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1
Sonn, Tamara. "Middle East and Islamic Studies in South Africa." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 28, no. 1 (1994): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400028443.
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Although muslims make up less than two percent of South Africa’s total population, they are a well-established community with high visibility. In 1994 South Africans will celebrate 300 years of Islam in South Africa. The introduction of Islam to South Africa is usually attributed to Sheikh Yusuf, a Macasser prince exiled to South Africa for leading resistance against Dutch colonization in Malaysia. But the first Muslims in South Africa were actually slaves, imported by the Dutch colonists to the Cape mainly from India, the Indonesian archipelago, Malaya and Sri Lanka beginning in 1667. The Cape Muslim community, popularly but inaccurately known as “Malays” and known under the apartheid system as “Coloureds,” therefore, is the oldest Muslim community in South Africa. The other significant Muslim community in South Africa was established over 100 years later by northern Indian indentured laborers and tradespeople, a minority of whom were Muslims. The majority of South African Indian Muslims now live in Natal and Transvaal. Indians were classified as “Asians” or “Asiatics” by the apartheid system. The third ethnically identifiable group of Muslims in South Africa were classified as “African” or “Black” by the South African government. The majority of Black Muslims are converts or descendants of converts. Of the entire Muslim population of South Africa, some 49% are “Coloureds,” nearly 47% are “Asians,” and although statistics regarding “Africans” are generally unreliable, it is estimated that they comprise less than four percent of the Muslim population. Less than one percent of the Muslim population is “White.”
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Bhol, Alifia, Neha Sanwalka, Jamila Taherali Imani, et al. "An Online Survey to Evaluate Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Immuno-Nutrition During COVID Pandemic in Indians Staying in Different Countries." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2021): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.9.2.03.
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The objective of the study was to evaluate knowledge and attitude regarding immuno-nutrition in Indians residing in different parts of the world and to evaluate practices adopted during lockdown to boost immunity. A rapid assessment survey was conducted using Google Forms which was circulated amongst Indian community residing in different countries using various social media platforms. Data was collected from 325 Indians from 11 different countries. Participants were regrouped into 4 groups: South Asia, Europe, East Africa and Western Asia based on geographical location.About 85% participants identified most factors that either boost or suppress immunity. More than 90% participants reported vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, proteins and iron as the nutrients that boost immunity. Higher percentage of Indians from South and Western Asia reported that holy basil, asafoetida, cardamom, nuts and Chawanprash helped boost immunity as compared to Indians from Europe and East Africa (p<0.05).The overall minimum knowledge score obtained by participants was 45% and maximum was 100%. Highest marks were obtained by Indians from Western Asia followed by Indians from South Asia then Europe and lastly East Africa. However, there was no significant difference marks obtained by participants.
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Schnepel, Ellen M. "East Indians in the Caribbean." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 73, no. 3-4 (1999): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002579.
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[First paragraph]Transients to Settlers: The Experience of Indians in Jamaica 1845-J950. VERENE SHEPHERD. Leeds, U.K.: Peepal Tree Books, 1993. 281 pp. (Paper £12.95)Survivors of Another Crossing: A History of East Indians in Trinidad, 1880-1946. MARIANNE D. SOARES RAMESAR. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: U.W.I. School of Continuing Education, 1994. xiii + 190 pp. (Paper n.p.)Les Indes Antillaises: Presence et situation des communautes indiennes en milieu caribeen. ROGER TOUMSON (ed.). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994. 264 pp. (Paper 140.00 FF)Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora. PETER VAN DER VEER (ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. vi + 256 pp. (Cloth US$ 39.95, Paper US$ 17.95)In the decade since 1988, Caribbean nations with Indian communities have commemorated the 150th anniversary of the arrival of East Indians to the West Indies. These celebrations are part of local revitalization movements of Indian culture and identity stretching from the French departement of Guadeloupe in the Windward Islands to Trinidad and Guyana in the south. Political changes have mirrored the cultural revival in the region. While the debate so often in the past centered on the legitimacy of East Indian claims to local nationality in these societies where African or Creole cultures dominate, in the 1990s leaders of Indian descent were elected heads of government in the two Caribbean nations with the most populous East Indian communities: Cheddi Jagan as President of Guyana in October 1992 (after a 28-year hiatus) and Basdeo Panday as Prime Minister of Trinidad in November 1995. Both men have long been associated with their respective countries' struggles for economic, political, and social equality. Outside the region during the summer of 1997, fiftieth-anniversary celebrations marking the independence of India and Pakistan from Britain confirmed that Indo chic — or "Indofrenzy" as anthropologist Arjun Appadurai calls it (Sengupta 1997:13) - has captured the American imagination with the new popularity of literature, art, and film emanating from India and its diaspora.
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Brauer-Benke, József. "Afrikai citerák." Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies 14, no. 3-4. (2021): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/at.2020.14.3-4.3.
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A general historical survey of African zither types cannot fail to highlight the disproportionalities brought about in the study of Africa by the essentialistic ideology of Afrocentrism. Thus the widely known videoclip of the 1987 hit Yé-ké-yé-ké by the late Mory Kante (d. 22nd May 2020), musician and composer of Guinean Mandinka origin has allowed millions to experience the kora harp lute with which he accompanied his song and popularized this instrument as well as the musical tradition of the West African griots, while the obviously related mvet harp zither is scarcely known today. This despite the fact that both the latter instrument type and its specialists, the mbomo mvet master singers, played a very similar role in the cultures of the Central African chiefdoms, as did the nanga bards playing the enanga trough zither in the East African kingdoms. Another important and interesting historical insight provided by a careful morphological and etymological analysis of African zither types and their terminology that takes comparative account of South and Southeast Asian data and ethnographic parallels concerns the possibility of borrowings. Thus stick and raft zither types may well have reached the eastern half of West Africa and the northeastern part of Central Africa – several centuries prior to the era of European geographical explorations – owing to population movements over the Red Sea. It seems therefore probable that the African stick bridges harp zithers (in fact a sui generis instrument type rather than a subtype of zithers) developed from South Asian stick zither types. On the other hand, tube zithers and box zithers – fretted-enhanced versions of the stick zither – certainly reached Africa because of the migration of Austronesian-speaking groups over the Indian Ocean, since their recent ethnographic analogies have survived in Southeast Asia as well. By contrast types of trough zither, confined to East Africa, must have developed in Africa from box zither types, which are based on similar techniques of making the strings tense. The hypothesis of African zither types having originated from beyond the Indian Ocean is further strengthened by the absence of these instruments in such regions of Sub-Saharan Africa as the Atlantic coast of West Africa as well as in Northeast, Southwest and South Africa. Thus the historical overview of African zither types also helps refute the erroneous idea that prior to the arrival of European explorers and colonizers the continent was isolated from the rest of the world. In fact seafaring peoples such as the Austronesians, Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Persians did continually reach it, bringing with them cultural artifacts, production techniques and agricultural products among other things, which would then spread over large distances along the trade routes over Africa.
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Ali Abbas, Hussein, Manimangai Mani, Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya, and Hardev Kaur Jujar Singh. "The Different Types of Ethnic Affiliation in M. G. Vassanji's No New Land." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 1 (2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.60.
