Journal articles: 'Eating disorders Weight loss Weight loss'

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Beals, Katherine A., and Melinda M. Manore. "Behavioral, Psychological, and Physical Characteristics of Female Athletes with Subclinical Eating Disorders." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10, no. 2 (June 2000): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.2.128.

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The purpose of this study was to delineate and further define the behavioral, psychological, and physical characteristics of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Subjects consisted of 24 athletes with subclinical eating disorders (SCED) and 24 control athletes. Group classification was determined by scores on the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and a symptom checklist for eating disorders (EDI-SC). Characteristics representative of the female athletes with subclinical eating disorders were derived from an extensive health and dieting history questionnaire and an in-depth interview (the Eating Disorder Examination). Energy intake and expenditure (kcal/d) were estimated using 7-day weighed food records and activity logs. The characteristics most common in the female athletes with subclinical eating disorders included: (a) preoccupation with food, energy intake, and body weight; (b) distorted body image and body weight dissatisfaction; (c) undue influence of body weight on self-evaluation; (d) intense fear of gaining weight even though at or slightly below (-5%) normal weight; (e) attempts to lose weight using one or more pathogenic weight control methods; (g) food intake governed by strict dietary rules, accompanied by extreme feelings of guilt and self-hatred upon breaking a rule; (h) absence of medical disorder to explain energy restriction, weight loss, or maintenance of low body weight; and (i) menstrual dysfunction. Awareness of these characteristics may aid in more timely identification and treatment of female athletes with disordered eating patterns and, perhaps, prevent the development of more serious, clinical eating disorders.

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Miotto, G., I. Chiappini, A. Favaro, P. Santonastaso, and D. Gallicchio. "Assessing the Role of Weight Suppression (WS) and Weight Loss Rate (WLR) in Eating Disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S71—S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.230.

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Introduction and aimsIn this study, we aim to assess the role of weight suppression (WS) in eating disorders, not only from a quantitative point of view but also assessing the speed of the weight loss by using a new parameter: the weight loss rate (WLR). We analysed the role of these two indexes in different eating disorders domains, considering both eating behaviours and outcome profiles.MethodsThe sample consisted of 414 patients, including 62 with AN binge purge subtype (ANBP), 146 with AN restrictive subtype (ANR) and 206 with bulimia nervosa (BN). Data about response to treatment were available for a subsample of 201 patients. A cross-sectional design was used for the clinical symptoms detected during the initial assessment and a longitudinal design was adopted for the response to treatment analysis.ResultsNo significant relationship emerged between both WS and WLR and variables collected at baseline assessment. We observed, on the contrary, a significant association between WS and weight gain at the end of treatment. High WLR predicted remission of binge eating and compensatory behavior in BN patients. We further analyzed our data to identify threshold values of both WS and WLR of clinical utility.ConclusionsThe role of WS and WLR as predictive factors in the outcome of eating disorders is of great interest and these initial results remark the usefulness of collecting these data during the initial assessment in order to plan a tailored therapeutic intervention.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Caldwell, Karen, Michael Baime, and Ruth Wolever. "Mindfulness Based Approaches to Obesity and Weight Loss Maintenance." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 34, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.34.3.t016616717774643.

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Counselors may encounter clients who wish to make such lifestyle changes as healthy eating and weight management. Mindfulness, defined here as the practice of nonjudgmentally attending to the present moment while monitoring reactivity, has been adapted for use in treating many self-regulation disorders; mindfulness-based eating approaches support intuitive or attuned eating, an approach to weight management that helps individuals recognize internal cues in support of enhanced self-regulation. One program for developing mindfulness skills in individuals who want to maintain weight loss is the Enhancing Mindfulness for the Prevention of Weight Regain (EMPOWER) Program. Participants report changes in eating behavior, thinking patterns, emotional reactions, and physical activity and increased acceptance of personal responsibility for making choices, planning, asserting needs, and accomplishing personal goals. The article reviews key mindfulness skills for clinical practice.

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Meyer, Lene Bomholt, Mette Waaddegaard, Marianne Engelbrecht Lau, and Tine Tjørnhøj-Thomsen. "(Dis-)solving the Weight Problem in Binge-Eating Disorder: Systemic Insights From Three Treatment Contexts With Weight Stability, Weight Loss, and Weight Acceptance." Qualitative Health Research 29, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732318764874.

