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1
Conaway, Sasha. "Volunteer Women: Militarized Femininity in the 1916 Easter Rising." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/war_and_society_theses/8.
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Women were an integral part to the Easter Rising, yet until recently, their contributions have been forgotten. Those who have been remembered are often women who bucked conservative Irish society’s notions of femininity and chose to actively participate in combat, which has led to a skewed narrative that favors their contributions over the contributions of other women. Historians and scholars favor these narratives because they are empowering and act as clear foils to the heroic narratives of the male leaders in the Easter Rising. In reality, however, most of the women who joined Cumann na mBan or worked for the leaders of the Easter Rising chose to do so knowing they would take on a supportive role. They did so willingly, and even put the cause of Irish independence above the need for women’s rights. Their duties reflected this reality. Once the Easter Rising was underway, women were needed to support the rebels and did so often under fire from British and Irish fighters. For their participation in the rebellion, some women were arrested, while as a whole, the contributions of these women were derided and downplayed by the larger public. Those women not imprisoned would go on to establish the martyr-myth of the heroic and male Irish revolutionaries executed for their part in the Easter Rising. This led to the women’s histories being forgotten or ignored in favor of the heroic narrative. Even when pensions were made available to compensate participants of the Easter Rising, women only applied out of need and for fear of poverty, rather than to receive recognition. To this day, Ireland and Irish history scholars have ignored the participation of gender-conforming women in favor of the more heroic narrative of women whose experiences more closely resemble those of the Easter Rising’s male martyrs.
2
Moran, James Michael. "The drama of Easter 1916 : mythologizing and demythologizing an insurrection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615899.
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Bell, Geoffrey. "The British working class movement and the Irish national question, 1916-1921." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343216.
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Prandi, Francesca. ""the easter rising of 1916: A step towards the independence of ireland analysed through the works of irish writers."." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7137/.
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The 1916 Easter Rising, an unsuccessful insurrection which resulted in the Irish War of Independence, generated a deep change in the political landscape in Ireland.
The purpose of this work is to describe this crucial period in the history of Ireland through the voices of Irish writers who expressed their ideas and feelings about the way Ireland was close to gaining its independence. Thanks to songs, poems and literature, I analysed the events of that period through the eyes of the Irish people.
Authors like Roddy Doyle and William Butler Yeats were fundamental in examining this topic very thoroughly. Through their works, they were able to convey their knowledge about the events of those years and, at the same time, to give their own opinion, as Irish people, on the topic.
5
Batista, Camila Franco. "Entrelaçando temporalidades: passado e presente em A star called Henry, de Roddy Doyle." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-06102015-151653/.
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A Star Called Henry (1999), do escritor irlandês Roddy Doyle (1958-), é o primeiro livro da trilogia The Last Roundup, cujo protagonista é Henry Smart. Este nasce em Dublin no início do século XX e desempenha papel importante na luta pela independência da Irlanda. Juntamente com os Irish Volunteers, Smart combate no Levante de Páscoa de 1916, auxilia na escrita da declaração de independência do país e torna-se soldado do Irish Republican Army (IRA) durante a Guerra da Independência (1919-1921). Henry é um herói, mas não do tipo clássico: filho de um assassino de aluguel e de uma adolescente pobre, Smart é ladrão desde os primeiros anos de vida e, durante suas lutas pela Irlanda, afirma não estar interessado no ideal nacionalista, uma vez que luta por dinheiro, comida e reconhecimento. Vivendo às margens da sociedade, Henry Smart desconstrói uma aura romântica em torno do Levante, da Guerra da Independência e dos heróis nacionalistas. O ponto de partida desta pesquisa é o questionamento sobre o impulso do autor em escrever um romance histórico em tempos de prosperidade financeira, pois Doyle publica a obra durante o período conhecido como Tigre Celta (1994-2008). Também questionamos por que o autor decide representar Dublin e os heróis nacionais de modo contrastante com o simbolismo nacionalista. Entendemos que o contexto de publicação do romance influencia a produção artística e, dessa forma, ao escolher a temática histórica, Doyle constrói uma crítica ao nacionalismo do início do século XX e também à sociedade do Tigre Celta. O autor entrelaça temporalidades a fim de expor as lacunas e inconsistências do passado e também do presente.<br>A Star Called Henry (1999), by the Irish writer Roddy Doyle (1958), is the first book of the trilogy The Last Roundup, whose protagonist is Henry Smart. He is born in Dublin at the beginning of the twentieth century and he plays an important role in the fight for Irelands independence. Along with the Irish Volunteers, Smart fights in the 1916 Easter Rising, helps to write the proclamation of independence and becomes a soldier of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the War of Independence (1919-1921). Henry is a hero, but not the classic kind: the son of a hired killer and a poor teenager, Smart is a thief since his early years and, when he fights for Ireland, he is not interested in the nationalist ideal, since he fights for money, food and recognition. Living at the margins of society, Henry Smart deconstructs the romantic aura around the Rising, the War of Independence and the nationalist heroes. The starting point of this research is to investigate the authors impulse to write a historical novel in times of financial prosperity, since Doyle publishes the book during the Celtic Tiger era (1994-2008). We also aim to understand why the author decides to represent Dublin and the nationalist heroes in a way that contrasts with the nationalist symbolism. We understand that the context of publication influences the artistic production, and, therefore, when choosing the historical theme, Doyle criticizes both the early twentieth-century nationalism and the Celtic Tiger society. The author intertwines temporalities in order to expose the gaps and inconsistencies of the past and the present.
6
Anderson, Ross. "World War I in East Africa, 1916-1918." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5195/.
