Journal articles on the topic 'East Indians – Uganda'

AbstractThe distinctive migration history of Uganda's Indians allows us to rethink diaspora identities and memory in forming translocal communities. Settlement, citizenship and displacement created a postcolonial order of overlapping allegiances and multiple, mobile identities. ‘Home’ had been extended and thus connected to sites in India and East Africa, yet the 1972 expulsion called into question the ways in which Uganda's Indians recalled the very idea of home. While expulsion was a momentous crescendo to nineteenth- and early twentieth-century migrations, it did not put an end to the history of Uganda's Indians. This article focuses on the life histories of diverse Indian migrants: an industrialist's multi-local legacy, the post-expulsion return of Indians to two Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India) neighbourhoods, the repatriation of former residents back to Uganda in the 1980s and 1990s, and a brand-new generation of Indians coming to Uganda. By tracing these movements, I examine Indian migrants’ articulations of identity, investment and interaction vis-à-vis East Africa and India. How do experiences of rejection and return factor into (multi)national loyalties, notions of home and diaspora identities? How does an autobiography, a built structure or a neighbourhood construct and complicate both memories of migration and a migrant community's identity? I place India and Africa on the same historical map, and, by doing so, offer a way to include Indians in the framework of African political economy and society.

AbstractThis article examines a previously overlooked publication titled The Indian Voice of British East Africa, Uganda and Zanzibar. Printed in Nairobi between 1911 and 1913, the Indian Voice has been dismissed by some scholars as “insignificant” in the wider context of Kenya’s militant press. As an important tool for discovering, exploring and analyzing the nature of racial hierarchies, diasporic identity and belonging, this article argues that the Indian Voice can be used to understand how “new kinds of self-representation” both emerged and dissolved in early twentieth-century East Africa. By contextualizing the historical significance of the newspaper, it demonstrates how the Indian Voice offers an invaluable means of generating new insights into the complex cultural and political formulations of Indian identities in diaspora. In doing so, this article contributes to remapping the historical perspective of East African Indians within the early colonial period.

East Africa is really what one may call a ‘test case’ for Great Britain. If Indians cannot be treated as equals in a vacant or almost vacant part of the world where they were the first in occupation—a part of the world which is on the equator—it seems that the so-called freedom of the British Empire is a sham and a delusion.The Indian question in East Africa during the early 1920s can hardly be said to have been neglected by subsequent scholars. There is an abundant literature on it and the purpose here is not simply to run over the ground yet again, resurrecting past passions on the British, white settler and Indian sides. Instead, more will be said about the African side, especially the expatriate educated African side, during the controversy in Kenya immediately after World War I, when residential segregation, legislative rights, access to agricultural land, and future immigration by Indians were hotly debated in parliament, press, private letters, and at public meetings. For not only were educated and expatriate Africans in postwar Kenya by no means wholly “dumb,” as one eminent historian of the British Empire has since suggested, but their comments in newspaper articles at the time can be seen in retrospect to have had a seminal importance in articulating both contemporary fears and subsequent “imagined communities,” to employ Benedict Anderson's felicitous phrase—those nationalisms which were to have such controversial significance during the struggle for independence from British colonialism in Uganda as well as Kenya during the middle years of this century.

Establishing a sense of affiliation to ethnicity is one of the most controversial issues for people who are displaced in countries that are far away from their motherland. The colonisation of the British over Asia and Africa in the nineteenth century resulted in the mass movement of Indian workers from India to Africa. These workers were brought in to build railways that connected the British colonies in East Africa namely Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. While the arrival of the Indian workers is considered as a kind of colonial practice, but their deportation in the post-independence years is seen as a part of decolonization. These Indians were forced to leave Africa as they were blamed for being non supportive of the Africans who were then engaged in armed struggles against the British colonialists. This study is based on the lives of these deported Indians as depicted in the novel titled No New Land by M.G. Vassanji. M.G. Vassanji is a Canadian novelist whose family was also deported from Dar Esslaam, Tanzania. He also describes how the Indian Shamses were strict in affiliating with the different social and cultural background they found in their new home, Canada. This research examines the theme of affiliation and the experiences of these migrants. This study will show that South Asians in Canada are strict in their affiliation to their ethnic values. Secondly, it will expose the three types of affiliation and finally show how the author deals with affiliation as a part of the community’s ethnic record that must be documented.

