating of the admixture events indicated that Indian Ocean slave trade and Islamization periods were important moments in the genetic makeup of the region. The western–eastern axis was also observable in terms of positive selection of diversity conferring lactose tolerance, with the West AP developing local adaptation and the East AP acquiring the derived allele selected in European populations and existing in South Asia. African selected malaria resistance through the DARC gene was enriched in all Arabian genomes, especially in the western part. Clear European influences associated with skin and eye color were equally frequent across the Peninsula.

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Ahmed, Abdelmutalab Gesmalla, Lucy Kananu Murungi, and Régis Babin. "Developmental biology and demographic parameters of antestia bug Antestiopsis thunbergii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), on Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) at different constant temperatures." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36, no. 03 (2016): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758416000072.

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AbstractThe antestia bugAntestiopsis thunbergii(Gmelin 1790) is a major coffee pest in East Africa. Nymphs and adults feed on all vegetative and fruiting parts of the coffee tree leading to yield reduction and poor quality of coffee beans. Our study aimed to characterize the developmental biology and provide life table parameters forA. thunbergiireared in the laboratory. The biology ofA. thunbergiiwas studied at four constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C with 80±5% RH and a photoperiod of L:D 12:12. Complete development ofA. thunbergiifrom egg to adult occurred between 20 and 30°C, while eggs did not hatch at 35°C. Immature stage development time decreased significantly with an increase in temperature, with the exception of fifth nymphal stage, duration of which was similar for all temperatures. The fecundity was maximal at 20°C with an average of 132.8 eggs per female and 1.7 egg per female per day. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest at 20°C with 75.79 daughters per female compared to 19.56 and 2.69 daughters per female at 25 and 30°C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increaserwas maximal at 20°C with 0.013 and negative at 30°C. The time required for the reared population to double (doubling timeTd) was shorter at 20°C with 53.31 days compared to 115.52 days at 25°C. Our study provides basic information onA. thunbergiibiology that will contribute to a better understanding of the pest distribution and dynamics on arabica coffee in East Africa.

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Buxton, C. D., and J. R. Clarke. "The Biology of the bronze bream,Pachymetopon Grande(Teleostei: Sparidae) from the south-east Cape coast, South Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 27, no. 1 (1992): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1992.11448256.

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Koehler, Rebecca N., Anne M. Walsh, Eric E. Sanders-Buell, et al. "High-Throughput High-Resolution Class I HLA Genotyping in East Africa." PLoS ONE 5, no. 5 (2010): e10751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010751.

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Kapumba, Blessings M., Nicola Desmond, and Janet Seeley. "What do we know about ancillary care practices in East and Southern Africa? A systematic review and meta-synthesis." Wellcome Open Research 6 (June 29, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16858.1.

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Background: Despite growing calls for the provision of ancillary care to study participants during medical research, there remains a noticeable gap in ethical guidelines for medical researchers in resource-constrained settings (RCS). We reviewed recent studies to determine the extent to which ancillary care is provided in East and Southern Africa and to examine the ethical justifications researchers provide to support their views on ancillary care obligations. Methods: A systematic search for qualitative and mixed methods studies on ancillary care was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, African Wide Information, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Scopus. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Department of Bioethics and H3 Africa websites and Google Scholar were further searched. Studies conducted in East and Southern Africa between 2004 and 2020, as well as those that reported on ancillary care provided to study participants were included. All studies included in this review were evaluated for methodological quality as well as bias risk. NVivo version 12 was used for thematic analysis. Results: Overall, 4,710 articles were identified by the initial search. After the data extraction and quality assessment, 24 articles were included. Key areas presented include ancillary care approaches and the themes of researcher motivation for providing ancillary care and expectations of participants in medical research. The review shows that while some international researchers do provide ancillary care to their study participants, approaches are not standardised without consistent guidelines for ethical practice for ancillary care. We found limited empirical studies in RCS that report on ancillary care, hence findings in this review are based on single studies rather than a collection of multiple studies. Conclusions: This paper emphasizes the value of establishing ethics guidelines for medical researchers in RCS who consider provision of ancillary care to their participants, and the need to account for these ethical guidelines in medical research.

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Jacobs, Bonnie F. "Palaeobotanical studies from tropical Africa: relevance to the evolution of forest, woodland and savannah biomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (2004): 1573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1533.

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Fossil plants provide data on climate, community composition and structure, all of which are relevant to the definition and recognition of biomes. Macrofossils reflect local vegetation, whereas pollen assemblages sample a larger area. The earliest solid evidence for angiosperm tropical rainforest in Africa is based primarily on Late Eocene to Late Oligocene ( ca . 39–26 Myr ago) pollen assemblages from Cameroon, which are rich in forest families. Plant macrofossil assemblages from elsewhere in interior Africa for this time interval are rare, but new work at Chilga in the northwestern Ethiopian Highlands documents forest communities at 28 Myr ago. Initial results indicate botanical affinities with lowland West African forest. The earliest known woodland community in tropical Africa is dated at 46 Myr ago in northern Tanzania, as documented by leaves and fruits from lake deposits. The community around the lake was dominated by caesalpinioid legumes, but included Acacia , for which this, to my knowledge, is the earliest record. This community is structurally similar to modern miombo, although it is different at the generic level. The grass–dominated savannah biome began to expand in the Middle Miocene (16 Myr ago), and became widespread in the Late Miocene ( ca . 8 Myr ago), as documented by pollen and carbon isotopes from both West and East Africa.

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Wood, A. D., and C. D. Buxton. "Aspects of the biology of the abaloneHaliotis midae(Linne, 1758) on the east coast of South Africa. 2. Reproduction." South African Journal of Marine Science 17, no. 1 (1996): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776196784158356.

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