Journal articles: 'Eastern Caribbean Currency Union'

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 12, no. 130 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475504101.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 17, no. 151 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484303382.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 03, no. 88 (2003): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811643.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 04, no. 335 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811667.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 305 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811681.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 07, no. 97 (2007): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811704.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 08, no. 96 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811728.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 09, no. 176 (2009): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811742.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Selected Issues." IMF Staff Country Reports 11, no. 32 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455213894.002.

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Zhao, Xiaodan, and Yoonbai Kim. "Is The Eastern Caribbean Currency Union an Optimum Currency Area?" Journal of Developing Areas 48, no. 1 (2014): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0009.

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Samuel, Wendell A., Emilio Pineda, and Mario Dehesa. "Optimal Reserves in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Working Papers 09, no. 77 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451872248.001.

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Myrvoda, Alla, and Julien Reynaud. "Monetary Policy Transmission in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Working Papers 18, no. 70 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484348291.001.

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Simmons, Walter, and Raj Aggarwal. "Purchasing Power Parity in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." Journal of Developing Areas 38, no. 2 (2005): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2005.0029.

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Monroe, Hunter K. "Can the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Afford to Grow Old?" IMF Working Papers 09, no. 38 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451871869.001.

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Pineda, Emilio, Paul Cashin, and Yan Sun. "Assessing Exchange Rate Competitiveness in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Working Papers 09, no. 78 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451872255.001.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2006 Regional Discussions: Staff Report; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion on the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Staff Country Reports 07, no. 96 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811698.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2005 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion on the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Staff Country Reports 05, no. 304 (2005): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811674.002.

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Pellechio, Anthony J., Saqib Rizavi, and Phebby Kufa. "Fiscal Sustainability and Policy Issues in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Working Papers 03, no. 162 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451857894.001.

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Chai, Jingqing, and Rishi Goyal. "Tax Concessions and Foreign Direct Investmentin the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Working Papers 08, no. 257 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451871159.001.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2004 Regional Surveillance--Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director on the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Staff Country Reports 04, no. 299 (2004): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811650.002.

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Polius, Tracy D., and Amos C. Peters. "Deposit insurance: Is it a plausible option for the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union?" Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 8, no. 2 (2000): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025037.

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Hughes Hallett, Andrew, and Svend E. Hougaard Jensen. "The Fiscal Framework in a Currency Union: Lessons from a Comparison between the Euro Area and the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." World Economy 39, no. 6 (2015): 803–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12359.

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Mitchell, A. E. Wayne, Ronald James, and Ann Marie Wickham. "Government Wage Bill Management and Civil Service Reform in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 110 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498304214.001.

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Cashin, Paul, and Antonio Lemus. "The Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Would a Fiscal Insurance Mechanism Mitigate National Income Shocks?" IMF Working Papers 15, no. 17 (2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781463931223.001.

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Selvon, Hazel, Tracy Polius, and Oral Williams. "Reserve Pooling in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union and the CFA Franc Zone: A Comparative Analysis." IMF Working Papers 01, no. 104 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451852769.001.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2016 Discussion on Common Policies of Member Countries-Press Release and Staff Report." IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 333 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475546361.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2017 Discussion on Common Policies of Member Countries-Press Release and Staff Report." IMF Staff Country Reports 17, no. 150 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484303375.002.

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Terták, Elemér, and Levente Kovács. "The Motives for Issuing Central Bank Digital Currency and the Challenges of Introduction Thereof." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, no. 4 (2022): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_4_1.