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At the outbreak of war, the imperial powers in East Africa were unprepared for a major campaign. Although the colonies possessed little strategic value in themselves, the dynamics of imperial rivalry quickly generated armed conflict. The East African campaign evolved haphazardly from neutralising German wireless communications and naval facilities to a wildly over-ambitious plan to conquer the whole of the colony with scant forces. The British wanted to keep any potential spoils for themselves, but were also strongly influenced by the expansionist policies of South Africa, largely propounded by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts. By September 1916, the British forces, commanded by Smuts, had occupied the bulk of German East Africa with all the railways, towns and ports in their possession. However, he had failed to bring the German Schutztruppe to battle and it remained a powerful and well-motivated force. Furthermore, his reliance to manoeuvre and reluctance to fight battles led his troops ever-deeper into enemy territory and dependent on inadequate lines of communication. Smuts continued his advance until January 1917 when he left for the Imperial War Conference. His forces were in terrible condition and unfit for further offensive operations. He was succeeded by the British General Hoskins for a bare three months, but, who nevertheless instigated badly needed reforms and reorganisation. In May 1917, the South African, General, van Deventer assumed command, an appointment that he would hold until the end of war. Van Deventer continued to build on Hoskin’s work while instigating an aggressive policy of fighting hard battles whenever possible, while concurrently trying to destroy German food supplies. These methods were continued throughout the remainder of 1917 and until November 1918 when the war ended with the Schutztruppe being pursued from Portuguese East Africa into Northern Rhodesia.
7
Samson, Anne Margaret. "Britain, South Africa and the East Africa campaign, 1914-1918 : the Union comes of age /." London ; New York : Tauris Academic Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402257351.
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Cranstoun, James G. M. "The impact of the Great War on a local community : the case of East Lothian." n.p, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Eilon, Joab B. "State tribe and mandate in Transjordan, 1918-1946." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365513.
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Casey, Walter Thomas. "Unexpected Unexpected Utilities: A Comparative Case-Study Analysis of Women and Revolutions." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2728/.
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Women have been part of modern revolutions since the American Revolution against Great Britain. Most descriptions and analyses of revolution relegate women to a supporting role, or make no mention of women's involvement at all. This work differs from prior efforts in that it will explore one possible explanation for the successes of three revolutions based upon the levels of women's support for those revolutions. An analysis of the three cases (Ireland, Russia, and Nicaragua) suggests a series of hypotheses about women's participation in revolution and its importance to revolutions' success.
11
Sparnon, Neil Charles. "Eastern front : the USAF, RAF and East Anglia, 1946-1964." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427480.
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Schuster, Frank M. "Zwischen allen Fronten : osteuropäische Juden während des Ersten Weltkrieges (1914 - 1919) /." Köln [u.a.] : Böhlau, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/388115602.pdf.
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Whitley, Craig Henry. "Cavalry of the clouds : aspects of the air war in the eastern theatre, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2085.
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Connelly, Mark. "The Great War, memory and ritual : commemoration in the City and East London, 1916-1939 /." Woodbridge : the Boydell press, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388023574.
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Watson, Kelvin Innes. "A history of the South African police in Port Elizabeth, 1913-1956." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002423.
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This thesis investigates the policing activities of the South African Police (SAP) in Port Elizabeth from the formation of the SAP in 1913 to the creation of two separate police districts in the city in 1956. It begins with the recruitment and training of police personnel, outlining the difficulty in obtaining sufficient white recruits for most of the period while at the same time stressing the ease with which the Force was able to obtain black recruits. The preponderance of Afrikaner policemen serving in Port Elizabeth from the 1920s onwards is made clear, as is the para-military nature of the SAP, which was maintained and reinforced as a result of training methods and the process of socialisation. As state servants, police personnel were expected to serve loyally and obediently a state becoming increasingly repressive towards its black citizens. Generally inadequate conditions of service remained the norm throughout the period yet the SAP’s commitment to the state never wavered, bar one isolated, short-lived incidence. The administration and functioning of policing in Port Elizabeth is explored by focussing on specific organisational features pertinent to the city and the changes wrought by the police hierarchy to deal with the city’s demographic and spatial expansion. The SAP tended to employ three different forms of policing in the city as a result of its apartheid-driven agenda which compelled it to differentiate between the various population groups in terms of maintaining law and order. The privileged white community experienced routine, civil policing whereas the black community was policed largely in a socially and politically oppressive manner; this was in line with government policy. On the whole, however, the more brutal and sinister nature of policing was yet to come to the fore although this thesis does point towards the increasingly repressive nature of policing in South Africa during the apartheid era.
16
Miller, Jennie Edith. "Soviet and Eastern European Reactions to American Exhibitions: Cultural Exchange and the Cold War, 1961-1976." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5339.
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After the signing of the Cultural Exchange Agreement in 1958, exhibitions of culture and technology were exchanged between the Soviet Union and the United States. These exhibitions continued to be exchanged well into the 1980s. This paper focuses on comment books from seven of these cultural exchange exhibitions, five in the Soviet Union and two in Eastern Europe, in the years between 1961 and 1976. The public nature of the comment books and the way they were treated by visitors made them a space for expressions of popular opinions over the issues of public policy and ideology. As such, they provide contemporary historians with a unique glimpse into the mindset of ordinary Soviet and Eastern European citizens during the Cold War. Based on the evidence from the comment books, and using methods elaborated by cultural anthropologists, this study shows that challenged by the display of apparent American superiority, most Soviet visitors preferred to fall back on the official ideology which claimed the moral superiority of their system. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Soviet citizens experienced an upswing in communist morale, expressed a desire to compete with America and a conviction that their system will ultimately prevail over capitalism. However, to what extent such declarations should be accepted at their face value as sincere expressions of Soviet citizens' deep-seated convictions and to what extent they should be seen as situational responses to the perceived humiliation at the hands of foreigners remains unclear. While most Soviet visitors were defensive, invested in their ideology, and competitive with America, their reactions were not monolithic. Some of them were clearly fascinated by American consumer products and expressed an envious yearning to get possession of them; others stressed their openness to cultural exchange. There were apparently sincere expressions of support to the policy of d&"233;tente, and of outrage over the Vietnam War. The Soviet visitors were aware of the unrest in American society caused by the civil rights movement, but were uninformed of the profound changes effected by this movement. Members of non-Russian minorities were interested in American ethnic diversity and sometimes implied their dislike of Moscow treatment of non-Russian nationalities. Eastern Europeans were less defensive and more open to American society and culture than the Soviets. Still, some of them also expressed pro-communist sentiments and national pride. There was one issue, however, on which the Soviets and Eastern were clearly more in tune with American popular culture than with their own governments: consumerism and the sentiment of entitlement to the high quality goods that Americans had access to while they did not. It was on this issue that the eastern bloc regimes were facing the greatest threat.<br>ID: 031001511; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Vladimir Solonari.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 8, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79).<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>History<br>Arts and Humanities<br>History
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Frömel, Uta, and Markus Rügamer. "Führer zum Material über Ostafrika im Evangelisch-Lutherischen Missionsblatt 1906-1910." Universität Leipzig, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34424.