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Establishing a sense of affiliation to ethnicity is one of the most controversial issues for people who are displaced in countries that are far away from their motherland. The colonisation of the British over Asia and Africa in the nineteenth century resulted in the mass movement of Indian workers from India to Africa. These workers were brought in to build railways that connected the British colonies in East Africa namely Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. While the arrival of the Indian workers is considered as a kind of colonial practice, but their deportation in the post-independence years is seen as a part of decolonization. These Indians were forced to leave Africa as they were blamed for being non supportive of the Africans who were then engaged in armed struggles against the British colonialists. This study is based on the lives of these deported Indians as depicted in the novel titled No New Land by M.G. Vassanji. M.G. Vassanji is a Canadian novelist whose family was also deported from Dar Esslaam, Tanzania. He also describes how the Indian Shamses were strict in affiliating with the different social and cultural background they found in their new home, Canada. This research examines the theme of affiliation and the experiences of these migrants. This study will show that South Asians in Canada are strict in their affiliation to their ethnic values. Secondly, it will expose the three types of affiliation and finally show how the author deals with affiliation as a part of the community’s ethnic record that must be documented.
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Herrera, Michael B., Vicki A. Thomson, Jessica J. Wadley, et al. "East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 160787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160787.
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The colonization of Madagascar by Austronesian-speaking people during AD 50–500 represents the most westerly point of the greatest diaspora in prehistory. A range of economically important plants and animals may have accompanied the Austronesians. Domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus ) are found in Madagascar, but it is unclear how they arrived there. Did they accompany the initial Austronesian-speaking populations that reached Madagascar via the Indian Ocean or were they late arrivals with Arabian and African sea-farers? To address this question, we investigated the mitochondrial DNA control region diversity of modern chickens sampled from around the Indian Ocean rim (Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Madagascar). In contrast to the linguistic and human genetic evidence indicating dual African and Southeast Asian ancestry of the Malagasy people, we find that chickens in Madagascar only share a common ancestor with East Africa, which together are genetically closer to South Asian chickens than to those in Southeast Asia. This suggests that the earliest expansion of Austronesian-speaking people across the Indian Ocean did not successfully introduce chickens to Madagascar. Our results further demonstrate the complexity of the translocation history of introduced domesticates in Madagascar.
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Nautiyal, Dr Durgesh. "Diasporic Consciousness in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 12 (2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i12.10869.
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The term Diaspora has multiple layers of meaning in academic circles today. The term primarily used to refer to Jewish dispersion, came to be used to refer to contemporary situations that involve the experiences of migration, expatriate workers, refugees, exiles, immigrants and ethnic communities. The Indian Diaspora can probably be traced to ancient times when Buddhist monks travelled to remote corners of Asia. During the ancient times a large number of Indians migrated to Far East and South East Asia to spread Buddhism. The issues of colonialism and slavery, insider- outsider have posed the most difficult problems in the production of identity particularly for the black and third world people. In this way, the many diasporic–literary energies work today. For example, India, Africa, Canada and the West Indies have distinct diasporic backgrounds through which the respective writers’ works echo a variety of issues.
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Zhang, Qiong, Karin Holmgren, and Hanna Sundqvist. "Decadal Rainfall Dipole Oscillation over Southern Africa Modulated by Variation of Austral Summer Land–Sea Contrast along the East Coast of Africa." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 5 (2015): 1827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0079.1.
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Abstract A rainfall dipole mode characterized by negative correlation between subtropical southern Africa and equatorial eastern Africa is identified in instrumental observation data in the recent 100 years. The dipole mode shows a pronounced oscillation signal at a time scale of about 18 years. This study investigates the underlying dynamical mechanisms responsible for this dipole pattern. It is found that the southern African rainfall dipole index is highly correlated to the land–sea contrast along the east coast of Africa. When the land–sea thermal contrast strengthens, the easterly flow toward the continent becomes stronger. The stronger easterly flow, via its response to east coast topography and surface heating, leads to a low pressure circulation anomaly over land south of the maximum easterly flow anomalies and thus causes more rainfall in the south. On a decadal time scale, an ENSO-like SST pattern acts to modulate this land–sea contrast and the consequent rainfall dipole. During a “wet in the south and dry in the north” dipole, there are warm SSTs over the central Indian Ocean and cold SSTs over the western Indian Ocean. The cold SSTs over the western Indian Ocean further enhance the land–sea contrast during austral summer. Moreover, these cold western Indian Ocean SSTs also play an important role in regulating land temperature, thereby suppressing clouds and warming the land via increased shortwave radiation over the less-cloudy land. This cloud–SST coupling acts to further strengthen the land–sea contrast.
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Grange, J. M., and M. D. Yates. "Incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium africanum in South-East England: 1977–87." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 1 (1989): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030429.
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SUMMARYA total of 210 new cases of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium africanum were registered at the South-East Regional Centre for Tuberculosis Bacteriology, Dulwich, between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. This represented 1·25% of bacteriologically-confirmed cases of tuberculosis in South-East England, an incidence slightly higher than that of disease due to M. bovis. Two variants were identified: 150 strains were typed as African I (a type associated with East Africa) and 60 as African II (a type more prevalent in West Africa). Over half the patients infected with African I strains were of Indian subcontinent ethnic origin; patients of African ethnic origin predominated in the African II group while about a fifth of patients infected with either type were of European origin. The European patients with tuberculosis due to M. africanum were notably younger than those in the same region with disease due to other tubercle bacilli. The distribution of lesions due to M. africanum was similar to that due to other tubercle bacilli in the various ethnic groups, except that genito-urinary tuberculosis was uncommon. The importance of a clinical awareness that M. africanum is a highly pathogenic and transmissible tubercle bacillus rather than an opportunist or ‘atypical’ mycobacterium is stressed.
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Laptikhovsky, V. V., and C. M. Nigmatullin. "Egg size and fecundity in females of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (1999): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531549800071x.
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Size of ripe eggs and potential fecundity are described in the squid of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Oegopsida: Ommastrephidae)—Todaropsis eblanae from West Africa, Todarodes angolensis from Namibia, Todarodes sagittatus from north-west Africa and the Mediterranean Sea, Todarodes sp. from the south-east Pacific, Nototodarus hawaiiensis from the south-east Pacific and West Indian Ocean and Martialia hyadesi from the south-west Atlantic. Females of both subfamilies are characterized by a wide range of ripe egg size (0.7–2.4 mm) and low and medium values of potential fecundity (20,000–2,500,000).
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Samaai, Toufiek, Mark J. Gibbons, and Michelle Kelly. "A revision of the genus Strongylodesma Lévi (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of four new species." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (2009): 1689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000101.
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The sponge genus Strongylodesma is reviewed and redefined, and now accommodates eight closely related species. The type species of Strongylodesma Lévi is redescribed and an additional two new species are described from the Indo-Pacific: S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and S. tongaensis sp. nov. Several specimens previously identified as species of Batzella (Poecilosclerida: Chondropsidae) have been re-assigned to Strongylodesma, as the new species S. purpureus sp. nov. and S. nigra sp. nov. With the description here of new species from the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Atlantic, the biogeographical distribution of Strongylodesma now appears to be generally tropical with a subtropical South African component, whereas previously it was only known from South Africa. Although species of Strongylodesma have not previously been recorded from the intermediate locations (Western Indian Ocean, South-east Asia, central west Pacific, and New Zealand), re-evaluation here will facilitate more readily the recognition of taxa in these intermediate regions, if they exist, in the future. The species are not widespread, except perhaps along the south-east coast of South Africa, and where they occur they are not abundant. Species occur over a wide depth range, from the intertidal in Tsitsikamma, South Africa, to 140 m in the Caribbean.
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Wolfram, Walt, and Clare Dannenberg. "Dialect Identity in a Tri-Ethnic Context." English World-Wide 20, no. 2 (1999): 179–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.20.2.01wol.