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Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a severe eating disorder strongly associated with obesity. Treatments struggle to provide safe and effective ways of addressing weight in a BED context. This study explored a two-phased treatment for BED developed at a major out-patient eating disorder service in Denmark. The study used interviews and participant observations to gain insight into experiences and processes related to weight and body issues in three treatment contexts that addressed weight stability, weight acceptance, and weight loss. Using systems theory, the study proposed a relational weight problem that embeds feelings of non-acceptance due to weight, a merge of weight and identity, and an internalized body- and weight-critical gaze of others. Contrary to critical claims that weight acceptance discourages people with obesity from engaging in weight loss efforts, this study suggests that acceptance and a disentanglement of weight and identity are prerequisites for weight loss for this group.

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Barnes, Rachel D., Valentina Ivezaj, Brian P. Pittman, and Carlos M. Grilo. "Early weight loss predicts weight loss treatment response regardless of binge-eating disorder status and pretreatment weight change." International Journal of Eating Disorders 51, no. 6 (April 10, 2018): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22860.

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Aziz, Victor M., Danika Rafferty, and Isabella Jurewicz. "Disordered eating in older people: Some causes and treatments." BJPsych Advances 23, no. 5 (September 2017): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.116.016568.

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SummaryThis overview considers causes of disordered eating, including eating disorders, in older people. Eating disorders are becoming more common in older adults and research has shown a related mortality of 21%. The wide range of medical and pharmacological causes of weight loss in older people means that eating disorders may go undetected, occurring insidiously and surreptitiously.Learning Objectives• Be aware of the numerous causes of weight loss in older people, and understand that eating disorders are not about weight but about control• Appreciate that physical and mental health problems and polypharmacy affect eating and weight• Understand that successful management focuses on a combination of pharmacological and behavioural interventions

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Taub, Diane E., and Rose Ann Benson. "Weight Concerns, Weight Control Techniques, and Eating Disorders among Adolescent Competitive Swimmers: The Effect of Gender." Sociology of Sport Journal 9, no. 1 (March 1992): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.1.76.

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Since most research on eating disorders among athletes has focused on college-age samples, the present investigation examines the adolescent competitive swimmer. Three areas related to weight and eating habits were explored: general concerns about weight, use of weight control techniques, and tendencies toward anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and associated behavioral/personal characteristics. Previous research has found females to be at greater risk than males, thus gender comparisons were undertaken. Questionnaires were completed by 85 adolescent competitive swimmers attending a nationally known summer swim camp at a large midwestern university. Consistent with the cultural norm of thinness for women, young female swimmers desired weight loss more than their male counterparts did. In terms of actual pathogenic weight control techniques or eating disorder tendencies, however, few significant gender differences were found. Neither male nor female adolescent swimmers were particularly susceptible to eating disorders or pathogenic weight control techniques.

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Gotovac, Sandra, Andrea LaMarre, and Kathryn Lafreniere. "Words with weight: The construction of obesity in eating disorders research." Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 24, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363459318785706.

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In current public health discourse, obesity is conceptualized as a disease epidemic, with treatment being weight loss. The pursuit of weight loss as a treatment for the “disease” of obesity is in direct contradiction to the history of research in eating disorders, which has demonstrated the risks for the development of eating disorders. In this study, we critically examined the eating disorder literature to explore this contradiction. We analyzed 30 of the top-cited articles in the eating disorder literature between 1994 and 2011, asking: how is the concept of obesity examined in eating disorder research? We identified tensions related to body mass index and the perceived associated risks of lower or higher body mass index, assumptions of the “causes” of fatness (i.e. overeating and inactivity), and the anti-diet voice challenging the prescription of dieting for those in fat bodies. In our analysis, we highlight the problematics of, for instance, prescribing a body mass index range of 20–24 in eating disorder recovery, how many studies in eating disorders do not problematize the presumption that a higher body mass index is necessarily associated with ill health, and a lack of cultural sensitivity and acknowledgment of intersectional spaces of belonging. We discuss these themes in the context of biomedical discourses of obesity contributing to the cultural thin ideal. We argue that biomedical discourses on obesity contribute to the thin ideal nuanced against discourses of healthism that permeate our society. Rather than an ideal of emaciation, it is an ideal of a healthy, productive person, often constructed as morally superior. The moral panic around obesity is evident throughout the eating disorder literature, which is a concern given that we would hope that the aim of eating disorder treatment would be to promote wellness for all—not only those who are thin.

