Journal articles: 'Eastern mole'

1

Rivers, J. K., J. W. Kelly, and R. MacLennan. "The Eastern Australian mole study." Melanoma Research 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008390-199303000-00203.

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2

Feldhamer, George A., and Brenna N. Towery. "Dental Anomalies in the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus)." American Midland Naturalist 165, no. 2 (April 2011): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-165.2.421.

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Bedford, J. M., O. B. Mock, S. K. Nagdas, V. P. Winfrey, and G. E. Olson. "Reproductive features of the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) and star-nose mole (Condylura cristata)." Reproduction 117, no. 2 (November 1, 1999): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1170345.

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4

Gorelick, Root, and Susan M. Bertram. "Swimming Eastern Chipmunks, Tamias striatus, and Hairy-tailed Mole, Parascalops breweri, in Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park, Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v122i1.549.

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We report swimming Eastern Chipmunks, Tamias striatus, and a swimming Hairy-tailed Mole, Parascalops breweri, in southern Ontario in Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park. Although naturally swimming Eastern Chipmunks have been seen before, they have never been previously documented in the literature. Ours appears to be the first photograph of a swimming Hairy-tailed Mole and the first report of one successfully and apparently voluntarily swimming.

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Catania, Kenneth C. "A comparison of the Eimer's organs of three north american moles: The hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri), the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata), and the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus)." Journal of Comparative Neurology 354, no. 1 (March 27, 1995): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.903540110.

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Wale, Mengistu, Abeje Kassie, and Tesfu Fekensa. "Assessment of naked mole-rat distribution and threats in Eastern Ethiopia." Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 4, no. 8 (August 2016): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12980/jclm.4.2016j6-95.

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Feldhamer, George A., Jill C. Devine, and Sara M. Ressing. "Age-Related Morphometrics and Sex Ratios in the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus)." American Midland Naturalist 169, no. 2 (April 2013): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-169.2.409.

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Mynhardt, Samantha, Sarita Maree, Illona Pelser, Nigel C. Bennett, Gary N. Bronner, John W. Wilson, and Paulette Bloomer. "Phylogeography of a Morphologically Cryptic Golden Mole Assemblage from South-Eastern Africa." PLOS ONE 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2015): e0144995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144995.

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Al-Mulhim, A., and S. S. Al-Najashi. "Epidemiological aspects of hydatidiform mole in a teaching hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 16, no. 5 (January 1996): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443619609030063.

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10

Woodman, N. "The green mole, Astromycter prasinatus T. M. Harris, 1825 (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Talpidae): an origin story." Archives of Natural History 48, no. 2 (October 2021): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2021.0719.

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Thaddeus William Harris described the green mole of Maine, Condylura prasinata (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Talpidae), in the July 1825 issue of the Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts, and this was considered the original description of the species throughout most of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, taxonomists began instead to cite an earlier notice in the June 1825 issue of the American Journal of Science and Arts. This short article also described the species, but also established a separate genus for it, Astromycter, despite Harris’s indications elsewhere that the species was congeneric with the star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata ( Linnaeus, 1758 ). Moreover, the American Journal of Science and Arts article cited as its source the “ Machias Star”, indicating the possibility of an even earlier description of the animal. With Astromycter prasinata in synonymy with C. cristata for over a century, little effort has been exerted to determine whether earlier source materials exist or why, within two months, the green mole was allocated to two different genera by its describer. The question is taxonomically relevant today because C. prasinata predates C. cristata nigra Smith, 1940 , as an available name for north-eastern populations of star-nosed moles. If subspecies of C. cristata are to be recognized, the north-eastern subspecies should correctly bear the name C. cristata prasinata. In fact, authority for both genus- and species-group names for the green mole have been misattributed since 1825. The descriptions of C. prasinata by Thaddeus William Harris in the Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts and American Journal of Science and Arts were preceded by at least three published descriptions of A. prasinatus by Thaddeus Mason Harris, his father.

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Boughey, Harvey, Mateusz Jurga, and Sherif F. El-Khamisy. "DNA Homeostasis and Senescence: Lessons from the Naked Mole Rat." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 6011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116011.

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As we age, our bodies accrue damage in the form of DNA mutations. These mutations lead to the generation of sub-optimal proteins, resulting in inadequate cellular homeostasis and senescence. The build-up of senescent cells negatively affects the local cellular micro-environment and drives ageing associated disease, including neurodegeneration. Therefore, limiting the accumulation of DNA damage is essential for healthy neuronal populations. The naked mole rats (NMR) are from eastern Africa and can live for over three decades in chronically hypoxic environments. Despite their long lifespan, NMRs show little to no biological decline, neurodegeneration, or senescence. Here, we discuss molecular pathways and adaptations that NMRs employ to maintain genome integrity and combat the physiological and pathological decline in organismal function.

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12

Davis, F. W., and J. R. Choate. "Morphologic Variation and Age Structure in a Population of the Eastern Mole, Scalopus aquaticus." Journal of Mammalogy 74, no. 4 (November 30, 1993): 1014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382441.

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13

Choi, Haklim, Mi-Kyung Park, Paul J. Fraser, Hyeri Park, Sohyeon Geum, Jens Mühle, Jooil Kim, et al. "Top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic methyl bromide emissions from eastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 8 (April 20, 2022): 5157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5157-2022.