Abstract Migration from Yemen to East Africa has been occurring for centuries and continued well into the twentieth century. Since the European explorations of the nineteenth century the term 'Arab-Swahili', as distinguished from 'African', has been in use. The ways that Yemenis have both adopted and changed Swahili culture in Kenya are outlined in this paper. Most Yemeni migrants who settled in Uganda passed through Mombasa, acquiring some knowledge of the Swahili language en route. However, the Yemenis of Uganda are not Swahili, despite using the Swahili language as a major medium of communication, even at home. Ugandan 'Arab' food eaten at home and cooked by Yemenis in cafes is actually Indian/Swahili cuisine. The ways that Yemenis have promoted the cultivation of qat across Uganda and have made its consumption a marker of identity are described. The degree that the terminology of diaspora studies can be applied to Yemenis in Kenya and Uganda is assessed, and concludes that the migrants are both 'cultural hybrids' and 'transnationals'.

ABSTRACTThis article examines an Urdu travelogue written in 1901 to analyze the discursive frameworks by which Africa was rendered knowable to Indian settlers. As a vernacular ethnography written for a readership of Punjabi migrants associated with the Uganda Railway, the travelogue provides our earliest direct evidence of colonial Indian attitudes towards the peoples and landscapes of East Africa. Envisioning the region as at once an imperial and Islamic settlement zone, the travelogue documents the emergence of an ‘imperial-Islamicate’ discourse that incorporated both littoral and interior East Africa into an industrializing oceanic culture area.

Trends and variability in series comprising the mean of fifteen highest daily rainfall intensities in each year were analyzed considering entire Uganda. The data were extracted from high-resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) gridded daily series of the Princeton Global Forcings covering the period 1948–2008. Variability was analyzed using nonparametric anomaly indicator method and empirical orthogonal functions. Possible drivers of the rainfall variability were investigated. Trends were analyzed using the cumulative rank difference approach. Generally, rainfall was above the long-term mean from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s and again in the 1990s. From around 1970 to the late 1980s, rainfall was characterized by a decrease. The first and second dominant modes of variability correspond with the variation in Indian Ocean Dipole and North Atlantic Ocean index, respectively. The influence of Niño 3 on the rainfall variability of some parts of the country was also evident. The southern and northern parts had positive and negative trends, respectively. The null hypothesisH0(no trend) was collectively rejected at the significance level of 5% in the series from 7 out of 168 grid points. The insights from the findings of this study are vital for planning and management of risk-based water resources applications.

ABSTRACT We analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains using 212 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. SNP nucleotide diversity was high (average across all SNPs, 0.19), and 96% of the SNP locus pairs were in complete linkage disequilibrium. Cluster analyses identified six deeply branching, phylogenetically distinct SNP cluster groups (SCGs) and five subgroups. The SCGs were strongly associated with the geographical origin of the M. tuberculosis samples and the birthplace of the human hosts. The most ancestral cluster (SCG-1) predominated in patients from the Indian subcontinent, while SCG-1 and another ancestral cluster (SCG-2) predominated in patients from East Asia, suggesting that M. tuberculosis first arose in the Indian subcontinent and spread worldwide through East Asia. Restricted SCG diversity and the prevalence of less ancestral SCGs in indigenous populations in Uganda and Mexico suggested a more recent introduction of M. tuberculosis into these regions. The East African Indian and Beijing spoligotypes were concordant with SCG-1 and SCG-2, respectively; X and Central Asian spoligotypes were also associated with one SCG or subgroup combination. Other clades had less consistent associations with SCGs. Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) analysis provided less robust phylogenetic information, and only 6 of the 12 MIRU microsatellite loci were highly differentiated between SCGs as measured by GST . Finally, an algorithm was devised to identify two minimal sets of either 45 or 6 SNPs that could be used in future investigations to enable global collaborations for studies on evolution, strain differentiation, and biological differences of M. tuberculosis.