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The idea of a central bank digital currency arose ten years ago for the first time, but by now it has become one of the most frequently discussed topics in the field of finances. Currently, some 100 central banks are researching and investigating the concept of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) and its implementation options.1 Over half of these central banks have reached the development stage, and some are already conducting on-site experiments. However, the intense interest and the efforts made have not yet led to an increasing number of implementations, since so far only the Bahamas (Sand Dollar), the Member Countries of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (DCash) and Nigeria (eNaira) have introduced a CBDC. The other countries are currently still in one of the preparatory stages. The article briefly reviews the history of money digitalisation, and describes the various motives for issuing a CBDC, as well as the variety of challenges faced in the process of introducing a CBDC. It also presents the preparations taken so far for the introduction of the digital Euro, as well as Sweden’s e-krona. Finally, it summarises the authors’ views on the strategy Hungary should follow regarding a CBDC.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Discussions with Regional Institutions-Staff Report; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion." IMF Staff Country Reports 03, no. 87 (2003): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811629.002.

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Scott-Joseph, Ankie, and Treshauna Felecia Turner. "Does the composition of government expenditure matter for Eastern Caribbean economies’ long-run sectoral output growth?" International Journal of Development Issues 18, no. 1 (2019): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-01-2018-0011.

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PurposeThis study takes a disaggregated approach to investigate the impacts of long-run GDP on changes in total government expenditure in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) economies. An understanding of the relationship between changes in total government expenditure and GDP (by sector categories) is expected to provide a working tool to understand the growth debt nexus of Caribbean countries. The purpose of the paper is to use an auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM) to examine and analyse short- and long-run dynamics of disaggregated approach to both output and government expenditure in a dynamic model to identify the growth in the Eastern Caribbean Countries.Design/methodology/approachIn an attempt to examine the long-run dynamics, data for the period 1970-2015 were used in an ARDL and ECM framework. The authors examine the long-run GDP impacts of changes in total government expenditure and in the shares of different spending categories for the ECCU countries to establish and analyse short and long-run dynamics.FindingsThe results suggest that total fiscal expenditure and disaggregated expenditure including debt services have both positively and negatively contributed to economic growth in the agriculture, manufacturing and mining sectors. Among others, the study found that high national debt in the region resulted primarily from increases in government expenses and diminishing income sources.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to take a disaggregated approach to investigate the relationship between economic growth and government expenditure in the Eastern Caribbean States. The authors’ empirical results suggest that debt servicing reduces economic growth both in the short and long run. The greatest impact being felt in the mining and manufacturing sectors, namely, 1 per cent increase in debt service will bring about 7.90 and 1.67 per cent decrease in economic growth. These results offer fairly strong support to the view that expenditure share variables can weaken sectoral growth, and hence force the overall growth to decline.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: Financial System Stability Assessment, including Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes on Banking Supervision." IMF Staff Country Reports 04, no. 293 (2004): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811636.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2007 Discussion on Common Policies of Member Countries: Staff Report; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion." IMF Staff Country Reports 08, no. 94 (2008): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811711.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2009 Discussion on Common Policies of Members Countries: Staff Report; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion." IMF Staff Country Reports 09, no. 175 (2009): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451811735.002.

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International Monetary Fund. "Eastern Caribbean Currency Union: 2010 Discussion on Common Policies of Members Countriesï¿½Staff Report; Informational Annex, and the Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion." IMF Staff Country Reports 11, no. 30 (2011): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455213900.002.

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Worrell, DeLisle. "A Currency Union for the Caribbean." IMF Working Papers 03, no. 35 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451845372.001.

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Juan-Ramon, V. Hugo, Ruby Randall, and Oral Williams. "A Statistical Analysis of Banking Performance in the Caribbean Currency Union in the 1990's." IMF Working Papers 01, no. 105 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451852820.001.

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DeLacey, Emily, Cally Tann, Nora Groce, et al. "The nutritional status of children living within institutionalized care: a systematic review." PeerJ 8 (February 6, 2020): e8484. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8484.