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Abstract. Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a potent ozone-depleting substance (ODS) that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. CH3Br has been used mainly for preplant soil fumigation, post-harvest grain and timber fumigation, and structural fumigation. Most non-quarantine and pre-shipment (non-QPS) uses were phased out by 2005 for non-Article 5 (developed) countries and by 2015 for Article 5 (developing) countries under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; some uses have continued under critical-use exemptions (CUEs). Under the protocol, individual nations are required to report annual data on CH3Br production and consumption for quarantine–pre-shipment (QPS) uses, non-QPS uses, and CUEs to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In this study, we analyzed high-precision, in situ measurements of atmospheric mole fractions of CH3Br obtained at the Gosan station on Jeju Island, South Korea, from 2008 to 2019. The background mole fractions of CH3Br in the atmosphere at Gosan declined from 8.5±0.8 ppt (parts per trillion) in 2008 to 7.4±0.6 ppt in 2019 at a rate of -0.13±0.02 ppt yr−1. At Gosan, we also observed periods of persistent mole fractions (pollution events) elevated above the decreasing background in continental air masses from China. Statistical back-trajectory analyses showed that these pollution events are predominantly traced back to CH3Br emissions from eastern China. Using an interspecies correlation (ISC) method with the reference trace species CFC-11 (CCl3F), we estimate anthropogenic CH3Br emissions from eastern China at an average of 4.1±1.3 Gg yr−1 in 2008–2019, approximately 2.9±1.3 Gg yr−1 higher than the bottom-up emission estimates reported to UNEP. Possible non-fumigation CH3Br sources – rapeseed production and biomass burning – were assessed, and it was found that the discrepancy is most likely due to unreported or incorrectly reported QPS and non-QPS fumigation uses. These unreported anthropogenic emissions of CH3Br are confined to eastern China and account for 30 %–40 % of anthropogenic global CH3Br emissions. They are likely due to delays in the introduction of CH3Br alternatives, such as sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2), heat, and irradiation, and a possible lack of industry awareness of the need for regulation of CH3Br production and use.

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14

Wilson, Chris, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Manuel Gloor, Robert J. Parker, Hartmut Boesch, Joey McNorton, Luciana V. Gatti, John B. Miller, Luana S. Basso, and Sarah A. Monks. "Large and increasing methane emissions from eastern Amazonia derived from satellite data, 2010–2018." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 13 (July 14, 2021): 10643–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10643-2021.

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Abstract. We use a global inverse model, satellite data and flask measurements to estimate methane (CH4) emissions from South America, Brazil and the basin of the Amazon River for the period 2010–2018. We find that emissions from Brazil have risen during this period, most quickly in the eastern Amazon basin, and that this is concurrent with increasing surface temperatures in this region. Brazilian CH4 emissions rose from 49.8 ± 5.4 Tg yr−1 in 2010–2013 to 55.6 ± 5.2 Tg yr−1 in 2014–2017, with the wet season of December–March having the largest positive trend in emissions. Amazon basin emissions grew from 41.7 ± 5.3 to 49.3 ± 5.1 Tg yr−1 during the same period. We derive no significant trend in regional emissions from fossil fuels during this period. We find that our posterior distribution of emissions within South America is significantly and consistently changed from our prior estimates, with the strongest emission sources being in the far north of the continent and to the south and south-east of the Amazon basin, at the mouth of the Amazon River and nearby marsh, swamp and mangrove regions. We derive particularly large emissions during the wet season of 2013/14, when flooding was prevalent over larger regions than normal within the Amazon basin. We compare our posterior CH4 mole fractions, derived from posterior fluxes, to independent observations of CH4 mole fraction taken at five lower- to mid-tropospheric vertical profiling sites over the Amazon and find that our posterior fluxes outperform prior fluxes at all locations. In particular the large emissions from the eastern Amazon basin are shown to be in good agreement with independent observations made at Santarém, a location which has long displayed higher mole fractions of atmospheric CH4 in contrast with other basin locations. We show that a bottom-up wetland flux model can match neither the variation in annual fluxes nor the positive trend in emissions produced by the inversion. Our results show that the Amazon alone was responsible for 24 ± 18 % of the total global increase in CH4 flux during the study period, and it may contribute further in future due to its sensitivity to temperature changes.

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15

MacEwan, RJ, WK Gardner, A. Ellington, DG Hopkins, and AC Bakker. "Tile and mole drainage for control of waterlogging in duplex soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920865.

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Waterlogging is a major problem of dryland agriculture in many areas of Australia. Yellow duplex soils, especially those with bleached A2 horizons, are the soils most commonly associated with waterlogging. The problem is principally the development of perched watertables in the A horizons after rain, due to the restricted downward drainage of water caused by the low hydraulic conductivity of heavy clay subsoils. Pipe and mole drainage techniques are briefly reviewed, and experience with subsoil drainage in yellow duplex soils in Victoria is outlined.

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16

Catania, Kenneth C., and Jon H. Kaas. "Organization of somatosensory cortex and distribution of corticospinal neurons in the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus)." Journal of Comparative Neurology 378, no. 3 (February 17, 1997): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970217)378:3<337::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-4.

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17

Barkley, Zachary R., Thomas Lauvaux, Kenneth J. Davis, Aijun Deng, Natasha L. Miles, Scott J. Richardson, Yanni Cao, et al. "Quantifying methane emissions from natural gas production in north-eastern Pennsylvania." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 22 (November 23, 2017): 13941–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13941-2017.

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Abstract. Natural gas infrastructure releases methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. The estimated emission rate associated with the production and transportation of natural gas is uncertain, hindering our understanding of its greenhouse footprint. This study presents a new application of inverse methodology for estimating regional emission rates from natural gas production and gathering facilities in north-eastern Pennsylvania. An inventory of CH4 emissions was compiled for major sources in Pennsylvania. This inventory served as input emission data for the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry enabled (WRF-Chem), and atmospheric CH4 mole fraction fields were generated at 3 km resolution. Simulated atmospheric CH4 enhancements from WRF-Chem were compared to observations obtained from a 3-week flight campaign in May 2015. Modelled enhancements from sources not associated with upstream natural gas processes were assumed constant and known and therefore removed from the optimization procedure, creating a set of observed enhancements from natural gas only. Simulated emission rates from unconventional production were then adjusted to minimize the mismatch between aircraft observations and model-simulated mole fractions for 10 flights. To evaluate the method, an aircraft mass balance calculation was performed for four flights where conditions permitted its use. Using the model optimization approach, the weighted mean emission rate from unconventional natural gas production and gathering facilities in north-eastern Pennsylvania approach is found to be 0.36 % of total gas production, with a 2σ confidence interval between 0.27 and 0.45 % of production. Similarly, the mean emission estimates using the aircraft mass balance approach are calculated to be 0.40 % of regional natural gas production, with a 2σ confidence interval between 0.08 and 0.72 % of production. These emission rates as a percent of production are lower than rates found in any other basin using a top-down methodology, and may be indicative of some characteristics of the basin that make sources from the north-eastern Marcellus region unique.

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18

Schoenenberger, Fabian, Stephan Henne, Matthias Hill, Martin K. Vollmer, Giorgos Kouvarakis, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Simon O'Doherty, et al. "Abundance and sources of atmospheric halocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 6 (March 23, 2018): 4069–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4069-2018.

