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Journal articles on the topic 'East German Architecture'
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1
Pugh, Emily. "From “National Style” to “Rationalized Construction”." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2015.74.1.87.
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From “National Style” to “Rationalized Construction”: Mass-Produced Housing, Style, and Architectural Discourse in the East German Journal Deutsche Architektur, 1956–1964 examines architectural critique of housing and style as it unfolded in the East German journal Deutsche Architektur (German architecture) from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s. Through an analysis of articles published in the journal as well as primary source documents, Emily Pugh investigates the reception of newly built housing developments in East Germany by a group of influential socialist architects, historians, and critics who were then writing for Deutsche Architektur. Pugh highlights individual architects’ attempts to subvert or resist the control of state and party authorities and considers how these individuals’ efforts might have influenced the development of the East German building economy. She also argues that these architects’ understanding of architectural modernism differed from that of their counterparts in the Cold War West, having been influenced by political and economic circumstances specific to East Germany.
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Schwenkel, Christina. "Traveling Architecture. East German Urban Designs in Vietnam." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 2, no. 2 (November 14, 2014): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.467.
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Castillo, Greg. "Making a Spectacle of Restraint: The Deutschland Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels Exposition." Journal of Contemporary History 47, no. 1 (January 2012): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009411422362.
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The Deutschland pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair depicted West Germany not only as culturally and technologically modern but also as the antithesis of socialist East Germany and the disgraced Third Reich. International-style architecture and modernist exhibition design were mobilized as instruments of cultural soft power to convey these multiple messages. Hans Schwippert of the postwar German Werkbund choreographed exhibition design, deploying the miracle economy’s modern consumer culture to celebrate the emergence of a post-Nazi society. Egon Eiermann, aided by Sep Ruf, designed the International-style pavilion, celebrated as the architecture of postwar modernity, but in fact derived from a precedent in Third Reich industrial architecture. As an exercise in cold war soft power, West Germany’s Brussels pavilion celebrated the emergence of a West German consumer citizen, while suppressing the presence of a Third Reich past.
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Schmidt, Leo. "The Architecture and Message of the "Wall," 1961-1989." German Politics and Society 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290205.
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The Berlin Wall was built three times: in 1961, in the mid 1960s, and again from the mid 1970s onwards. This article attempts to interpret each manifestation as political architecture providing insights into the mindset and intentions of those who built it. Each phase of the Wall had a different rationale, beyond the straightforward purpose of stopping the citizens of East Germany from leaving their own country and forcing them to suffer under communist rule. The deliberately brutal-looking first Wall was a propaganda construct not originally intended to exist for more than a few months. The functional but dreary Wall of the mid 60s was calculated to have a longer lifespan, but within few years it, too, became an embarrassment for the East German rulers. Yearning for international recognition, they demanded a smoother-looking, better designed Wall—supporting their fiction that this was "a national border like any other."
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Bivens, Hunter. "Neustadt: Affect and Architecture in Brigitte Reimann's East German NovelFranziska Linkerhand." Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 83, no. 2 (April 2008): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/gerr.83.2.139-166.
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Frejtag, Jakub. "Turning “Polish Boxes into German Houses”: On the Transformations of Architecture in Poland during the Second World War as Exemplified by the Changing Design of the Zajdensznir Tenement in Radom." Ikonotheka 28 (August 6, 2019): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3345.
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The issue of construction projects conducted by the Germans in occupied Poland is researched with increasing frequency by both historians and historians of architecture. One of the reasons for this is certainly the exceptional role of the works of architecture as historical documents that constitute a tangible reflection of the historical moment in which they were constructed. When viewed from this perspective, the case of one of Radom tenements acquires an almost symbolic significance. The Functionalist building was designed by the Lvov engineer Artur Haskler for Mr Hersz Zajdensznir and his wife, Róża; its construction began shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. It was intended to compete one quarter of the most prestigious sections of Radom’s city centre. The works were interrupted after the Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Both the architect and the owners of the tenement were Jews, which radically altered their position. The fate of Mr and Mrs Zajdensznir remains unknown. Haskler, who had been involved in the construction of the telecommunication network, which had begun in 1939 and was still unfinished, was allowed to stay outside the ghetto until the completion of the relevant works. In addition, he was ordered to alter the design of the Zajdensznir house, which was already under construction, so that it could be used as quarters for the staff of the German Postal Services East. The architect entirely changed the concept for his design. The original Functionalist form, representing a type of architecture not condoned by the Nazi authorities, was altered in keeping with the principles of Heimatschutzarchitektur; the building acquired a much more conservative form inspired by traditional architecture. The arrangement of the interiors was altered as well, attesting to the fact that Haskler had familiarised himself with the German norms regarding residential construction. The residence of the staff of the German Postal Services East, together with other edifices built in Radom by the Germans during the Second World War, as well as the very history of its construction, constitute a telling testimony to the history of the era. In the context of the urban design of Radom’s city centre, these edifices are valuable as historical monuments and they certainly enhance it as an original urban structure with successive morphogenetic units discernible with remarkable clarity.
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Butter, Andreas. "Showcase and window to the world: East German architecture abroad 1949–1990." Planning Perspectives 33, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2017.1348969.
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Whyte, Iain Boyd. "Neo-historical East Berlin: architecture and urban design in the German Democratic Republic." Planning Perspectives 27, no. 2 (April 2012): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2012.655490.
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Jones, Peter Blundell. "The lure of the Orient: Scharoun and Häring's East-West connections." Architectural Research Quarterly 12, no. 1 (March 2008): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135508000912.
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Among Hugo Häring's papers in the Häring archive of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin are the minutes of six meetings entitled Discussions about Chinese Architecture held on Fridays and once on a Saturday dating from November 1941 to May 1942. The persons involved are Hugo Häring, Hans Scharoun, Chen Kuan Lee and John Scott. Of Scott, a Germanised American, we know little: it seems his wife Gerda worked at Häring's art school. But Chen Kuan Lee is a key figure in this story. Born in Shanghai in 1919, he had arrived in Berlin in 1935 to study architecture under Hans Poelzig, completing the course in 1939. He then became Scharoun's assistant until 1941, working on the private houses that provided a limited creative opportunity under the Nazis. Lee returned to Scharoun's office in 1949, remaining there until 1953, one of only four assistants during the crucial period of 1951/1952 when Scharoun's new architecture was under development with key projects such as the Darmstadt School and Kassel Theatre. In between, Lee served as an assistant to Ernst Boerschmann (1873–1949), the great German investigator of Chinese culture and author of several books on Chinese architecture. Boerschmann had visited China from 1906 to 1909, when he was sent by the German government to make a comprehensive cultural study, rather as Hermann Muthesius had been sent to England in 1896. To complete Lee's biography, in 1954 he set up as an architect on his own account, building several Chinese restaurants, more than 30 private houses and some apartment blocks in a Scharoun-like manner [1], some spatially very interesting, but this kind of work went out of fashion with the advent of postmodernism in the 1980s and Lee died quite recently in obscurity.
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Avermaete, Tom. "‘Neues Bauen in Afrika’: displaying East and West German architecture during the Cold War." Journal of Architecture 17, no. 3 (June 2012): 387–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2012.692608.
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Blankenship, Robert. "Building Socialism: Architecture and Urbanism in East German Literature, 1955–1973 by Curtis Swope." German Studies Review 42, no. 1 (2019): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2019.0031.
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Lange, Torsten. "Neo-historical East Berlin: architecture and urban design in the German Democratic Republic 1970-1990." Journal of Architecture 16, no. 2 (April 2011): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2011.570106.
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Demirel, Emre. "The renewable tradition: Le Corbusier and the East." Architectural Research Quarterly 13, no. 3-4 (December 2009): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135510000096.
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This paper considers the problem of tradition in contemporary architectural practice in Turkey as well as in other countries of the world. When it is presented as the display of stylised historical images, tradition loses its relevance in the present and becomes perceived as something that always belongs to the past. In such a case tradition opposes itself against modernity as independent and sovereign. In her writings German-Jewish political theorist Hannah Arendt considers the problem of modernity as a problem of tradition which is mainly caused by the polarisation and particularisation between past and future. Addressing her writings, in the architectural realm, tradition becomes past orientated when it is perceived as something completed as appearances. However, perhaps tradition is more future directed and continuously attempts to actualise itself between past and future.