Abstract By applying wavelet analysis and wavelet principal component analysis (WPCA) to individual wavelet-scale power and scale-averaged wavelet power, homogeneous zones of rainfall variability and predictability were objectively identified for September–November (SON) rainfall in East Africa (EA). Teleconnections between the SON rainfall and the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures (SST) were also established for the period 1950–97. Excluding the Great Rift Valley, located along the western boundaries of Tanzania and Uganda, and Mount Kilimanjaro in northeastern Tanzania, EA was found to exhibit a single leading mode of spatial and temporal variability. WPCA revealed that EA suffered a consistent decrease in the SON rainfall from 1962 to 1997, resulting in 12 droughts between 1965 and 1997. Using SST predictors identified in the April–June season from the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans, the prediction skill achieved for the SON (one-season lead time) season by the nonlinear model known as artificial neural network calibrated by a genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) was high [Pearson correlation ρ ranged between 0.65 and 0.9, Hansen–Kuipers (HK) scores ranged between 0.2 and 0.8, and root-mean-square errors (rmse) ranged between 0.4 and 0.75 of the standardized precipitation], but that achieved by the linear canonical correlation analysis model was relatively modest (ρ between 0.25 and 0.55, HK score between −0.05 and 0.3, and rmse between 0.4 and 1.2 of the standardized precipitation).

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from Zika forest, Uganda, in 1947. Since its inception, major and minor outbreaks have been documented from several parts of world. Aedes spp. mosquitoes are the primary vectors of ZIKV, but the virus can also be transmitted through sexual practices, materno-fetal transmission, and blood transfusion. The clinical presentations of symptomatic ZIKV infections are similar to dengue and chikungunya, including fever, headache, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, conjunctivitis, and rash. ZIKV often causes mild illness in the majority of cases, but in some instances, it is linked with congenital microcephaly and autoimmune disorders like Guillain–Barré syndrome. The recent Indian ZIKV outbreak suggests that the virus is circulating in the South East Asian region and may cause new outbreaks in future. At present, no specific vaccines or antivirals are available to treat ZIKV, so management and control of ZIKV infections rely mostly on preventive measures.

Raising the standards of literacy in the developing world has been a major goal of the less developed countries since most of them became independent in the process of decolonisation that followed World War II. The Human Development Report 2004, brought out by the United Nations Development Programme lists some major improvements in increasing literacy levels of a number of countries between the year 1990 and 2002. For example, low human development countries like Togo increased their adult literacy rates from 44.2 percent in 1990 to 59.6 percent in 2002. Congo saw an increase in its literacy rate for the same period from 67.1 percent to 82.8 percent. The rates for Uganda, Kenya, Yemen, and Nigeria are 56.1 percent and 68.9 percent, 70.8 percent and 84.3 percent, 32.7 percent and 49.0 percent, and 48.7 percent and 68.8 percent respectively. If one examines the breakdown by region, the least developed countries as a group saw an increase in their adult literacy rates from 43.0 percent to 52.5 percent, the Arab states from 50.8 percent to 63.3 percent, South Asia from 47.0 percent to 57.6 percent, Sub-Saharan Africa from 50.8 percent to 63.2 percent and East Asia and the Pacific from 79.8 percent to 90.3 percent. If we look at the increase in the levels of literacy from the perspective of medium human development and low human development, the figures are 71.8 percent and 80.4 percent, and 42.5 percent and 54.3 percent, respectively.