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Abstract. A wide range of anthropogenic halocarbons is released to the atmosphere, contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. Using measurements of atmospheric abundances for the estimation of halocarbon emissions on the global and regional scale has become an important top-down tool for emission validation in the recent past, but many populated and developing areas of the world are only poorly covered by the existing atmospheric halocarbon measurement network. Here we present 6 months of continuous halocarbon observations from Finokalia on the island of Crete in the Eastern Mediterranean. The gases measured are the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), HFC-134a (CH2FCF3), HFC-125 (CHF2CF3), HFC-152a (CH3CHF2) and HFC-143a (CH3CF3) and the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), HCFC-22 (CHClF2) and HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2). The Eastern Mediterranean is home to 250 million inhabitants, consisting of a number of developed and developing countries, for which different emission regulations exist under the Kyoto and Montreal protocols. Regional emissions of halocarbons were estimated with Lagrangian atmospheric transport simulations and a Bayesian inverse modeling system, using measurements at Finokalia in conjunction with those from Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) sites at Mace Head (Ireland), Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) and Monte Cimone (Italy). Measured peak mole fractions at Finokalia showed generally smaller amplitudes for HFCs than at the European AGAGE sites except for periodic peaks of HFC-152a, indicating strong upwind sources. Higher peak mole fractions were observed for HCFCs, suggesting continued emissions from nearby developing regions such as Egypt and the Middle East. For 2013, the Eastern Mediterranean inverse emission estimates for the four analyzed HFCs and the two HCFCs were 13.9 (11.3–19.3) and 9.5 (6.8–15.1) Tg CO2eq yr−1, respectively. These emissions contributed 16.8 % (13.6–23.3 %) and 53.2 % (38.1–84.2 %) to the total inversion domain, which covers the Eastern Mediterranean as well as central and western Europe. Greek bottom-up HFC emissions reported to the UNFCCC were higher than our top-down estimates, whereas for Turkey our estimates agreed with UNFCCC-reported values for HFC-125 and HFC-143a, but were much and slightly smaller for HFC-134a and HFC-152a, respectively. Sensitivity estimates suggest an improvement of the a posteriori emission estimates, i.e., a reduction of the uncertainties by 40–80 % in the entire inversion domain, compared to an inversion using only the existing central European AGAGE observations.

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19

FORD, PAULETTE L., and DONALD W. DUSZYNSKI. "Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Insectivores. VI. Six New Species from the Eastern Mole,Scalopus aquaticus1." Journal of Protozoology 35, no. 2 (May 1988): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04328.x.

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20

Rose, Jacob A., Mark Sandefur, Steve Huskey, Jennifer L. Demler, and Michael T. Butcher. "Muscle architecture and out-force potential of the thoracic limb in the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus)." Journal of Morphology 274, no. 11 (August 2, 2013): 1277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20178.

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21

Danilák, Martin, Martin Lukáň, and Anton Krištín. "Distribution of the European mole cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orthoptera) in Slovakia." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 65, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/travaux.65.e79915.

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Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa is widely distributed in the lowlands and hilly regions of southern, western, eastern Slovakia, outside the mountains as the High and Low Tatras. It was found at 516 sites, including 136 sites (5.3% of 2,561 studied sites) which were recorded using regular Orthoptera mapping of primary habitats in 1994–2021 and 380 other sites acquired from a questionnaire survey in 2020 and 2021. Altogether 72 % of the records were collected below 350 m a.s.l., and 98% below 700 m a.s.l. The habitat structure was biased by the result of questionnaire survey (recording mainly secondary habitats), with gardens (> 70%, n = 516) being the most frequent habitat. During regular Orthoptera mapping of primary habitats the most frequently inhabited environments were wet grasslands, marshes (42 %) and meadows (30%, n = 136). Suspected occurrence of the closely related species G. stepposa was investigated at nine lowland sites in southern Slovakia (6 in the Danube River area and 3 in the Ipeľ River area) in 2020 and 2021, but all the determined males (11) belonged to the species G. gryllotalpa. Distributional patterns of the species in Slovakia have been compared with neighboring countries of Europe.

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22

Monaghan, R. M., R. J. Paton, and J. J. Drewry. "Nitrogen and phosphorus losses in mole and tile drainage from a cattle‐grazed pasture in eastern Southland." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (September 2002): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2002.9513510.

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23

Coşkun, Yüksel. "On distribution, morphology and biology of the Mole Vole,Ellobius lutescensThomas, 1897 (Mammalia: Rodentia) in eastern Turkey." Zoology in the Middle East 23, no. 1 (January 2001): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2001.10637861.

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Savić, Ivo, Duško Ćirović, and Vanja Bugarski-Stanojević. "Exceptional Chromosomal Evolution and Cryptic Speciation of Blind Mole Rats Nannospalax leucodon (Spalacinae, Rodentia) from South-Eastern Europe." Genes 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes8110292.

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25

Iwasa, Masahiro A., Chizu Kawakubo, Kimiyuki Tsuchiya, and Hitoshi Suzuki. "Intraspecific Differentiation in the Lesser Japanese Mole in Eastern Honshu, Japan, Indicated by Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Analyses." Zoological Science 23, no. 11 (November 2006): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.955.

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Coşkun, Yüksel, Alaettin Kaya, and Gökhan Yürümez. "Chromosomal forms of the Mole Rat,Nannospalax nehringi(Satunin, 1898), from the Van Lake Basin in Eastern Turkey." Zoology in the Middle East 48, no. 1 (January 2009): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2009.10638362.

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Basso, Luana S., Luciana V. Gatti, Manuel Gloor, John B. Miller, Lucas G. Domingues, Caio S. C. Correia, and Viviane F. Borges. "Seasonality and interannual variability of CH4 fluxes from the eastern Amazon Basin inferred from atmospheric mole fraction profiles." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023874.

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28

Afonso, E., J. Knapp, N. Tête, G. Umhang, D. Rieffel, F. van Kesteren, I. Ziadinov, P. S. Craig, P. R. Torgerson, and P. Giraudoux. "Echinococcus multilocularis in Kyrgyzstan: similarity in the Asian EmsB genotypic profiles from village populations of Eastern mole voles (Ellobius tancrei) and dogs in the Alay valley." Journal of Helminthology 89, no. 6 (July 3, 2015): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15000474.

