Academic literature on the topic 'East-Central State (Nigeria)'

The relationship between Fulani herdsmen and farmers has in recent years become hot-tempered motivated by competitive control of land resources, particularly in central and north-east Nigeria. In Taraba State, the ongoing nomadic migration pattern from the Sahel in quest of pastures has led to violent confrontation between Fulani herdsmen and farming indigenous natives. Using a descriptive approach consisting of documented evidence, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, the analysis revealed that conflicts between Fulani herdsmen and indigenous native farmers have culminated in population displacement and destruction of life and property in numerous rural enclaves in Taraba State. Despite the consequences of the conflicts, the Taraba State government was unable to act proactively because of the centralization of command over Nigerian security agencies. Accordingly, the study suggests decentralization of security agencies in Nigeria, especially the police, as the way forward for effective security governance in Nigeria.

As a result of the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In late February 2020, the Nigerian government took various measures to combat the plague. In Nigeria the lockdown was started in Lagos, Ogun State and Abuja the capital territory (1, 2). Some other states across the country have adopted various restrictive measures. However other states of North West, North Central and North East follow suit to contain the spread of COVID-19 in their state meanwhile this bring about bridge of security in those states. The main purpose of lockdown was to contain the spread of novel COVID-19 (3). However this resulted to an increase in banditry and Boko-haram attack in northern part of Nigeria.

Patterns in fingers, palms, and soles; a term refers to as ‘dermatoglyphics’, are now been studied for ethno-historic facts and ancestry tracing. However, there is paucity of information on Esan people dermatoglyphics. Hence, this study investigates the variations in finger dermatoglyphics among Esan speaking tribe of Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 500 indigenes were sampled from 3 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) and the ink method was used to collect finger-prints from both palms. The loop was the most predominant pattern (54.44%) while the whorl and arches represent 30.96% and 14.60% respectively. Overall, the loop fingerprint pattern was highest in all the LGAs. Esan West LGA presented highest in the arches fingerprints (56.44%) as compared to Esan North East LGA (24.38%) and Esan Central LGA (19.18%). The right hand was observed to present higher in the different primary fingerprints but the different was not significant. There was no significant different (p>0.05) in the distribution of the primary fingerprints pattern between the right and left hand in the different LGAs. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the distribution of the primary fingerprints between genders. Female represented higher in the arches pattern while male represented higher in the whorl pattern. The loop pattern was male dominant in Esan West and Esan Central LGAs but female dominated in Esan North East LGA. The findings demonstrated gender and LGAs variations of primary fingerprints among the Esan speaking tribe and may suggest different ancestry. This result could play important role for forensic anthropologist in the study area. Keywords: Dermatoglyphics, Fingerprints, Esan, Edo State, Nigeria

Wind energy is one of the cleanest sources of renewable energy sources (RES) in Nigeria but among the least utilized even with its enormous abundance. This work investigates wind energy availability and its utilization in some selected areas of the six geopolitical regions. The area under study is part of North-West (Gumel, in Jigawa State), Part of North-East (Maiduguri, Gamboru and Baga in Bornu State and Kumagunnam in Yobe State), Part North Central (Pankshin and Biu in Plateau State), Part of South-West (Lagos State), Part of South-East (Ihiala in Anambra State) and Part of South-South (Buguma in Rivers State). Rescreen (renewable energy) software was used to analyse the data obtained from Nigeria meteorological agency (NIMET). The result obtained showed the average wind speed for the various locations under study and it was found that there was drastic fluctuation of the speed of wind between June and October, and this was decreasing in this order. Furthermore, Kumagunnam and Gamboru has a high wind speed from January to march. This could be attributed to climatic/seasonal changes in weather pattern and it was also found that this is proportional to the cube of wind speed which is not linearly related to wind speed.

