Relevant bibliographies by topics / East Indians – Africa, East

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'East Indians – Africa, East'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "East Indians – Africa, East"

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WILSON, CHRIS. "Dressing the Diaspora: Dress practices among East African Indians,circa1895–1939." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 2 (2018): 660–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000075.

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AbstractThis article analyses the dress practices of East African Indians from the late nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, which have failed to attract much scholarly attention. It begins by examining the ways in which very material interactions with items of clothing, while separated from the body, were productive of identities and communities among Indian tailors, shoemakers, Dhobis, and others in East Africa. It then turns away from a specific focus on questions of identity to consider the ways in which dress was incorporated into the diasporic strategies of East African Indians as they sought to negotiate the Indian Ocean world. Finally, it explores how, where, and when Indians adopted particular dress practices in East Africa itself, to illuminate the role of dress in orderings of space, colonial society, and gender. The analytic value of dress, this article contends, lies in its universality, which allows for the recovery of the everyday lives and efforts of ordinary East African Indians, as well as a new perspective on elite diasporic lives.
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Mazrui, Alamin. "The Indian Experience as a Swahili Mirror in Colonial Mombasa." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (2017): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341376.

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People of Indian descent had long interacted with the Swahili of East Africa. This interrelationship became particularly momentous during British colonial rule that gave additional impetus to Indian migration to East Africa. In time East Africa, in general, and Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city, in particular, became home to significant populations of Indian settler communities. Motivated by an immigrant psychology and relatively privileged status under colonial rule, Indian immigrants took full advantage of the opportunities to become remarkably successful socially and economically. Local inhabitants were fully aware of the success of Indian immigrants of East Africa, and for some of them, the Indian record became a yard stick for their own successes and failures. Among these was Sheikh Al-Amin bin Ali Mazrui (1891-1947), famed for his reformist ideas about East African Islam. Using his Swahili periodical, Swahifa, he tried to galvanize members of Swahili-Muslim community towards the goal of community uplift by drawing on the experiences of East African Indians as a way of referring them back to some of the fundamentals of a progressive Islamic civilization in matters of the economy, education, and cultural preservation. In this sense, the East African Indian “mirror” became an important means of propagating Sheikh Al-Amin’s agenda of an alternative modernity rooted in Islamic civilization.
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Sonn, Tamara. "Middle East and Islamic Studies in South Africa." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 28, no. 1 (1994): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400028443.

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Although muslims make up less than two percent of South Africa’s total population, they are a well-established community with high visibility. In 1994 South Africans will celebrate 300 years of Islam in South Africa. The introduction of Islam to South Africa is usually attributed to Sheikh Yusuf, a Macasser prince exiled to South Africa for leading resistance against Dutch colonization in Malaysia. But the first Muslims in South Africa were actually slaves, imported by the Dutch colonists to the Cape mainly from India, the Indonesian archipelago, Malaya and Sri Lanka beginning in 1667. The Cape Muslim community, popularly but inaccurately known as “Malays” and known under the apartheid system as “Coloureds,” therefore, is the oldest Muslim community in South Africa. The other significant Muslim community in South Africa was established over 100 years later by northern Indian indentured laborers and tradespeople, a minority of whom were Muslims. The majority of South African Indian Muslims now live in Natal and Transvaal. Indians were classified as “Asians” or “Asiatics” by the apartheid system. The third ethnically identifiable group of Muslims in South Africa were classified as “African” or “Black” by the South African government. The majority of Black Muslims are converts or descendants of converts. Of the entire Muslim population of South Africa, some 49% are “Coloureds,” nearly 47% are “Asians,” and although statistics regarding “Africans” are generally unreliable, it is estimated that they comprise less than four percent of the Muslim population. Less than one percent of the Muslim population is “White.”
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Twaddle, Michael. "Z. K. Sentongo and the Indian Question in East Africa." History in Africa 24 (January 1997): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172033.

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East Africa is really what one may call a ‘test case’ for Great Britain. If Indians cannot be treated as equals in a vacant or almost vacant part of the world where they were the first in occupation—a part of the world which is on the equator—it seems that the so-called freedom of the British Empire is a sham and a delusion.The Indian question in East Africa during the early 1920s can hardly be said to have been neglected by subsequent scholars. There is an abundant literature on it and the purpose here is not simply to run over the ground yet again, resurrecting past passions on the British, white settler and Indian sides. Instead, more will be said about the African side, especially the expatriate educated African side, during the controversy in Kenya immediately after World War I, when residential segregation, legislative rights, access to agricultural land, and future immigration by Indians were hotly debated in parliament, press, private letters, and at public meetings. For not only were educated and expatriate Africans in postwar Kenya by no means wholly “dumb,” as one eminent historian of the British Empire has since suggested, but their comments in newspaper articles at the time can be seen in retrospect to have had a seminal importance in articulating both contemporary fears and subsequent “imagined communities,” to employ Benedict Anderson's felicitous phrase—those nationalisms which were to have such controversial significance during the struggle for independence from British colonialism in Uganda as well as Kenya during the middle years of this century.
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Bhol, Alifia, Neha Sanwalka, Jamila Taherali Imani, et al. "An Online Survey to Evaluate Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Immuno-Nutrition During COVID Pandemic in Indians Staying in Different Countries." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2021): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.9.2.03.