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AbstractEchinococcus multilocularis is a cestode that causes human alveolar echinococcosis, a lethal zoonosis of public health concern in central Asia and western China. In the present study, one of 42 Eastern mole voles (Ellobius tancrei) caught in Sary Mogol (Alay valley, southern Kyrgyzstan) presented liver lesions with E. multilocularis from which the EmsB target was amplified. The Asian profile obtained was almost identical to one amplified from domestic dog faeces collected in a nearby village. This observation adds additional information to the potential role of E. tancrei in the transmission of E. multilocularis, and to the known distribution range of E. multilocularis (Asian strain) in central Asia.

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Xu, Jiaping, Xuhui Lee, Wei Xiao, Chang Cao, Shoudong Liu, Xuefa Wen, Jingzheng Xu, Zhen Zhang, and Jiayu Zhao. "Interpreting the 13C ∕ 12C ratio of carbon dioxide in an urban airshed in the Yangtze River Delta, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 5 (March 9, 2017): 3385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3385-2017.

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Abstract. Observations of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction and the 13C ∕ 12C ratio (expressed as δ13C) in urban airsheds provide constraints on the roles of anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks in local and regional carbon cycles. In this study, we report observations of these quantities in Nanjing at hourly intervals from March 2013 to August 2015, using a laser-based optical instrument. Nanjing is the second largest city located in the highly industrialized Yangtze River Delta (YRD), eastern China. The mean CO2 mole fraction and δ13C were (439.7 ± 7.5) µmol mol−1 and (−8.48 ± 0.56) ‰ over this observational period. The peak monthly mean δ13C (−7.44 ‰, July 2013) was 0.74 ‰ higher than that observed at Mount Waliguan, a WMO (World Meteorological Organization) baseline site on the Tibetan Plateau and upwind of the YRD region. The highly 13C-enriched signal was partly attributed to the influence of cement production in the region. By applying the Miller–Tans method to nighttime and daytime observations to represent signals from the city of Nanjing and the YRD, respectively, we showed that the 13C ∕ 12C ratio of CO2 sources in the Nanjing municipality was (0.21 ± 0.53) ‰ lower than that in the YRD. Flux partitioning calculations revealed that natural ecosystems in the YRD were a negligibly small source of atmospheric CO2.

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PAISANI, JULIO CESAR. "Sedimentologia e Estratigrafia de Rampa Arenosa - Praia Mole (SC) - e sua Correlação com Eventos Paleoclimáticos Globais." Pesquisas em Geociências 33, no. 2 (June 29, 2006): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19517.

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The term sand ramp has been used to define a deposit constituted of eolian, fluvial, of hill-slope facies and with paleosols established in topographical obstacle. The occurrence of sand ramp is little known in the Brazilian coast. Sand ramps have been identified in the east band in Santa Catarina Island and studied in the Joaquina and Mole Beach. The present study focuses on facies, paleosols genesis, classification and correlation with global paleoclimatic events. There are still some doubts whether the interpretations can be taken as common properties of sand ramps in the eastern band of Santa Catarina Island. The present article shows the stratigraphy of sand ramp in Mole Beach. It argues if dissipation facies predominate and if there are colluvial paleosols. We established the chronology from the stratigraphic record using the luminiscence method and the correlation of the layers and paleosols with global paleoclimatic events. We have verified the deposit of the sand ramp in Mole Beach shows aeolian, of dissipation beds and paleosols. The aeolian beds are predominant and thicker than the dissipation beds. The paleoclimatic meaning of the dissipation beds is little understood. A paleolatosol and two paleoargisols constituted by fines generated by the alteration of heavy minerals of aeolian beds were individualized. The first should have been developed during the interstadial period (marine isotope stage 5c), while the other two were formed from the beginning to the middle of the current interglacial (marine isotope stage 1). The stratigraphic record of the area showed that the deposit of the sand ramp developed 124,000 yr B.P., between the two maximum last transgressions in the Brazilian coast, being much more recent than once thougth and corresponds with known data of the coastal evolution of the Santa Catarina Island.

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Zagorodniuk, I., M. Korobchenko, V. Parkhomenko, and Z. Barkaszi. "Steppe rodents at the edge of their range: A case study of Spalax microphthalmus in the north of Ukraine." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 3 (August 11, 2018): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011829.

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Based on results obtained during 2000–2018 by field research, polls of colleagues, and OSINT analysis, features of distribution of the greater mole rat Spalax microphthalmus in the eastern forest steppe of Ukraine were considered. The studied part of the species’ range is unique and represents the northern range edge of the entire Spalacidae family and of European steppe faunal assemblages in general. In total, data on 146 record localities were amassed, including 13 localities in the fragmented and 133 in the continuous part of the range. The offshoots of the Central Russian Upland in the valley of the Psel river (east of Sumy Oblast) are the sites with the highest density of settlements, while the species’ type biotopes are steppe balka slopes. The abundance of the greater mole rat decreased from the east to the west, and its colonies are the most fragmented along the Dnipro River. The species occurs in steppe and meadow habitats of an area of at least 20–50 ha. Analysis of the current and former distribution of the greater mole rat revealed that the species range contracts from the west; earlier it was a common species in different regions of the Middle Dnipro Area (including Kyiv city), but the current range edge runs along the line connecting Buryn – Nedryhailiv – Lokhvytsia – Myrhorod – Hadiach – Zinkiv – Zaliznychne. Isolated settlements exist in adjacent territories, particularly in Ichnia Raion of Chernihiv Oblast, and Lubny, Khorol, and Kobeliaky Raions of Poltava Oblast. The study showed that the species’ range contracted by two times to 35,000 km2 for the last 100 years, which includes only 430,000 ha of suitable habitats (15% of the range), allowing the existence here of 86,000–215,000 individuals. In fact, the species remained only in habitats that have been minimally affected by arable farming and other forms of active agricultural use. Besides, the species shows a clear confinement to habitats located near human settlements such as untilled lands, pastures with moderate grazing, waste and neglected lands, which constitute a separate group of transformed and semi-natural habitats. Formally, this allows the greater mole rat to be considered as a synanthropic species, because its inhabited biotopes, beside the zone of offshoots of the Central Russian Upland, have remained only near villages and along roads. The species also has an important biocoenotic role due to its burrowing activity and as prey of predatory birds (e.g., of the long-legged buzzard and Eurasian eagle owl) and mammals. The feeding period of the offspring of these predators generally coincides with the aboveground activity of mole rats, which lasts during May–July with a peak in June. Aboveground activity is mainly related to the resettlement of mole rats to new sites and dispersal of the young, due to which they became victims of predators.