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Background There are an estimated 2.7 million children living within institutionalized care worldwide. This review aimed to evaluate currently available data on the nutrition status of children living within institutionalized care. Methods We searched four databases (Pubmed/Medline, CINHAL Plus, Embase and Global Health Database) for relevant articles published from January 1990 to February 2019. Studies that included information on anthropometry or micronutrient status of children living within institutionalized care were eligible for inclusion. The review is registered on PROSPERO: CRD42019117103. Results From 3,602 titles screened, we reviewed 98 full texts, of which 25 papers were eligible. Two (8%) studies reported data from multiple countries, nine (36%) were from Asia, four (16%) from Africa, three (12%) from Eastern Europe, four (16%) from the European Union and one (4%) from each of the remaining regions (Middle East, South America and the Caribbean). Twenty-two (88%) were cross sectional. Ten (40%) of the studies focused on children >5 years, seven (28%) on children <5 years, seven (28%) covered a wide age range and one did not include ages. Low birth weight prevalence ranged from 25–39%. Only five (20%) included information on children with disabilities and reported prevalence from 8–75%. Prevalence of undernutrition varied between ages, sites and countries: stunting ranged from 9–72%; wasting from 0–27%; underweight from 7–79%; low BMI from 5–27%. Overweight/obesity ranged from 10–32% and small head circumference from 17–41%. The prevalence of HIV was from 2–23% and anemia from 3–90%. Skin conditions or infections ranged from 10–31% and parasites from 6–76%. Half the studies with dietary information found inadequate intake or diet diversity. Younger children were typically more malnourished than older children, with a few exceptions. Children living within institutions were more malnourished than community peers, although children living in communities were also often below growth standards. High risk of bias was found. Conclusions This study highlights the limited amount of evidence-based data available on the nutritional status of children in institutions. Of the studies reviewed, children living within institutionalized care were commonly malnourished, with undernutrition affecting young children particularly. Micronutrient deficiencies and obesity were also prevalent. Data quality was often poor: as well as suboptimal reporting of anthropometry, few looked for or described disabilities, despite disability being common in this population and having a large potential impact on nutrition status. Taken together, these findings suggest a need for greater focus on improving nutrition for younger children in institutions, especially those with disabilities. More information is needed about the nutritional status of the millions of children living within institutionalized care to fully address their right and need for healthy development.

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Kolodko, Grzegorz W. "Economics and politics of the currency convergence: The case of Poland." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 50, no. 3 (2017): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.06.003.

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Of the 11 post-socialist states that have already become European Union members only five have joined the common currency Eurozone. The other six, including Poland, the region’s largest economy, have, pursuant to accession treaties, the right and obligation to adopt euro as their currency. They fail to exercise their right and meet their obligation, which has both causes and consequences. These are economic and political in nature and that is why there is no certainty about how the situation will evolve in future. However, from both of those perspectives, and especially for economic reasons, Eastern European EU members should join the Eurozone, as the resulting benefits, not only for Poland, significantly outweigh the conversion costs. Thus, new countries, especially Poland, adopting euro would have a positive impact on the European integration process, which is experiencing a serious structural, institutional and political crisis.

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Holobiuc, Ana-Maria, and Bogdan Mihai. "Was Euro the magic wand for economic growth? An analysis of the real benefits of Euro adoption for the New Member States." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 13, no. 1 (2019): 840–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0074.

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Abstract At the beginning of the 21st century, the European single currency has been considered a guarantor of prosperity and welfare for the countries that were able to meet the nominal convergence criteria. Starting with Slovenia, a number of five Center and Eastern European Countries joined the Economic and Monetary Union, aiming to achieve the economic prosperity of the Western countries. The concept of economic convergence has been popularized through the economic growth literature during the last century and has become more and more debated with the deepening and expansion of the European Union. The main purpose of this paper has been to evaluate whether there is any hard evidence attesting that Euro adoption accelerated the economic development and created a significant advantage for the New Member States that opted for the single currency, as compared with their peer countries. In this respect, we have studied a panel of New Member States that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007, comprising both Euro and Non-Euro countries, and we concluded that the single currency do not necessarily guarantee higher growth rates. Moreover, we revealed that the Euro New Member States were more affected by the economic and financial crisis than their Non-Euro peers. We have also shown that there are significant discrepancies between the early adopters of the Euro and the countries that joined the Eurozone after 2004 in terms of convergence and that the differences between the two groups have expanded in the last years. Last and not the least, in order to test our hypotheses, we have compared two sister-countries: Slovakia that joined the Eurozone in 2009 and Czech Republic that has not taken until now the decision to adopt the Euro. In this respect, our results suggest that both countries had good economic performances, and for some periods Czech Republic outperformed Slovakia, mainly in terms of GDP per capita and Foreign Direct Investment. Therefore, we concluded that the single currency has not significantly enhanced the economic performances in the case of the New Member States.