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The objective of the study was to evaluate knowledge and attitude regarding immuno-nutrition in Indians residing in different parts of the world and to evaluate practices adopted during lockdown to boost immunity. A rapid assessment survey was conducted using Google Forms which was circulated amongst Indian community residing in different countries using various social media platforms. Data was collected from 325 Indians from 11 different countries. Participants were regrouped into 4 groups: South Asia, Europe, East Africa and Western Asia based on geographical location.About 85% participants identified most factors that either boost or suppress immunity. More than 90% participants reported vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, proteins and iron as the nutrients that boost immunity. Higher percentage of Indians from South and Western Asia reported that holy basil, asafoetida, cardamom, nuts and Chawanprash helped boost immunity as compared to Indians from Europe and East Africa (p<0.05).The overall minimum knowledge score obtained by participants was 45% and maximum was 100%. Highest marks were obtained by Indians from Western Asia followed by Indians from South Asia then Europe and lastly East Africa. However, there was no significant difference marks obtained by participants.
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Nasar, Saima. "The Indian Voice: Connecting Self-Representation and Identity Formulation in Diaspora." History in Africa 40, no. 1 (2013): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2013.10.

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AbstractThis article examines a previously overlooked publication titled The Indian Voice of British East Africa, Uganda and Zanzibar. Printed in Nairobi between 1911 and 1913, the Indian Voice has been dismissed by some scholars as “insignificant” in the wider context of Kenya’s militant press. As an important tool for discovering, exploring and analyzing the nature of racial hierarchies, diasporic identity and belonging, this article argues that the Indian Voice can be used to understand how “new kinds of self-representation” both emerged and dissolved in early twentieth-century East Africa. By contextualizing the historical significance of the newspaper, it demonstrates how the Indian Voice offers an invaluable means of generating new insights into the complex cultural and political formulations of Indian identities in diaspora. In doing so, this article contributes to remapping the historical perspective of East African Indians within the early colonial period.
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Oonk, Gijsbert. "‘After Shaking his Hand, Start Counting your Fingers’: Trust and Images in Indian Business Networks, East Africa 1900-2000." Itinerario 28, no. 3 (2004): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300019847.

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In this study, I examine how ‘ethnic’ trading networks are created and recreated, but may also fracture and fall apart. This occurred among some Indian groups in East Africa, who initially strengthened their economic and cultural ties with India by maintaining intensive trade relations and taking brides from the homeland. However, after just one generation, their economic focus was on East Africa, Japan and the UK. Many of today's well-off Indian businessmen in East Africa show little economic interest in India. In fact, Gujarati businessmen in East Africa created new, rather negative images of their counterparts in Gujarat. During the last century, their overall image of Indians in India was transformed from one of a ‘reliable family or community members’ to one of ‘unreliable, corrupt and, untrustworthy ‘others’.
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Nair, Savita. "Despite dislocations: Uganda's Indians remaking home." Africa 88, no. 3 (2018): 492–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972018000190.

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AbstractThe distinctive migration history of Uganda's Indians allows us to rethink diaspora identities and memory in forming translocal communities. Settlement, citizenship and displacement created a postcolonial order of overlapping allegiances and multiple, mobile identities. ‘Home’ had been extended and thus connected to sites in India and East Africa, yet the 1972 expulsion called into question the ways in which Uganda's Indians recalled the very idea of home. While expulsion was a momentous crescendo to nineteenth- and early twentieth-century migrations, it did not put an end to the history of Uganda's Indians. This article focuses on the life histories of diverse Indian migrants: an industrialist's multi-local legacy, the post-expulsion return of Indians to two Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India) neighbourhoods, the repatriation of former residents back to Uganda in the 1980s and 1990s, and a brand-new generation of Indians coming to Uganda. By tracing these movements, I examine Indian migrants’ articulations of identity, investment and interaction vis-à-vis East Africa and India. How do experiences of rejection and return factor into (multi)national loyalties, notions of home and diaspora identities? How does an autobiography, a built structure or a neighbourhood construct and complicate both memories of migration and a migrant community's identity? I place India and Africa on the same historical map, and, by doing so, offer a way to include Indians in the framework of African political economy and society.
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Schnepel, Ellen M. "East Indians in the Caribbean." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 73, no. 3-4 (1999): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002579.

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[First paragraph]Transients to Settlers: The Experience of Indians in Jamaica 1845-J950. VERENE SHEPHERD. Leeds, U.K.: Peepal Tree Books, 1993. 281 pp. (Paper £12.95)Survivors of Another Crossing: A History of East Indians in Trinidad, 1880-1946. MARIANNE D. SOARES RAMESAR. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: U.W.I. School of Continuing Education, 1994. xiii + 190 pp. (Paper n.p.)Les Indes Antillaises: Presence et situation des communautes indiennes en milieu caribeen. ROGER TOUMSON (ed.). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994. 264 pp. (Paper 140.00 FF)Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora. PETER VAN DER VEER (ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. vi + 256 pp. (Cloth US$ 39.95, Paper US$ 17.95)In the decade since 1988, Caribbean nations with Indian communities have commemorated the 150th anniversary of the arrival of East Indians to the West Indies. These celebrations are part of local revitalization movements of Indian culture and identity stretching from the French departement of Guadeloupe in the Windward Islands to Trinidad and Guyana in the south. Political changes have mirrored the cultural revival in the region. While the debate so often in the past centered on the legitimacy of East Indian claims to local nationality in these societies where African or Creole cultures dominate, in the 1990s leaders of Indian descent were elected heads of government in the two Caribbean nations with the most populous East Indian communities: Cheddi Jagan as President of Guyana in October 1992 (after a 28-year hiatus) and Basdeo Panday as Prime Minister of Trinidad in November 1995. Both men have long been associated with their respective countries' struggles for economic, political, and social equality. Outside the region during the summer of 1997, fiftieth-anniversary celebrations marking the independence of India and Pakistan from Britain confirmed that Indo chic — or "Indofrenzy" as anthropologist Arjun Appadurai calls it (Sengupta 1997:13) - has captured the American imagination with the new popularity of literature, art, and film emanating from India and its diaspora.
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Rathore-Nigsch, Claudia, and Daniel Schreier. "‘Our heart is still in Africa’: Twice migration and its sociolinguistic consequences." Language in Society 45, no. 2 (2016): 163–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404515000949.