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Harjes, Kirsten. "Stumbling Stones: Holocaust Memorials, National Identity, and Democratic Inclusion in Berlin." German Politics and Society 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780889237.
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In 1997, Hinrich Seeba offered a graduate seminar on Berlin at the University of California, Berkeley. He called it: "Cityscape: Berlin as Cultural Artifact in Literature, Art, Architecture, Academia." It was a true German studies course in its interdisciplinary and cultural anthropological approach to the topic: Berlin, to be analyzed as a "scape," a "view or picture of a scene," subject to the predilections of visual perception in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This course inspired my research on contemporary German history as represented in Berlin's Holocaust memorials. The number and diversity of these memorials has made this city into a laboratory of collective memory. Since the unification of East and West Germany in 1990, memorials in Berlin have become means to shape a new national identity via the history shared by both Germanys. In this article, I explore two particular memorials to show the tension between creating a collective, national identity, and representing the cultural and historical diversity of today's Germany. I compare the Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas (Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe, or "national Holocaust memorial") which opened in central Berlin on May 10, 2005, to the lesser known, privately sponsored, decentralized "stumbling stone" project by artist Gunter Demnig.
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Häußermann, Hartmut. "Capitalist Futures and Socialist Legacies: Urban Development in East Germany Since 1990." German Politics and Society 16, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503098782487031.
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Since unification, the political, economic, and institutional structuresin the new federal states have been patterned in accordance with theWest German model. This is due in part to the extension of theWestern legal framework to the eastern Länder. The fact that thepolitical and economic actors of the once-socialist country are nowsubject to the institutional conditions of the West encourages convergencetowards the western model. But questions have been raised asto whether the cities in the new federal states are also adaptingrapidly to the western model of urban development. Their layoutand architecture resulted, after all, from the investment decisionsmade by several generations and cannot be shifted or transformed asrapidly as legal or institutional frameworks.
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Kravtsov, Sergey R. "Synagogue Architecture of Latvia between Archeology and Eschatology." Arts 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8030099.
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Synagogue architecture during the second half of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century was seeking novel modes of expression, and therefore the remains of ancient synagogues that were being discovered by western archeologists within the borders of the Biblical Land of Israel became a new source of inspiration. As far away as the New World, the design of contemporary synagogues was influenced by discoveries such as by the American Jewish architect, Arnold W. Brunner, who referenced the Baram Synagogue in the Galilee in his Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue at the Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia (1901). Less known is the fact that the archaeological discoveries in the Middle East also influenced the design of synagogues in the interwar period, in the newly-independent Baltic state of Latvia. Local architects picked up information about these archaeological finds from professional and popular editions published in German and Russian. Good examples are two synagogues along the Riga seaside, in Majori and Bulduri, and another in the inland town of Bauska. As was the case in America, the archaeological references in these Latvian examples were infused with eschatological meaning.
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Eichner, Michael, and Zinaida Ivanova. "Sustainable and social quality of refugee housing architecture." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819304001.
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The article analyses the relationship between sustainable architecture, social integration of refugees and innovative urban development, unfolding the synergetic potential between these questions. The authors consider that a successful integration of migrants with different cultural background, education and income level can be best achieved through buildings and urban districts, designed according to international sustainable principles. Not less innovation, but more is the key to address global challenges for spatial development of cities of any scale. Today it is not the limitation of financial resources for refugee housing programs that poses a threat to social, balanced and economically successful development of housing environments in cities, but the lack of knowledge of sustainable planning principles and sustainable construction techniques. The authors conclude: Whereas in central Europe socio-cultural and environment-friendly strategies for cities are widely in place, eastern Europe, Russia and north Africa or the Middle East region has not yet implemented such strategies as short-and long-term planning instruments. The article presents the urban case study project for a sustainable urban extension of the city of Luxor (Egypt) by the architect M. Eichner, Professor at the German University in Cairo – GUC.
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Sandler, Daniela. "Review: Neo-historical East Berlin: Architecture and Urban Design in the German Democratic Republic, 1970–1990 by Florian Urban." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.2.235.
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Prokopovych, Markian. "Lemberg (Lwów, L'viv) Architecture, 1772–1918: If Not the Little Vienna of the East, or the National Bastion, What Else?" East Central Europe 36, no. 1 (2009): 100–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633009x411502.
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AbstractThe historiography on the nineteenth-century architecture of Lemberg—and, for that matter, on Lwów, Lvov, and L'viv—remains a contested field among different national camps. At the same time, these conflicting historiographic traditions have not been able to treat the complex history of this multiethnic city in an adequate manner. On the one hand, there exists a prevailing tendency to view the Habsburg period in the city's history through a national lens, highlighting only those facts and figures that would confirm the city being—or becoming—a bastion of a particular national culture. Consequently, Polish and Ukrainian literature often neglected entire projects and even time periods, assuming that, prior to Lemberg's municipal autonomy of 1867, the entire urban planning achievement by the Austrian German-speaking bureaucracy was insignificant to the city's history and had therefore no consequence for the later fin-de-siècle developments. On the other hand, superficial assumptions of Lemberg serving as “crossroads of civilizations” and “little Vienna of the East” lacked a critical perspective and often overlooked significant local phenomena that evolved independently from Viennese or other influence. In arguing against these simplistic assumptions, this paper suggests an alternative, syncretic approach that combines entangled history and a careful treatment of the ethnic dimension in Lemberg's history.
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Deighton, Anne. "Winds of History or the Acts of Men? The Unification of Germany." Contemporary European History 2, no. 3 (November 1993): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000540.
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For the first two years after the Berlin Wall came down and, as Jacques Delors put it, while the speed of history accelerated, most scholars confined themselves to journalism. Some books that did appear were rapidly overtaken by the heady pace of history, and the books under review here do not entirely escape being dated by the relentless progress of events on the European continent. Indeed, it can hardly be said that the dust has settled on German unification and the seismic events that we call the end of the Cold War. Both in the East (predictably) and in the West, unscrambling the elaborate territorial, strategic and ideological Cold War structures is bringing a re-examination of the nation state and its democratic practices; international governmental organisations; ‘Western’ values; and security issues. At one level, debate has been raging among some historians between two unsatisfactory notions: the ‘end of history’, and ‘real’ history being on the move again. At another level the German question has been returning unsteadily into focus, as historians start to pick at issues of national identity, nationalism and the nation-state. Other analysts have been trying to fit the European structures and assumptions we inherit from the Cold War years into a post-Cold War security and economic architecture. The close relationship between these strands of European history is obvious.
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Kusno, Abidin. "Building Socialism: The Afterlife of East German Architecture in Urban Vietnam. By Christina Schwenkel. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2020. xviii, 403 pp. ISBN: 9781478010012 (cloth)." Journal of Asian Studies 80, no. 3 (August 2021): 811–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911821001297.
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Stojic, Dragoslav, Djordje Djordjevic, and Jasmina Stojic. "DYNET project: DAAD joint curriculum development in civil engineering of University of Nis." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 6, no. 1 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0801001s.
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DYNET Project has greatly contributed to the development of high engineering education at the University of Nis, since year 2000. This project has been financed by the German DAAD program, in the framework of the South East Europe Stability Pact, and the goal of the project is primarily development of high education in the region, and education of young engineers. The project began at the Ruhr University of Bochum (RUB) in cooperation with the Universities of Nis (UN), Skopje and Sarajevo, and later expanded to other universities. The basis of cooperation is a very successful long term cooperation of two universities of RUB and UN, that dates back to 1975 and which has been managed by professor Guenther Schmid of the University of Bochum. A reform of the Curriculum was initiated at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture of Nis in 2000 and it has been officially underway for three years. The programs have been organized along the principles of the Bologna process. The studies are divided into three levels: Bachelor Studies, Master Studies, and Doctoral Studies. The programs of the studies comprise study fields such as bridges, tunnels, hydraulic engineering, road and rail networks or residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The paper promotes the benefits of the participation of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the University of Nis in the DYNET project, as well as the analysis and challenges which were present in the process of engineering education.