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This study examines the development of a Native American Indian variety of English in the context of a rural community in the American South where European Americans, African Americans and Native American Indians have lived together for a couple of centuries now. The Lumbee Native American Indians, the largest Native American group east of the Mississippi River and the largest group in the United States without reservation land, lost their ancestral language relatively early in their contact with outside groups, but they have carved out a unique English dialect niche which now distinguishes them from cohort European American and African American vernaculars. Processes of selective accommodation, differential language change and language innovation have operated to develop this distinct ethnic variety, while their cultural isolation and sense of "otherness" in a bi-polar racial setting have served to maintain its ethnic marking.
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Palastanga, V., H. A. Dijkstra, and W. P. M. de Ruijter. "Inertially Induced Connections between Subgyres in the South Indian Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 2 (2009): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3872.1.
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Abstract A barotropic shallow-water model and continuation techniques are used to investigate steady solutions in an idealized South Indian Ocean basin containing Madagascar. The aim is to study the role of inertia in a possible connection between two subgyres in the South Indian Ocean. By increasing inertial effects in the model, two different circulation regimes are found. In the weakly nonlinear regime, the subtropical gyre presents a recirculation cell in the southwestern basin, with two boundary currents flowing westward from the southern and northern tips of Madagascar toward Africa. In the highly nonlinear regime, the inertial recirculation of the subtropical gyre is found to the east of Madagascar, while the East Madagascar Current overshoots the island’s southern boundary and connects through a southwestward jet with the current off South Africa.
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Dezfuli, Amin K., Benjamin F. Zaitchik, and Anand Gnanadesikan. "Regional Atmospheric Circulation and Rainfall Variability in South Equatorial Africa." Journal of Climate 28, no. 2 (2015): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00333.1.
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Abstract This study examines daily precipitation data during December–March over south equatorial Africa (SEA) and proposes a new zonal asymmetric pattern (ZAP) that explains the leading mode of weather-scale precipitation variability in the region. The eastern and western components of the ZAP, separated at about 30°E, appear to be a consequence of an anomalous zonal atmospheric cell triggered by enhanced low-level westerly winds. The enhanced westerlies are generated by a diagonal interhemispheric pressure gradient between the southwestern Indian and north tropical Atlantic Oceans. In eastern SEA these winds hit the East African Plateau, producing low-level convergence and convection that further intensifies the westerlies. In western SEA a subsiding branch develops in response, closing the circulation cell. The system gradually dissipates as the pressure gradient weakens. Through this mechanism, simultaneous changes in two hemispheres generate a regional zonally oriented circulation that relies on climatic communication between eastern and western equatorial Africa.
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Beyene, Hailay Gebretinsae. "Export Determinants of Total Leather and Leather Products – Regional Analysis." Foreign Trade Review 45, no. 2 (2010): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515100203.
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This study differs in the period of study and the coverage of terms. The study covers the period before reform from 1980-81 to 1990-91 and, after the reform from 1991-92 to 2004-05, which is an extension of the previous studies, and the whole period from 1980-81 to 2004-05. Regarding the coverage of terms, it focuses on several key factors in analyzing determinants of India's export of leather and leather products, empirically through the application of regression, to economic regions, viz. High Income OECD Countries, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Other High Income Countries, and East Asia and the Pacific regions. World demand significantly affects total exports of leather and leather products to all the economic regions except Europe and Central Asia, and South Asia. The variables, domestic demand, export promotion policy, India's relative price, the import of leather, allied products and machinery, assume significant importance to select regions. The influence of post-reform period significantly differs from pre-reform and is favourable in the case of export to Middle East and North Africa; and South Asia.
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Campbell, Gwyn. "The Indian Ocean World Global Economy in the Context of Human-Environment Interaction, C. 300 BCE–1750." Global Environment 13, no. 1 (2020): 30–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130102.
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This article explores the rise and development, from about 300 bce to c. 1750 of an Indian Ocean World 'global economy' – a long-distance system of exchange that linked East Africa and the Middle East to South Asia, South-east Asia and East Asia. Focusing on human-environment interaction, Campbell challenges spatial and temporal paradigms based on the conventional beliefs that humans alone are the catalyst of historical change, and that Europeans gained economic ascendancy in the region from the time of the 'Voyages of Discovery'.
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Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T. "Africa-India Connections in Historical Perspectives." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (2017): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341371.
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It is a well-established historical fact that Africa and India have cultivated continuous connections for thousands of years. Exchanges of commodities produced on each side of the Indian Ocean in specific political, administrative, and geographic spaces have constituted the guiding thread of these relations. In the modern and contemporary periods, these relations have been shaped through European colonial establishments and their legacies in both sides. Past policies of forced migration and resettlement for economic exploitation of the British colonies in Africa, especially East and Southern Africa, became determinants of the Africa-India relations. The anti-colonial and decolonization struggles in Asia in general and specifically in India and Africa throughout the 20th century created opportunities for a new Africa-India cooperation. In these new relations, formal education, especially higher education, have been playing a prominent role. The thrust of this paper is to analyze the important role of higher education in a South-South cooperation framework between India and Africa as a continent or individual countries. The fluctuating or declining patterns of the number of African students pursuing their education in India in the past decade or so are analyzed.
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Hiller, Norton. "The environment, biogeography, and origin of the southern African Recent brachiopod fauna." Journal of Paleontology 68, no. 4 (1994): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026214.
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The brachiopod fauna that presently lives in the seas off the coasts of Namibia, South Africa, and southern Moçambique comprises 35 named plus seven unnamed species belonging to 26 genera, making it one of the most diverse in the world. Within the fauna are some species that are confined to the warm waters of the east coast, some that are restricted to the cold west coast waters, and others that enjoy a more widespread distribution. The geographic distribution of species is believed to be controlled by the two major oceanographic systems operating off southern Africa, namely, the Agulhas Current on the east and the Benguela Upwelling System on the west.Among the species that live off the west and south coasts are many that appear to have evolved in situ during times of pronounced environmental stress since the late Miocene. The fauna living off the east coast shows strong similarity with others in the Indian Ocean and it is inferred that many of the species migrated into the South African region by way of the ocean current systems that were established by the mid-Pliocene.Descriptions of Xenobrochus naudei and the previously undescribed Argyrotheca sp. and Amphithyris cf. A. richardsonae are provided.
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Kwiatkowska, Barbara. "Submissions to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: The Practice of Developing States in Cases of Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes. Part One." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 2 (2013): 219–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341279.
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Abstract This is the first part of a two-part article surveying state practice regarding Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes under the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Rules. It reviews basic principles and the interpretation of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and the CLCS Rules. As the 2006 Annex VII Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Award and the 2012 ITLOS Bangladesh v. Myanmar Judgment reaffirmed, the CLCS Recommendations must in no way prejudice existing and prospective boundary delimitations, nor must they prejudice other land or maritime disputes. All practical means of giving effect to such “without prejudice” principles are carefully analysed. The present Part covers Latin America and the Wider Caribbean, Northeast and Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific. Part Two will cover South Asia and the Middle East, East Africa—Indian Ocean, South Africa, West Africa and North Africa.
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Kwiatkowska, Barbara. "Submissions to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: The Practice of Developing States in Cases of Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes. Part Two." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 4 (2013): 615–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341296.