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AbstractThis study is a sociophonetic investigation of dialect variation and change in the East African Asian community in Leicester, UK. The community differs from other strands of the British Asian diaspora because of its migration history: a two-stage journey (‘twice migration’) within a few generations, first from the Indian subcontinent to East Africa (late nineteenth century) and from there onward to Britain (early 1970s). We examine variation in the production of thefoot,strut, andnursevowels across two generations of East African Asian migrants with a focus on the usage of originally Indian English features, identity expression, changing sense of belonging, and desire to maintain the original culture from the East African homelands. Our sociolinguistic examination of the speakers’ migration history demonstrates that, despite a strong affiliation with East Africa, first-generation speakers have predominantly maintained Indian English patterns whereas second-generation subjects partake in accommodation to an (educated) variety of East Midlands English. (Twice migration, accommodation, identity, variation and change in the diaspora,foot, strut,andnursevowels, Indian English, East African English, East Midlands English)*
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "East Indians – Africa, East"

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Ocita, James. "Diasporic imaginaries : memory and negotiation of belonging in East African and South African Indian narratives." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80354.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation explores selected Indian narratives that emerge in South Africa and East Africa between 1960 and 2010, focusing on representations of migrations from the late 19th century, with the entrenchment of mercantile capitalism, to the early 21st century entry of immigrants into the metropolises of Europe, the US and Canada as part of the post-1960s upsurge in global migrations. The (post-)colonial and imperial sites that these narratives straddle re-echo Vijay Mishra‘s reading of Indian diasporic narratives as two autonomous archives designated by the terms, "old" and "new" diasporas. The study underscores the role of memory both in quests for legitimation and in making sense of Indian marginality in diasporic sites across the continent and in the global north, drawing together South Asia, Africa and the global north as continuous fields of analysis. Categorising the narratives from the two locations in their order of emergence, I explore how Ansuyah R. Singh‘s Behold the Earth Mourns (1960) and Bahadur Tejani‘s Day After Tomorrow (1971), as the first novels in English to be published by a South African and an East African writer of Indian descent, respectively, grapple with questions of citizenship and legitimation. I categorise subsequent narratives from South Africa into those that emerge during apartheid, namely, Ahmed Essop‘s The Hajji and Other Stories (1978), Agnes Sam‘s Jesus is Indian and Other Stories (1989) and K. Goonam‘s Coolie Doctor: An Autobiography by Dr Goonam (1991); and in the post-apartheid period, including here Imraan Coovadia‘s The Wedding (2001) and Aziz Hassim‘s The Lotus People (2002) and Ronnie Govender‘s Song of the Atman (2006). I explore how narratives under the former category represent tensions between apartheid state – that aimed to reveal and entrench internal divisions within its borders as part of its technology of rule – and the resultant anti-apartheid nationalism that coheres around a unifying ―black‖ identity, drawing attention to how the texts complicate both apartheid and anti-apartheid strategies by simultaneously suggesting and bridging differences or divisions. Post-apartheid narratives, in contrast to the homogenisation of "blackness", celebrate ethnic self-assertion, foregrounding cultural authentication in response to the post-apartheid "rainbow-nation" project. Similarly, I explore subsequent East African narratives under two categories. In the first category I include Peter Nazareth‘s In a Brown Mantle (1972) and M.G. Vassanji‘s The Gunny Sack (1989) as two novels that imagine Asians‘ colonial experience and their entry into the post-independence dispensation, focusing on how this transition complicates notions of home and national belonging. In the second category, I explore Jameela Siddiqi‘s The Feast of the Nine Virgins (1995), Yasmin Alibhai-Brown‘s No Place Like Home (1996) and Shailja Patel‘s Migritude (2010) as post-1990 narratives that grapple with political backlashes that engender migrations and relocations of Asian subjects from East Africa to imperial metropolises. As part of the recognition of the totalising and oppressive capacities of culture, the three authors, writing from both within and without Indianness, invite the diaspora to take stock of its role in the fermentation of political backlashes against its presence in East Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op geselekteerde narratiewe deur skrywers van Indiër-oorsprong wat tussen 1960 en 2010 in Suid-Afrika en Oos-Afrika ontstaan om uitbeeldings van migrerings en verskuiwings vanaf die einde van die 19e eeu, ná die vestiging van handelskapitalisme, immigrasie in die vroeë 21e eeu na die groot stede van Europa, die VS en Kanada, te ondersoek, met die oog op navorsing na die toename in globale migrasies. Die (post-)koloniale en imperial liggings wat in hierdie narratiewe oorvleuel, beam Vijay Mishra se lesing van diasporiese Indiese narratiewe as twee outonome argiewe wat deur die terme "ou" en "nuwe" diasporas aangedui word. Hierdie proefskrif bestudeer die manier waarop herinneringe benut word, nie alleen in die soeke na legitimisering en burgerskap nie, maar ook om tot 'n beter begrip te kom van die omstandighede wat Asiërs na die imperiale wêreldstede loods. Ek kategoriseer die twee narratiewe volgens die twee lokale en in die volgorde waarin hulle verskyn het en bestudeer Ansuyah R Singh se Behold the Earth Mourns (1960) en Bahadur Tejani se Day After Tomorrow (1971) as die eerste roman wat deur 'n Suid-Afrikaanse en 'n Oos-Afrikaanse skrywe van Indiese herkoms in Engels gepubliseer is, en die wyse waarop hulle onderskeidelik die kwessies van burgerskap en legitimisasie benader. In daaropvolgende verhale van Suid-Afrika, onderskei ek tussen narratiewe at hul onstaan in die apartheidsjare gehad het, naamlik The Hajji and Other Stories deur Ahmed Essop, Jesus is Indian and Other Stories (1989) deur Agnes Sam en Coolie Doctor: An Autobiography by Dr. Goonam deur K. Goonam; uit die post-apartheid era kom The Wedding (2001) deur Imraan Covadia en The Lotus People (2002) deur Aziz Hassim, asook Song of the Atman (2006) deur Ronnie Govender. Ek kyk hoe die verhale in die eerste kategorie spanning beskryf tussen die apartheidstaat — en die gevolglike anti-apartheidnasionalisme in 'n eenheidskeppende "swart" identiteit — om die aandag te vestig op die wyse waarop die tekste sowel apartheid- as anti-apartheid strategieë kompliseer deur tegelykertyd versoeningsmoontlikhede en verdeelheid uit te beeld. Post-apartheid verhale, daarenteen, loof eerder etniese selfbemagtiging met die klem op kulturele outentisiteit in reaksie op die post-apartheid bevordering van 'n "reënboognasie", as om 'n homogene "swartheid" voor te staan. Op dieselfde manier bestudeer ek die daaropvolgende Oos-Afrikaanse verhale onder twee kategorieë. In die eerste kategorie sluit ek In an Brown Mantle (1972) deur Peter Nazareth en The Gunny Sack (1989) deur M.G. Vassanjiin, as twee romans wat Asiërs se koloniale geskiedenis en hul toetrede tot die post-onafhanklikheid bedeling uitbeeld (verbeeld) (imagine), met die klem op die wyse waarop hierdie oorgang begrippe van samehorigheid kompliseer. In die tweede kategorie kyk ek na The Feast of the Nine Virgins (1995) deur Jameela Siddiqi, No Place Like Home (1996) deur Yasmin Alibhai en Migritude (2010) deur Shaila Patel as voorbeelde van post-1990 verhale wat probleme met die politieke teenreaksies en verskuiwings van Asiër-onderdane vanuit Oos-Afrika na wêreldstede aanspreek. As deel van die erkenning van die totaliserende en onderdrukkende kapasiteit van kultuur, vra die drie skrywers – as Indiërs en as wêreldburgers – die diaspora om sy rol in die opstook van politieke teenreaksie teen sy teenwoordigheid in Oos-Afrika onder oënskou te neem.
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Kunvar, Yogita. "Reconceptualising notions of South African Indianess : a personal narrative." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017767.