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Sabljić, Jakov, and Tina Varga Oswald. "Genre differentiation in A guided Tour through the Museum of Communismby Slavenka Drakulić." Journal of Education Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20131.243.256.

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On the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, a Croatian novelist Slavenka Dra-kulić simultaneously in several countries published a collection of essays titled A Guided Tour through the Museum of Communism.The collection consists of eight stories narrated by ani-mals: a mole, a mouse, a dog, a cat, a raven, a parrot, a pig and a bear. The animals talk about neuralgic issues of Communism in former Eastern European countries (Eastern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania, Albania, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Bulgaria). The genre differentiation is based on determining postmodern variations of basic genre conventions in the process of creating a piece of literature. Fable variations are determined by analyzing the relationship between a fable and other genre forms, such as, an essay, a novella, a legend, a myth. Next to genre differentiation of a literary structure, one can also observe the differen-tiation of its role that has been conditioned by today’s cultural memory. In that manner, my-thologized persons, objects and features of Communism are analyzed as universal symbols of a message, as well as elements of a satiric play. This paper will determine in which ways the above mentioned variations enrich the existent genre forms.

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He, Zhonghua, Liping Lei, Zhao-Cheng Zeng, Mengya Sheng, and Lisa R. Welp. "Evidence of Carbon Uptake Associated with Vegetation Greening Trends in Eastern China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040718.

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Persistent and widespread increase of vegetation cover, identified as greening, has been observed in areas of the planet over late 20th century and early 21st century by satellite-derived vegetation indices. It is difficult to verify whether these regions are net carbon sinks or sources by studying vegetation indices alone. In this study, we investigate greening trends in Eastern China (EC) and corresponding trends in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We used multiple vegetation indices including NDVI and EVI to characterize changes in vegetation activity over EC from 2003 to 2016. Gap-filled time series of column-averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction (XCO2) from January 2003 to May 2016, based on observations from SCIAMACHY, GOSAT, and OCO-2 satellites, were used to calculate XCO2 changes during growing season for 13 years. We derived a relationship between XCO2 and surface net CO2 fluxes from two inversion model simulations, CarbonTracker and Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC), and used those relationships to estimate the biospheric CO2 flux enhancement based on satellite observed XCO2 changes. We observed significant growing period (GP) greening trends in NDVI and EVI related to cropland intensification and forest growth in the region. After removing the influence of large urban center CO2 emissions, we estimated an enhanced XCO2 drawdown during the GP of −0.070 to −0.084 ppm yr−1. Increased carbon uptake during the GP was estimated to be 28.41 to 46.04 Tg C, mainly from land management, which could offset about 2–3% of EC’s annual fossil fuel emissions. These results show the potential of using multi-satellite observed XCO2 to estimate carbon fluxes from the regional biosphere, which could be used to verify natural sinks included as national contributions of greenhouse gas emissions reduction in international climate change agreements like the UNFCC Paris Accord.

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Oudot, C., and C. Andrié. "Short-term changes in the partial pressure of CO2 in eastern tropical Atlantic surface seawater and in atmospheric CO2 mole fraction." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 41, no. 5 (September 1989): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v41i5.15110.

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Coşkun, Yüksel. "A new species of mole rat,Nannospalax munzurisp. n., and the karyotype ofNannospalax tuncelicus(Coşkun, 1996) (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in eastern Anatolia." Zoology in the Middle East 33, no. 1 (January 2004): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2004.10638074.

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Carr, Patrick A., Sonja Zink, Vickie C. Bennett, Marc D. Norman, Yuri Amelin, and Phillip L. Blevin. "A new method for U-Pb geochronology of cassiterite by ID-TIMS applied to the Mole Granite polymetallic system, eastern Australia." Chemical Geology 539 (April 2020): 119539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119539.

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Mardonova, L. B., S. N. Gashev, and M. G. Mitropolskiy. "Morphometric Characteristics of the Skull and Humerus of the Eastern Mole Vole (Ellobius tancrei, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from Samarkand and Bukhara, Uzbekistan." Biology Bulletin 49, no. 8 (December 2022): 1237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359022080106.

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Fiedler, V., R. Nau, S. Ludmann, F. Arnold, H. Schlager, and A. Stohl. "Chinese SO2 pollution over Europe – Part 1: Airborne trace gas measurements and source identification by particle dispersion model simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2009): 1377–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-1377-2009.

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Abstract. A large SO2-rich pollution plume of Chinese origin was detected by aircraft based CIMS (Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry) measurements at 3–7.5 km altitude over the North Atlantic on 3 May 2006 during the INTEX (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment) campaign. Additional trace gases (NO, NOy, CO, H2O) were measured and used for comparison and source identification. All measurements took place aboard the German research aircraft Falcon. The atmospheric SO2 mole fraction was markedly increased inside the plume and reached up to 900 pmol/mol. The measured ratio SO2/NOy of 1.4 suggests combustion of coal or fuel with a very high sulfur content as a source of the excess SO2. Accompanying FLEXPART particle dispersion model simulations indicate that the probed pollution plume originated at low altitudes over densely populated and industrialized areas in eastern China about 8–12 days prior to the measurements.

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Gravel, Mireille, Marc J. Mazerolle, and Marc-André Villard. "Interactive effects of roads and weather on juvenile amphibian movements." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 1 (2012): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853812x625512.