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Abstract This is the second part of a two-part article surveying state practice regarding Disputed and Unresolved Maritime Boundary Delimitations or Other Land or Maritime Disputes under the Rules of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). It reviews basic principles and the interpretation of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and the CLCS Rules. As the 2006 Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Award and the 2012 ITLOS Bangladesh v. Myanmar Judgment reaffirmed, the CLCS Recommendations must in no way prejudice existing and prospective boundary delimitations, nor must they prejudice other land or maritime disputes. All practical means of giving effect to such “without prejudice” principles are carefully analysed. Part One covers Latin America and the Wider Caribbean, Northeast and Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific. The present Part Two covers South Asia and the Middle East, East Africa-Indian Ocean, South Africa, West Africa and North Africa.
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Offei, S. K., M. Owuna-Kwakye, and G. Thottappilly. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Ghana." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (1999): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.877c.
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Virus species causing cassava mosaic disease have been categorized into three classes based on their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their distribution (2). These viruses have different, scarcely overlapping distribution: African cassava mosaic begomovirus (ACMV) occurs in Africa west of the Rift Valley and in South Africa; East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) occurs in Africa east of the Rift Valley and in Madagascar; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) occurs in India and Sri Lanka (2). During 1998, surveys were conducted in farmers' fields in Ghana to assess the incidence and reaction of local cassava cultivars to cassava mosaic disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were indexed by triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with crude extracts and monoclonal antibodies obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Each sample was assayed with monoclonal antibody SCR 23, which detects ACMV and EACMV, SCR 33, which detects ACMV, and SCR 58, which detects ICMV. None of the samples reacted with SCR 58. Two of the samples collected from the western region of Ghana produced strong reactions with MAb SCR23 but did not react with ACMV-specific MAb SCR 33. This result was consistent in three separate experiments conducted on the samples, confirming that the virus was EACMV and not ACMV. The results extend the work by Ogbe et al. (1) and provide further evidence of the occurrence of EACMV in west Africa. References: (1) F. O. Ogbe et al. Plant Dis 83:398, 1999. (2) M. M. Swanson and B. D. Harrison. Trop. Sci. 34:15, 1994.
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Zhao, Sen, Jianping Li, and Yanjie Li. "Dynamics of an Interhemispheric Teleconnection across the Critical Latitude through a Southerly Duct during Boreal Winter*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 19 (2015): 7437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00425.1.
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Abstract In this study, an interhemispheric teleconnection pattern across the critical latitude from southern Africa through South Asia to the North Pacific was revealed in boreal winter monthly averaged 250-hPa streamfunction fields obtained from both the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data from 1957/58 to 2001/02. Classical Rossby wave theory for zonally varying flow in which the effects of the basic-state meridional wind are ignored predicts that stationary Rossby waves cannot propagate across easterlies. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for this interhemispheric teleconnection, the theoretical basis for stationary wave propagation across the critical latitude is considered, taking into account meridional ambient flow. The theoretical results suggest that the southerly flow over East Africa, the western Indian Ocean, and South Asia creates a path for the northward propagation of stationary waves across the critical latitude. Stationary wavenumber and group velocity analysis, ray tracing, and simple model experiments applied to nearly realistic boreal winter mean flows confirm that disturbances excited in southern Africa and the western Indian Ocean can propagate across the critical latitude to South Asia through the southerly duct and then continue downstream along the North African–Asian subtropical jet.
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Bishara, Fahad Ahmad. "Imagining Oceans of Law: Oman and East Africa, circa 1910." Itinerario 42, no. 2 (2018): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115318000256.
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This article takes a single moment—a court case that took place in Zanzibar in 1910—and uses it to explore the legal imaginaries that circulated around the Western Indian Ocean at the height of British imperialism. It stitches together the actions of litigants, the utterances of qadis, and the proclamations of jurists, reading them alongside the silences in the legal material itself to bring to life a world of law, mobility, and imagination. More broadly, it suggests that through the exploration of parallel but never fully intersecting legal encounters in South Arabia and East Africa that emerged from a single moment, historians might use micro-level discourses and actions to make claims about macro-level phenomena.
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Samaai, Toufiek, Ruwen Pillay, and Michelle Kelly. "Cymbastela sodwaniensis sp. nov. (Halichondrida: Axinellidae): a first record of this sponge genus in South Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (2009): 1679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540900006x.
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Cymbastela sodwaniensis sp. nov. (order Halichondrida: family Axinellidae) is described from the subtropical waters of Sodwana Bay on the north-east coast of South Africa. The genus was previously unknown from southern Africa or the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean. This record represents the westernmost extent of this predominantly Indo-Pacific to Australasian genus. This new species record brings the number of Cymbastela species described to a total of nine.
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Rushton, J. Philippe, Mervyn Skuy, and Peter Fridjhon. "Performance on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices by African, East Indian, and White engineering students in South Africa." Intelligence 31, no. 2 (2003): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2896(02)00140-x.
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Anthony, David Henry. "Max Yergan, Marxism and Mission during the Interwar Era." Social Sciences and Missions 22, no. 2 (2009): 257–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489309x12537778667273.
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AbstractFrom 1922 through 1936 Max Yergan, an African-American graduate of historically Black Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina represented the North American YMCA in South Africa through the auspices of the Student Christian Association. A student secretary since his sophomore year in 1911, with Indian and East African experience in World War One, Yergan's star rose sufficiently to permit him entry into the racially challenging South Africa field after a protracted campaign waged on his behalf by such interfaith luminaries as Gold Coast proto nationalist J.E.K. Aggrey and the formidable Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois. Arriving on the eve of the Great Rand Mine Strike of 1922, Yergan's South African years were punctuated by political concerns. Entering the country as an Evangelical Pan-Africanist influenced by the social gospel thrust of late nineteenth and early twentieth century American Protestantism that reached the YMCA and other faith-friendly but nondenominational organizations, Yergan became favorably disposed to Marxist and Marxist-Leninist doctrine in the course of his South African posting. Against the backdrop of the labor agitation of the post World War One era and the expansion and transformation of the South African Communist Party that occurred during the mid to late nineteen twenties, Yergan's response to what he termed "the appeal of Communism" made him an avatar of a liberation theology fusing Marxist revolution and Christianity. This paper details some of the trajectory of that momentous and profound personal evolution.
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Sinclair, Paul, Anneli Ekblom, and Marilee Wood. "Trade and society on the south-east African coast in the later first millennium AD: the case of Chibuene." Antiquity 86, no. 333 (2012): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047876.
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The south-east coast of Africa in the later first millennium was busy with boats and the movement of goods from across the Indian Ocean to the interior. The landing places were crucial mediators in this process, in Africa as elsewhere. Investigations at the beach site of Chibuene show that a local community was supplying imported beads to such interior sites as Schroda, with the consequent emergence there of hierarchical power structures.
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Fernandes, Veronica, Nicolas Brucato, Joana C. Ferreira, et al. "Genome-Wide Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Populations: Shedding Light on the History of a Fundamental Bridge between Continents." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 3 (2019): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz005.
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Abstract The Arabian Peninsula (AP) was an important crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe, being the cradle of the structure defining these main human population groups, and a continuing path for their admixture. The screening of 741,000 variants in 420 Arabians and 80 Iranians allowed us to quantify the dominant sub-Saharan African admixture in the west of the peninsula, whereas South Asian and Levantine/European influence was stronger in the east, leading to a rift between western and eastern sides of the Peninsula. Dating of the admixture events indicated that Indian Ocean slave trade and Islamization periods were important moments in the genetic makeup of the region. The western–eastern axis was also observable in terms of positive selection of diversity conferring lactose tolerance, with the West AP developing local adaptation and the East AP acquiring the derived allele selected in European populations and existing in South Asia. African selected malaria resistance through the DARC gene was enriched in all Arabian genomes, especially in the western part. Clear European influences associated with skin and eye color were equally frequent across the Peninsula.