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Radovic, Irena. "Challenges for monetary policy in the enlarged European monetary Union." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 1 (2009): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0901095r.

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The eastward enlargement of the Euro area entails significant implications for the accession candidates in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the existing Euro system and the monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB). The present analysis assesses the challenges and critical aspects in monetary policy modeling with special emphasis to enlargement. The focus is on the difficulty of implementing a unique currency policy in view or growing heterogeneity within the enlarged monetary union, and secondly - the issue of the voting mechanism within the ECB. When analyzing those two issues, it is conclusive that the difficulties for the ECB and the current Euro zone members will increase. For the enlarged Euro zone, which is becoming more divergent, it will be very hard to find adequate recipes to meet the needs and requirements of all. The big question is: whether centralization of monetary policy is a sustainable and superior solution?.

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Phillips, Zachary Allen Roy. "Interpretation of the Meaning of ‘Direct Effect’ in the Revised Treaty of Basseterre." International Community Law Review 21, no. 2 (2019): 147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341396.

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Abstract The article utilises the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) rules of interpretation to determine the meaning of ‘direct effect’ within the Revised Treaty of Basseterre (RTB). The RTB is the constituent treaty of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Despite the RTB having been in force since 2011 there has not been a single contentious case regarding the interpretation of the RTB. While the RTB and the OECS gained some inspiration from the European Union (EU), the Commonwealth Caribbean adheres to the dualist doctrine in the practical relationship between international and domestic law. As such, the meaning of ‘direct effect’ has been the subject of controversy. Therefore, this article shall discern the meaning of ‘direct effect’ within the RTB, including delineating possible practical application. The evaluation shall reveal that the definition is the same, however, due to the Caribbean context the application differs in slight ways.

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Ritter, A. R. M. "The Cuban Economy in the 1990s: External Challenges and Policy Imperatives." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, no. 3 (1990): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166090.

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Cuba has entered the decade of the 1990s in a state of profound existential crisis. The countries of Eastern Europe, whose economic and political institutions and ideologies were adopted by Cuba, albeit with some modifications, were abandoning those same institutions and ideologies. Cuba's place in the international system had become one of growing isolation: Cuba had become a curiosity from the 1960s rather than the wave of the future, as it once perceived itself. By mid-1990, it appeared almost certain that the generous subsidization of the Cuban economy by the Soviet Union was about to end. Moreover, the Cuban economy was in serious difficulty as a result of some external factors, namely the convertible currency debt crisis and the problems and uncertainties in its relationship with the Soviet Union since 1985, but also as a result of internal institutional incapacities and deformities.

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Laruelle, Marlene. "Accusing Russia of Fascism." Russia in Global Affairs 18, no. 4 (2020): 100–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2020-18-4-100-123.

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With memory wars between Central and Eastern European states and Russia, the Second World War has become a useable past instrumentalized as a currency for legitimacy on the international scene. These memory wars focus on who was fascist and who colluded with Nazism—the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941 or the collaborationist forces in Central and Eastern Europe? And, subsequently, who are the new fascists advancing a revisionist interpretation of the Second World War today: Putin’s Russia or Central and Eastern European countries? What is at stake here is the recognition of Russia as having a legitimate say in European affairs because of the Soviet victory, or its exclusion for refusing to repent of its role in dividing Europe and occupying a part thereof. This article debunks the accusation of fascism attributed to Putin’s regime and offers to look at the label of fascism as a mirror game between the West and Russia in defining what Europe should be like and Russia’s inclusion or exclusion.