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Escobar-Molina, Raquel, Sonia Rodríguez-Ruiz, Carlos Gutiérrez-García, and Emerson Franchini. "Weight Loss and Psychological-Related States in High-Level Judo Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 2 (April 2015): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0163.

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Purpose:This study aimed at comparing weight loss methods (WLM) performed near competition by elite judo athletes from different age and gender groups and relating WLM with the prevalence of eating disorders.Methods:144 athletes (66 females and 78 males) from the Spanish judo teams participated in this observational descriptive study grouped into cadets, juniors, and seniors. Data were collected during previous training meetings to international tournaments. The used tools are a basic data questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (FCQ-T), Restraint Scale (RS), and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40). Two-way ANOVAs and chi-square tests were used to compare groups.Results:Seniors presented higher use of WLM, especially one week before competition compared with juniors. Judoists were more involved in their diets and reduced more weight as they were older. Females were more concerned about their diets, presented higher anxiety, scored higher in the emotion scale, and more eating disorders symptoms, although weight loss was lower. Anxiety and eating disorders symptoms differences were more common in juniors and cadets, respectively, with higher scores in females.Conclusions and Implications:Seniors seem to develop more effective strategies to cope with weight loss. Cadet and junior females are more likely to suffer from the psychological-related states associated to weight loss. Implications: (1) Educational programs might help competitors and coaches to adopt and promote healthier weight loss processes, (2) special attention should be paid to female young judoists to detect eating disorders in its early stages, and (3) judo organizations should consider implementing new rules to sanction harmful weight loss practices.

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Pereira, Luiza do Nascimento Ghizoni, Fabiana Schuelter Trevisol, João Quevedo, and Luciano Kurtz Jornada. "Eating disorders among health science students at a university in southern Brazil." Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul 33, no. 1 (April 8, 2011): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81082011005000002.

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OBJECTIVES: To analyze eating disorders among female university students and to assess the frequency of bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and inappropriate weight loss strategies in this population. METHODS: The sample comprised 214 female university students attending different health science programs at a university in southern Brazil, aged over 18 years, assessed using self-administered questionnaires. The 26-item version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE), and a supplementary questionnaire covering data on weight status and inappropriate weight loss strategies were used to assess dietary abnormalities. RESULTS: Mean age (± standard deviation) was 21±9.93 years, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.1±2.59. Among the respondents, 72.9% said they would like to weigh less, 29% reported the use of different weight loss methods (diuretics were the most common, followed by laxatives, amphetamine-derived drugs, and self-induced vomiting). With regard to EAT-26 scores, 22.4% (95%CI 17.7-27.1) revealed abnormal feeding patterns; BITE indicated that 9.8% (95%CI 6.5-13.1) were at risk for developing bulimia and 36.9% (95%CI 31.5-42.3) required clinical evaluation. Mean BMI was lower among students with normal scores on both tests, but no association was found between BMI and satisfaction with own weight. CONCLUSION: There was a strong trend toward eating disorders in the health science students assessed, as demonstrated by EAT-26 and BITE scores; inadequate weight loss strategies are frequently used as well.

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Elham Alshammari and Ahlam Alshammari. "Review of Topiramate Effect on Weight Loss." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1851.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of topiramate in promoting weight loss among obese patients. The study was inspired by the fact that men and women, in addition to the stereotyped teenager, are affected by eating disorders. The general scope of this paper will comprise of the evaluation of the effectiveness of topiramate in weight loss amongst obese patients. The research achieves this through a review of past literature. In sum, the reviewed study found that the use of topiramate was associated with an increase in positive outcomes. Most of the positive outcomes were linked with weight reduction among overweight and obese patients. The review also revealed that the administration of the drug reduced the adverse effects of psychotic drugs minimized food cravings, alcohol, and smoking. Moreover, the combination of the drug with other antiepilepsy medications had more positive outcomes than when used as a monotherapy.