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The theoretical challenge of conceptualising South African Indianess is suffused with a plethora of variables that suggest complexity. While being misleadingly homogenous, Indian identity encompasses a multitude of expressions. This thesis seeks to reconceptualise notions of South African Indianess through personal narrative. The research context is contemporary South Africa with a specific focus on Johannesburg’s East Rand Reef. Inspired by the dearth of literature on contemporary Indianess this study addresses the gap in the present discourse. Following the autoethnographic work of Motzafi-Haller (1997) and Narayan (1993) the thesis presents a layered narrative by juxtaposing the experiences of research participants with my own. Using multi-sited autoethnographic data the thesis explores the question of what it means to be Indian in relation to South Africa’s Apartheid past. By drawing on concepts in popular diaspora theory and critiquing their application, the thesis illustrates the inadequacies inherent in the definitions of diaspora and suggests a broader understanding of its application. Through exploring layers of Indianess the thesis illustrates the inherent complexity in reconceptualising South African Indianess. The study suggests that as a result of changing global and local flows, South African Indians are reconceptualising what it means to be South African Indian.
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Dawood, Zohra Bibi. "Making a community : Indians in Cape Town, circa 1900-1980s." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14957.

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Summary in English.<br>The contention underlying this dissertation is that ethnic identity and notions of community in South Africa are the result of several intertwined processes, which include historic interventions by the state to create 'groups' and 'nations' as building blocks for apartheid structures. These processes also encompass initiatives by those oppressed to constitute 'oppositional' communities. Both sets of activities have occurred in specific historical and material circumstances. By focusing specifically on a 'group' descended largely from merchant forebears, this study of Cape Indians examines the significance over time of the class, caste and religious cleavages within a constructed 'community'. Moreover, this dissertation discusses the effects of political currents on Indians in the Western Cape whose relatively more privileged position in relation to Indians in Natal and the Transvaal has been instrumental in isolating them from most of the events in the other provinces. It is hoped that this dissertation will contribute not only to the history of the Western Cape but, in a broader sense, also to the history of Indians in South Africa.
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Dullabh, Neela. "An examination of the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian communities in Grahamstown, King William's town, Queenstown and Uitenhage from 1880 to 1991." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005506.