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This volume is a sequel to Volumes 4 and 17. All three volumes list articles and
photographs in the Leipzig Mission's main journal relating to what are now northern Tanzania and southern Kenya, where the Mission worked. This volume covers the years 1906-1910.
18
Klaer, Neil L., and n/a. "Changes in the structure of demersal fish communities of the South Eastern Australian Ccontinental Shelf from 1915 to 1961." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060804.154133.
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Haul-by-haul steam trawler catch and effort data for 1918�23, 1937�43 and 1952�57,
which covers a large portion of the history of steam trawling in the Australian South
East Fishery, were examined in detail for the first time. There were 64,371 haul records
in total. The catch-rate for all retained catch combined shows a strong decline overall,
with a brief recovery during World War II, probably due to increased retention of
previously discarded species. The fishing fleet moved to more distant fishing grounds
and deeper waters as the catch-rate declined. The catch-rates of the main commercial
species followed a similar pattern in a number of regions within the fishery. The catchrate
of the primary target species � tiger flathead (Neoplatycephalus richardsoni) �
dropped considerably from the early, very high, catch-rates. Chinaman leatherjacket
(Nelusetta ayraudi) and latchet (Pterygotrigla polyommata) � species that were
apparently abundant in the early years of the fishery � virtually disappeared from
catches in later years. The appearance of greater catches of jackass morwong
(Nemadactylus macropterus), redfish (Centroberyx affinis), and shark/skate during the
war and afterwards was probably due to increased retention of catches of these species.
The disappearance of certain species from the catch may be due to high fishing pressure
alone, or to a combination of fishing pressure, changes in the shelf habitat possibly
caused by the trawl gear, and environmental fluctuations.
Catch-rates in weight per haul per species were standardised to annual indices of
abundance using a log-linear model. Standardised annual index trends for flathead,
latchet and leatherjacket indicate a strong to severe decline over the period covered by
the data. All species showed seasonal patterns, but the peak season varied depending on
the species. The distribution of standardised catch-rate by area also differed greatly by
species, and no single area showed consistent differences across all species. Day trawls
caught more flathead, redfish and latchet, while night trawls caught more morwong and
leatherjacket. Moon phase had less influence on catch-rates than the other factors
examined. Correlation of annual index trends with a number of annual mean
environmental factors was examined and no strong correlations were found.
Annual catches of the major commercial trawl species on the SE Australian shelf were
estimated from recorded total trawl catches, catch species composition from subsamples
and estimates of the rate of discarding. These annual catches, standardised
indices of abundance and biological population parameters were used in single-species
stock reduction models to estimate absolute biomass trends. Biological population
parameters and the biomass estimates were used to calculate management reference
point fishing mortality rates F0.1, Fspr30 and Fmsy. Results showed that simple plausible
population models can be constructed that account for catches over the long period of
time from 1915 to 1961.
Simple mass-balance ecosystem models were built for the demersal community of the
SE Australian shelf for 1915 and 1961 using the Ecopath software. Model inputs were
consistent with a more comprehensive SE marine ecosystem model in development by
CSIRO. The models demonstrate that biomass estimates produced by the single species
stock reduction models can be consistently integrated into simple plausible massbalance
ecosystem models.
Modern stock assessments for the main commercial species in this fishery today mostly
used data collected since about 1985. Abundance indices and total catch estimates from
this study have been used in the most recent assessments for tiger flathead and
morwong, allowing construction of the exploitation history for these species spanning
almost 100 years. Use of the historical information has increased confidence in the
estimates of the modern stock assessments � particularly management reference points,
and has allowed us to quantify changes in fish abundance that have simply been
documented anecdotally in the past.
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Lukasik, Sebastian Hubert. "A war within a war, the influence of Balkan irredentism on British strategy in south-eastern Europe, 1914-1918." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ61456.pdf.
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Al-Azma', Talal Sha'yfan Muslat. "The role of the Ikhwan under 'Abdul-'Aziz Al Sa'ud 1916-1934." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1472/.
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Hutchins, Peter George. "Sport and regional pride : association football and the North East of England 1919-1961." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303093.
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Ozturk, Doga. "“Remembering” Egypt’s Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595487290477278.
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Day, Charles Stephen. "Political violence in the Newry/Armagh area 1912-1925." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324902.
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Samson, Anne Margaret. "Britain, South Africa and the east Africa campaign, 1914-1918 : the union comes of age." Thesis, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406863.
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Schumacher, Rainer. "Die preussischenOstprovinzen und die Politik des deutschen Reiches 1918-1919 die Geschichte der östlichen Gebietsverluste Deutschlands im politischen Spannungsfeld zwischen Nationalstaatsprinzip und Machtanspruch /." Köln : [s.n.], 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23621999.html.
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Cheserem, Salina Jepkoech. "African responses to colonial military recruitment : the role of Askari and carriers in the first World War in the British East Africa Protectorate (Kenya)." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66074.
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Formadi, Tunde. "Images of the US during the Cold War: media discourse in the UK 1956-1986." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2012. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/294450/3/Images%20of%20the%20US.pdf.
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This thesis explores how the local media in East Anglia portrayed the US military presence
during the Cold War at times of international crisis. It aims to assess this portrayal in
comparison with national media images and critically interrogates the socio-political,
economic and cultural reasons for it. This media related study contributes to Cold War
historiography and the historiography of the USAF.
Research was mainly archival, based on discourse analysis and comparative focusing on
the official discourse of the Cold War and the news media. Central to the research were the
written records of the British government and articles in appropriate newspapers issued
near American airbases. The region of East Anglia was selected for its strategic location
and large number of military bases, and data collection focused on selected periods of
international crisis due to their impact on media coverage.
The examination of newspaper articles identified a wide range of images with some
recurring from time to time while others remain specific to certain periods. Findings
suggest that local economic as well as political interests played a role in shaping the
images of the US presence in the local media, and it could be argued that there is a
correlation between the conservative landscape of the region and the newspaper articles’
overwhelming tolerance or at least acceptance of the US presence, which is in line with
conservative governmental discourse in all periods of crisis explored. However, the articles
– and in particular the readers’ letters to the editors – also highlight that there were strong
debates between supporters and opponents of the American presence, and this debate blurs
the boundaries of political parties, i.e. in certain periods there are also strong opponents in
the conservative camp.