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) occurs in all cassava-growing regions of Africa, India, and Sri Lanka. Characterized by mosaic and distortion of cassava leaves and reduced plant growth, causing high yield losses, CMD is caused by geminiviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) transmitted through infected cuttings or by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Three such geminiviruses have been described: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) occurs in most of the cassava-producing zones of Africa; East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in East Africa; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) in the Indian subcontinent (1). The two components of ACMV and ICMV genomes, DNA-A and DNA-B, have been sequenced; only DNA-A of EACMV has been identified and sequenced. Variations in symptom expression and severity within the same cassava variety have been observed in Cameroon. To determine the nature of the virus species inducing such variations, 50 samples were collected from CMD-infected plants in the savannah and rainforest zones of Cameroon: 2 from the sahel/savannah plain, 13 from the western highland savannah, and 35 from the main cassava-producing belt of the southwestern rainforest. There is a high incidence of CMD in the rainforest region, with some farms completely infected, while in the savannah regions farms generally have less than 25% incidence. Variation in symptom expression was more common in the rainforest region. Samples were collected from plants with distinct symptoms and/or different extents of symptom severity, then analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers: JSP1, ATG TCG AAG CGA CCA GGA GAT; JSP2, TGT TTA TTA ATT GCC AAT ACT; and JSP3, CCT TTA TTA ATT TGT CAC TGC. Primer JSP1 anneals to the 5′ end of the coat protein (CP) of ACMV and EACMV; primers JSP2 and JSP3 anneal to the 3′ ends of ACMV and EACMV, respectively. Virus identification was based on presence of an amplified fragment of either virus. ACMV was detected in all 50 samples; EACMV was detected in 8. All samples infected with EACMV were from the southwestern rainforest of Cameroon and were more severely affected by the disease than single infected plants. Previous reports have limited occurrence of EACMV to East Africa (1). This is the first report of the occurrence of EACMV in West Africa. The CP gene of three isolates of EACMV from Cameroon (EACMV/CM) was sequenced from cloned PCR products. There was a high CP nucleotide sequence identity (>99%) with only two amino acid differences among all three EACMV isolates. In contrast, there was a rather low sequence identity (94%) with EACMV/TZ from Tanzania (2), suggesting they may belong to a previously undescribed West African strain of EACMV. This indicates the geminiviruses causing CMD in Africa are more widely distributed than previously reported. None of the Cameroon isolates showed the type of recombination of the EACMV isolate from Uganda (EACMV/ UG) (having the CP core segment the identical to the corresponding ACMV CP sequence) (2). This emphasizes the need for characterization of the viruses causing CMD in different cassava-growing regions of Africa since appropriate control strategies depend on adequate knowledge of disease etiology. References: (1) Y. G. Hong et al. J. Gen. Virol. 74:2437, 1993. (2) X. Zhou et al. J. Gen. Virol. 78:2101, 1997.

A diagnostic survey was conducted in 2002-03 to determine the status of cassava mosaic begomoviruses in Nigeria and to ascertain if the virulent Ugandan variant of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug2) was present. Of the 418 farms visited, 48% had cassava with moderately severe or severe symptoms, whereas 52% had cassava with mild symptoms. These distributions were at random. Of the 1,397 cassava leaf samples examined, 1,106 had symptoms. In polymerase chain reaction tests, 74.1% of the symptom-bearing samples tested positive for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) alone, 0.3% for EACMV alone, 24.4% for mixed infections by the two viruses, and 1.2% did not react with any of the primers used. The two viruses also were detected in 32% of the 291 symptomless plants and in the whitefly vector samples. EACMV-Ug2, Indian cassava mosaic virus, and South African cassava mosaic virus were not detected in any of the whitefly or leaf samples. Most farms had ACMV in single infection as well as in mixed infections with EACMV. Most doubly infected plants showed severe symptoms. Two biological variants of ACMV were identified based on symptom expression on cassava in the field. ACMV and EACMV were detected in the leguminous plant Senna occidentalis (L.) Link and the weed Combretum confertum Lams.; these are new natural hosts of the viruses. Although the virulent EACMV-Ug2 was not detected, the occurrence of variants of ACMV and a high proportion of mixed infections by ACMV and EACMV, which could result in recombination events such as the one that produced EACMV-Ug2, demands appropriate measures to safeguard cassava production in Nigeria.

ABSTRACTCassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD) across Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Like all members of the geminivirus family, CMBs have small, circular single-stranded DNA genomes. We report here the discovery of two novel DNA sequences, designated SEGS-1 and SEGS-2 (forsequencesenhancinggeminivirussymptoms), that enhance symptoms and break resistance to CMD. The SEGS are characterized by GC-rich regions and the absence of long open reading frames. Both SEGS enhanced CMD symptoms in cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) when coinoculated withAfrican cassava mosaic virus(ACMV),East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus(EACMCV), orEast African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda(EACMV-UG). SEGS-1 also overcame resistance of a cassava landrace carrying the CMD2 resistance locus when coinoculated with EACMV-UG. Episomal forms of both SEGS were detected in CMB-infected cassava but not in healthy cassava. SEGS-2 episomes were also found in virions and whiteflies. SEGS-1 has no homology to geminiviruses or their associated satellites, but the cassava genome contains a sequence that is 99% identical to full-length SEGS-1. The cassava genome also includes three sequences with 84 to 89% identity to SEGS-2 that together encompass all of SEGS-2 except for a 52-bp region, which includes the episomal junction and a 26-bp sequence related to alphasatellite replication origins. These results suggest that SEGS-1 is derived from the cassava genome and facilitates CMB infection as an integrated copy and/or an episome, while SEGS-2 was originally from the cassava genome but now is encapsidated into virions and transmitted as an episome by whiteflies.IMPORTANCECassava is a major crop in the developing world, with its production in Africa being second only to maize. CMD is one of the most important diseases of cassava and a serious constraint to production across Africa. CMD2 is a major CMD resistance locus that has been deployed in many cassava cultivars through large-scale breeding programs. In recent years, severe, atypical CMD symptoms have been observed occasionally on resistant cultivars, some of which carry the CMD2 locus, in African fields. In this report, we identified and characterized two DNA sequences, SEGS-1 and SEGS-2, which produce similar symptoms when coinoculated with cassava mosaic begomoviruses onto a susceptible cultivar or a CMD2-resistant landrace. The ability of SEGS-1 to overcome CMD2 resistance and the transmission of SEGS-2 by whiteflies has major implications for the long-term durability of CMD2 resistance and underscore the need for alternative sources of resistance in cassava.