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This study examines the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian communities of Grahamstown, King William's Town, Queenstown and Uitenhage from 1880 to 1991. Primary sources of information were used to determine both the spatial distribution of the four communities and the factors influencing the distribution found. These primary sources included the use of directories, municipal and archival sources of information, interviews as well the work of various authors. The study found that the spatial distribution of Indians in the four study areas were similar with the Indians occupying residential and commercial premises in the central areas of the urban centres. After 1980 there was a substantial movement to other areas. Prior to 1950 the municipalities played an important role in influencing spatial distribution. However, after the introduction of the Group Areas Act, the govennment controlled Indian spatial distribution. Thus the Group Areas Act was the most important factor affecting Indian spatial distribution. Indians in small urban centres in the Cape Province were segregated and their spatial distribution was controlled both prior to and after 1950. Anti-Indian legislation and restrictions were the main factors influencing Indian spatial distribution.
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Sumadraji, Sambomurthie. "An assessment of the role of narrative preaching in selected Indian churches in South Africa." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.

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Altanero, de la Santísima Metáfora Ti5mothy John Tarek. "Power indexation in language choice in a South African Indian community /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Esat, Fazila. "The social construction of "sexual knowledge" : exploring the narratives of southern African youth of Indian descent in the context of HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/226/.

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Schulein, Stefanie. "The relationship between social capital and income generation amongst Indians in South Africa : an exploratory and comparative study in post-Apartheid South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50515.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the abolition of Apartheid in 1994, the entrenched effects of discriminatory policies remain prevalent in terms of socio-economic inequalities between racial groups in South Africa. Nevertheless, throughout the Apartheid era the Indian population of South Africa seems to have maintained a distinct economic advantage when compared to Africans and Coloureds. This dynamic is indeed puzzling as these three racial groups were all subject to discriminatory Apartheid legislation. In an attempt to find an appropriate explanatory variable for this trend, I tum to the notion of social capital (social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them). Arriving in South Africa in 1860 as indentured labourers on Natal's sugar plantations, the Indian community in South Africa indeed continues to display distinct dynamics with regards to social organization in the post- Apartheid era. In light of these dynamics, this study aims to assess the relationship between levels of social capital and income generation amongst the African, Coloured and Indian communities in South Africa. It is hypothesized that a distinct set of associational networks within the Indian community, shaped by a specific historical trajectory, are directly related to the heightened income generation capacity of this racial group. The vanous dimensions of social capital assessed in this study include: membership of voluntary organizations, informal social ties, participation in religious organizations and trust. Findings indicate that it is particularly within the realm of informal social ties that Indians derive a distinct economic advantage. The effect remains once the impact of education is taken into consideration. This exploratory study therefore makes a valuable contribution towards the analysis of social capital within South Africa's different race groups, allowing for more valid indicators to be developed in the future. Future studies will need to identify the seeds which need to be planted if social capital is to grow organically, not only within, but more importantly between race groups. This will no doubt make a lasting contribution towards addressing the widespread socio-economic challenges currently faced by South Africa's emerging democracy.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van die afskaffing van Apartheid in 1994, is die gevolge van diskriminerende wetgewing in terme van sosio-ekonomiese ongelykhede tussen bevolkingsgroepe in Suid Afrika nog steeds sigbaar. Nietemin het die Indiër bevolking van Suid Afrika, in vergelyking met Kleurlinge en Swartes, gedurende Apartheid 'n duidelike ekonomiese voorsprong behou. Hierdie dinamika is inderdaad verwarrend aangesien al drie hierdie bevolkingsgroepe aan diskriminerende Apartheidswetgewing onderworpe was. In 'n poging om 'n toepaslike verklarende veranderlike vir hierdie tendens te vind, ondersoek hierdie studie sosiale kapitaal (sosiale netwerke en norme van wederkerigheid en vertroue). Die Indiër bevolking, wat in 1860 as kontrakarbeiders op Natal se suikerplantasies in die land aangekom het, toon inderdaad selfs na die afskaffing van Apartheid nog spesifieke tendense met betrekkeng tot hulle onderlinge sosiale bande. Teen die agtergrond van hierdie dinamika het hierdie studie ten doel om die verband tussen vlakke van sosiale kapitaal en inkomstegenerering onder Swartes, Kleurlinge en Indiërs te ontleed. Die hipotese word gestel dat 'n duidelike stel gemeenskaplike netwerke onder Indiërs, gevorm deur spesifieke historiese gebeure, direk verband hou met hierdie bevolkingsgroep se verhoogde kapasiteit vir inkomstegenerering. Die verskillende dimensies van sosiale kapitaal wat in hierdie studie ontleed word, sluit in: lidmaatskap van vrywillige organisasies, informele sosiale bande, deelname aan Godsdienstige aktiwiteite en vertoue. Die studie bevind dat veral informele sosiale bande aan Indiërs 'n duidelike ekonomiese voorsprong bied. Hierdie bevinding bly onveranderd selfs nadat die invloed van opvoeding in ag geneem word. Hierdie verkennende studie lewer dus 'n waardevolle bydrae tot die ontleding van sosiale kapitaal tussen verskillende bevolkingsgroepe in Suid Afrika en baan sodoende die weg vir die ontwikkeling van meer geldige aanwysers in die toekoms. Sulke studies sal die saad moet identifiseer wat geplant moet word om die organiese groei van sosiale kapitaal te stimuleer, nie net binne nie, maar meer belangrik tussen bevolkingsgroepe. Dit sal sonder twyfel 'n blywende bydrae lewer om die sosio-ekonomiese uitdagings wat Suid Afrika se ontwikkelende demokrasie tans ondervind, volledig aan te spreek.
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de, la Torre-Castro Maricela. "Humans and Seagrasses in East Africa : A social-ecological systems approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Systems Ecology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1061.