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Betts, P. "Cold War on the Home Front: The Soft Power of Midcentury Design * Neo-Historical East Berlin: Architecture and Urban Design in the German Democratic Republic, 1970-1990." German History 29, no. 2 (November 15, 2010): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghq116.
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Ozola, Silvija. "THE FORMING OF CASTELLUM-TYPE CASTLES AND FOUR-UNIT BUILDING COMPLEXES WITH CHAPELS IN SECULAR POWER CENTRES OF COURLAND AND THE STATE OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 20, 2020): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4873.
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In the noble families houses, a sacral room or a separate volume made for relics’ storage or prayers started to call the chapel (German: Kapelle, Latin: capella). The name for this building type was borrowed from the Latin words cappa, capa. The knights for implementation of its policy on conquered lands inhabited by the Balts founded economically independent castles of stone that included chapels. According to regulations of castellum’s planning, the chapel had to be situated on the east side of the structure. In Livonia and the State of the Teutonic Order, the location of castles and cult buildings influenced layouts of town centres. Research goal: analysis the impact of cult buildings on layouts and spatial structures of castles and fortified centres to determine common and different characteristics in Livonia and the State of the Teutonic Order. Research problem: the influence of sacred buildings’ location on layouts of castles, built by the Teutonic Order. has not well researched. Research novelty: structures of the Teutonic Order’s fortresses are studied in the context of Italian architecture. Research methods: studies of urban planning cartographic materials, archive documents, projects, published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.
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Wahl, Markus. "The Workhouse Dresden-Leuben After 1945: A Microstudy of Local Continuities in Postwar East Germany." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418771747.
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By using the workhouse of Dresden as a microstudy, this article explores local continuities in postwar East Germany. It argues that this example not only illustrates the persistence of mentalities towards ‘sexual and social deviance’, not least as a legacy of the Third Reich, but also questions the assumption of a strictly centralized state and 1945 as a caesura. In a first step, the article shows the continuity of personnel at the state level, who decided that the workhouse as an institution should have a future in the new East German state after 1945, before revealing that local authorities were also unable to dissociate themselves with the views towards this institution of the past. In the end, the article enters this institution with help of archival sources, architectural plans, and photographs, exploring the impact of this state and local continuity on the everyday lives of inmates in this workhouse in Dresden. In doing so, it contributes to the historiography of East Germany by revealing the agency of different individuals, even if confined to a ‘total institution’.
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Cudny, Waldemar. "Socio-economic transformation of small towns in East Germany after 1990 - Colditz case study." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17, no. 17 (January 1, 2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0004-6.
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Socio-economic transformation of small towns in East Germany after 1990 - Colditz case study The article presents the main demographic and social, as well as functional and spatial changes that took place in Colditz after 1990. The town is inhabited by 4,870 people (2009) and is situated in Saxony, in the area of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The aim of the article is to present the main changes, which took place there after East and West Germany reunited in 1990. The author describes demographic and social changes in the population size, population growth, migration balance, unemployment, and other elements of urban community. Moreover, the article presents the changes in the economic-functional structure, such as de-industrialisation, succession of urban functions, and tourism development, as well as the main spatial changes in Colditz, such as architectural revitalisation and reconstruction of urban infrastructure. In the conclusions, the author briefly presents potential directions in the future development of the town.
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Bescherer, Peter. "Von der Großstadtfeindschaft zum Nazikiez? Warum ein urbaner Populismus von rechts eine reelle Gefahr ist." Sozialer Fortschritt 68, no. 8-9 (August 1, 2019): 609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.8-9.609.
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Zusammenfassung Die reaktionären Bewegungen der Vergangenheit verteufelten das vermeintlich sündhafte, wurzellose und degenerierte Leben in der Großstadt und glorifizierten die Genügsamkeit und Fruchtbarkeit des ‚Bauernstandes‘. Zwar waren städtische Räume immer auch der Ort rechter Hegemoniebestrebungen, die von der Monumentalarchitektur der Nazis bis hin zu den ‚national befreiten Zonen‘ der NPD reichten. Die Stadt war aber in der Regel nicht ihr Thema. Mit der Krise der liberalen Demokratie droht sich das Politikfeld Stadt für die Rechte zu öffnen. Der Aufsatz illustriert anhand der Wohnungsfrage und der Sicherheitspolitik, wie Stadtentwicklung eine populistische Lücke hinterlässt, in die rechte Parteien und Bewegungen hineindrängen (können). Anhand eines Falls aus der empirischen Forschung wird darüber hinaus diskutiert, wie sich politische Nachfrage und rechtspopulistisches Angebot zueinander verhalten. Abstract: From Anti-Urbanism to Urban Populism? The Upcoming Danger of an Urban-Based Radical Right Reactionary movements of the past demonized city life for nurturing dissolute, rootless and degenerated habits. On the contrary, they praised the frugality and fertility of rural people. The city has always been a site of hegemonic politics by the radical right, ranging from National-Socialist architecture to no-go areas established by neo-Nazis in East German towns after the reunification. It has, however, usually not been a matter of rightist politics. The crisis of liberal democracy, that came about the last years, runs the risk of providing the radical right with access to urban development. By analyzing issues on the housing market and in urban security politics the paper points out a ‘populist gap’ in urban development that could be filled by the right. Furthermore, an empirical case study reveals tensions between the demand site and supply side of urban populism.
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Sidorov, A. A. "Development of the US Plans for Post-War Japan during World War II." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 131–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-131-164.
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Signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945 had formally ended the most destructive and bloody war in the history of mankind. Even before that a new balance of power on the international arena began to form, that would persist for almost half a century. At the same time, it was obvious from the outright that the Allies had very different views on how the post-war world order should look like. Traditionally, both Russian and foreign academic literature focused on their disputes regarding the German question. This paper provides a brief overview of the US Department of State planning and recommendation process for the post-war reconstruction of Japan in 1939–1945, which had eventually led to the formation of the socalled San Francisco subsystem of international relations. The first section of the paper outlines the challenges faced by the State Department when it came to planning the post-war architecture of the Far East. In that regard, the author pays particular attention to the staff shortage, which forced the Department of State to strengthen partnership with private research organizations and involve them in long-term planning.The author emphasizes that if before the United States entered the war the US planners adopted a rather tough stance on Japan, after the attack on Pearl Harbor their approaches paradoxically changed. The second section examines the contradictions and tensions between those politicians and experts who believed that in the establishment of the post-war order in the Far East the US should cooperate with China, and those who promoted rapprochement with Japan. These groups were unofficially referred to as the ‘Chinese team’ and the ‘Japanese crowd’ accordingly. The paper shows that as the end of the war approached, these contradictions gradually faded into the background. The needs to promote the interdepartmental cooperation and to reconcile the positions of the State Department, the Military and Naval Ministries on the future of Japan came to the fore. This work resulted in a series of memoranda, which laid the foundation for the US post-war policy towards Japan. In conclusion the author provides a general assessment of the strategic decision-making process in the United States during wartime and emphasizes its consistency, thoroughness and flexibility. As a result, it enabled the US to achieve what seemed impossible: to turn Japan from an ardent adversary of the United States in the Pacific into one of its most reliable allies, and it remains such today.
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Colla, Marcus. "Prussian Palimpsests: Historic Architecture and Urban Spaces in East Germany, 1945–1961." Central European History 50, no. 2 (June 2017): 184–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938917000280.
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AbstractThis article considers the fate of Prussian buildings and memorials in East Germany between 1945 and 1961. Analyzing a number of case studies from Berlin and Potsdam, it places the treatment of these structures within the broader contours of history management practices. Although this era was characterized by a strong anti-Prussian sentiment in the GDR's historical discourse, it also witnessed a complex interaction between the SED and its historical inheritance. This interaction often influenced decisions about the fate of Prussian structures in the GDR as much as any animosity toward Prussia as a historical entity did.