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Formadi, Tunde. "Images of the US during the Cold War : media discourse in the UK 1956-1986." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10540/294450.
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This thesis explores how the local media in East Anglia portrayed the US military presence during the Cold War at times of international crisis. It aims to assess this portrayal in comparison with national media images and critically interrogates the socio-political, economic and cultural reasons for it. This media related study contributes to Cold War historiography and the historiography of the USAF. Research was mainly archival, based on discourse analysis and comparative focusing on the official discourse of the Cold War and the news media. Central to the research were the written records of the British government and articles in appropriate newspapers issued near American airbases. The region of East Anglia was selected for its strategic location and large number of military bases, and data collection focused on selected periods of international crisis due to their impact on media coverage. The examination of newspaper articles identified a wide range of images with some recurring from time to time while others remain specific to certain periods. Findings suggest that local economic as well as political interests played a role in shaping the images of the US presence in the local media, and it could be argued that there is a correlation between the conservative landscape of the region and the newspaper articles’ overwhelming tolerance or at least acceptance of the US presence, which is in line with conservative governmental discourse in all periods of crisis explored. However, the articles – and in particular the readers’ letters to the editors – also highlight that there were strong debates between supporters and opponents of the American presence, and this debate blurs the boundaries of political parties, i.e. in certain periods there are also strong opponents in the conservative camp.
29
Kitchen, Peter F. "The geography of urban deprivation change in East Montreal and the Montreal urban community, 1986-1996." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/NQ57048.pdf.
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Fletcher, Robert. "British imperialism and 'the tribal question' : desert administration and nomadic societies in the Middle East, 1919-1936." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550534.
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This thesis examines the complex relationship between Bedouin communities and imperial rule on the desert frontiers of Egypt, Trans-Jordan and Iraq. As local British officials sought to develop new overland routes between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf they were drawn into new arrangements with the region's nomadic population. The resulting practices of 'desert administration' developed dynamics of their own. In tracing these, this thesis questions accepted narratives and chronologies of British influence in the Middle East. Much scholarship on the interwar Middle East stresses the divisive impact of arbitrary national borders. Instead, the central argument of this thesis is that the demands of imperial route-building and policing, as well as evolving Bedouin patterns of migration, raiding and trade, combined to mitigate their impact for decades. The record of 'desert administration' suggests many ways in which the borderlands between Egypt, Trans-Jordan and Iraq remained porous: this 'desert corridor' became a distinct historical space. Such a perspective revises understandings of boundary-making and state-formation in the Middle East, and attests to the ongoing dynamism of imperial rule in the period. The following chapters detail the origins, operation and eclipse of 'desert administration'. They pay particular attention to techniques of collaboration, coercion and development, as British officials, Bedouin shaykhs and nationalist politicians jostled to influence desert affairs. They also connect officials' experiences here with events and trends elsewhere, as desert authorities debated best practice and shared lessons from North Africa and the Sudan to the North West Frontier of India and beyond. Examining local administration within this framework recovers a lost colonial profession, forgotten personnel and institutions, unfamiliar 'regions' of activity and new units and ideologies for analysis. It shifts attention from familiar, urban seats of power to the desert 'margins' that state-centric approaches have long obscured, and asks the reader to rethink where power and politics really lay. Deserts and arid zones, no less than seas and oceans, have been meaningful political, social and cultural arenas in the imperial and global past.
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Sacker, Richard Alan. "The French Communist Party and Eastern Europe (1944-1956)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295265.
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Pitsos, Nicolas. "Marianne face aux Balkans en feu : perceptions des guerres balkaniques de 1912-1913 dans l'espace médiatique français." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INAL0026/document.
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Cette étude esquisse les narratives concurrentes au sein de l’espace médiatique français par rapport à la perception des guerres balkaniques de 1912-1913 (guerre de civilisations contre guerre d’intérêts économiques, de libération/unification nationale, nouvelle croisade, guerre juste, contre guerre illégitime, guerre de conquête, nouvelle expédition colonialiste, discours pacifistes contre rhétoriques militaristes, approches nationalistes contre solutions fédéralistes). Elle participe également à un essai de schématisation de différents facteurs, paramètres et de leurs interactions (affinités personnelles, sensibilités idéologiques, intérêts économiques, considérations géopolitiques, couverture médiatique, représentations de Soi et de l’Autre, de l’Ici et de l’Ailleurs, du Passé, du Présent et du Futur) façonnant la perception d’un conflit par une société observatrice phénoménalement extérieure à son déroulement. Elle nous informe aussi sur les pratiques journalistiques et les goûts du public médiatique avec l’importance croissante des correspondants de guerre dans la médiatisation de la guerre et l’exigence d’une couverture sensationnelle, directe et omnisciente des événements. Elle explore également la place des Balkaniques, des Balkans et de l’histoire de cet espace dans l’imaginaire français de la Belle Époque et l’invitation des guerres balkaniques dans la vie politique, économique et socioculturelle française, à la veille de la Grande Guerre. Enfin, elle s’interroge sur le rôle des propagandes des belligérants dans la transformation de la presse en un champ de batailles médiatiques et représentationnelles, entre les acteurs directement impliqués dans le conflit et les observateurs extérieurs, s’exprimant dans l’espace médiatique français, avec comme enjeu majeur, la définition d’une entité politique et axiologique européenne<br>This study outlines the competitive narratives of the 1912-1913 Balkan wars inside the French media landscape (national liberation/unification wars, new crusade, just war, versus illegitimate conquest war, new colonialist expedition, pacifist settlement versus militarist rhetoric, nationalist approaches versus federalist proposals). It is also a schematization essay of the different factors-parameters and their interactions, (personal affinities, ideological orientations, economical interests, geopolitical considerations, media coverage, representation of the Self and the Other, the Here and Elsewhere, the Past, the Present and the Future) intervening in one’s conflict perception on behalf of a phenomenally external society to its unfolding. It also informs us about journalistic practices and the media’s public tastes stretching the rising importance of war reporters and the demand for a sensational, direct and omniscient news coverage. It also explores the place of Balkan people, Balkans’ history and geography, in the imagination of French Belle Époque, as well as the way Balkan wars had been invited within French political, economical and socio-cultural life at the eve of the Great War. Finally, it questions the role of belligerents’ propagandas in the newspapers’ transformation at a media and representational battlefield between the actors directly concerned by the conflict and the external observers expressing themselves in French media, having as major stake the definition of a political and axiological European entity