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<p>The present study is one of the first attempts to analyze the societal importance of seagrasses (marine flowering plants) from a Natural Resource Management perspective, using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach. The interdisciplinary study takes place in East Africa (Western Indian Ocean, WIO) and includes in-depth studies in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Natural and social sciences methods were used. The results are presented in six articles, showing that seagrass ecosystems are rich in seagrass species (13) and form an important part of the SES within the tropical seascape of the WIO. Seagrasses provide livelihoods opportunities and basic animal protein, in from of seagrass associated fish e.g. Siganidae and Scaridae. Research, management and education initiatives are, however, nearly non-existent. In Chwaka Bay, the goods and ecosystem services associated with the meadows and also appreciated by locals were fishing and collection grounds as well as substrate for seaweed cultivation. Seagrasses are used as medicines and fertilizers and associated with different beliefs and values. Dema (basket trap) fishery showed clear links to seagrass beds and provided the highest gross income per capita of all economic activities. All showing that the meadows provide social-ecological resilience. Drag-net fishery seems to damage the meadows. Two ecological studies show that artisanal seaweed farming of red algae, mainly done by women and pictured as sustainable in the WIO, has a thinning effect on seagrass beds, reduces associated macrofauna, affects sediments, changes fish catch composition and reduces diversity. Furthermore, it has a negative effect on i.a. women’s health. The two last papers are institutional analyses of the human-seagrass relationship. A broad approach was used to analyze regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. Cooperation and conflict take place between different institutions, interacting with their slow or fast moving characteristics, and are thus fundamental in directing the system into sustainable/unsustainable paths. Ecological knowledge was heterogeneous and situated. Due to the abundance of resources and high internal control, the SES seems to be entangled in a rigidity trap with the risk of falling into a poverty trap. Regulations were found insufficient to understand SES dynamics. “Well” designed organizational structures for management were found insufficient for “good” institutional performance. The dynamics between individuals embedded in different social and cultural structures showed to be crucial. Bwana Dikos, monitoring officials, placed in villages or landing sites in Zanzibar experienced four dilemmas – kinship, loyalty, poverty and control – which decrease efficiency and affect resilience. Mismatches between institutions themselves, and between institutions and cognitive capacities were identified. Some important practical implications are the need to include seagrass meadows in management and educational plans, addressing a seascape perspective, livelihood diversification, subsistence value, impacts, social-ecological resilience, and a broad institutional approach.</p>
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Boshoff, Priscilla. "Diasporic consciousness and Bollywood : South African Indian youth and the meanings they make of Indian film." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006249.

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A particular youth identity in the South African Indian diaspora is being forged in a nexus o flocal and global forces . The globalisation of Bollywood and its popularity as a global media and the international commodification of the Indian exotic have occurred at the same time as the valorisation of 'difference' in the local political landscape. Indian youth, as young members of the South African Indian diaspora, are inheritors both of a conservative - yet adaptable - home culture and the marginalised identities of apartheid. However, the tensions between their desire to be recognised as both 'modern' South Africans and as ' traditional ' Indians create a space in which they are able to (re)create for themselves an identity that can encompass both their home cultures and the desires of a Westernised modernity through the tropes of Bollywood. Bollywood speaks to its diasporic audiences through representations of an idealised 'traditional yet modern' India. Although India is not a place of return for this young generation, Bollywood representations of successful diasporic Indian culture and participation in the globalised Bollywood industry through concerts and international award ceremonies has provided an opportunity for young Indians in South Africa to re-examine their local Indian identities and feel invited to re-identify with the global diasporas of India.
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Books on the topic "East Indians – Africa, East"

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Tandberg, Olof G. Indians in Africa: Impact & legacy : the Indian diaspora in Africa 1500 BC - 2010 AC [i.e. AD]. Vulkan, 2014.

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Organisation for Diaspora Initiatives (New Delhi, India) and African Studies Association of India, eds. Indian diaspora in Africa: A comparative perspective. Organisation for Diaspora Initiatives & African Studies Association of India in collaboration with MD Publications Pvt Ltd, 2010.

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Asians in East Africa: Images, histories & portraits. SCA Producties, 2004.

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A history of the Asians in East Africa, ca.1886 to 1945. Founthill Trust, 2012.

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Naidoo, Thillayvel. The Parsee community of South Africa. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Durban-Westville, 1987.

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Bakshi, S. R. Gandhi and Indians in South Africa. Antique Publishers, 1988.

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Jain, Prakash C. Indians in South Africa: Political economy of race relations. Kalinga Publications, 1999.

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Alpers, Edward A. East Africa and the Indian Ocean. Markus Wiener Publishers, 2009.

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Chhabra, Hari Sharan. India and Africa: A saga of friendship. [s.n.], 1986.

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Arooran, K. Nambi. Indians in South Africa. Tamil University, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "East Indians – Africa, East"

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Gautret, Philippe, and Philippe Parola. "East Africa: Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands." In Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119971641.ch5.

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Loimeier, Roman. "India Beyond India: The Indian Diaspora in East Africa." In India Beyond India: Dilemmas of Belonging. Göttingen University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17875/gup2020-1268.

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Pallaver, Karin. "What East Africans Got for Their Ivory and Slaves: The Nature, Working and Circulation of Commodity Currencies in Nineteenth-Century East Africa." In Currencies of the Indian Ocean World. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20973-5_4.

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Gooding, Philip. "The Ivory Trade and Political Power in Nineteenth-Century East Africa." In Animal Trade Histories in the Indian Ocean World. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42595-1_9.

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Gupta, Sunil. "Contact between East Africa and India in the First Millennium CE." In Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33822-4_7.

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Hancock, James F. "Monsoon Islam." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0015.