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Zahner, Walter. "Interaction/Cooperation." Actas de Arquitectura Religiosa Contemporánea 7 (October 1, 2020): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/aarc.2020.7.0.6284.
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Since 2000, in Germany there are both new built churches (around one hundred, sixty for the Catholic dioceses) and abandoned churches (around 500-600 Catholic churches, as well as some 500 Protestants). The reconverted churches are a reality in the north and east of Germany, up to half the country. In the south, both in the Catholic dioceses and in the Protestant regional churches, there are only some first examples and initial debates on these issues. Most of the relevant works of architecture and art within ecclesiastical organizations are churches reorganized from the point of view of the portconciliar liturgy and for smaller parish groups. At present, there are already very good examples of all the indicated types of church architecture.
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Eldal, Jens Christian. "Ny arkitektur for nordmenn i Iowa. Arkitekt C.H. Griese, Luther College og kirker i 1860-årene." Nordlit, no. 36 (December 10, 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3696.
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<p>The Norwegian Evangelical-Lutheran Church in America decided in 1861 to build their first college close to the western frontier of The Upper Midwest. The site chosen was a bluff above Upper Iowa River, highly visible from Decorah, a small town founded only 12 years earlier, few years after the first settlers arrived. The college building became a relatively vast structure erected between 1862 and 1865, completed to its originally planned symmetrical composition in 1874. The building style and its composition were common among American colleges and universities further east in the US. It is also demonstrated how the Luther College building façade in composition and detailing shows clear influences from a specific German building. This particular building has been designated as especially typical of the German <em>Rundbogenstil</em> (<em>S</em>tyle of the Rounded Arch) with its great mix of various stylistic elements.</p><p>The architect was known as C. H. Griese from Cleveland, Ohio. He is identified as Charles Henry Griese (1821–1909), who immigrated from Germany about 1850 and was known as a mason and contractor, from now on also as an architect. In 1869, Griese also designed the three Norwegian Lutheran churches of Washington Prairie, Stavanger and Glenwood in rural Decorah. They represented a Neo Gothic style which was new to the area, and had an evident architectural character contrasting the more ordinary vernacular churches in the area. They signify a change of style and, like the college building, they demonstrate architectural ambitions new to these Norwegians, giving insight also into the general architectural and vernacular development in the area.</p>
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Truitt, Allison. "Review: Luxury and Rubble: Civility and Dispossession in the New Saigon, by Erik Harms; Waste and Wealth: An Ethnography of Labor, Value, and Morality in a Vietnamese Recycling Economy, by Minh T.N. Nguyen; Building Socialism: The Afterlife of East German Architecture in Urban Vietnam, by Christina Schwenkel." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 16, no. 3 (2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2021.16.3.138.
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KORDAS, Jerzy, and Andrzej KUDŁASZYK. "POLAND BETWEEN USSR (RUSSIA) AND FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY (GERMANY) IN THE FIRST STAGE OF TRANSFORMATION (1989-1992). SELECTED PROBLEMS." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2971.
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The paper presents the first years of transformation in Polish policy referring to relations with USSR (Russia) and Federal Republic of Germany (Germany), after the year 1989.Radical reorientation of Polish foreign and commercial policy from east to west was described as well. The process was taking place smoothly not to disturb the course taken by Mikhail Gorbachev, which was supported by both Poland and the West. It rested on building bonds between Poland and Germany, which were introducing Poland to “stay for good” in the Western World. It was accompanied by building a brand new “security architecture” in Europe. It allowed to create in solely few years a foundation for durable presence of Poland in structures of the West for the first time within ages to such an extent.
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Howell-Ardila, Deborah. "Berlin's Search for a "Democratic" Architecture: Post-World War II and Post-unification." German Politics and Society 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503098782487130.
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Berlin 1948 and the longest airlift in history simultaneously usheredin the Cold War, with a divided Berlin its best-known symbol, andtransformed West Berliners in the eyes of the Allied world fromNazis to victims of Soviet aggression. By 1950, with Germany officiallydivided, political elites of the East (GDR) and West (FRG)took up the task of convincing their citizens and each other of thelegitimacy of their own governments. In spite of the primacy ofCold War rhetoric in the media of the day, however, the mostpressing challenge of postwar society for both sides lay in redefining—in perception, if not in fact—political and social institutions inopposition to the Nazi past.
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Schulte, Carsten, and Brett Becker. "ITiCSE 2021 preview." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 53, no. 2 (April 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3466995.3466998.
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This year, ITiCSE will come to you from a virtual Paderborn, Germany. Not being bound by normal constraints, the conference will run from June 26th to the 1st of July. Paderborn is a University and Cathedral city, dating back more than 1,200 years. It is home to over 150,000 people and is the second largest, but most beautiful city, in the East Westphalia-Lippe region in Germany. Walking through Paderborn is like walking through the centuries. The cityscape unmistakably mirrors the city's eventful history. The centre alone contains more than twenty historical buildings of all architectural epochs.
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Bartkiewicz, T., W. Bautsch, A. Gerlach, M. Goldapp, R. Haux, U. Heller, H. P. Kierdorf, et al. "A Regional Health Care Network: eHealth.Braunschweig." Methods of Information in Medicine 51, no. 03 (2012): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me11-02-0010.
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SummaryBackground: Health care network eHealth.Braunschweig has been started in the South-East region of Lower Saxony in Germany in 2009. It composes major health care players, participants from research institutions and important local industry partners.Objectives: The objective of this paper is firstly to describe the relevant regional characteristics and distinctions of the eHealth.Braunschweig health care network and to inform about the goals and structure of eHealth.Braunschweig; secondly to picture and discuss the main concepts and domain fields which are addressed in the health care network; and finally to discuss the architectural challenges of eHealth.Braunschweig regarding the addressed domain fields and defined requirements.Methods: Based on respective literature and former conducted projects we discuss the project structure and goals of eHealth.Braunschweig, depict major domain fields and requirements gained in workshops with participants and discuss the architectural challenges as well as the architectural approach of eHealth.Braunschweig network.Results: The regional healthcare network eHealth.Braunschweig has been established in April 2009. Since then the network has grown constantly and a sufficient progress in network activities has been achieved. The main domain fields have been specified in different workshops with network participants and an architectural realization approach for the transinstitutional information system architecture in the healthcare network has been developed. However, the effects on quality of information processing and quality of patient care have not been proved yet. Systematic evaluation studies have to be done in future in order to investigate the impact of information and communication technology on the quality of information processing and the quality of patient care.Conclusions: In general, the aspects described in this paper are expected to contribute to a systematic approach for the establishment of regional health care networks with lasting and sustainable effects on patient-centered health care in a regional context.
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Ess, Julia. "Re-Location: Urban and architectural analysis of resettlement practices in the brown coal mining area of Welzow-Süd in East Germany." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 13002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196313002.
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Since the beginning of the 20th century, more than 370 villages with a total amount of about 120,000 inhabitants have been relocated in Germany due to open-pit lignite mining. The devastation of villages and resettlement of their inhabitants had and still have massive implications on the rural landscape and settlement structure of the region. The planning of the relocations reflects, to a great extent, social, economic, and political change in post-war Germany, as well as development in town planning and architectural concepts. The paper focuses on there settlements that took place due to the surface mine of Welzow-Süd (Lusatia, southern Brandenburg), where the development of the resettlement practices of the GDR since the late 1960s and after reunification up until today can be studied in one single open-pit mine.
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Chiri, Giovanni M., Maddalena Achenza, Anselmo Canì, Leonardo Neves, Luca Tendas, and Simone Ferrari. "The Microclimate Design Process in Current African Development: The UEM Campus in Maputo, Mozambique." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092316.