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Breen, Colin, Wes Forsythe, Paul Lane, et al. "Ulster and the Indian Ocean? Recent maritime archaeological research on the East African coast." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (2001): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089304.
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In January 2001, a team of researchers from the University of Ulster (Northern Ireland) conducted an innovative maritime archaeology project on the East African coast in partnership with the British Institute in Eastern Africa and the National Museums of Kenya. Its focus was Mombasa Island on the southern Kenyan coast, a historical settlement and port for nearly 2000 years (Berg 1968; Sassoon 1980; 1982). The East African seaboard, stretching from Somalia in the north to Madagascar and Mozambique in the south, was culturally dynamic throughout the historical period. This area, traditionally known as the Swahili coast, is culturally defined as a maritime zone extending 2000 km from north to south, but reaching a mere 15 hi inland. The origins of ‘Swahili’ cultural identity originated during the middle of the 1st millennium AD, following consolidation of earlier farming and metalusing Bantu-speaking communities along the coast and emergence of a distinctive ‘maritime’ orientation and set of cultural traditions (eg Allen 1993; Chami 1998; Helm 2000; Horton & Middelton 2000). Previous research produced evidence of exploitation of marine resources for food and an early engagement in longdistance exchange networks, linking parts ofthis coast with the Classical world by at least the BC/AD transition.
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Borisov, Sergey N., Ivan K. Iakovlev, Alexey S. Borisov, Mikhail Yu Ganin, and Alexei V. Tiunov. "Seasonal Migrations of Pantala flavescens (Odonata: Libellulidae) in Middle Asia and Understanding of the Migration Model in the Afro-Asian Region Using Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen." Insects 11, no. 12 (2020): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120890.
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In Middle Asia, the dragonfly Pantala flavescens makes regular seasonal migrations. In spring, sexually mature dragonflies (immigrants) arrive in this region for reproduction. Dragonflies of the aboriginal generation (residents) develop in about two months, and migrate south in autumn. Residents of Middle Asia have significantly lower δ2H values (−123.5 (SD 17.2)‰, n = 53) than immigrants (−64.4 (9.7)‰, n = 12), as well as aboriginal dragonfly species from Ethiopia (−47.9 (10.8)‰, n = 4) and the Sahel zone (−50.1 (15.5)‰, n = 11). Phenological data on P. flavescens in the Afro-Asian region and a comparison with published isotopic data on migratory insects from this region suggest that (i) the probable area of origin of P. flavescens immigrants is located in tropical parts of East Africa and/or the Arabian Peninsula and (ii) the autumn migration of Middle Asian residents to the south may also pass through the Indian Ocean. We assume that in the Afro-Asian region, there is an extensive migration circle of P. flavescens covering East Africa, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent with a total length of more than 14,000 km.
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Bovalo, C., C. Barthe, and N. Bègue. "A lightning climatology of the South-West Indian Ocean." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 8 (2012): 2659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2659-2012.
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Abstract. The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data have been used to perform a lightning climatology in the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO) region from 2005 to 2011. Maxima of lightning activity were found in the Maritime Continent and southwest of Sri Lanka (>50 fl km−2 yr−1) but also over Madagascar and above the Great Lakes of East Africa (>10–20 fl km−2 yr−1). Lightning flashes within tropical storms and tropical cyclones represent 50 % to 100 % of the total lightning activity in some oceanic areas of the SWIO (between 10° S and 20° S). The SWIO is characterized by a wet season (November to April) and a dry season (May to October). As one could expect, lightning activity is more intense during the wet season as the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is present over all the basin. Flash density is higher over land in November–December–January with values reaching 3–4 fl km−2 yr−1 over Madagascar. During the dry season, lightning activity is quite rare between 10° S and 25° S. The Mascarene anticyclone has more influence on the SWIO resulting in shallower convection. Lightning activity is concentrated over ocean, east of South Africa and Madagascar. A statistical analysis has shown that El Niño–Southern Oscillation mainly modulates the lightning activity up to 56.8% in the SWIO. The Indian Ocean Dipole has a significant contribution since ~49% of the variability is explained by this forcing in some regions. The Madden–Julian Oscillation did not show significative impact on the lightning activity in our study.
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Aghedo, A. M., M. G. Schultz, and S. Rast. "The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric ozone." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 5 (2007): 1193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1193-2007.
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Abstract. We investigate the influence of African biomass burning, biogenic, lightning and anthropogenic emissions on the tropospheric ozone over Africa and globally using a coupled global chemistry climate model. Our model studies indicate that surface ozone concentration may rise by up to 50 ppbv in the burning region during the biomass burning seasons. Biogenic emissions yield between 5–30 ppbv increase in the near surface ozone concentration over tropical Africa. The impact of lightning on surface ozone is negligible, while anthropogenic emissions yield a maximum of 7 ppbv increase in the annual-mean surface ozone concentration over Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt. Our results show that biogenic emissions are the most important African emission source affecting total tropospheric ozone. The influence of each of the African emissions on the global tropospheric ozone burden (TOB) of 384 Tg yields about 9.5 Tg, 19.6 Tg, 9.0 Tg and 4.7 Tg for biomass burning, biogenic, lightning and anthropogenic emissions emitted in Africa respectively. The impact of each of these emission categories on African TOB of 33 Tg is 2.5 Tg, 4.1 Tg, 1.75 Tg and 0.89 Tg respectively, which together represents about 28% of the total TOB calculated over Africa. Our model calculations also suggest that more than 70% of the tropospheric ozone produced by each of the African emissions is found outside the continent, thus exerting a noticeable influence on a large part of the tropical troposphere. Apart from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, Latin America experiences the largest impact of African emissions, followed by Oceania, the Middle East, Southeast and south-central Asia, northern North America (i.e. the United States and Canada), Europe and north-central Asia, for all the emission categories.
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Beckley, Lynnath E., and Jeff M. Leis. "Occurrence of tuna and mackerel larvae (Family: Scombridae) off the east coast of South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 8 (2000): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00044.
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Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of scombrid larvae along the east coast of South Africa were investigated from ichthyoplankton collections made during May–June 1990 (winter), October 1990 (spring) and February 1991 (summer). Results were analysed in relation to oceanographic conditions and known spawning localities of tuna and mackerels in the western Indian Ocean. In total, eight species were represented in the samples, with highest diversity in February and lowest numbers in May–June. Larvae of the temperate chub mackerel Scomber japonicus were most abundant at shelf stations during October. Larvae of neritic tunas Auxis sp. and Euthynnus affinis occurred in shelf stations off KwaZulu–Natal in February and extended southward in a plume along the shelf edge. Larvae of skipjack tunaKatsuwonus pelamis were most abundant in the Agulhas Current during February. Only a few larvae of oceanic tunas Thunnus spp., wahoo Acanthocybium solandri and king mackerel Scomberomorus commerson were collected in the Agulhas Current in the north of the study area during February when there was an intrusion of warm Tropical Surface Water. This indicates that spawning of these species probably does not occur off the east coast of South Africa.
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Kukreja, Veena. "India in the Emergent Multipolar World Order: Dynamics and Strategic Challenges." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 76, no. 1 (2020): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419901187.