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We investigated whether paved roads adjacent to 16 ponds acted as barriers to movements of juvenile wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), green frogs (Lithobates clamitans), mole salamanders (Ambystoma laterale, A. maculatum), and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus) in eastern New Brunswick, Canada. Using pitfall traps and drift fences, we recorded captures of juveniles dispersing away from their natal ponds into forest habitat (pondside fences) or across the road (roadside fences) over two field seasons. To explain variations in abundance of dispersers among sites, we measured several road-associated variables including traffic intensity and roadside habitat structure, pond quality, and weather variables. We estimated the activity patterns (across 4-day periods) and seasonal abundance of juveniles in transit between ponds and terrestrial habitat using generalized linear mixed models. For all groups, activity across 4-day periods increased with either total precipitation or minimum air temperature. However, road-associated variables were also important for some species. Mole salamander activity was lowest next to roads. Wood frog activity increased with minimum air temperature, but the effect was weakest at roadside fences (minimum air temperature × fence position interaction). Seasonal abundance of most groups varied with habitat structure or pond hydroperiod. Green frog abundance decreased with increasing traffic intensity, but abundance was higher at roadside fences than pondside fences. In contrast, wood frog seasonal abundance tended to be lowest at roadside fences. We conclude that road-associated disturbances are detectable at fine temporal scales and that amphibian responses to such variables can be influenced by weather variables.

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Mtintsilana, Olona, Babatope Ebenezer Akinyemi, and Leocadia Zhou. "Determinants of adaptation to climate variability among farming households in Tyhume Valley communities, Eastern Cape province, South Africa." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-06-2020-0057.

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Purpose This paper aims to determine factors affecting adaptation to climate variability on crop production among farming households in Tyhume Valley. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted an empirical analysis of the impact of adaptation on crop yield of farming households and estimated the factors affecting adaptation to climate variability on farming households. The analysis used primary data from 205 farming households practicing crop production in Tyhume Valley communities. Findings Based on binary logit results, factors affecting rural farming households’ adaptation to climate variability are gender, age, heatwave, employment status, strong high wind occasional experience and cell phone. The adaptation measures adopted by the farming households in the study area include irrigation (94.8%), crop rotation (66%), changing crop variety (7.4%) and other methods of adaptation were found to be (1.3%). The other methods of adaptation used included the use of ash to kill (intuku) mole and using dirty water from washing dishes and clothes when irrigating to kill parasites on crops. Originality/value This research paper will be an addition to the body of knowledge on adaptation strategies to climate variability in South Africa, especially at the rural farming household level. This study may assist the rural communities in decision-making when dealing with the challenges of climate variability on their crop production, thereby increasing their crop production. The information gathered in this study might assist policymakers in revising the existing policies. This study will also help rural farming households to practice appropriate adaptation strategies.

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Sun, Youwen, Hao Yin, Cheng Liu, Emmanuel Mahieu, Justus Notholt, Yao Té, Xiao Lu, et al. "The reduction in C2H6 from 2015 to 2020 over Hefei, eastern China, points to air quality improvement in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 15 (August 6, 2021): 11759–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11759-2021.

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Abstract. Ethane (C2H6) is an important greenhouse gas and plays a significant role in tropospheric chemistry and climate change. This study first presents and then quantifies the variability, sources, and transport of C2H6 over densely populated and highly industrialized eastern China using ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) remote sensing along with atmospheric modeling techniques. We obtained a retrieval error of 6.21 ± 1.2 (1σ)% and degrees of freedom (DOFS) of 1.47 ± 0.2 (1σ) in the retrieval of C2H6 tropospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (troDMF) over Hefei, eastern China (32∘ N, 117∘ E; 30 ma.s.l.). The observed C2H6 troDMF reached a minimum monthly mean value of 0.36 ± 0.26 ppbv in July and a maximum monthly mean value of 1.76 ± 0.35 ppbv in December, and showed a negative change rate of −2.60 ± 1.34 % yr−1 from 2015 to 2020. The dependencies of C2H6 troDMF on meteorological and emission factors were analyzed using generalized additive models (GAMs). Generally, both meteorological and emission factors have positive influences on C2H6 troDMF in the cold season (December–January–February/March–April–May, DJF/MAM) and negative influences on C2H6 troDMF in the warm season (June–July–August/September–October–November, JJA/SON). GEOS-Chem chemical model simulation captured the observed C2H6 troDMF variability and was, thus, used for source attribution. GEOS-Chem model sensitivity simulations concluded that the anthropogenic emissions (fossil fuel plus biofuel emissions) and the natural emissions (biomass burning plus biogenic emissions) accounted for 48.1 % and 39.7 % of C2H6 troDMF variability over Hefei, respectively. The observed C2H6 troDMF variability mainly results from the emissions within China (74.1 %), where central, eastern, and northern China dominated the contribution (57.6 %). Seasonal variability in C2H6 transport inflow and outflow over the observation site is largely related to the midlatitude westerlies and the Asian monsoon system. Reduction in C2H6 abundance from 2015 to 2020 mainly results from the decrease in local and transported C2H6 emissions, which points to air quality improvement in China in recent years.

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Yalcin, Huseyin, Engin Meric, Niyazi Avsar, Sema Tetiker, Ipek F. Barut, Sener Yilmaz, and Feyza Dincer. "Mineralogical and geochemical features of colored benthic foraminifers from Aegean and southwestern coasts of Turkey." Micropaleontology 54, no. 3-4 (2008): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.54.3.08.

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We studied a total of 24 genera and 41 species of modern benthic foraminifers with colored shells from 49 samples col-lected from the Gökçeada region, southwestern Bozcaada, eastern Mitilini in the northeast Aegean Sea and from different points along the shores of southwest Antalya. d(104) reflection and MgCO3 content of shell calcite vary between 2.979-3.035 Å and 0.33-19.00 mole%, respectively. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of whole shells range between 2.95-51.51 and 1.45-10.44 [mmol/mol]. These values are normal-ized to maximum and minimum concentrations in chemical analyses from whole shells and shell surfaces in colored and colorless foraminifers. Enrichments in metallic elements seem to be related to absorption depending on qualitative and quantitative measurements of shell structures, although variations are also related to mineralogical composition of shells. Hypothetically ions transferred with hot waters from active faults on the sea-floor and/or the ions transported with cold water runoff from land may cause abnormal enrichment of some metals within foraminifer shells and/or secondary metabolic enrichment of foraminifer shells during life.

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Napierała, Agnieszka, Marta Maziarz, Grzegorz Hebda, Richard K. Broughton, Tomasz Rutkowski, Michał Zacharyasiewicz, and Jerzy Błoszyk. "Lack of specialist nidicoles as a characteristic of mite assemblages inhabiting nests of the ground-nesting wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Aves: Passeriformes)." Experimental and Applied Acarology 84, no. 1 (May 2021): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-021-00620-8.