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Heller, Janusz, Rafał Warżała, and Kamil Kotliński. "Introduction of the Single Currency and Inflation - the Case of Central and Eastern European Countries." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 2 (2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3966.

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The study of price increases in five countries (Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) aimed to assess the introduction of the single currency (euro) on the rate of HICP inflation in two short-term perspectives: after the first month and after the first year of the introduction of the euro in these countries. The following hypothesis was put forward: prices after the introduction of the euro are contained in the inflation target, that is, there can be no substantial increase, and contrasting views on the issue are only an effect of illusion, that is, the difference between actual and perceived inflation level. The research was carried out using the comparative method. They show that the inflation effect in the euro-adopting countries was clearly convergent with the level of price growth recorded at the same time in other European Union countries, including those already with a single currency. The result is that the reasons for excessive price growth in the short-term perspective should not be sought in connection with the introduction of the euro, but rather explained by e.g. the convergence of business cycles with these euro area countries in which HICP inflation target exceedance was recorded at the same time. There can be also any other conditions that affect price growth in all European countries, regardless of whether they belong to euro area or have its national currencies.

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Azar, Samih Antoine, Fadi Asrawi, and Emad Gharzuddine. "Economic Integration in the Six Middle Eastern Gulf Countries: A Look from the Perspective of Money Demand." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 16, no. 3 (2017): 189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652717722078.

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The six Middle Eastern Gulf countries, comprising Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are contemplating, and experimenting with, many varieties of economic integration. The question arises whether they form an optimum currency area. The traditional approach deals with the real side of the economy, such as factor mobility, wage and price flexibility, the size and concentration of intraregional trade, the presence of different inflation/unemployment trade-offs, the elimination of transaction costs and better informational content of prices. The approach in this article is different and dwells upon the financial and monetary sides. The article studies whether there are long-run empirical, stable and parsimonious money demand functions (MDF) within each of these six countries. In addition, a panel long-run MDF is estimated. The results will determine whether the loss of an important tool of economic stabilisation in a monetary union, which is monetary policy, is compensated by a more effective fiscal policy. The article concludes that a monetary union is not commendable, unless fiscal restraints are applied thoroughly on all the six countries involved.

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Friesen, V. L., D. J. Anderson, T. E. Steeves, H. Jones, and E. A. Schreiber. "Molecular Support for Species Status of the Nazca Booby (Sula granti)." Auk 119, no. 3 (2002): 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.3.820.

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Abstract Pitman and Jehl (1998) recently argued that Masked Boobies (formerly Sula dactylatra granti) breeding on the Nazca Plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean are morphologically and ecologically distinct from other Masked Boobies and may represent a full species. The American Ornithologists' Union subsequently elevated that subspecies to a full species: the Nazca Booby (S. granti). To evaluate that change in classification, we compared sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene among 75 Nazca Boobies and 37 Masked Boobies representing three subspecies from the central and eastern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Results indicated strong differentiation of cytochrome-b variation among taxa. Sequences constituted three distinct groups: Nazca Boobies, Masked Boobies from the central and eastern Pacific (S. d. personata and S. d. californica), and Masked Boobies (S. d. dactylatra) from the Caribbean and Atlantic. Those three groups probably diverged within a very short period, 400,000–500,000 years ago. Our results support the proposal that S. granti represents a distinct species.

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David, Delia, Shailendra Kumar Rai, and Luminita Paiusan. "Appreciation of the Swiss Franc and its Impact on Romania and other Central and Eastern European Countries." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 25, no. 4 (2015): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2015-0024.