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India has a middle power status and a rising power mindset. The emerging multipolar world manifests opportunities as well as challenges to India’s foreign policy. The newness quotient is Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘economy first’ approach rooted in his desire to create external conditions necessary to ensure domestic economic progress. He has displayed dynamism while engaging all major powers, promoting and reintegrating India with the global economy, promoting greater cooperation with South Asian neighbours and renewing strategic connections in the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. Pragmatism in India’s foreign policy is seen in Indo–US relations reaching a new level or in cooperation with China on climate change while opposing its territorial claims in the South China Sea and One Belt One Road Project. To counter China, India has sought close strategic partnerships with the USA and its allies and main partners in Asia-Pacific while retaining its strategic autonomy. A major challenge to India’s foreign policy is the downward spiral of relations with Pakistan.
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Emami-Khoyi, Arsalan, Rynhardt Le Roux, Matthew G. Adair, et al. "Transcriptomic Diversity in the Livers of South African Sardines Participating in the Annual Sardine Run." Genes 12, no. 3 (2021): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030368.
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During austral winter, the southern and eastern coastlines of South Africa witness one of the largest animal migrations on the planet, the KwaZulu-Natal sardine run. Hundreds of millions of temperate sardines, Sardinops sagax, form large shoals that migrate north-east towards the subtropical Indian Ocean. Recent studies have highlighted the role that genetic and environmental factors play in sardine run formation. In the present study, we used massively parallel sequencing to assemble and annotate the first reference transcriptome from the liver cells of South African sardines, and to investigate the functional content and transcriptomic diversity. A total of 1,310,530 transcripts with an N50 of 1578 bp were assembled de novo. Several genes and core biochemical pathways that modulate energy production, energy storage, digestion, secretory processes, immune responses, signaling, regulatory processes, and detoxification were identified. The functional content of the liver transcriptome from six individuals that participated in the 2019 sardine run demonstrated heterogeneous levels of variation. Data presented in the current study provide new insights into the complex function of the liver transcriptome in South African sardines.
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Hastenrath, Stefan, Dierk Polzin, and Charles Mutai. "Circulation Mechanisms of Kenya Rainfall Anomalies." Journal of Climate 24, no. 2 (2011): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3599.1.
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Abstract Expanding earlier studies on the boreal spring and autumn rainy seasons in equatorial East Africa, pending challenges on the mechanisms of rainfall variability, are investigated. Eastward pressure gradient and slack south Indian Ocean trade winds allow surface equatorial westerlies in spring and autumn. Complementing that, upper-tropospheric easterlies are required for the development of a zonal vertical circulation cell along the Indian Ocean equator. Because of the summer warming and high stand of upper-tropospheric topography over South Asia, strong upper-tropospheric easterlies over the tropical northern and equatorial Indian Ocean persist from summer into autumn, thus allowing the development of a zonal vertical circulation cell. By contrast, the winter cooling entails low stand of upper-tropospheric topography in the north, thus hindering easterlies over the equator. Consequently, an equatorial zonal circulation cell does not develop in boreal spring. The equatorial zonal circulation cell, with subsidence over East Africa, strongly controls the boreal autumn rains, as evidenced in their tight correlation with the equatorial westerlies. In a related vein, rain gauge stations show much shared variance in boreal autumn as compared to spring. Plausibly consistent with this, boreal autumn rather than spring has brought the extreme flood and drought disasters in the course of the past half-century.
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Prabhakar, Akhilesh Chandra. "Regional Energy Security Cooperation and Geo-Politics with Specific References to India." African and Asian Studies 4, no. 3 (2005): 357–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920905774270484.
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Abstract The path from Africa to Indonesia – via West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia – has been of vital interest to North America. Situated at a junction of three continents – namely Asia, Africa, and Europe – linkage over land and across sea between Europe and the Indian Sub-continent on the one side and Africa and India on the other side, it offers the shortest and cheapest trade and transit routes between the West and the East. It commands a vast reservoir of oil – about 60 percent of the world's proven reserves of oil – which enormously contributes to the affluence of the United States.
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Nhantumbo, Bernardino J., Björn C. Backeberg, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, and Chris J. C. Reason. "Atmospheric and Climatic Drivers of Tide Gauge Sea Level Variability along the East and South Coast of South Africa." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (2021): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090924.
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Atmospheric forcing and climate modes of variability on various timescales are important drivers of sea level variability. However, the influence of such drivers on sea level variability along the South African east and south coast has not yet been adequately investigated. Here, we determine the timescales of sea level variability and their relationships with various drivers. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) was applied to seven tide gauge records and potential forcing data for this purpose. The oscillatory modes identified by the EMD were summed to obtain physically more meaningful timescales—specifically, the sub-annual (less than 18 months) and interannual (greater than two years) scales. On the sub-annual scale, sea level responds to regional zonal and meridional winds associated with mesoscale and synoptic weather disturbances. Ekman dynamics resulting from variability in sea level pressure and alongshore winds are important for the coastal sea level on this timescale. On interannual timescales, there were connections with ENSO, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), although the results are not consistent across all the tide gauge stations and are not particularly strong. In general, El Niño and positive IOD events are coincident with high coastal sea levels and vice versa, whereas there appears to be an inverse relationship between SAM phase and sea level.
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Traoré, O., A. Pinel, D. Fargette, and G. Konaté. "First Report and Characterization of Rice yellow mottle virus in Central Africa." Plant Disease 85, no. 8 (2001): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.8.920a.
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Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) of the genus Sobemovirus is the main virus infecting rice (Oryza sativa) in Africa. First reported in Kenya (East Africa), RYMV was later found in most countries of East and West Africa where rice is grown, and in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. In Central Africa however, the disease had never been reported in rice fields. Ninety-eight field samples with typical yellow mottle symptoms from cultivated rice and two wild rice species (Oryza longistaminata and O. barthii) were collected in the Soudano-Sahelian zones, in the north of Cameroon and the south of Chad (Central Africa) in September 2000. RYMV was detected by ELISA with polyclonal antisera (1) in all samples. All virus isolates were also mechanically transmitted to rice cv. BG 90-2, which is highly susceptible to RYMV. Tests with monoclonal antibodies showed that most isolates from Central Africa were of the SI serotype, which is widespread in the Soudano-Sahelian zones of West Africa (1). The coat protein gene of 7 isolates was amplified by RT-PCR and the expected 720 bp fragment was obtained. Resulting sequences (AJ306735, AJ317949, AJ317950, AJ317951, AJ317952, AJ317953, AJ317954) shared over 95% sequence identity. They were compared to a set of sequences of RYMV isolates from cultivated rice of different geographical origins (2). Phylogenetic analyses by maximum parsimony (PAUP 4) showed that isolates from Central Africa belonged to a monophyletic group, a sister group of West African isolates from the Soudano-Sahelian zones, further supporting the geographic basis of RYMV diversity (2). RYMV incidence was generally less than 10% but reached 20% in some irrigated plots in the two countries. References: (1) G. Konaté et al. Arch Virol. 142:1117, 1997. (2) A. Pinel et al. Arch. Virol. 145:1621, 2000.
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Wiston, Modise, and Kgakgamatso Marvel Mphale. "Mesoscale Convective Systems: A Case Scenario of the ‘Heavy Rainfall’ Event of 15–20 January 2013 over Southern Africa." Climate 7, no. 6 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7060073.