In 2007, new reports of stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. in Lorestan and Hamadan provinces of Iran were considered unusual because stem rust had not been recorded previously in the Hamadan area where winter habit wheat cultivars are grown. Detailed investigations in these areas showed significant levels of stem rust in experimental plots and occasionally in farmers' fields, some that showed moderate to high levels of infection. Race analysis of four stem rust samples collected from Borujerd, Hamadan, and Poldokhtar (southwest) and Kelardasht (north) in 2007 was conducted using a modified North American Pgt differential set representing the resistance genes Sr5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 11, 17, 21, 24, 30, 31, 36, 38, Tmp, and McN, commercial cultivars, and genotypes known to carry the 1B.1R translocation. A race collected from Borujerd in 1997 was also included for comparison. Tests were carried out under standard controlled conditions (1,2). Two isolates from samples collected from Borujerd and Hamadan in 2007 showed high infection types (ITs 33+ to 4) on differential lines carrying resistance genes Sr5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 31, 38, and McN, and low ITs of ;C1= to 2=, ;C to ;N1=, and 2+ on lines carrying Sr24, Sr36, and SrTmp, respectively. On the basis of the high/low ITs on the 20 differentials in the modified Pgt differential set of North America, the two isolates of Pgt collected from Borujerd and Hamadan in 2007 were identified as race TTKSK. The two isolates from samples collected from Poldokhtar and Kelardasht in 2007 and the isolate collected from Borujerd in 1997 were identified as races TRFSC, TTJQC, and RRHSC, respectively. Race TTKSK identified in the current study produced high ITs of 3+ to 4 on the wheat genotypes Line E*4/Kavkaz, Fed.*4/Kavkaz, Clement, and Mildress and commercial cultivars Falat (Seri 82), Shiroodi (CIMMYT name Attila and Indian name PBW343), Atrak (Kauz), and MV17, all carrying the 1BL.1RS translocation and further confirming virulence for Sr31. The spread of Ug99 to Kenya (1999 to 2002), Ethiopia (2003), and Yemen (2006) suggests progressive migration from Uganda, following the pattern believed to have occurred for the spread of wheat stripe rust pathogen from East Africa in 1986 to India in 1998 (3). Our results are consistent with the TTKSK race identified in Iran migrating from the new African population. Seedling evaluation of Iranian wheat cultivars and advanced lines to isolates of TTKSK from Iran confirmed full susceptibility. These results reinforce the serious threat of race TTKSK to wheat production in Iran. In conclusion, the occurrence of race TTKSK in Iran, the susceptibility of Iranian wheat cultivars to this race, the presence of environmental conditions conducive to disease epidemics in different parts of the country, and the occurrence of the alternate host barberry in many of the mountainous areas of Iran, indicate a new and serious threat to wheat production in Iran and a potentially serious threat to neighboring countries. References: (1) Y. Jin et al. Plant Dis. 91:1096, 2007. (2) Z. A. Pretorius et al. Plant Dis. 84:203, 2000. (3) R. P. Singh et al. CAB Rev. 1 (No. 054), 2006.

Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher’s learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. 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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cercospora kikuchii (Tak. Matsumoto & Tomoy.) M.W. Gardner Fungi: Mitosporic fungi: Hyphomycetes Hosts: Soyabean (Glycine max). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, France, Russian Far East, ASIA, Bangladesh, China, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Sikkim, Iran, Japan, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Sarawak, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, AFRICA, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Colombia, OCEANIA, Fiji, Papua New Guinea.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. Bacteria. Main hosts: Sorghum spp., maize (Zea mays), clover (Trifolium spp.), velvet bean (Mucuna spp.) and vetch (Vicia spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Russian Far East), Asia (Brunei Darussalam, China, Henan, Hong Kong, Iraq, Japan, Honshu, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand), Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia and Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Uruguay and Venezuela) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, Federated States of Micronesia and New Zealand).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. Hosts: Sorghum spp., maize (Zea mays), clover (Trifolium spp.), velvet bean (Mucuna spp.) and vetch (Vicia spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Bulgaria; Hungary; Italy; Poland; Portugal; and Far East, Russia), Asia (Brunei Darussalam; Hong Kong, China; Iraq; Israel; Honshu, Japan; Pakistan; Philippines; Taiwan; and Thailand), Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and Ontario, Canada; Mexico; and Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia and Washington, USA), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras), South America (Argentina; Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and São Paulo, Brazil; Uruguay; and Venezuela) and Oceania (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia and Victoria, Australia; Federated States of Micronesia; and New Zealand).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Puccinia purpurea Cooke. Hosts: Sorghum spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Canary Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Madras, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Mysore, Indonesia, Java, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kampuchea, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, USSR, Russian Far East, Yemen Arab Republic, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory, Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Europe, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, North America, Bermuda, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia, New Mexico, Central America & West Indies, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Christopher-nevis, St Vincent & Grenadines, Salvador, Trinidad & Tobago, South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Pernambuco, Sao Pualo, Piaui, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Fungi: Basidiomycota: Uredinales. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max) and other Fabaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia (Russian Far East)), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia)), Central America and Caribbean (United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Puccinia menthae Pers. Hosts: Mentha spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Canary Islands, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madeira, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, Afghanistan, China, Xinjiang, India, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kashmir, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, USSR, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Central Asia, Russia, Kavkaz, Ukraine, Black Sea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia, Victoria, New Zealand, Europe, Austria, Azores, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Britain, Northern Ireland, Channel Islands, Isle of Manitoba, Yugoslavia, North America, Bermuda, Canada, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Alberta, Mexico, USA, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachussetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, OR, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Central America & West Indies, Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Parana, Chile, Peru.