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Abstract The decision of the Swiss National Bank of giving up the fixed rate of 1,2 Euro/CHF on the 15th of January 2015, a rate established at its admission to the Monetary Economic Union, had consequences on Central and Eastern European countries because a great part of the credits granted were in Swiss francs. In all these countries, the national currencies depreciated and the financial market rates were reduced. Regional banks started to face difficulties regarding the management of the situation and were under the necessity of finding solutions to avoid the risk of not recovering the granted credits. The issue of the Swiss franc appreciation was treated differently by the analysed countries and took into consideration the particularities characteristic to the credits granted in this currency. The present paper aims at emphasising the impact of the Swiss franc appreciation on the Romanian banking system but also the approach of other countries in Central and Eastern Europe in this respect.

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Troitiño, David Ramiro, Karoline Färber, and Anni Boiro. "Mitterrand and the Great European Design—From the Cold War to the European Union." Baltic Journal of European Studies 7, no. 2 (2017): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2017-0013.

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AbstractFrançois Mitterrand had a leading role in directing the course for the European integration process. While he orchestrated the economic integration of Europe, he remained deeply opposed to further political integration within the Communities. This article researches Mitterrand’s rationale for his clear focus on economic affairs and develops his vision for the institutional setting of the European Union (EU). The focus of the article is allocated to four different perspectives that reflect the four pillars of Mitterrand’s European policy: the common currency, the establishment of a closely integrated and small Western European based EU, the development of the Social Europe and of a free trade area between Europe and Africa. It is argued that although EU institutions have been established based on Mitterrand’s design, today’s reality deviates from the conditions on which his plan was based. For Mitterrand, the ideal EU involved a deep-rooted Western Europe with France at its core and a loose association with Central and Eastern Europe. His perception resembles the current discussions of multi-speed Europe and the determination of France and Germany to proceed to the next stage of the integration process. Importantly, Mitterrand’s print can still be recognised in the EU’s social policy included in the treaties, yet still far from being implemented. Notably, like all of the French Presidents, Mitterrand developed a design for Africa in which an extensive free trade area between Europe and former French colonies were to be established. In this proposal, Germany was to be assigned the part of the economic engine behind the actualisation of the proposal, while France was to carry out the role of a required middle man of the transactions. To further assure France’s political predominance over the Communities, Mitterrand designed a common currency for a small number of homogenous Western-European states.

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Payne, Anthony J., and Paul K. Sutton. "The Commonwealth Caribbean in the New World Order: Between Europe and North America?" Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34, no. 4 (1992): 39–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165806.

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The Supposed emergence of a New World Order has quickly become one of the cliches of the 1990s. First enunciated by President Bush in the context of US attempts to mobilize international support for the Gulf War, the phrase has already been defined and redefined in countless journalistic analyses of recent events in Eastern Europe, the Gulf itself and lately of course the Soviet Union. This is not the place to add directly to that debate. It is obvious that the world order of the 1990s is very different from the post-1945 order. Briefly expressed, it is constituted by the interplay between, on the one hand, a new but still unequal diffusion of power between the core states of the world (the United States, the European Community [EC], and Japan) and, on the other, a new concentration of power in the hands of international capital.

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Cuénoud, Thibault. "Public debt improves the stability of exchange rates in developing countries? The specific case of news European members (2004 and 2007)." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 1, no. 2 (2011): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv1i2art3.

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The aim of this paper is to speak about the current situation in Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC). The majority of them have been entering in European Union in 2004 and 2007. This step has been increasing their international attractiveness and improves their economic growth. However, they must stabilize exchange rate to sustain their foreign direct investment attraction. Two strategies are adopting about the regulation of exchange rate. Bulgarian, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Slovenia and Slovakia are entering in Exchange Rate Mechanism 2 (ERM2) to adopt quickly euro currency (it is now the case for Slovenia in 2007, Slovakia in 2009 and Estonia in 2011). Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Romania prefer only to stabilize their currency for the moment. Despite the strong economic dynamic of these countries before the Subprime crisis, the impact reveals the incapacity for several of them to improve currencies stabilities. The theoretical approach about Mundell-Fleming trilemma informs the necessity to scarify monetary policy in a context of free financial market and fixed exchange rate. In a reality, the capacity to use fiscal policy appears supplementary indeed more efficient.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eastern Caribbean Currency Union'

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