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AbstractBird and mammal nests provide microhabitats that support a range of other species, including invertebrates. However, the variation between communities of nest-dwelling invertebrates in different nests is poorly understood. The major aim of this study was to analyze the assemblage structure of mites from the suborder Uropodina (Acari: Mesostigmata) and from superfamily Crotonioidea (Acari: Oribatida) inhabiting nests of the wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Aves: Passeriformes), located on a forest floor in Białowieża Forest, in eastern Poland. We also assessed the correlation between the nest material used by the birds with the assemblage structure of Uropodina mites, and compared the results with published studies of the nests of other birds and a mammal (common mole, Talpa europaea), and also with communities of mites inhabiting the soil. The field research was conducted in the strict nature reserve of the Białowieża National Park, a near-primeval European temperate forest. In 2019, immediately after the breeding period, 69 wood warbler nests and 439 soil samples were collected. Analyses revealed assemblages of Uropodina mites inhabiting the nests that consisted of 14 species, mostly common soil species. Only five species of oribatid mites from superfamily Crotonioidea were present in the nest material. Analyzed nests had a high percentage of tree leaves and grass blades, whereas moss was the least frequent component of the nest material. The Uropodina mites were more abundant in the nests that had greater amounts of grass blades, but similar relationships were insignificant for the nests with varying amounts of tree leaves or moss. The assemblages of Uropodina mites inhabiting wood warbler nests were very similar to those found in soil and nests of the common mole, but they lacked typical nest-dwelling species of Uropodina (i.e., specialized nidicoles).

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Rankin, A. H., M. H. Ramsey, B. Coles, F. Van Langevelde, and C. R. Thomas. "The composition of hypersaline, iron-rich granitic fluids based on laser-ICP and Synchrotron-XRF microprobe analysis of individual fluid inclusions in topaz, Mole granite, eastern Australia." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, no. 1 (January 1992): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90117-2.

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Grant, A., E. L. Yates, P. G. Simmonds, R. G. Derwent, A. J. Manning, D. Young, D. E. Shallcross, and S. O'Doherty. "A five year record of high-frequency in situ measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons at Mace Head, Ireland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 5 (May 24, 2011): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-955-2011.

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Abstract. Continuous high-frequency in situ measurements of a range of non-methane hydrocarbons have been made at Mace Head since January 2005. Mace Head is a background Northern Hemispheric site situated on the eastern edge of the Atlantic. Five year measurements (2005–2009) of six C2–C5 non-methane hydrocarbons have been separated into baseline Northern Hemispheric and European polluted air masses, among other sectors. Seasonal cycles in baseline Northern Hemispheric air masses and European polluted air masses arriving at Mace Head have been studied. Baseline air masses show a broad summer minima between June and September for shorter lived species, longer lived species show summer minima in July/August. All species displayed a winter maxima in February. European air masses showed baseline elevated mole fractions for all non-methane hydrocarbons. Largest elevations (of up to 360 ppt for ethane maxima) from baseline data were observed in winter maxima, with smaller elevations observed during the summer. Analysis of temporal trends using the Mann-Kendall test showed small (<6 % yr−1) but statistically significant decreases in the butanes and i-pentane between 2005 and 2009 in European air. No significant trends were found for any species in baseline air.

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Sun, Youwen, Hao Yin, Cheng Liu, Lin Zhang, Yuan Cheng, Mathias Palm, Justus Notholt, et al. "Mapping the drivers of formaldehyde (HCHO) variability from 2015 to 2019 over eastern China: insights from Fourier transform infrared observation and GEOS-Chem model simulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 8 (April 27, 2021): 6365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6365-2021.

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Abstract. The major air pollutant emissions have decreased, and the overall air quality has substantially improved across China in recent years as a consequence of active clean air policies for mitigating severe air pollution problems. As key precursors of formaldehyde (HCHO) and ozone (O3), the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China are still increasing due to the lack of mitigation measures for VOCs. In this study, we investigated the drivers of HCHO variability from 2015 to 2019 over Hefei, eastern China, by using ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and GEOS-Chem model simulation. Seasonal and interannual variabilities of HCHO over Hefei were analyzed and hydroxyl (OH) radical production rates from HCHO photolysis were evaluated. The relative contributions of emitted and photochemical sources to the observed HCHO were analyzed by using ground-level carbon monoxide (CO) and Ox (O3 + nitrogen oxide (NO2)) as tracers for emitted and photochemical HCHO, respectively. Contributions of emission sources from various categories and geographical regions to the observed HCHO summertime enhancements were determined by using a series of GEOS-Chem sensitivity simulations. The column-averaged dry air mole fractions of HCHO (XHCHO) reached a maximum monthly mean value of 1.1 ± 0.27 ppbv in July and a minimum monthly mean value of 0.4 ± 0.11 ppbv in January. The XHCHO time series from 2015 to 2019 over Hefei showed a positive change rate of 2.38 ± 0.71 % per year. The photochemical HCHO is the dominant source of atmospheric HCHO over Hefei for most of the year (68.1 %). In the studied years, the HCHO photolysis was an important source of OH radicals over Hefei during all sunlight hours of both summer and winter days. The oxidations of both methane (CH4) and nonmethane VOCs (NMVOCs) dominate the HCHO production over Hefei and constitute the main driver of its summertime enhancements. The NMVOC-related HCHO summertime enhancements were dominated by the emissions within eastern China. The observed increasing change rate of HCHO from 2015 to 2019 over Hefei was attributed to the increase in photochemical HCHO resulting from increasing change rates of both CH4 and NMVOC oxidations, which overwhelmed the decrease in emitted HCHO. This study provides a valuable evaluation of recent VOC emissions and regional photochemical capacity in China. In addition, understanding the sources of HCHO is a necessary step for tackling air pollution in eastern China and mitigating the emissions of pollutants.

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Eldering, Annmarie, Chris W. O'Dell, Paul O. Wennberg, David Crisp, Michael R. Gunson, Camille Viatte, Charles Avis, et al. "The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2: first 18 months of science data products." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-549-2017.