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Even if current action towards sustainability in architecture mainly concerns single buildings, the responsibility of the urban shape on local microclimate has largely been ascertained. In fact, it heavily affects the energy performances of the buildings and their environmental behaviour. This produces the necessity to broaden the field of intervention toward the urban scale, involving in the process different disciplines, from architecture to fluid dynamics and physics. Following these ideas, the Masterplan for the Campus of the University Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo (Mozambique) develops a methodology that integrates microclimatic data and analyses from the initial design model. The already validated software ENVI-met (Version 4.4, ENVI_MET GmbH, Essen, Germany) acts as a useful ‘feedback’ tool that is able to assess the microclimatic behaviour of the design concept, also in terms of outdoor comfort. In particular, the analysis focused on the microclimatic performances of a ‘C’ block typology east oriented in relation to the existing buildings, in Maputo’s specific climatic characteristics. The initial urban proposal was gradually evaluated and modified in relation to the main critical aspects highlighted by the microclimatic analyses, in a sort of circular process that ended with a proposed solution ensuring better outdoor comfort than the existing buildings, and which provided an acceptable balance between spatial and climatic instances.
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Feiereisen, Florence, and Erin Sassin. "Sounding Out the Symptoms of Gentrification in Berlin." Resonance 2, no. 1 (2021): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/res.2021.2.1.27.
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Scholars of gentrification often study the visual results of socioeconomic structural change in urban environments, including graffiti removal and historical reconstructions of façades, turning “ugly” factory ruins into charming residential loft spaces, etc. This article examines the gentrification of Berlin’s former working-class neighborhood Prenzlauer Berg in terms of sound. We present the Knaack Klub as a sonic case study symbolizing the erasure of the voices and culture of Berlin’s long-term residents and argue that contestations over sound, brought on by West German migrants in what can be considered a “hostile takeover” of parts of East Berlin, are a key driver of gentrification. Mining visual material including photographs, police reports, court verdicts, real estate advertisements, and street maps for acoustic clues, we are able to synthesize sight and sound, ultimately allowing us to move beyond the surface—in this case, building façades—to study the visual and sonic penetration of a gentrifying neighborhood’s intersecting public and private spaces. The study of the sonic heritage of neighborhoods or even single buildings helps us to move beyond Wilhelmine façades and the surface of courtyard living to reevaluate the relationship between urban space and community, between architectural history and policy.
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SIMILEANU, Vasile. "ROMANIA IN THE GAME OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION480." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (July 15, 2021): 284–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-20.
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The new geostrategic architecture and the redesign of geopolitical spaces have reopened the "Pandora's box" of Eastern Europe, crushed by political, ethno-confessional andterritorial interests, giving free rein to the manifestation of incredible and unrealistic scenarios regarding the "new regional order". This space, former theater of war in the two world wars, remained a space of dispute between East and West, which reactivated the imperial claims of some state actors with interests for the states in the region. Currently, a new Cold War or the continuation of the old one is foreshadowed... The new options open to the "escaped" states from the communist camp were those ofdemocracy and free will, after more than five decades of imposing ideologies foreign to the spirit of these nations.The election of new strategic partners, after the torture of a communist dictatorship, led to the generation of essential policies on national interests, but not sufficiently understood by decision-makers in these Eastern European states, manifestations that "planted" distrust of social segments in the new values democratic and market economy. Indeed, revolutions and the "sleep of reason" have given birth to "monsters"... in all states...Keywords: EU, Russian Federation, Germany, NATO, Romania.
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Mangel, Tomáš, Tereza Jošková, Peter Milo, and Tomáš Tencer. "New findings about the arrangement of internal buildings in La Tène quadrangular enclosures in Bohemia based on the example of the site of Markvartice, East Bohemia Nové poznatky k organizaci vnitřní zástavby laténských čtyřúhelníkových valových areálů v Čechách na příkladu lokality Markvartice, okr. Jičín." Archeologické rozhledy 72, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 427–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2020.15.
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The article presents the results of geophysical prospection in the quadrangular enclosure of Markvartice, Jičín district, which was carried out in 2018. The obtained data resulted in new findings about the arrangement of internal buildings within sites of this kind known from the territory of Bohemia. The ascertained form of architectural arrangement of the internal space has exact analogies only in identical types of LT C2–D1 enclosures known from the territory of southern Germany. The questions of its particular form, classification possibilities and importance are discussed. The results also confirm the affiliation of the whole enclosure with La Tène sites, the so-called Viereckschanzen, which was repeatedly disputed in the past.
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Rudykh, Lilia, and Olga Shilova. "Analysis of the socio-economic indicators of the Irkutsk region, Buryatia, and the Far East in 2016-2017: investments and prospects." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821208014.
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Socio-economic indicators of the Irkutsk region, Buryatia and the Far East, dynamics of their development in 2016-2017, and problems and prospects are considered in this paper. Today, the priority for the regions of Siberia and the Far East, which possess unique natural resources and a vast territory, is the complex task of increasing the living standard of the population and launching a new economic strategy. The Irkutsk region is one of the largest industrial regions of Russia. The city of Irkutsk was formed as an administrative, commercial and cultural-educational center. Currently, it is home to more than 50% of the urban population of the Irkutsk region. Some enterprises of the city have a machine-building profile. The production of food (more than 45% of the total volume), the construction material, and wood processing also play an important role. External migration has a significant impact on the demographic situation in the region. Most of the migration processes with the crossing of the boundaries of the region take place within Russia. According to statistical data, external migration can be divided as the three main flows of foreign citizens entering the territory of the Irkutsk region: the Central Asian direction (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan 44.3%); the East Asian direction (China, Mongolia, DPRK, Japan, and Vietnam 30.8%); and the Western direction (Germany, France, and Poland). It should be also noted that 13.9% of all migrants are migrants from Ukraine, Armenia, Belarus, and Moldova, these are mainly young people of working age. The Baikal region is famous in Russia for its natural landscapes: there are more than 1,500 objects of excursion and cognitive significance (natural, architectural, cultural and historical monuments) in the region. The region has a great industrial potential that is of national importance. Several basic complexes and industries compile a modern industrial structure. There are opportunities for further development of the industrial production in the oil and gas industries, diamond mining industry, the production of composite materials, fibers and mineral fertilizers. On the Far East, priority is given today to the raw material economy and the related infrastructure facilities, including the modernization of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline.
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Sassenhagen, Jona, and Christian J. Fiebach. "Traces of Meaning Itself: Encoding Distributional Word Vectors in Brain Activity." Neurobiology of Language 1, no. 1 (March 2020): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00003.
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How is semantic information stored in the human mind and brain? Some philosophers and cognitive scientists argue for vectorial representations of concepts, where the meaning of a word is represented as its position in a high-dimensional neural state space. At the intersection of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, a class of very successful distributional word vector models has developed that can account for classic EEG findings of language, that is, the ease versus difficulty of integrating a word with its sentence context. However, models of semantics have to account not only for context-based word processing, but should also describe how word meaning is represented. Here, we investigate whether distributional vector representations of word meaning can model brain activity induced by words presented without context. Using EEG activity (event-related brain potentials) collected while participants in two experiments (English and German) read isolated words, we encoded and decoded word vectors taken from the family of prediction-based Word2vec algorithms. We found that, first, the position of a word in vector space allows the prediction of the pattern of corresponding neural activity over time, in particular during a time window of 300 to 500 ms after word onset. Second, distributional models perform better than a human-created taxonomic baseline model (WordNet), and this holds for several distinct vector-based models. Third, multiple latent semantic dimensions of word meaning can be decoded from brain activity. Combined, these results suggest that empiricist, prediction-based vectorial representations of meaning are a viable candidate for the representational architecture of human semantic knowledge.
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Butnaru, Andrei-Mădălin. "Machine learning applied in natural language processing." ACM SIGIR Forum 54, no. 1 (June 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3451964.3451979.