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Southern east Africa is prone to some extreme weather events and interannual variability of the hydrological cycle, including tropical cyclones and heavy rainfall events. Most of these events occur during austral summer and are linked to shifts in the intertropical convergence zone, changes in El Niño Southern Oscillation signatures, sea surface temperature and sea level pressure. A typical example include mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occur between October and March along the eastern part, adjacent to the warm waters of Mozambique Channel and Agulhas Current. In this study we discuss a heavy rainfall event over southern Africa, focusing particularly on the period 15–20 January 2013, the period during which MCSs were significant over the subcontinent. This event recorded one of the historic rainfalls due to extreme flooding and overflows, loss of lives and destruction of economic and social infrastructure. An active South Indian Convergence Zone was associated with the rainfall event sustained by a low-level trough linked to a Southern Hemisphere planetary wave pattern and an upper-level ridge over land. In addition, also noteworthy is a seemingly strong connection to the strength of the African Easterly Jet stream. Using rainfall data, satellite imagery and re-analysis (model processed data combined with observations) data, our analysis indicates that there was a substantial relation between rainfall totals recorded/observed and the presence of MCSs. The low-level trough and upper-level ridge contributed to moisture convergence, particularly from tropical South East Atlantic Ocean, which in turn contributed to the prolonged life span of the rainfall event. Positive temperature anomalies favored the substantial contribution of moisture fluxes from the Atlantic Ocean. This study provides a contextual assessment of rainfall processes and insight into the physical control mechanisms and feedback of large-scale convective interactions over tropical southern Africa.
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Lyon, Bradfield. "Biases in CMIP5 Sea Surface Temperature and the Annual Cycle of East African Rainfall." Journal of Climate 33, no. 19 (2020): 8209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0092.1.
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AbstractIn much of East Africa, climatological rainfall follows a bimodal distribution characterized by the long rains (March–May) and short rains (October–December). Most CMIP5 coupled models fail to properly simulate this annual cycle, typically reversing the amplitudes of the short and long rains relative to observations. This study investigates how CMIP5 climatological sea surface temperature (SST) biases contribute to simulation errors in the annual cycle of East African rainfall. Monthly biases in CMIP5 climatological SSTs (50°S–50°N) are first identified in historical runs (1979–2005) from 31 models and examined for consistency. An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is then forced with observed SSTs (1979–2005) generating a set of control runs and observed SSTs plus the monthly, multimodel mean SST biases generating a set of “bias” runs for the same period. The control runs generally capture the observed annual cycle of East African rainfall while the bias runs capture prominent CMIP5 annual cycle biases, including too little (much) precipitation during the long rains (short rains) and a 1-month lag in the peak of the long rains relative to observations. Diagnostics reveal the annual cycle biases are associated with seasonally varying north–south- and east–west-oriented SST bias patterns in Indian Ocean and regional-scale atmospheric circulation and stability changes, the latter primarily associated with changes in low-level moist static energy. Overall, the results indicate that CMIP5 climatological SST biases are the primary driver of the improper simulation of the annual cycle of East African rainfall. Some implications for climate change projections are discussed.
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Welie, Rik van. "Slave trading and slavery in the Dutch colonial empire: A global comparison." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 82, no. 1-2 (2008): 47–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002465.
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Compares slave trading and slavery in the Dutch colonial empire, specifically between the former trading and territorial domains of the West India Company (WIC), the Americas and West Africa, and of the East India Company (VOC), South East Asia, the Indian Ocean region, and South and East Africa. Author presents the latest quantitative assessments concerning the Dutch transatlantic as well as Indian Ocean World slave trade, placing the volume, direction, and characteristics of the forced migration in a historical context. He describes how overall the Dutch were a second-rate player in Atlantic slavery, though in certain periods more important, with according to recent estimates a total of about 554.300 slaves being transported by the Dutch to the Americas. He indicates that while transatlantic slave trade and slavery received much scholarly attention resulting in detailed knowledge, the slave trade and slavery in the Indian Ocean World by the Dutch is comparatively underresearched. Based on demand-side estimates throughout Dutch colonies of the Indonesian archipelago and elsewhere, he deduces that probably close to 500.000 slaves were transported by the Dutch in the Indian Ocean World. In addition, the author points at important differences between the nature and contexts of slavery, as in the VOC domains slavery was mostly of an urban and domestic character, contrary to its production base in the Americas. Slavery further did in the VOC areas not have a rigid racial identification like in WIC areas, with continuing, postslavery effects, and allowed for more flexibility, while unlike the plantation colonies in the Caribbean, as Suriname, not imported slaves but indigenous peoples formed the majority. He also points at relative exceptions, e.g. imported slaves for production use in some VOC territories, as the Banda islands and the Cape colony, and a certain domestic and urban focus of slavery in Curaçao.
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AULARD, SYLVIE, JEAN R. DAVID, and FRANÇOISE LEMEUNIER. "Chromosomal inversion polymorphism in Afrotropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 79, no. 1 (2002): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672301005407.
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When 41 populations from Africa (south of the Sahara) and Indian Ocean islands were analysed for their chromosomal inversion polymorphism, 34 rearrangements were found, including the four common cosmopolitans (In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, In(3L)P and In(3R)P), four rare cosmopolitans (In(2L)NS, In(3R)C, In(3R)Mo and In(3R)K) and six African polymorphic (‘recurrent’) endemics. Mean inversion frequencies per major autosome arm were positively and, generally, highly correlated to each other. There was no altitudinal nor latitudinal cline of inversion frequency, except for one African polymorphic endemic. Significant longitudinal clines were detected for In(2L)t, In(3L)P and In(3R)K; in all cases, inversion frequencies decreased eastward. Principal components analysis and ANOVA made it possible to distinguish three groups of populations. A high level of polymorphism was found in populations from west tropical Africa. The other low altitude populations from the mainland were moderately polymorphic, whereas the lowest levels of polymorphism were those of high altitude populations and of Indian Ocean islands. Moreover, some regional and local differentiation was also found. The frequency of unique autosomal inversions was not different from those found in Asia, Australia and America, but was significantly higher than that in Europe and North Africa. A West–East differentiation was also observed for the African polymorphic endemics. The present geographic pattern suggests a long, patchy evolution with restricted gene flow, followed by the modern period with numerous recent migrations linked to human transportation.
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Cook, Kerry H., and Edward K. Vizy. "Projected Changes in East African Rainy Seasons." Journal of Climate 26, no. 16 (2013): 5931–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00455.1.
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Abstract A regional climate model with 90-km horizontal resolution on a large domain is used to predict and analyze precipitation changes over East Africa caused by greenhouse gas increases. A pair of six-member ensembles is used: one representing the late twentieth century and another the mid-twenty-first century under a midline emissions scenario. The twentieth-century simulation uses boundary conditions from reanalysis climatology, and these are modified for the mid-twenty-first-century simulation using output from coupled GCMs. The twentieth-century simulation reproduces the observed climate well. In eastern Ethiopia and Somalia, the boreal spring rains that begin in May are cut short in the mid-twenty-first-century simulation. The cause is an anomalous dry, anticyclonic flow that develops over the Arabian Peninsula and the northern Arabian Sea as mass shifts eastward near 20°N in response to strong warming over the Sahara. In Tanzania and southern Kenya, the boreal spring's long rains are reduced throughout the season in the future simulation. This is a secondary response to precipitation enhancement in the Congo basin. The boreal fall “short rains” season is lengthened in the twenty-first-century simulation in the southern Kenya and Tanzania region in association with a northeastward shift of the South Indian convergence zone.
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Khalidi, Omar. "Ethnic Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy." American Journal of Islam and Society 6, no. 1 (1989): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v6i1.2700.