Zika virus was discovered in 1947. The first reported case of Zika fever was in a sentinel rhesus monkey in Uganda in 1947, while the first human cases were reported in Nigeria in 1954. Since the first evidence of human infection, Zika was active in several countries in Africa and Asia, as sporadic cases and serological evidence of Zika human infections have been demonstrated in several reports. The outbreak of Zika in Yap Island in 2007 is considered the first emergency of this infection. Since then Zika has spread worldwide with a large ongoing epidemic in South and Central America. A huge concern nowadays is about the relationship between Zika infection and microcephaly and about the sexual transmission of the virus. The first identified outbreak of Chikungunya human infection, with an incidence estimated at 23%, was reported from July 1952 to March 1953 in the Southern Province of the current Tanzania. Since then Chikungunya circulated mainly in continental Africa with limited outbreaks. The virus started to spread east bound involving most of the areas surroundings the Indian Ocean. In 2004/2005 a large outbreak developed in La Reunion a French territory in the Indian Ocean: from this point Chikungunya spread to India and from there, due a viraemic traveller returning from Kerala, to Italy where in the summer of 2007 the first outbreak with local viral transmission in a temperate climate zone occurred. In the following years Chikungunya moved to the Caribbean and South America. Recently also the USA experienced the spread of this virus and a limited outbreak based again on local spreading occurred in the French Department of Var, in August 2017.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore Fungi: Ascomycota: Glomerellaceae Hosts: Soyabean (Glycine max), lentil (Lens culinaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Phaseolus spp. and other Fabaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, France, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Russian Far East, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab, Emirates, Vietnam, AFRICA, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Amazonas, Bahia, Goias, Mato, Grosso, do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa, Catarina, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Alternaria brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire Fungi: Mitosporic fungi Hosts: Brassica spp. and other Brassicaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Far East, Spain, Sweden, UK, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Cyprus, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Maharashtra, Manipur, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, AFRICA, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, USA, California, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Cook Islands, French, Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.) Castagne. Basidiomycota: Pucciniales. Hosts: Euphorbia spp. and castor bean (Ricinus communis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece (Crete, Mainland Greece), Hungary, Ireland, Italy (Mainland Italy, Sardinia), Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Romania, Russia (Central Russia, Far East), Serbia, Spain (Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain), Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland), Ukraine), Asia (Afghanistan, Armenia, China (Guangxi, Hubei, Nei Menggu, Xinjiang, Yunnan), India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan (Honshu), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde, Congo Democratic Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island), Mexico, USA (California, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin)), South America (Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Colombia), Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand, Norfolk Island).

Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that include many viruses of public health concern found in Ecuador. Dengue virus, yellow fever virus and Zika virus are in the Flaviridae family (1), while chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus are in the Togaviridae family (1). Yellow fever has circulated throughout the tropics since at least the17th century, with the first recorded outbreak in Latin America in 1647 (2), with the virus being identified in 1927 (3). Dengue virus is also a long-time source of global outbreaks and was identified in 1943 (4). Dengue has four virus serotypes (DENV 1-4), allowing for repeated infection of individuals. Chikungunya, Zika and Mayaro were identified as causes of febrile disease more recently: the Zika virus was isolated from a monkey in 1947 in Uganda (5), chikungunya virus during an outbreak in south-eastern Africa in 1952 (1), and Mayaro virus from a patient in Trinidad in 1954 (6). Chikungunya has four genotypes: East/Central/South African, Western African, Indian Ocean and Asian (1), while Zika has two genetics lineages: Asian and African (7). Ecuador is susceptible to introductions of arboviruses transmitted by several mosquito vectors that are either well established or recently introduced and has thus experienced multiple and repeated introductions of these diseases. Of these, at present, only yellow fever has a widely available and licensed vaccine.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and Sydow. Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Phakopsoraceae. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max), kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia, Far East), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu).