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Gerber, Andre Kruger. "Towards the Family's Salvation : examining the displacement of the (F)ather in selected religious family dramas of Ibsen and Strindberg resulting in the creation of a new text." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86340.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, inciting debate surrounding the validity of the Christian creation narrative. Prior to this, the Adam and Eve creation narrative was the central narrative around which Christian families modelled their own family structures – with the father as the head of the household. In this thesis I discuss the effect that Darwin’s publication had on the restructuring of families in the nineteenth century. I do this through analysis of Henrik Ibsen’s Ghosts and August Strindberg’s Easter, two domestic dramas that chronicle the effect of a society redesigning their religious philosophies owning to the toppling of the patriarchal structures of authority. I argue that Ibsen and Strindberg stand in polar relation to one another in terms of the debate surrounding the religiosity of the family and the position of the (F)ather within this framework (borrowing from Ross Shideler’s term conflating the notion of the divine Father and the earthly father). Relating the debate to the contemporary Afrikaner culture, the research aims to create a family drama (...van ons vaders) that addresses the decline of Afrikaner Calvinistic religious constructs in a similar manner to that of Ibsen and Strindberg, but in through a contemporary aesthetic approach.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die negentiende eeu is debat ontlok rondom die geldigheid van die Christelike skeppingsverhaal wanweë die publikasie van Charles Darwin se The Origin of Species. Voor dit, is die Adam-en-Eva verhaal die sentrale narratief waarvolgens Christelike families hulself gestruktureer het – met die vader as die hoof van die huishouding. In hierdie tesis bespreek ek die effek wat Darwin se publikasie gehad het op die herstrukturering van families gedurende die negentiende eeu. Ek doen dit aan die hand van Henrik Ibsen se Ghosts en August Strindberg se Easter – twee familiedramas wat sentraal in die debat staan rondom die herontwerp van geloofsfilosifieë en omvorming van patriargale gesagstrukture. Ek argumenteer dat Ibsen en Strindberg in polêre verhouding met mekaar staan in terme van die debat rondom die godsdienstigheid van die familie en die posisie van die (V)ader binne hierdie raamwerk. Hier leen ek Ross Shideler se term wat die idee van die goddelike Vader en die aardse vader saamsmelt. Dit word later in verband gebring met die kontemporêre Afrikaner kultuur om ten einde ‘n nuwe familiedrama (…van ons vaders) te skep, wat fokus op die hedendaagse hervorming van Afrikaner Calvinistiese geloofstrukture, in ‘n wyse soortgelyk aan dié van Ibsen en Strindberg, maar deur om gebruik te maak van ‘n kontemporêre estetiese benadering.
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Sahin, Emrah. "Responding to American missionary expansion: an examination of Ottoman imperial statecraft, 1880-1910." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106398.
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American missionaries made a lasting impact on education and religion in the late Ottoman Middle East. After the 1880s, provincial-level conflicts increased and affected diplomatic relations between the United States and the Ottoman Empire. Much scholarship examines Washington-based papers and missionary collections, depicting—perhaps unconsciously—the Turks as uncompromising hosts and the missionaries as saviours or U.S. agents. This dissertation exposes these stereotypes by emphasizing the complexity and variation of the historical actors and their interactions. It places concerned parties within the context of Ottoman imperial statecraft and defines the central government as a sophisticated and powerful actor on missionary issues. Reading previously untapped Ottoman archival sources through analytical eclecticism, the dissertation analyzes central government responses to missionary expansion and, more specifically, how changing circumstances affected the ways in which the fin-de-siècle government approached increasing numbers of missionaries, their institutions, publications, and local-level legal cases. In addition to offering a nuanced and detailed account of Ottoman-missionary relations, the dissertation also provides: an alternative periodization for the topic; new historical narratives to the scholarship; and historical context for the contemporary debate over missionary activity in the Ottoman Empire.<br>Les missionnaires américains ont eu un impact durable sur l'éducation et la religion dans le Moyen-Orient ottoman vers la fin du XIXe siècle. Après les années 1880, les conflits ont augmenté dans diverses provinces ottomanes et ont affecté les relations diplomatiques entre les États Unis et l'Empire ottoman. Bon nombre de travaux de recherche sont fondés sur une analyse de documents rédigés par des officiels américains et de recueils de textes rédigés par des missionnaires, et l'on y dépeint, peut-être inconsciemment, les Turcs comme des hôtes intransigeants, et les missionnaires, comme des sauveurs ou des agents américains. Dans la présente thèse, nous exposons ces stéréotypes en soulignant la complexité et la diversité des acteurs historiques et de leurs interactions. Nous plaçons les parties concernées dans le contexte de l'appareil gouvernemental impérial ottoman et définissons le gouvernement central comme un acteur complexe et puissant dans les questions liées aux activités des missionnaires. En examinant des documents jusqu'alors inexploités tirés des archives ottomanes, par éclectisme analytique, nous étudions les réponses du gouvernement central à l'expansion des activités des missionnaires et, plus précisément, l'incidence des circonstances changeantes sur l'approche adoptée par le gouvernement de fin de siècle vis-à-vis du nombre croissant de missionnaires, de leurs institutions et de leurs publications, et vis-à-vis des disputes juridiques qui survenaient à l'échelle locale. En plus de faire un exposé détaillé et nuancé des relations entre l'Empire ottoman et les missionnaires, la présente thèse offre une périodisation alternative du sujet, apporte de nouveaux récits historiques qui s'ajouteront à l'historiographie des missionnaires et fournit un contexte historique pour les débats contemporains sur les activités des missionnaires dans l'Empire ottoman.
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Ek, Gustav. "Debatten om Ryssland 1992 till 1996 : Argumentationsanalys av Stefan Hedlund och Anders Åslund 1992 till 1996." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8436.