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Nagler, William, and Anne Androff. "Investigating the Impact of Deconditioning Anxiety on Weight Loss." Psychological Reports 66, no. 2 (April 1990): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.66.2.595.

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The effectiveness of a new model for the treatment of obesity was studied. This model assumed that obesity was not an eating disorder but a “not eating” disorder. Obese individuals do not have a problem eating, they are overly good at it. Obese individuals have a problem not eating. They experience difficulty or anxiety when they do not eat. The model assumed that removal of anxiety associated with “not eating” would allow obese subjects to lose weight. Wolpe and Lazarus' progressive relaxation techniques were used to decondition anxiety assumed associated with “not eating” in subjects. Inferred anxiety was deconditioned under conditions of “not eating” when imagining hunger, emotions, and cravings. Twenty-five subjects were instructed not to follow a diet after deconditioning but to eat less and be hungry to lose weight. A control group of 10 was instructed to follow a balanced 1000-calorie diet to lose weight. The former group lost a statistically significant amount of weight (7.5% of their body weight) over 11.9 months, while the control group subjects gained 6.5% of their weight. The model appears to be effective for the treatment of some individuals who wish to lose weight, based upon this preliminary study. Replication with other and larger groups is essential.

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Bravender, Terrill, Pauline Lyna, Cynthia J. Coffman, Michael E. Bodner, Truls Østbye, Stewart C. Alexander, Pao-Hwa Lin, and Kathryn I. Pollak. "Physician Weight-Related Counseling Is Unrelated to Extreme Weight Loss Behaviors Among Overweight and Obese Adolescents." Clinical Pediatrics 57, no. 8 (October 30, 2017): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922817737081.

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Some physicians may be hesitant to counsel overweight and obese adolescents about weight because of concerns that such counseling may result in extreme weight loss behaviors and the subsequent development of eating disorders. We compared self-reported extreme weight loss behaviors in 535 overweight/obese adolescents prior to receiving weight-related counseling during primary care visits, and again after 3 months. We found no change in fasting (7.7% vs 6.3%, P = .45), and decreases in diet pill use (4.1% vs 1.7%, P = .003) and laxative use/vomiting (2.6% vs 1.0%, P = .02). Three months following their medical appointment, patients were also less likely to report trying to lose weight in general (80.0% vs 75.6%, P = .04). Physicians should be reassured that providing weight-related counseling to their obese adolescents is unlikely to induce extreme weight loss behaviors. Frequent counseling may be required in order to help patients maintain motivation to attain a healthy weight.

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Prnjak, Katarina, Ivan Jukic, and Anita Lauri Korajlija. "How Perfectionism and Eating Disorder Symptoms Contribute to Searching Weight-Loss Information on the Internet?" Medicina 55, no. 10 (September 23, 2019): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100621.

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Background and Objectives: Eating disorder (ED) symptoms are a growing problem and modern technologies introduced a new and unexplored potential risk factor for vulnerable individuals. It is fairly common for women to use the Internet in order to find information about various weight-loss methods, but it was further questioned whether perfectionism and eating disorder symptomatology could be linked to this behavior. Materials and Methods: Participants were 228 women (Mean age = 30.5; SD = 9.43) recruited via social media, who provided responses on measures of perfectionism, eating disorder symptoms, and a short check-list measuring the frequency of online searching about five topics (food, diet, exercise, body appearance, and eating disorders). Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the BMI and Discrepancy subscale of APS-R significantly predicted online searching, along with eating disorder symptomatology. Moreover, mediation analyses resulted in a significant indirect effect, but not a direct effect, indicating that eating disorder symptomatology fully mediated the relationship between BMI and online searching, as well as between maladaptive perfectionism and online searching. Conclusion: These findings shed light on a high BMI and maladaptive perfectionism as potential risk factors for eating disorder-related behavior on the Internet. More attention to online-seeking behavior among women symptomatic of ED is warranted, and websites containing such topics should include information about professional help for eating disorder-symptomatic individuals.

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Yu, Zhiping, Brittany Moran, and Katrina Agger. "Weight Loss Diet is Linked to Orthorexia Nervosa in University Students." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_152.