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Machine Learning is present in our lives now more than ever. One of the most researched areas in machine learning is focused on creating systems that are able to understand natural language. Natural language processing is a broad domain, having a vast number of applications with a significant impact in society. In our current era, we rely on tools that can ease our lives. We can search through thousands of documents to find something that we need, but this can take a lot of time. Having a system that can understand a simple query and return only relevant documents is more efficient. Although current approaches are well capable of understanding natural language, there is still space for improvement. This thesis studies multiple natural language processing tasks, presenting approaches on applications such as information retrieval, polarity detection, dialect identification [Butnaru and Ionescu, 2018], automatic essay scoring [Cozma et al., 2018], and methods that can help other systems to understand documents better. Part of the described approaches from this thesis are employing kernel methods, especially string kernels. A method based on string kernels that can determine in what dialect a document is written is presented in this thesis. The approach is treating texts at the character level, extracting features in the form of p -grams of characters, and combining several kernels, including presence bits kernel and intersection kernel. Kernel methods are also presented as a solution for defining the complexity of a specific word. By combining multiple low-level features and high-level semantic features, the approach can find if a non-native speaker of a language can see a word as complicated or not. With one focus on string kernels, this thesis proposes two transductive methods that can improve the results obtained by employing string kernels. One approach suggests using the pairwise string kernel similarities between samples from the training and test sets as features. The other method defines a simple self-training algorithm composed of two iterations. As usual, a classifier is trained over the training data, then is it used to predict the labels of the test samples. In the second iteration, the algorithm adds a predefined number of test samples to the training set for another round of training. These two transductive methods work by adapting the learning method to the test set. A novel cross-dialectal corpus is shown in this thesis. The Moldavian versus Romanian Corpus (MOROCO) [Butnaru and Ionescu, 2019a] contains over 30.000 samples collected from the news domain, split across six categories. Several studies can be employed over this corpus such as binary classification between Romanian and Moldavian samples, intra-dialect multi-class categorization by topic, and cross-dialect multi-class classification by topic. Two baseline approaches are presented for this collection of texts. One method is based on a simple string kernel model. The second approach consists of a character-level deep neural network, which includes several Squeeze-and-Excitation Blocks (SE-blocks). As known at this moment, this is the first time when a SE-block is employed in a natural language processing context. This thesis also presents a method for German Dialect Identification composed on a voting scheme that combines a Character-level Convolutional Neural Network, a Long Short-Term Memory Network, and a model based on String Kernels. Word sense disambiguation is still one of the challenges of the NLP domain. In this context, this thesis tackles this challenge and presents a novel disambiguation algorithm, known as ShowtgunWSD [Butnaru and Ionescu, 2019b]. By treating the global disambiguation problem as multiple local disambiguation problems, ShotgunWSD is capable of determining the sense of the words in an unsupervised and deterministic way, using WordNet as a resource. For this method to work, three functions that can compute the similarity between two words senses are defined. The disambiguation algorithm works as follows. The document is split into multiple windows of words of a specific size for each window. After that, a brute-force algorithm that computes every combination of senses for each word within that window is employed. For every window combination, a score is calculated using one of the three similarity functions. The last step merges the windows using a prefix and suffix matching to form more significant and relevant windows. In the end, the formed windows are ranked by the length and score, and the top ones, based on a voting scheme, will determine the sense for each word. Documents can contain a variable number of words, therefore employing them in machine learning may be hard at times. This thesis presents two novel approaches [Ionescu and Butnaru, 2019] that can represent documents using a finite number of features. Both methods are inspired by computer vision, and they work by first transforming the words within documents to a word representation, such as word2vec. Having words represented in this way, a k-means clustering algorithm can be applied over the words. The centroids of the formed clusters are gathered into a vocabulary. Each word from a document is then represented by the closest centroid from the previously formed vocabulary. To this point, both methods share the same steps. One approach is designed to compute the final representation of a document by calculating the frequency of each centroid found inside it. This method is named Bag of Super Word Embeddings (BOSWE) because each centroid can be viewed as a super word. The second approach presented in this thesis, known as Vector of Locally-Aggregated Word Embeddings (VLAWE), computes the document representation by accumulating the differences between each centroid and each word vector associated with the respective centroid. This thesis also describes a new way to score essays automatically by combining a low-level string kernel model with a high-level semantic feature representation, namely the BOSWE representation. The methods described in this thesis exhibit state-of-the-art performance levels over multiple tasks. One fact to support this claim is that the string kernel method employed for Arabic Dialect Identification obtained the first place, two years in a row at the Fourth and Fifth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties, and Dialects (VarDial). The same string kernel model obtained the fifth place at the German Dialect Identification Closed Shared Task at VarDial Workshop of EACL 2017. Second of all, the Complex Word Identification model scored a third-place at the CWI Shared Task of the BEA-13 of NAACL 2018. Third of all, it is worth to mention that the ShotgunWSD algorithm surpassed the MCS baseline on several datasets. Lastly, the model that combines string kernel and bag of super word embeddings obtained state-of-the-art performance over the Automated Student Assessment Prize dataset.
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Rud, V. S., R. Hofmann, V. A. Kosakivskyi, O. V. Zaitseva, and J. Muller. "BILYI KAMIN: SITE STRUCTURE OF THE BIGGEST TRYPILLIA CULTURE SETTLEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN BUH-DNISTER INTERFLUVE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 33, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.04.28.
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So far research effort regarding Cucuteni—Trypillia mega-sites was to a large extent focussed on the region in the east of the Southern Buh. In contrast, the Southern Buh-Dnister interfluve stands for long time in the shadow of its eastern neighbour. To improve this situation and to gain a better understanding of the macro-regional variability within the Cucuteni—Trypillia cultural complex, in spring 2018 the exploration of the large CTCC site Bilyi Kamin was started by an international team of researchers from Kiel University (Germany) and Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) which is the largest settlement in this region.
Magnetometry in total size of 40.6 ha have been performed using the MAGNETO® MX V3 Survey System of the company SENSYS Sensorik & Systemtechnologie GmbH Bad Saarow (Germany). During our survey large areas in the south, north and near the centre of the site were measured. Based on these data the total extension of the site can be estimated to approximately 97 ha.
Different categories of magnetic anomalies can be identified in Bilyi Kamin: 297 rectangular anomalies, which are the ruins of intensively burnt clay houses; 141 rectangular anomalies of houses, burnt with less intensity or eroded; four rectangular anomalies of unique buildings, so-called «megastructures»; 351 anomaly of different-shape objects, most of which can be interpreted as pits; 12 stretched objects, presumably road to the south of the site; linear anomaly of the ditch or natural gully to the north-west from north part of outer circle.
The site is built in two circles of houses. The ring corridor between the circles is free from buildings. Some buildings are located outside the circles as well. They are grouped as short lines radial and parallel in respect to the circles. The space inside the circles is built partially. In the north and north-west parts of the site the buildings are grouped mostly in long radial lines. In the south part of the site the number of buildings inside the circles is smaller. This might indicate a heterogeneous character of the population or changes in the development plan.
The anomalies of pits from Bilyi Kamin are usually located near the buildings, at side or ending walls. Some groups of pits are not connected to the buildings. It is also possible that some of anomalies of pits, having largest nT values can represent other kind of objects — as for example pottery kilns.
In Bilyi Kamin three elongated mega-structures with lengths between 36 and 64 m and widths between 8 and 11.5 m are placed on the 420 Ч (>150) m measuring square (so-called «plaza»). The partly staggered arrangement of these constructions might suggest that they were not built simultaneously but represent a sequence of successively used buildings. Within the concentric ring corridor directly beside of the central plaza, additionally a fourth mega-structure is visible. For the planning of the settlement layout, the placement of a rectangular square on top of the promontory with three large buildings played potentially an important role. These mega-structures and the associated plaza most likely formed the architectural arena of central integrative institutions for decision-making, integrative ritual action, and surplus-consumption at the level of the entire settlement.
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Gupta, Dhruv. "Search and analytics using semantic annotations." ACM SIGIR Forum 53, no. 2 (December 2019): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3458553.3458567.