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<p>I Sverige har det alltid funnits ett behov av att förhålla sig till Ryssland och Sovjetunionen, uttryckt här i en debatt mellan de båda forskarna Stefan Hedlund och Anders Åslund i dagstidningar och genom litteratur. Min uppgift har varit att granska debatten och se vilka områden som belystes och vem som kom att få rätt år 2007/2008. Kärnan i mitt arbete är inte den faktiska historien utan argumentationen om samtiden. Där debatten om Ryssland är av det slag att den tål granskning mer än ett decennium efteråt. Rent geografiskt är Sverige ett litet land på randen av det ryska imperiet som spänner sig över nästan hela kontinenten, Sverige och de andra nordiska länderna är placerade nästan som en blockad av det ryska imperiets strävan västerut, en strävan som pågått i flera hundra år. Det ryska imperiet som fortfarande finns kvar kom att omvandlas och försvagas åtskilligt under några år i början på 1990-talet. Detta var dock konsekvensen av en enorm statsapparat, enorma militära utgifter och ett defekt ekonomiskt system.</p><p>Jag lyfter fram artiklar och litteratur producerad under de första åren efter Sovjetunionens sammanbrott och relaterar denna till nutiden genom en enkel komparation av debattklimatet. Svaret kan vara att två tydliga vägar urskiljer sig, en där Ryssland utvecklas enligt sina egna mönster och en där Östeuropa utvecklas åt en annan riktning. Idag har Polen, Ungern och Tjeckien inte mycket gemensamt med länder som Vitryssland och Moldavien som är forna Sovjetrepubliker. Det skrivs inte heller några undergångsbeskrivningar av Ryssland, något som producerades tidigare, därför finns en anledning till tillförsikt att det faktiskt inte blev som det beskrivs i några av artiklarna jag studerat.</p>
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Ncoyini, Samuel. "Factors that influence knowledge management systems to improve knowledge transfer in local government: a case study of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1918.
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The demand for improved service delivery requires new approaches and attitudes from local government. One of the ways this can be achieved is to focus on continuous improvement by driving innovation and lessons learnt from the municipalities’ past successes and failures. For local government authorities to rethink service delivery, they need to find better ways to share information assets, business processes and staff expertise with their citizens and business partners. The lack of Knowledge Management (KM) and, therefore, a low level of information and knowledge transfer in the public services have been identified as two of the main contributors to poor service delivery. The implementation of knowledge transfer process is one of the factors that will impact on the improvement of service delivery. The main purpose of this research study was to investigate how knowledge management systems can be used to improve the knowledge transfer at Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM). The research study focused on knowledge transfer within the Municipality as the general area of research. The objective of this study was to produce critical success factors that would improve knowledge management systems and knowledge transfer among employees at BCMM, which would ultimately improve service delivery.
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Wesson, Sue C. 1955. "The Aborigines of eastern Victoria and far south-eastern New South Wales, 1830-1910 : an historical geography." Monash University, School of Geography and Environmental Science, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8708.
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Kaneklint, Peter. "Irland 1916-1922 : Hur bristen på COIN-doktrin ledde till brittiskt misslyckande." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-1415.
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Bakgrund Sedan början av nittonhundratalet har Storbritannien varit delaktig i flertalet COIN-operationer.Deras erfarenheter har bidragit till att de numera räknas som en framstående nation inom justCOIN. Undersökningen handlar om Irland 1916-1922 och Storbritanniens agerade i förhållande tillden nuvarande brittiska COIN-doktrinen. Syfte Undersökningen skall klargöra, utifrån den nuvarande brittiska doktrinen, vilka skillnader ochmisstag Storbritannien begick under början av nittonhundratalet på Irland i förhållande till dennuvarande COIN-doktrinen. Metod Undersökningen är teorikonsumerande och delar upp teorin i variablerna mål, medel och metod.Dessa jämförs mot analysenheter som utgörs av tre tidsepoker från det anglo-iriska kriget. Slutsatser Undersökningen påvisar att Storbritanniens agerande på Irland i början av nittonhundratalet skildesig markant mot vad den nuvarande doktrinen förespråkar. Framförallt i mängden våld somnyttjades.<br>Background Since the early twentieth century Britain has been active in many COIN operations. Theirexperiences have contributed to UK counts as a qualified COIN nation. The investigation is about1916-1922 Ireland, and how Britain acted in relation to the current UK COIN doctrine. Purpose The essay should clarify, based on current British doctrine, which differences and mistakes GreatBritain committed during the early twentieth century in Ireland in contrast to the present COINdoctrine. Method The study is theory-consuming and divides the theory in variables: goals, means and method.These are compared against analytical unit consisting of three eras from the Anglo-Irish War. Conclusions The survey reveals that Britain's actions in Ireland in the early twentieth century was verydifferent from what the current doctrine advocates. In particular, the amount of violence whichwere used.
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Ng, Kenny. "Entente rivalry in the Near East during the Great War, Anglo-French war aims from Salonica to Basra, 1914-1918." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/MQ51432.pdf.
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Devenish, Annie Victoria. "Being, belonging and becoming : a study of gender in the making of post-colonial citizenship in India 1946-1961." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8fbbf3b1-bb13-47a4-aee2-dd7b5dfb7804.
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Concentrating on the time frame between the establishment of India's Constituent Assembly in 1946, and the passing of the Dowry Prevention Act in 1961, this thesis attempts to write an alternative history of India's transition to Independence, by applying the tools of feminist historiography to this crucial period of citizenship making, as a way of offering new perspectives on the nature, meaning and boundaries of citizenship in post-colonial India. It focuses on a cohort of nationalists and feminists who were leading members of two prominent women's organisations, the All India Women's Conference (AIWC) and the National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW), documenting and analysing the voices and positions of this cohort in some of the key debates around nation building in Nehruvian India. It also traces and analyses the range of activities and struggles engaged in by these two women's organisations - as articulations and expressions of citizenship in practice. The intention in so doing is to address three key questions or areas of exploration. Firstly to analyse and document how gender relations and contemporary understandings of gender difference, both acted upon and were shaped by the emerging identity of the Indian as postcolonial citizen, and how this dynamic interaction was situated within a broader matrix of struggles and competing identities including those of minority rights. Secondly to analyse how the framework of postcolonial Indian citizenship has both created new possibilities for empowerment, but simultaneously set new limitations on how the Indian women's movement was able to imagine itself as a political constituency and the feminist agenda it was able to articulate and pursue. Thirdly to explore how applying a feminist historiography to the story of the construction of postcolonial Indian citizenship calls for the ability to think about the meaning and possibilities of citizenship in new and different ways, to challenge the very conceptual frameworks that define the term.