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Abstract Summarizing how the Ottoman took over the Middle East, the chapters also outlines the boom of the Muslim trade in Europe. Three powerful Muslim empires eventually ringed the Indian Ocean: the Ottomans controlled the Red Sea, the Safavid Dynasty controlled the Persian Gulf route, and the Mughal Empire covered most of India. The chapters also show the flow of the huge Indian Ocean trading network, stating how Muslim communities grew to become trading empires led by powerful sultans who established strong trading by navigating the seas. The terminals of the ocean trade involves: India, Aden, Ormuz, Swahili Coast of Africa, Strait of Malacca and the City of Malacca, Sumatra and Java, Ceylon, and Moluccas. Also, the chapters provide a summary of the ocean trade with Chinese dynasties and other Far East Asian countries.
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Campbell, Gwyn. "East Africa in the Early Indian Ocean World Slave Trade: The Zanj Revolt Reconsidered." In Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33822-4_12.

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Casey, James. "Sacred Surveillance: Indian Muslims, Waqf, and the Evolution of State Power in French Mandate Syria." In British and French Colonialism in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97964-9_5.

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Malik, Asiya. "Expanding Familial Ties: From the Umma to New Constructions of Relatedness Among East African Indians in Canada." In New Directions in Spiritual Kinship. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48423-5_9.

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Gautret, Philippe, and Philippe Parola. "East Africa." In Infectious Diseases. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119085751.ch8.

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Conference papers on the topic "East Indians – Africa, East"

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DiMaggio, Erin N., Karen Fontijn, and Sara Mana. "DOCUMENTING AND ANALYZING EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM IN EAST AFRICA USING EARTHD." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323694.

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Phillips, Rayn K., Tyrone O. Rooney, Alex Steiner, Guillaume Girard, and John Kappelman. "EARLY CENOZOIC MAGMATISM IN EAST AFRICA: EXPANDING THE EOCENE AMARO AND GAMO BASALTS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323814.

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Beverly, Emily J., Naomi E. Levin, Benjamin H. Passey, and Ian Z. Winkelstern. "RECONSTRUCTING ARIDITY AND EVAPORATION IN EAST AFRICA USING TRIPLE OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN SOIL CARBONATES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-322136.

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Wynn, Jonathan G., Tim K. Lowenstein, Robin W. Renaut, R. Bernhart Owen, and Emma P. McNulty. "SUPERHEAVY PYRITE FORMATION IN HYPERSALINE LAKES OF EAST AFRICA: A PALEOSALINITY PROXY FOR LAKE MAGADI HSPDP CORES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323852.

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Stinchcomb, Gary E., William E. Lukens, Steven L. Forman, Katie M. Binetti, and Joseph V. Ferraro. "GEOLOGY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF FARRE, A LARGE OPEN-AIR MIDDLE TO LATE PLEISTOCENE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN EAST AFRICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323626.

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DYSON, TIM. "DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND WORLD FOOD DEMAND AND SUPPLY, SOME THOUGHTS ON SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, INDIA AND EAST ASIA." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 25th Session. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797001_0038.

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Granath, James, Rolf Rango, Pete Emmet, Colin Ford, Robert Lambert, and Michael Kasli. "New Viewpoint on the Geology and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity of the Seychelles Plateau." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2556681-ms.

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ABSTRACT We have reprocessed, re-imaged, and interpreted 10000+ km of legacy 2D seismic data in the Seychelles, particularly in the western part of the Plateau. Seychelles data have been difficult to image, particularly for the Mesozoic section: volcanics are a major attenuator of low frequency signal, and a hard water bottom contributes to signal problems. Enhanced low frequency techniques were applied to improve the signal fidelity in the 4 to 20 Hz range, and to remove spectral notches of shallow geologic origin. These efforts have allowed a reasonable view of the structure of the Plateau to a depth equivalent to about 3.5 sec TWT, and permit a comparison of areas atop the Plateau to the south coast where the three 1980's Amoco wells were drilled. It is clear that the main Plateau area of the Seychelles (excluding the outlying territories) is comprised of several separate basins, each with similar Karoo, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic sections that relate to the East African and West Indian conjugate margins, but the basins each have nuanced tectono-stratigraphic histories. The previously recognized Correira Basin in the SE and the East and West South Coast Basins face the African conjugate margin; other unimaged ones complete the periphery of the Plateau. The interior of the Plateau is dominated by the Silhouette Basin to the west of the main islands and the Mahé Basin to the east. The co astal basins have harsh tectono-thermal histories comparable to other continental margins around the world; they are typically characterized by stretching, subsidence and breakaway from their respective conjugate margins. In contrast the interior basins are comparable to ‘failed’ rift systems such as the North Sea or the Gulf of Suez. The South Coastal Basins, for example, tend to be more extended which complicated interpretation of the Amoco wells, but they have significant upside, as exemplified by the Beau Vallon structure. The interior basins, on the other hand, have typically simpler structure: the Silhouette Basin contains a system of NW-trending linked normal faults that could easily harbor North Sea-sized hydrocarbon traps with a variety of rift-related reservoir possibilities. Bright, reflective, hard volcanic horizons are less common than usually presumed, but most of the basins may contain considerable pyroclastic material in parts of the section. All of the basins appear to be predominantly oil prone, with considerable upside prospectivity.
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Emishaw, Luelseged, and Mohamed Abdelsalam. "DEPTH AND TIME DEPENDENCE OF STRAIN PARTITIONING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC EXTENSIONAL STRUCTURES WITHIN THE TURKANA DEPRESSION, EAST AFRICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-322663.