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Current information retrieval systems are limited to text in documents for helping users with their information needs. With the progress in the field of natural language processing, there now exists the possibility of enriching large document collections with accurate semantic annotations. Annotations in the form of part-of-speech tags, temporal expressions, numerical values, geographic locations, and other named entities can help us look at terms in text with additional semantics. This doctoral dissertation presents methods for search and analysis of large semantically annotated document collections. Concretely, we make contributions along three broad directions: indexing, querying, and mining of large semantically annotated document collections. Indexing Annotated Document Collections. Knowledge-centric tasks such as information extraction, question answering, and relationship extraction require a user to retrieve text regions within documents that detail relationships between entities. Current search systems are ill-equipped to handle such tasks, as they can only provide phrase querying with Boolean operators. To enable knowledge acquisition at scale, we propose gyani, an indexing infrastructure for knowledge-centric tasks. gyani enables search for structured query patterns by allowing regular expression operators to be expressed between word sequences and semantic annotations. To implement grep-like search capabilities over large annotated document collections, we present a data model and index design choices involving word sequences, annotations, and their combinations. We show that by using our proposed indexing infrastructure we bring about drastic speedups in crucial knowledge-centric tasks: 95× in information extraction, 53× in question answering, and 12× in relationship extraction. Hyper-phrase queries are multi-phrase set queries that naturally arise when attempting to spot knowledge graph facts or subgraphs in large document collections. An example hyper-phrase query for the fact 〈mahatma gandhi, nominated for, nobel peace prize〉 is: 〈{ mahatma gandhi, m k gandhi, gandhi }, { nominated, nominee, nomination received }, { nobel peace prize, nobel prize for peace, nobel prize in peace }〉. Efficient execution of hyper-phrase queries is of essence when attempting to verify and validate claims concerning named entities or emerging named entities. To do so, it is required that the fact concerning the entity can be contextualized in text. To acquire text regions given a hyper-phrase query, we propose a retrieval framework using combinations of n-gram and skip-gram indexes. Concretely, we model the combinatorial space of the phrases in the hyper-phrase query to be retrieved using vertical and horizontal operators and propose a dynamic programming approach for optimized query processing. We show that using our proposed optimizations we can retrieve sentences in support of knowledge graph facts and subgraphs from large document collections within seconds. Querying Annotated Document Collections. Users often struggle to convey their information needs in short keyword queries. This often results in a series of query reformulations, in an attempt to find relevant documents. To assist users navigate large document collections and lead them to their information needs with ease, we propose methods that leverage semantic annotations. As a first step, we focus on temporal information needs. Specifically, we leverage temporal expressions in large document collections to serve time-sensitive queries better. Time-sensitive queries, e.g., summer olympics implicitly carry a temporal dimension for document retrieval. To help users explore longitudinal document collections, we propose a method that generates time intervals of interest as query reformulations. For instance, for the query world war , time intervals of interest are: [1914; 1918] and [1939;1945]. The generated time intervals are immediately useful in search-related tasks such as temporal query classification and temporal diversification of documents. As a second and final step, we focus on helping the user in navigating large document collections by generating semantic aspects. The aspects are generated using semantic annotations in the form of temporal expressions, geographic locations, and other named entities. Concretely, we propose the xFactor algorithm that generates semantic aspects in two steps. In the first step, xFactor computes the salience of annotations in models informed of their semantics. Thus, the temporal expressions 1930s and 1939 are considered similar as well as entities such as usain bolt and justin gatlin are considered related when computing their salience. Second, the xFactor algorithm computes the co-occurrence salience of annotations belonging to different types by using an efficient partitioning procedure. For instance, the aspect 〈{usain bolt}, {beijing, London}, [2008;2012]〉 signifies that the entity, locations, and the time interval are observed frequently in isolation as well as together in the documents retrieved for the query olympic medalists. Mining Annotated Document Collections. Large annotated document collections are a treasure trove of historical information concerning events and entities. In this regard, we first present EventMiner, a clustering algorithm, that mines events for keyword queries by using annotations in the form of temporal expressions, geographic locations, and other disambiguated named entities present in a pseudo-relevant set of documents. EventMiner aggregates the annotation evidences by mathematically modeling their semantics. Temporal expressions are modeled in an uncertainty and proximity-aware time model. Geographic locations are modeled as minimum bounding rectangles over their geographic co-ordinates. Other disambiguated named entities are modeled as a set of links corresponding to their Wikipedia articles. For a set of history-oriented queries concerning entities and events, we show that our approach can truly identify event clusters when compared to approaches that disregard annotation semantics. Second and finally, we present jigsaw, an end-to-end query-driven system that generates structured tables for user-defined schema from unstructured text. To define the table schema, we describe query operators that help perform structured search on annotated text and fill in table cell values. To resolve table cell values whose values can not be retrieved, we describe methods for inferring null values using local context. jigsaw further relies on semantic models for text and numbers to link together near-duplicate rows. This way, jigsaw is able to piece together paraphrased, partial, and redundant text regions retrieved in response to structured queries to generate high-quality tables within seconds. This doctoral dissertation was supervised by Klaus Berberich at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics and htw saar in Saarbrücken, Germany. This thesis is available online at: https://people.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~dhgupta/pub/dhruv-thesis.pdf.
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Thanh, Nguyen Trung, Paul Jing Liu, Mai Duc Dong, Dang Hoai Nhon, Do Huy Cuong, Bui Viet Dung, Phung Van Phach, Tran Duc Thanh, Duong Quoc Hung, and Ngo Thanh Nga. "Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12618.
Full textAbstract:
The model of Late Pleistocene-Holocene sequence stratigraphy of the subaqueous Red River delta and the adjacent shelf is proposed by interpretation of high-resolution seismic documents and comparison with previous research results on Holocene sedimentary evolution on the delta plain. Four units (U1, U2, U3, and U4) and four sequence stratigraphic surfaces (SB1, TS, TRS and MFS) were determined. The formation of these units and surfaces is related to the global sea-level change in Late Pleistocene-Holocene. SB1, defined as the sequence boundary, was generated by subaerial processes during the Late Pleistocene regression and could be remolded partially or significantly by transgressive ravinement processes subsequently. The basal unit U1 (fluvial formations) within incised valleys is arranged into the lowstand systems tract (LST) formed in the early slow sea-level rise ~19-14.5 cal.kyr BP, the U2 unit is arranged into the early transgressive systems tract (E-TST) deposited mainly within incised-valleys under the tide-influenced river to estuarine conditions in the rapid sea-level rise ~14.5-9 cal.kyr BP, the U3 unit is arranged into the late transgressive systems tract (L-TST) deposited widely on the continental shelf in the fully marine condition during the late sea-level rise ~9-7 cal.kyr BP, and the U4 unit represents for the highstand systems tract (HST) with clinoform structure surrounding the modern delta coast, extending to the water depth of 25-30 m, developed by sediments from the Red River system in ~3-0 cal.kyr BP.ReferencesBadley M.E., 1985. Practical Seismic Interpretation. International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston, 266p.Bergh G.D. 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Transgressive and highstand systems tracts and post-glacial transgression, the East China Sea. Sedimentary Geology, 122, 217-232.Stattegger K., Tjallingii R., Saito Y., Michelli M., Nguyen T.T., Wetzel A., 2013. Mid to late Holocene sea-level reconstruction of Southeast Vietnam using beachrock and beach-ridge deposits. Global and Planetary Change, 110, 214-222.Tanabe S., Hori K., Saito Y., Haruyama S., Doanh L.Q., Sato Y., Hiraide S., 2003a. Sedimentary facies and radiocarbon dates of the Nam Dinh-1 core from the Song Hong (Red River) delta, Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 503-513.Tanabe S., Hori K., Saito Y., Haruyama S., Phai V.V., Kitamura A., 2003b. Song Hong (Red River) delta evolution related to millennium-scale Holocene sea-level changes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(21-22), 2345-2361.Tanabe S., Saito Y., Lan V.Q., Hanebuth T.J.J., Lan N.Q., Kitamura A., 2006. Holocene evolution of the Song Hong (Red River) delta system, northern Vietnam. 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Handbook of geophysical exploration, Elsevier, Oxford, 37509p.Yoo D.G., Kim S.P., Chang T.S., Kong G.S., Kang N.K., Kwon Y.K., Nam S.L., Park S.C., 2014. Late Quaternary inner shelf deposits in response to late Pleistocene-Holocene sea-level changes: Nakdong River, SE Korea. Quaternary International, 344, 156-169.
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Popovic, Marko. "The Saxon church in Novo Brdo - Santa Maria in Novomonte." Starinar, no. 69 (2019): 319–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1969319p.