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Collections of essays or articles do not often get reviewed in scholarlyjournals. One reason why these books are bypassed by reviewers is the absenceof a running theme in the volumes. The book under review fortunately doeshave a connecting theme: the efforts of various ethnic Americans to influenceforeign policy on behalf of countries or commuruties. The examples mostfamiliar to political scientists are those of Jewish Americans for Israel andAfro-Americans for South African Blacks. Three contributors focus on theMiddle East, two on central America, and one each on South Africa, PoJand,and Ireland. The major conclusion of the book seems to be that cohesiveethnic groups canvassing on behalf of single countries (Jews for Israel) arelikely to be most successful, whereas Arab Americans or Blacks trying toinfluence U.S. foreign policy on a whole block of countries in the MiddleEast or Africa are less likely to be successful. The editor, Mohammad Ahrari,has written a very insightful conclusion, and. as with his other books (OPEC,the Failing Giant, and The Dynamics of Oil Diplomacy) has broken new groundin the emerging field of ethnic influences on foreign policies. One hopesthat he will be able to give attention to the cases of lobbies like those ofthe Greeks, Armenians, Sikhs and Asian Indian Muslims settled in America ...
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Semo, Armando, Magdalena Gayà-Vidal, Cesar Fortes-Lima, et al. "Along the Indian Ocean Coast: Genomic Variation in Mozambique Provides New Insights into the Bantu Expansion." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 2 (2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz224.
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Abstract The Bantu expansion, which started in West Central Africa around 5,000 BP, constitutes a major migratory movement involving the joint spread of peoples and languages across sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the rich linguistic and archaeological evidence available, the genetic relationships between different Bantu-speaking populations and the migratory routes they followed during various phases of the expansion remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze the genetic profiles of southwestern and southeastern Bantu-speaking peoples located at the edges of the Bantu expansion by generating genome-wide data for 200 individuals from 12 Mozambican and 3 Angolan populations using ∼1.9 million autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms. Incorporating a wide range of available genetic data, our analyses confirm previous results favoring a “late split” between West and East Bantu speakers, following a joint passage through the rainforest. In addition, we find that Bantu speakers from eastern Africa display genetic substructure, with Mozambican populations forming a gradient of relatedness along a North–South cline stretching from the coastal border between Kenya and Tanzania to South Africa. This gradient is further associated with a southward increase in genetic homogeneity, and involved minimum admixture with resident populations. Together, our results provide the first genetic evidence in support of a rapid North–South dispersal of Bantu peoples along the Indian Ocean Coast, as inferred from the distribution and antiquity of Early Iron Age assemblages associated with the Kwale archaeological tradition.
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Chalcraft, John. "Question: What Are the Fruitful New Directions in Subaltern Studies, and How Can Those Working in Middle East Studies Most Productively Engage With Them?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 3 (2008): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743808080963.
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More than twenty-five years ago, a small group of South Asianists challenged the bourgeois-nationalist and colonialist historiography of Indian nationalism. Based mostly in India and critical of “economistic” Marxism, they aimed to recover the occluded histories of what Antonio Gramsci calls “subaltern social groups” and to put into question the relations of power, subordination, and “inferior rank” more generally. The influence of subaltern studies quickly became international, inspiring research projects in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Middle East.
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Phadungsombat, Juthamas, Hisham Imad, Mizanur Rahman, et al. "A Novel Sub-Lineage of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype Indian Ocean Lineage Caused Sequential Outbreaks in Bangladesh and Thailand." Viruses 12, no. 11 (2020): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111319.
Full textAbstract:
In recent decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become geographically widespread. In 2004, the CHIKV East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype moved from Africa to Indian ocean islands and India followed by a large epidemic in Southeast Asia. In 2013, the CHIKV Asian genotype drove an outbreak in the Americas. Since 2016, CHIKV has re-emerged in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. In the present study, CHIKVs were obtained from Bangladesh in 2017 and Thailand in 2019, and their nearly full genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the recent CHIKVs were of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of genotype ECSA, similar to the previous outbreak. However, these CHIKVs were all clustered into a new distinct sub-lineage apart from the past IOL CHIKVs, and they lacked an alanine-to-valine substitution at position 226 of the E1 envelope glycoprotein, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. Instead, all the re-emerged CHIKVs possessed mutations of lysine-to-glutamic acid at position 211 of E1 and valine-to-alanine at position 264 of E2. Molecular clock analysis suggested that the new sub-lineage CHIKV was introduced to Bangladesh around late 2015 and Thailand in early 2017. These results suggest that re-emerged CHIKVs have acquired different adaptations than the previous CHIKVs.
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Pedarrieu, Aurélie, Fatiha El Mellouli, Hanane Khallouki, et al. "External quality assessment of Rift Valley fever diagnosis in countries at risk of the disease: African, Indian Ocean and Middle-East regions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251263.
Full textAbstract:
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an arbovirus belonging to the Phlebovirus genus of the Phenuiviridae family, causes the zoonotic and mosquito-borne RVF. The virus, which primarily affects livestock (ruminants and camels) and humans, is at the origin of recent major outbreaks across the African continent (Mauritania, Libya, Sudan), and in the South-Western Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands (Mayotte). In order to be better prepared for upcoming outbreaks, to predict its introduction in RVFV unscathed countries, and to run efficient surveillance programmes, the priority is harmonising and improving the diagnostic capacity of endemic countries and/or countries considered to be at risk of RVF. A serological inter-laboratory proficiency test (PT) was implemented to assess the capacity of veterinary laboratories to detect antibodies against RVFV. A total of 18 laboratories in 13 countries in the Middle East, North Africa, South Africa, and the Indian Ocean participated in the initiative. Two commercial kits and two in-house serological assays for the detection of RVFV specific IgG antibodies were tested. Sixteen of the 18 participating laboratories (88.9%) used commercial kits, the analytical performance of test sensitivity and specificity based on the seroneutralisation test considered as the reference was 100%. The results obtained by the laboratories which used the in-house assay were correct in only one of the two criteria (either sensitivity or specificity). In conclusion, most of the laboratories performed well in detecting RVFV specific IgG antibodies and can therefore be considered to be prepared. Three laboratories in three countries need to improve their detection capacities. Our study demonstrates the importance of conducting regular proficiency tests to evaluate the level of preparedness of countries and of building a network of competent laboratories in terms of laboratory diagnosis to better face future emerging diseases in emergency conditions.
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HARUTYUNYAN, Aghavni. "MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA AS A PART OF CHINESE STRING OF PEARLS STRATEGY." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 3, ezs.swu.v18i3 (2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i3.6.
Full textAbstract:
Launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, the One Belt, One Road initiative (OBOR), which consists of land (EBSR) and sea routes (MSR), aims to connect Asia and Europe through the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia. The MSR strategy focuses on creating Chinese strongholds or “naval posts” with military or geopolitical influence along the Indian Ocean littoral, the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea, called a “String of Pearls” - similar to the “Dual Use Logistics Facility”. It is related to Beijing’s need for geostrategic security of the “choke points” and maritime [oil and trade] routes critical of its development and based on China’s need to establish an increased level of influence and advanced presence along the sea routes through the use of investment, port development, economic, political, diplomatic and military means. China hopes to contribute to strengthening regional security on the southern gateway from the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, one of the world’s biggest shipping lanes and a pivotal part of the MSR. Today the Chinese energy security policy has been militarized by creating a navy and deploying troops to protect and implement energy and infrastructure projects in the Middle East and North Africa region. It is an important hub for the two OBOR routes due to its strategic location at the intersection of land and sea roads connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, and the three most important economic maritime regions: the South China Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean Sea.