Wind energy is one of the cleanest sources of renewable energy sources (RES) in Nigeria but among the least utilized even with its enormous abundance. This work investigates wind energy availability and its utilization in some selected areas of the six geopolitical regions. The area under study is part of North-West (Gumel, in Jigawa State), Part of North-East (Maiduguri, Gamboru and Baga in Bornu State and Kumagunnam in Yobe State), Part North Central (Pankshin and Biu in Plateau State), Part of South-West (Lagos State), Part of South-East (Ihiala in Anambra State) and Part of South-South (Buguma in Rivers State). Rescreen (renewable energy) software was used to analyse the data obtained from Nigeria meteorological agency (NIMET). The result obtained showed the average wind speed for the various locations under study and it was found that there was drastic fluctuation of the speed of wind between June and October, and this was decreasing in this order. Furthermore, Kumagunnam and Gamboru has a high wind speed from January to march. This could be attributed to climatic/seasonal changes in weather pattern and it was also found that this is proportional to the cube of wind speed which is not linearly related to wind speed.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey was carried out at EL - Amin proposed University site, Located along Eastern bye pass Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. It lies in the basement complex region of Northern Nigeria. The survey was carried out with the aim of determine the ground water potentials of the area and evaluate its aquifer protective capacity. The technique employed was the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array. A total of 48 VES points were sounded on grid profiles separated by 100 m apart with VES spacing of 100 m. Three to four layers were observed. The Stratigraphy of subsurface shows: topsoil with resistivity range from 0.4 to 277.89 Ωm, Weathered/Fracture basement layer having resistivity vary between 31.0 and 982.89 Ωm and Fresh basement with resistivity range from 19.1 to 79935.239 Ωm. The Weathered/Fractured layer was considered as aquiferous horizon. The Longitudinal Conductance and resistivity Contour maps were produced. Thirteen VES points were delineated as groundwater potential with resistivity ranging from 45.5 Ωm to 611.77 Ωm, thickness ranging between 3.5 m and 13.07 m and depth ranging from 8.8 m to 24.43 m which represent about 18.75 percent of the area. The south, south - east and north - west portions of the area are underlain by materials of moderate to good protective capacity while the western and central part of the area with thin overburden coincided with weak to poor protective capacity which will exp ose the groundwater in the area to pollution.

<div><p><em>The need for this study arose from the worrisome state of unemployment in the country and the obvious neglect of the direct effect of entrepreneurship to entrepreneurs. The study therefore, attempts to ascertain the possible relationship between entrepreneurship and self sustainability in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey design and the six Geo-political zones of the country; south-east, south-south, south-west, north central, north east and north west constituted the population for the study from which a purposive sample of ten (10) entrepreneurs from each zone was taken with particular reference to those that have survived the five (5) years of existence and the total was 60. Data so collected was presented in tabular form and analyzed. The Friedman’s Chi-square was instrumental in the test of the hypothesis formulated and the result showed a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurship and self-sustainability in Nigeria. The study therefore, recommended that considering the pivotal role that entrepreneurship plays in enhancing self-sustainability in the economy, all hands must be on desk to encourage and support entrepreneurial activities in order to curb the high level menace of unemployment rate as well as provide a supporting ground for economic sustainability of the country.</em></p></div>

Abstract This chapter presents a comparative sociological analysis of resource-driven hostilities, drawing on five cases in southern, central, western and eastern Africa. In the south, the chapter analyzes the unfolding Islamic insurgency in Mozambique, which led to the involvement of the Southern African Development Community and Rwandan troops. At the center, the chapter looks at the plunder-and-pillage-driven conflicts in the DRC. In the west, the chapter considers the resource-driven conflicts in the Sahel and Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Finally, in the east, the chapter examines the pre- and post-cessation conflicts in South Sudan. Since the first declarations of independence, peace has eluded African states. Instead, they have been characterized by cycles of violent conflict, such as civil wars, coups d’état, and, more recently, insurgencies buttressed by religious ideologies. The continent—east, west, south, and center—is the stage of varied and endless violent hostilities that have claimed millions of lives. Although the causes of these historical conflicts have been multidimensional and complex, more recently, the governance of natural resources stands out as the catalyst.

Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are playing an increasingly vital role in the daily lives of all communities by revolutionizing their working procedures and rules of governance. ICTs offer a unique opportunity for governing elite to overcome the crisis of representative democracy, as ICT and the Internet empower civil society to play its role more effectively and facilitate the performance of governments’ main function-serving the people who elect them (Misnikov, 2003). In the realm of government, ICT applications are promising to enhance the delivery of public goods and services to common people not only by improving the process and management of government, but also by redefining the age-old traditional concepts. Community networking groups and local government authorities are well placed to campaign for greater inclusion for all members of the community in the information society. Possible areas to target include the provision of technology at low or no cost to groups through community technology centres or out of hours school access. There are many possibilities and local government must take a significant role in these activities (Young, 2000). Information society is based on the effective use and easy access of information and knowledge, while ICT for development (or ICTD) is not restricted to technology itself but focusing on manifold development and diverse manifestations for the people to improve their well-being. ICTD has deep roots in governance, is part of governance and has effects on governance patters and practices at both central and local level. By recognizing these facts, UNDP focuses on technologies to end poverty at WSIS Cyber Summit 2003, and emphasizes on ways that new technologies can help lift more than one billion people out of extreme poverty (UNDP, 2003). Apart from the four Asian IT giants (Korea, Rep., Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, China, and Japan), most of the Asian countries have fallen under the “low access” category of the Digital Access Index. This has also been referred in the WSIS Cyber Summit 2003, until now, limited infrastructure has often been regarded as the main barrier to bridging the digital divide (ITU, 2003). Among the countries with ICT spending as share of their GDP, Sweden, UK, The Netherlands, Denmark, and France (8.63, 7.97, 7.39, 7.19, and 6.57% respectively during 1992-2001) remain at the top (Daveri, 2002, p. 9), while countries like Bangladesh, Greece, Mexico, Niger, and many more remain at the bottom (EC, 2001; ITU, 2003b; Miller, 2001; Piatkowski, 2002). In a similar research it has been found that in terms of average share of ICT spending GDP, New Zealand, Sweden, Australia, USA, and UK (9.3, 8.4, 8.1, 8.1, and 7.8% respectively during 1992-1999) were among the highest (Pohjola, 2002, p. 7), though most of the countries in the Asian and African regions remain below the average of 5%. The disadvantaged communities in the countries staying below average in ICT spending seem to be lagging in forming appropriate information-based economy and eventually fall behind in achieving proper e-government system. The e-government system in those countries need to enhance access to and delivery of government services to benefit people, help strengthen government’s drive toward effective governance and increased transparency, and better management of the country’s social and economic resources for development. The key to e-government is the establishment of a long-term dynamic strategy to fulfill the citizen needs by transforming internal operations. E-government should result in the efficiency and swift delivery and services to citizens, business, government employees and agencies. For citizens and businesses, e-government seems the simplification of procedures and streamlining of different approval processes, while for government employees and agencies, it means the facilitation of cross-agency coordination and collaboration to ensure appropriate and timely decision-making. Thus, e-government demands transformation of government procedures and redefining the process of working with people and activities relating to people. The outcome would be a societal, organizational, and technological change for the government and to its people, with IT as an enabling factor. E-government should concentrate on more efficient delivery of public services, better management of financial, human and public resources and goods at all levels of government, in particular at local level, under conditions of sustainability, participation, interoperability, increased effectiveness and transparency (EU, 2002). ICT brings pertinent sides more closely by prioritizing partnerships between the state, business and civil society. A few East European countries have became economically liberal with the high level of foreign direct investment per capita and at the same time became ICT-advanced regional leaders in terms of economic reform. These countries also present the region’s most vivid examples of partnerships and collaboration. They have clearly manifested the importance of the public-private partnerships, transparent bottom-up strategies, involvement of all stakeholders, total governmental support, capturing economic opportunities, and enabling electronic mediated businesses, responding to the challenges of globalization.