Full textAbstract:
The site with the remains of the Saxon church, that is, the former Catholic church of St Mary, lies on a mild slope that descends from the fort to the southeast, or the village of Bostane. Located at a distance of about 1,200 m from Novo Brdo?s Lower Town, it was outside this former urban area. It was intermittently investigated in the 1950s and ?60s, but the complete results of these works have not been published. With this in mind, after almost six decades, an attempt was made, based on the remaining fieldwork documentation, to examine in more detail the complex of this important Novo Brdo edifice. The investigated remains of the church itself reveal three stages, or more precisely, construction phases, which reflect the emergence, renovation and extension of this temple over an extended period of time, from the first decades of the 14th to the end of the 17th century. The first and most important stage comprises the construction of the church itself, as well as the successive adding of masonry tombs and graves in the interior of the original temple. The following stage includes an extensive renovation and expansion of the church, while the third and final stage is distinguished by the construction of a porch in front of the western fa?ade (Fig. 2). The Saxon church is a single-nave temple of a spacious rectangular base. On the eastern side, two massive pilasters separated the nave from a much narrower alter area that terminated in a semicircular apse. This space, that is, the presbytery, was divided by a pair of similar massive pilasters into two unequal parts - a shorter western one, which could be labelled as the choir, and a much larger eastern one, in the centre of which was a masonry altar mensa in the form of a massive column and two simultaneously built steps. In front of them, on the same western side, this construction also included the first, monolithic step, which on the sides had step-like profiled cubes, the upper surface of which contained regularly carved circular indentations for the placement of massive candles. Alongside all four corners of the masonry construction of the alter mensa, steplike profiled bases carved from breccia were discovered in situ, which most likely carried the construction of a wooden ciborium. On the southern side, in the corner between the altar area and the wider nave, a sacristy was located, which was connected by a door to the presbytery, that is, the choir. The interior of the Saxon church, which was completely explored, revealed the existence of several burial horizons, which can, chronologically and in terms of their general characteristics, be determined. The oldest burials, which were performed within the original church, somewhat differ from the later ones, from the time after the renovation of the temple, as well as the construction of the porch. Characteristic of the older period are masonry tombs, intended for a number of burials (Fig. 3). Generally observed, despite the noticeable construction technique typical of the local area, the Saxon church stylistically resembled a Gothic edifice. What particularly contributed to this are stylistically clearly recognisable tall and narrow windows with a broken arch. Such a stylistic preference, in all likelihood, was also influenced by a possible solution for the under- roof construction above the unvaulted nave. The Saxon church in Novo Brdo represents a peculiar phenomenon in the territory of Serbia. It is immediately apparent that the church?s spatial solution corresponded to the needs of Roman Catholic worship. However, by the form of its base it is distinguished from the usual types of Catholic temples in the coastal areas of medieval Serbia, from where the western cultural influences flowed. It was clearly noted that the base of the Novo Brdo church has no close parallels among churches of the Adriatic, which imposed the need for a more detailed consideration of its spatial solution. It?s base, with a rectangular nave, a narrower vaulted presbytery and a laterally positioned sacristy, is characteristic of sacral architecture in a wider area, from the Netherlands, Southern Germany and Saxony, all the way to Transylvania - Ardeal. The spread of this type of base from the areas of its origin, during the 12th and 13th centuries, can be associated with the Saxon diaspora, specifically the Sassi miners, progressing towards the east. This was particularly indicated by a considerable number of these temples in the mining areas of Ardeal, from where the Sassi migrations advanced further down to the south, namely, to the central regions of the Balkans. The thus perceived base of the Novo Brdo church, which, on the whole, follows the spatial solution of Saxon temples, represents the southernmost example of a sacral edifice of this type in Southeast Europe. The time of the construction of the Saxon church in Novo Brdo can be quite reliably determined despite the fragmentarily preserved documentation. The rapid development of the city was undoubtedly accompanied by religious organising, first of the Sassi miners, followed by numerous merchants from Adriatic towns, primarily those from the ?King?s City? of Kotor, and subsequently also from Dubrovnik. Based on all these findings it can be quite safely concluded that the first newly erected church in Novo Brdo was precisely the Saxon church, that is, Santa Maria in Novomonte. It was built, without any doubt, due to the efforts of the newly settled Sassi mining community. Such a conclusion can reliably be drawn on the basis of the spatial solution of the new temple rooted in traditions from the homeland, which were disseminated by this mining population in all areas of their diaspora. The very method of building and some construction solutions, which did not affect the basic concept, were left to local builders. This dating is further supported by coin finds, the oldest specimens of which originate from the last decade of the reign of King Stefan Uros II (1282-1321). The Saxon church, outside the fortified Lower Town, shared the fate of Novo Brdo. Since it was located on the access route to the city, which was not especially defended, it could have been exposed to occasional Turkish attacks during the last decades of the 14th century. With significant destruction, as evidenced by the results of archaeological excavations, the earlier period of life of the Saxon church came to an end. It can be assumed that this took place at the time of the almost two-year long Turkish siege of Novo Brdo between 1439 and 1441. After the Turkish occupation of Novo Brdo in 1455, and upon restoring stability in the conquered city, conditions were created for the renovation of the Saxon church ? Santa Maria in Novomonte. One letter from Rome, sent to the archbishop of the city of Bar in 1458, indicates that this was also advocated by Pope Pius II personally. Major works on that occasion, as shown by archaeological investigations, were conducted within the area of the nave, which was almost entirely in ruins. The undertaken renovation provided the opportunity to increase the size of the church, specifically to extend it westward by 2.70 m. New walls were built from the ground up on the northern and western side of the nave, while within the altar area, which was certainly much better preserved, no traces of any subsequent alterations were noted. Somewhat later, in front of the renovated church, a wooden porch was added. The Saxon church was also used for worship during the 16th and the first half of the 17th century. The archbishop of Bar, Marino Bizzi, during a canonical visitation in 1610, noted that the church at that time fulfilled all the requirements for worship. Three decades later, his successor, Archbishop Giorgio Bianchi, visited the Novo Brdo ?canonical church dedicated to St Mary?, which he says was in the hands of Christians and that inside ?are graves in which Catholics are buried??. This is also the last known data regarding this prominent Novo Brdo temple, which was, without a doubt, finally destroyed during the Austro-Turkish war at the end of the 17th century.
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Demshuk, Andrew. "Architecture Beyond Ideology: The Politics of Forgotten Landmarks in Communist East Germany." Journal of Urban History, September 11, 2020, 009614422095766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144220957664.
Full textAbstract:
Through research in former East German Leipzig, this article explores how and why architecturally and historically valuable landmarks seldom sustain or even gain ideological resonance. Applying theories about ideology as an “event,” it frames ideological resonance as something contingent and fleeting. Demolition and neglect often have less to do with ideology and more with lack of interest, which translates into lack of investment. Shifting interpretations of “beauty” also regularly determine what should get blasted or reconstructed. Even if individual landmarks lack ideological resonance, however, demolitions or decay can yield a cumulative effect prompting outcry against a perceived trend. Leipzig officials thus turned to save historical architecture, because they feared public displeasure that undercut their own legitimacy. That Leipzig sparked the 1989 Revolution in East Germany proves that the cumulative demolition and decay of buildings lacking ideological ascription could generate a profound ideological outcome.
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Stanek, Łukasz. "Buildings for Dollars and Oil: East German and Romanian Construction Companies in Cold War Iraq." Contemporary European History, August 18, 2021, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777321000333.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the partial integration of companies from socialist Eastern Europe into the nascent economic globalisation in the late Cold War. By focusing on the industrial slaughterhouse designed and built in Baghdad by East German and Romanian companies (1974–81), it shows how they operated within and across the political economy of state socialism and the emerging, Western-dominated market of construction services. In Baghdad, East Germans and Romanians struggled with working across differing monetary regimes, inefficient corporate structures and the requirement to comply with Western standards and regulations. This article shows how they strived to bypass obstacles and to exploit opportunities stemming from their liminal and unequal position in Iraq. By zooming into architectural and engineering documentation, it argues that petrobarter agreements, or the exchange of crude oil for goods and services, shaped programmes, layouts, technologies and materialities of buildings constructed by Eastern Europeans in Iraq and the region.