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Winter, Amos G., Mario A. Bollini, Benjamin M. Judge, et al. "Stakeholder-Driven Design Evolution of the Leveraged Freedom Chair Developing World Wheelchair." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88881.

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The Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC) is a low-cost, all-terrain, variable mechanical advantage, lever-propelled wheelchair designed for use in developing countries. The user effectively changes gear by shifting his hands along the levers; grasping near the ends increases torque delivered to the drive-train, while grasping near the pivots enables a larger angular displacement with every stroke, which increases angular velocity in the drivetrain and makes the chair go faster. This paper chronicles the design evolution of the LFC through three user trials in East Africa, Guatemala, and India. Feedback from test subjects was used to refine the chair between trials, resulting in a device 9.1 kg (20 lbs) lighter, 8.9 cm (3.5 in) narrower, and with a center of gravity 12.7 cm (5 in) lower than the first iteration. Survey data substantiated increases in performance after successive iterations. Quantitative biomechanical performance data were also measured during the Guatemala and India trials, which showed the LFC to be 76 percent faster and 41 percent more efficient during a common daily commute and able to produce 51 percent higher peak propulsion force compared to conventional, pushrim-propelled wheelchairs.
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Kunhipurayil, Hasna, Muna Ahmed, and Gheyath Nasrallah. "West Nile Virus Seroprevalence among Qatari and Immigrant Populations within Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0197.

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Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely spread arboviruses worldwide and a highly significant pathogen in humans and animals. Despite frequent outbreaks and endemic transmission being reported in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), seroprevalence studies of WNV in Qatar are highly lacking. Aim: This study aims to investigate the actual prevalence of WNV among local and expatriate communities in the Qatar using a large sample size of seemingly healthy donors. Method: A total of 1992 serum samples were collected from donors of age 18 or older and were tested for the presence of WNV antibodies. Serion enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial microplate kits were used to detect the presence of the WNV IgM and IgG. The seropositivity was statistically analyzed using SPSS software with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgG and IgM in Qatar was 10.3% and 3.4%, respectively. The country-specific seroprevalence according to nationality for WNV IgG and IgM, respectively, were Sudan (37.0%, 10.0%), Egypt (31.6%, 4.4%), India (13.4%, 3.2%), Yemen(10.2%, 7.0%), Pakistan (8.6%, 2.7%), Iran (10.6%, 0.0%), Philippines (5.4%, 0.0%), Jordan(6.8%, 1.1%), Syria (2.6%, 9.6%), Palestine (2.6%, 0.6%), Qatar (1.6%, 1.7%), and Lebanon (0.9%, 0.0%). The prevalence of both IgM and IgG was significantly correlated with the nationality (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Among these tested nationalities, Qatar national has a relatively low burden of WNV disease. The highest prevalence of WNV was found in the Sub Saharan African nationalities like Sudan and Egypt. The seroprevalence of WNV is different from the previously reported arboviruses such as CHIKV and DENV, which was highest among Asian countries (India and Philippines). Further confirmatory tests such as viral neutralization assays are needed to confirm the IgM seropositivity in these samples since these samples could be a source of viral transmission through blood donation.
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Reports on the topic "East Indians – Africa, East"

1

Ledesma, David. East Africa Gas. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781907555695.

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East Africa Shared Gas Initiative. Chair Maxime Schenckery, Rami Shabaneh, Kang Wu, et al. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research CenterWebsiteDirections, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-wb12.

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Wallace, Tye R. Improving Counter-Piracy Operations in East Africa. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada535303.

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Catley, Andy. Commercialising Pastoralist Livestock Systems in East Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.018.

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Across East Africa’s vast rangelands, pastoralist livestock systems have been commercialising since the early 1900s. Commercialisation has varied widely within and between areas, but now includes substantial livestock exports, regional and cross-border trade, and supply to domestic markets. This policy brief examines some of the key features of pastoralism that affect how commercialisation evolves in pastoralist societies, and why poorer producers often benefit least from new market access. The policy brief draws on a substantial body of research and programme evaluations, and two new APRA research reports on pastoral livestock commercialisation in south-east Ethiopia (Gebresenbet, 2020) and northern Kenya (Roba, 2020).
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Markets, Policies Institutions. Improving tenure security for pastoralists in East Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134136.

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Gordon, Emma. The politics of renewable energy in East Africa. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781784671181.

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Atkinson, A. B. Top incomes in East Africa before and after independence. Unknown, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii181.

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Ahmed, Haseeb, and Benjamin Cowan. Mobile Money and Healthcare Use: Evidence from East Africa. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25669.

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Bolton, Laura. Lessons for FCDO Climate Change Programming in East Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.085.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on FCDO climate projects across the East African region in the following countries; Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. This review established that sector stakeholders in countries like Rwanda lacked climate impact information. This highlights the need of providing the right information in the right form to meet the end users need. The above case studies have shown the need for consistent and harmonised future climate projections that are country specific. According to a study undertaken in Tanzania and Malawi, understanding the likely future characteristics of climate risk is a key component of adaptation and climate-resilient planning, but given future uncertainty it is important to design approaches that are strongly informed by local considerations and robust to uncertainty. According to the findings from the research, policy incoherence, over-reliance on donor funding, change in leadership roles is a barrier to adaptation. There is also an urgent need for mechanisms for sharing experience and learning from methodologies, technologies, and challenges. Further, Stakeholder dialogue and iterative climate service processes need to be facilitated. This review also explores approaches to communicating climatic uncertainties with decision-makers. Particularly, presentation of data using slide-sets, and stories about possible futures.
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James, Randal K. The Islamist Challenge in the Middle East and North Africa. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388242.

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