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Beaujouan, Eva, Zuzanna Brzozowska, and Krystof Zeman. "The limited effect of increasing educational attainment on childlessness trends in twentieth-century Europe, women born 1916-65." Taylor & Francis, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2016.1206210.
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During the twentieth century, trends in childlessness varied strongly across European countries while educational attainment grew continuously across them. Using census and large-scale survey data from 13 European countries, we investigated the relationship between these two factors among women born between 1916 and 1965. Up to the 1940 birth cohort, the share of women childless at age 40+ decreased universally. Afterwards, the trends diverged across countries. The results suggest that the overall trends were related mainly to changing rates of childlessness within educational groups and only marginally to changes in the educational composition of the population. Over time, childlessness levels of the medium-educated and high-educated became closer to those of the low-educated, but the difference in level between the two better educated groups remained stable in Western and Southern Europe and increased slightly in the East.
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Basham, Dwight Cornell. "The History of the Eastern Mennonite High School Touring Choir: 1917-1981." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34611.
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For more than 35 years, the Eastern Mennonite High School Touring Choir has provided concerts for choral enthusiasts throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. The present study documents the development, establishment, and growth of Touring Choir from its inception, through June of 1981: identifying (1) the events leading to the development of Touring Choir; (2) the philosophy and purpose of Touring Choir; (3) the directors of Touring Choir and their musical and professional backgrounds; (4) the contributions of each of the directors; and (5) the origin and development of the Senior Parent Weekend Concert, Tour Concert, Mennonite High School Music Festival, and Commencement Concert traditions.
The study reports that the history of the Eastern Mennonite High School Touring Choir can be traced to the expressed desire of the school's founders in 1917 that vocal music be an integral part in the education of its students in order to enhance worship and singing in constituent churches. As touring choirs developed, the unique organization of Eastern Mennonite College and High School provided a basis for emulation by the high school when it became a separate organization during the 1960s, culminating in the establishing of Touring Choir in association with the Mennonite High School Music Festival. Marvin Miller's leadership as Touring Choir director established the Senior Parent Weekend Concert, Tour Concert, Mennonite High School Music Festival, and Commencement Concert traditions which became the foundation of Touring Choir's activities during the 1960s and early 1980s.
Implications of the study consider the importance of modeling for music education practitioners. The growth of the Eastern Mennonite High School music department and the success of the Eastern Mennonite High School Touring Choir during the combined tenures of Annetta Wenger Miller and Marvin L. Miller were characterized by an enthusiasm for the subject matter of music, high expectations and motivation of students by challenging them to sing music of enduring value in a variety of styles by master composers, placing responsibility for learning on students, a positive approach in teaching, care and concern for students as individuals, and an emphasis on the expressive aspect of music study. In addition, the results of the music program under Marvin Miller's direction may have been due in part to his overall philosophy of music curriculum design that each student would understand the place of music in his or her life experience.<br>Master of Arts
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Morelon, Claire. "Street fronts : war, state legitimacy and urban space, Prague 1914-1920." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6148/.
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This thesis examines daily life in the city of Prague during the First World War and in its immediate aftermath. Its aim is twofold: to explore the impact of the war on urban space and to analyse the relationship of Prague’s inhabitants to the Austro-Hungarian and then Czechoslovak state. To this end, both the mobilization for the war effort and the crisis of legitimacy experienced by the state are investigated. The two elements are connected: it is precisely because of the great sacrifices made by Praguers during the conflict that the Empire lost the trust of its citizens. Food shortages also constitute a major feature of the war experience and the inappropriate management of supply by the state played a large role in its final collapse. The study goes beyond Czechoslovak independence on 28 October 1918 to fully grasp the continuities between the two polities and the consequences of the war on this transitional period. Beyond the official national revolution, the revolutionary spirit in Prague around the time of regime change reveals the interplay between national and social motives, making it part of a broader European revolutionary movement at the time.
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Zipp, Gisela Lesley. "A history of the German settlers in the Eastern Cape, 1857-1919." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004215.
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This thesis came into being as the result of a question innocently posed to me three years ago: Why do some towns in the Eastern Cape have German names? This thesis is not so much an answer to that question (which is answered in the following paragraphs) as an attempt to answer the questions that followed: Were the Germans really as benevolent and hard-working as much of the most readily available literature implies? Why did the military settlers leave and the peasant farmer settlers remain? What was the nature of relationships between the German settlers and other groups in the area? How did the German settlers see themselves? The existing literature provides the historic details, more or less, but not the context and explanations I sought. As such, I set out to find them and document them myself, addressing three main questions: 1. What was the (changing) nature of the German settlers' day-to-day lives between 1857 and 1919? 2. How was a German identity maintained/constructed within the German communities of the Eastern Cape between 1857 and 1919? 3. How did the Germans interact with other groups in the area? In answering these questions, I have also provided the necessary background as to why these settlers chose to come to South Africa, and why some of them left. I have limited this study to the period between 1857 and 1919 so as to include the First World War and its immediate aftermath, a time when enmity between Great Britain and Germany would have made life difficult for German descendants in the Union of South Africa. Introduction, p. 7.
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Green, Andrew Justin. "Yield Improvement in Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat from 1919 to 2009." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36086.
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Periodic evaluation of improvements in yield and disease resistance is necessary to assess breeding progress over time, and the elucidation of underlying traits responsible for yield gains can help direct future breeding. Objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the rate and magnitude of yield progress in eastern soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) cultivars released from 1950 to 2009 relative to a historical cultivar Red May (1919) and; 2) to determine effects of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici) and powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal] on grain yield components and agronomic traits. Replicated yield trials were grown at Warsaw, VA in 2010 and 2011, and at Holland and Blacksburg, VA in 2011. For objective 1, the genetic progress experiment: flag leaf angle, kernel weight, spikes m-2, lodging, flowering date and harvest index collectively explained the most yield variation in multiple environments on the basis of linear regression analysis. Rate of genetic yield improvement ranged from 0.56% yr-1 at Holland in 2011 to 1.4% yr-1 at Blacksburg in 2011. For objective 2, the disease loss experiment: yield losses ranged from 1% at Holland in 2011 to 21% at Warsaw in 2011. Losses primarily due to powdery mildew and leaf rust were as high as 14% and 33%, respectively. Powdery mildew had the largest negative correlation with harvest index and seeds spike-1, while leaf rust had the largest negative correlation with plant biomass and harvest index.<br>Master of Science
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Murphy, Evan Roger. "Its No Secret at All: Extra Economic and Exogenous Development and Change in the Interwar Egyptian Economy, 1919-1939." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193276.