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Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is the first National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite designed to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with the accuracy, resolution, and coverage needed to quantify CO2 fluxes (sources and sinks) on regional scales. OCO-2 was successfully launched on 2 July 2014 and has gathered more than 2 years of observations. The v7/v7r operational data products from September 2014 to January 2016 are discussed here. On monthly timescales, 7 to 12 % of these measurements are sufficiently cloud and aerosol free to yield estimates of the column-averaged atmospheric CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2, that pass all quality tests. During the first year of operations, the observing strategy, instrument calibration, and retrieval algorithm were optimized to improve both the data yield and the accuracy of the products. With these changes, global maps of XCO2 derived from the OCO-2 data are revealing some of the most robust features of the atmospheric carbon cycle. This includes XCO2 enhancements co-located with intense fossil fuel emissions in eastern US and eastern China, which are most obvious between October and December, when the north–south XCO2 gradient is small. Enhanced XCO2 coincident with biomass burning in the Amazon, central Africa, and Indonesia is also evident in this season. In May and June, when the north–south XCO2 gradient is largest, these sources are less apparent in global maps. During this part of the year, OCO-2 maps show a more than 10 ppm reduction in XCO2 across the Northern Hemisphere, as photosynthesis by the land biosphere rapidly absorbs CO2. As the carbon cycle science community continues to analyze these OCO-2 data, information on regional-scale sources (emitters) and sinks (absorbers) which impart XCO2 changes on the order of 1 ppm, as well as far more subtle features, will emerge from this high-resolution global dataset.

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Allen, D. J., K. E. Pickering, R. W. Pinder, B. H. Henderson, K. W. Appel, and A. Prados. "Impact of lightning-NO on eastern United States photochemistry during the summer of 2006 as determined using the CMAQ model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2012): 1737–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1737-2012.

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Abstract. A lightning-nitrogen oxide (NO) algorithm is implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) and used to evaluate the impact of lightning-NO emissions (LNOx) on tropospheric photochemistry over the United States during the summer of 2006. For a 500 mole per flash lightning-NO source, the mean summertime tropospheric NO2 column agrees with satellite-retrieved columns to within −5 to +13%. Temporal fluctuations in the column are moderately well simulated; however, the addition of LNOx does not lead to a better simulation of day-to-day variability. The contribution of lightning-NO to the model column ranges from ∼10% in the northern US to >45% in the south-central and southeastern US. Lightning-NO adds up to 20 ppbv to upper tropospheric model ozone and 1.5–4.5 ppbv to 8-h maximum surface layer ozone, although, on average, the contribution of LNOx to model surface ozone is 1–2 ppbv less on poor air quality days. LNOx increases wet deposition of oxidized nitrogen by 43% and total deposition of nitrogen by 10%. This additional deposition reduces the mean magnitude of the CMAQ low-bias in nitrate wet deposition with respect to National Atmospheric Deposition monitors to near zero. Differences in urban/rural biases between model and satellite-retrieved NO2 columns were examined to identify possible problems in model chemistry and/or transport. CMAQ columns were too large over urban areas. Biases at other locations were minor after accounting for the impacts of lightning-NO emissions and the averaging kernel on model columns. In order to obtain an upper bound on the contribution of uncertainties in NOy chemistry to upper tropospheric NOx low biases, sensitivity calculations with updated chemistry were run for the time period of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-A) field campaign (summer 2004). After adjusting for possible interferences in NO2 measurements and averaging over the entire campaign, these updates reduced 7–9 km biases from 32 to 17% and 9–12 km biases from 57 to 46%. While these changes lead to better agreement, a considerable unexplained NO2 low-bias remains in the uppermost troposphere.

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Grant, A., E. L. Yates, P. G. Simmonds, R. G. Derwent, A. J. Manning, D. Young, D. E. Shallcross, and S. O'Doherty. "A five year record of high-frequency in situ measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons at Mace Head, Ireland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2011): 913–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-913-2011.

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Abstract. Continuous high-frequency in situ measurements of a range of non-methane hydrocarbons have been made at Mace Head since January 2005. Mace Head is a background Northern Hemispheric site situated on the eastern edge of the Atlantic. Five year measurements (2005–2009) of eleven non-methane hydrocarbons, namely C2–C5 alkanes, benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and the xylenes, have been separated into baseline Northern Hemispheric and European polluted air masses, among other sectors. Seasonal cycles in baseline Northern Hemispheric air masses and European polluted air masses arriving at Mace Head have been studied. Baseline air masses show a broad summer minima between June and September for shorter lived species, longer lived species show summer minima in July/August. All species displayed a winter maxima in February. European air masses showed baseline elevated mole fractions for all non-methane hydrocarbons, largest elevations (of up to 360 ppt for ethane maxima) from baseline data were observed in winter maxima, with smaller elevations observed during the summer. Analysis of temporal trends using the Mann-Kendall test showed small (<6%/year) but statistically significant decreases in the butanes, i-pentane and o-xylene between 2005 and 2009 in European air. Toluene was found to have an increasing trend of 34%/year in European air. No significant trends were found for any species in baseline air.

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DuRant, Sarah E., and William A. Hopkins. "Amphibian predation on larval mosquitoes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-097.

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Mosquitoes ( Culex pipiens L., 1758) are important vectors for diseases of both wildlife and humans. Understanding how natural factors influence mosquito abundance may provide insights into the ecology of various diseases, as well as solutions to controlling disease vectors. One of the natural factors regulating mosquito distributions and population sizes is predation. A poorly understood source of natural mosquito predation is amphibians. We determined the mosquito consumption capability of two amphibians, adult Red-spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)) and larval Mole Salamanders ( Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838)). We also compared mosquito consumption of eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859), a known predator of mosquitoes, and A. talpoideum. Both salamander species were capable of consuming large numbers of mosquito larvae per day (least-square means ± 1 SE = 439 ± 20 and 316 ± 35 mosquitoes/day consumed by A. talpoideum and N. v. viridescens, respectively). In A. talpoideum, mosquito consumption scaled with body size, with the largest individual (4.4 g) ingesting 902 mosquitoes in 1 day. Gambusia holbrooki consumed 3.5× more mosquitoes during a 24 h feeding trial than similar-sized A. talpoideum. Our findings suggest that amphibians could have a substantial impact on mosquito larvae abundance, especially considering that amphibians can reach densities of up to 500 000 individuals/ha. Furthermore, we hypothesize that introduction of G. holbrooki could reduce abundances of native mosquito predators (e.g., salamanders) indirectly, through competition for invertebrate prey.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eastern mole'

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