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago syntherismae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Digitaria spp., including D. filiformis, D. ischaemum, D. sanguinalis. DISEASE: Loose smut of Digitaria. Infection sometimes dwarfs the host and causes it to branch more profusely than usual (36, 657); it is also reported that vegetative vigour is much prolonged in infected plants compared with uninfected (30, 432). Surface contamination by the large number of ustilospores when shed may result in some discolouration of the entire inflorescence including sheaths and leaf blades. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: 'Congo', Gambia, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia (central Asia, far east); Australasia: Australia: NSW (31, 225); Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark (39, 284), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (European region), Ukraine (52, 354); North America: Canada (Ontario; 46, 3383), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, IA, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, MD, ME, Michigan, Montana, Missouri, MS, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia; 69, 2765); South America: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. (33, 634; 40, 209; 48, 2203; 50, 2756; 64, 4163). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; ustilospores are presumably disseminated by air currents and infection is thought to be systemic.

Abstract A description is provided for Fuligo septica, a myxomycete which occurs on litter, fallen leaves, bark, decorticated branches, rotten stumps, fallen trunks, rotten wood and burnt logs of a very wide range of plants. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, economic impacts, intraspecific variation, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (AFRICA: Algeria, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mayotte, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe; NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Mexico; CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Maranhão, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe), Chile, Ecuador (including Galapagos), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; ASIA: Brunei, China (Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), Georgia, India (Assam, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan (Akmola, Aktobe, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Karaganda, former Kokshetau, Kostanai, North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, former Tselinograd, West Kazakhstan), Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast), Singapore, South Korea, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; ATLANTIC OCEAN: Spain (Canary Islands); AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand; CARIBBEAN: American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago; EUROPE: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Astrakhan Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Kaliningrad Oblast, Komi Republic, Krasnodarsk Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Stavropol Krai, Tver Oblast, Volgograd Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK; INDIAN OCEAN: Christmas Island, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles; PACIFIC OCEAN: French Polynesia, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, USA (Hawaii)).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr. Chromista: Oomycota: Peronosporales Hosts: Brassicaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russia, Eastern, Russian Far East, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), Yugoslavia (former), ASIA, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei, Menggu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizhang, Yunnan, Republic of Georgia, India, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia [ran Iraq, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, AFRICA, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Yukon, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Cuba, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American, Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French, Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus Viruses: Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus Hosts: Occurs naturally on a very wide range of herbaceous horticultural and field crops. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sicily, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Russian Far East, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep), ASIA, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Sichuan, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, AFRICA, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Libya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Goias, Minas Gerais, Parana, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Setosphaeria turcica (Luttr.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs. Fungi: Ascomycota: Pleosporales. Hosts: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), maize (Zea mays), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and a number of wild grass species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, European Russia, Far East, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine), Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Goias, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Islands).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood Nematoda: Meloidogynidae Polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Albania, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Central Russia Russian Far East, Northern Russia, Southern Russia, Western Siberia, Spain, Canary, Islands Mainland Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Armenia, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei, Menggu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Republic of Georgia, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito, Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato, Grosso, do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa, Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French, Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American, Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Abstract A description is provided for Lycogala epidendrum, a wood-inhabiting myxomycete which occurs on dead branches, twigs and wood, rotten logs, stumps and trunks, cut logs and other woody debris. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, economic impacts, intraspecific variation, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Liberia, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Mexico, USA (Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia); Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe), Ecuador (including Galapagos), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela; China (Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Georgia, India (Assam, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan (Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, former Kokchetau, former Taldy-Kurgan, former Tselinograd), Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Altai, Altai Krai, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Tomsk Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; Bahamas, Spain (Canary Islands); Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand; American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago; Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark (including Faroe Islands), Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Rostov Oblast, Vladimir Oblast, Volgograd Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; Christmas Island, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles; Cook Islands, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, USA (Hawaii)).