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The development of the interwar Egyptian economy resulted from interactions between extra-economic and exogenous factors, normally seen as lying outside the economic sphere in historical accounts. Local economic elites successfully challenged colonial domination of the local economy by utilizing a number of strategies to found locally controlled businesses. The strategy of economic nationalism allowed the local elite to break into the foreign dominated Egyptian economy. By 1927 this strategy was adjusted to facilitate partnerships with foreign firms who sought out partners due to the exigencies of the Great Depression. Foreign powers interested in Egypt began to see colonial control as a detriment to their continued influence in Egypt following their increased economic success in the country. Along with strategic factors this would bring about the diminution of the capitulations in 1937 in favor of bi-lateral trade arrangements.
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Khoury, Shaadi. "Instituting Renaissance| The Early Work of the Arab Academy of Science in Damascus, 1919-1930." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10010879.
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<p> This dissertation examines the career of the Arab Academy of Science in Damascus roughly over its first formative decade, from 1919 to 1930. It situates the Academy’s work in relation to concerns about language modernization characteristic of the <i>Nahda,</i> or Modern Arab Renaissance, and in the context of great changes in the political and social order of the Middle East. It highlights the ways the pioneering Levantine man of letters Jurji Zaydan sought to reconcile indigenous traditions of linguistic thought with modern concepts of evolutionary change and historicism in the development of a new science of language and the cultivation of a new kind of scholarly elite, from the late nineteenth century to the eve of the First World War. This dissertation also analyzes Arab Academy founding member ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Maghribi’s wide-ranging writings in matters of religion, politics, ethics, and language. Al-Maghribi wrote on behalf of the Islamic and Arab <i> umam</i> or communities, as well as for a constitutional Ottoman caliphate around the time of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. The educability of the public was central to his vision as ordinary believers and Arabic-speakers became the population of the new national state of Syria following the Ottomans’ defeat in 1918. This project demonstrates how the three succeeding political orders over the territory that would become modern Syria influenced the thought of the founding members of the Academy in Damascus and contributed to the life of their institution: the late Ottoman state, the Amir Faysal’s short-lived Arabist kingdom in the aftermath of the First World War, and the imposition of the French Mandate for Syria from 1920. It argues that the late Ottoman Empire and its revolutionary and constitutional moment imparted qualities of ecumenicalism and worldliness, and that the Academy shared a spirit of experimentation and standardization with the Faysali and Mandatory regimes. Finally, this project turns to the relations of Arab Academy founding members, notably of their president Muhammad Kurd ‘Ali, with the Western orientalist scholars elected as corresponding members of their company. It chronicles how Arab and European scholars of Islam and Arabic collaborated in producing a body of knowledge and a discourse of friendship in their shared area of study, characterized by both sympathetic and objective norms. It argues that the Arab Academicians and their Western colleagues collectively sketched the contours of a globalized discussion of <i>Nahda,</i> history, and modernity in the quasi-colonial context of French Mandate Syria. </p>
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De, Sas Kropiwnicki Zosa Olenka. "Traditional leaders in post-1996 South Africa, with particular reference to the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007479.
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The failure of democracy in Africa can be partially attributed to the Eurocentric assumptions that belie Western recommendations for Africa. This thesis focuses on the failure of the modernisation school to account for the resiliency of tradition in the modern African state, which is described by Sklar (1991) as amounting to a form of 'mixed government', combining the traditional with the modern to create a uniquely African form of governance. This notion of a 'mixed government' is addressed from the vantage point of traditional leaders in the Eastern Cape. It maps the vacillating relationship between the chiefs, the people and the government through colonialism, Apartheid and democratisation. It concludes that although the Eastern Cape provincial government has subordinated the chiefs, this does not signify a victory for modernity over tradition because the chiefs are not a spent force. History has shown that when the government fails to act in the interests of the people, they seek an alternative authority namely, the chiefs. The ANC government's centralising tendencies have negative implications for democracy and consequently for the people. This opens up space for the chiefs to assert themselves provided they play an active role in furthering democracy, development and modernisation in the interests of the people. Hence, although ' mixed' government in the post-1996 South Africa is currently on the ANC's terms, traditional leaders may someday play a vital role in the modern democratic state.
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Rooke, M. J. "The British government's relations with the states of south-eastern Europe, 1934-1936." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484035.
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Swanson, Felicity. "“Of unsound mind”: a history of three Eastern Cape mental institutions, 1875-1910." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9712.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.<br>This thesis investigates the origins, development and consolidation of a regional network of three publicly funded and regulated mental institutions in the colonial Eastern Cape, between the years 1875 to 1910. Fort England asylum in Grahamstown was established in 1875. Port Alfred asylum followed in 1889 and the Fort Beaufort institution was opened in 1894. Each asylum retained its own distinctive character and function based on the nature of its patient population. Although geographically dispersed the asylums were intimately connected to each other, forming one integrated system to treat and manage the mentally ill. This thesis critically examines the changing patterns of care in these Eastern Cape institutions, during an important period of social, economic and political change in the Cape Colony. It traces the social and ideological construction of mental illness that was shaped by the racial, class and gendered hierarchies of colonial society. Based on empirical research, this thesis draws on Foucault's insights into the character and uses of disciplinary power implicated in the production of 'regimes of truth' about the mentally ill. The Eastern Cape institutions provide an important record of the ways in which the power invested in psychiatric theory and practice was exercised in a colonial context. In a moment hailed for its reform and progress in the treatment and care of mental illness, strategies for the exclusion, regulation and control of black mental patients were expanded in these Eastern Cape institutions. The major legacy in the treatment of mental illness in the Eastern Cape was the establishment of a system of control for black patients that was to inform future policy decisions after Union.