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Abstract Objectives Orthorexia nervosa (ON), a term describing the obsession with healthy eating, has been coined since 1997 but no study has been reported in people following weight loss diets. This study aimed to assess the association between ON and weight loss diet in a university student population. Methods Students 18 years or older in all majors and at all education levels in a southeastern university were invited to take an online survey. Survey questions include Bratman Orthorexia Test (BOT), Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) and participant characteristics. Results 411 students (ages 18–65, BMI 15.1–55.5, female 75.2%, white 75.6%, graduate students 16.1%) have completed the survey. Among them, 117 have followed weight loss diet(s) for more than 3 months. Comparing to non-diet followers, diet followers were older (26.2 vs. 23.9), had higher BMI (26.5 vs. 24.9), reported higher BOT scores (5.9 vs. 3.9) and had a higher percentage being a health fanatic or orthorexic (BOT > 5: 76.1% vs. 38.8%). Diet followers also reported higher EAT scores (16.9 vs. 9.0) and had a higher percentage of students at high eating disorder risk (EAT ≥ 20: 32.5% vs. 12.6%). Conclusions Following weight loss diets is associated with high ON tendencies among university students. This association needs to be tested in other populations. Prevention and treatment strategies for ON and eating disorders should take following weight loss diets into consideration. Funding Sources None.

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Masheb, Robin M., and Carlos M. Grilo. "Weight Loss Expectations in Patients with Binge-Eating Disorder." Obesity Research 10, no. 5 (May 2002): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.44.

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Ramsay, Noreen, Jose Catalan, and Brian Gazzard. "Eating Disorders in Men with HIV Infection." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 3 (March 1992): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.3.404.

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Four men with HIV infection who were referred to liaison psychiatry for assessment of eating disorders are described. In all four cases the eating disorder had implications for the clinical management of their HIV infection. Investigations of weight loss, dietary intervention, and compliance may all be affected by the presence of an eating disorder. The development of HIV disease may exacerbate the symptoms of an eating disorder.

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Legenbauer, Tanja Marina, Martina de Zwaan, Barbara Mühlhans, Frank Petrak, and Stephan Herpertz. "Do mental disorders and eating patterns affect long-term weight loss maintenance?" General Hospital Psychiatry 32, no. 2 (March 2010): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.09.001.

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Panchaud Cornut, Maude, Jennifer Szymanski, Pedro Marques-Vidal, and Vittorio Giusti. "Identification of Psychological Dysfunctions and Eating Disorders in Obese Women Seeking Weight Loss: Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/356289.

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Objective. The aim of this study is to analyse associations between eating behaviour and psychological dysfunctions in treatment-seeking obese patients and identify parameters for the development of diagnostic tools with regard to eating and psychological disorders.Design and Methods. Cross-sectional data were analysed from 138 obese women. Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh and Eating Disorder Inventory-2 assessed eating behaviours. Beck Depression Inventory II, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, form Y, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, and Marks and Mathews Fear Questionnaire assessed psychological profile.Results. 61% of patients showed moderate or major depressive symptoms and 77% showed symptoms of anxiety. Half of the participants presented with a low degree of assertiveness. No correlation was found between psychological profile and age or anthropometric measurements. The prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and assertiveness increased with the degree of eating disorders. The feeling of ineffectiveness explained a large degree of score variance. It explained 30 to 50% of the variability of assertiveness, phobias, anxiety, and depression.Conclusion. Psychological dysfunctions had a high prevalence and their severity is correlated with degree of eating disorders. The feeling of ineffectiveness constitutes the major predictor of the psychological profile and could open new ways to develop screening tools.

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Pattinson, Andrea L., Natasha Nassar, Felipe Q. da Luz, Phillipa Hay, Stephen Touyz, and Amanda Sainsbury. "The Real Happy Study: Protocol for a Prospective Assessment of the Real-World Effectiveness of the HAPIFED Program—a Healthy APproach to weIght management and Food in Eating Disorders." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9070072.

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The prevalence of obesity with comorbid binge eating behaviour is growing at a faster rate than that seen for either obesity or eating disorders as separate conditions. Approximately 6% of the population are affected and they potentially face a lifetime of poor physical and mental health outcomes and an inability to sustain long-term weight loss. Current treatment options are inadequate in that they typically address either obesity or eating disorders exclusively, not the combination of both conditions. By treating one condition without treating the other, relapse is common, and patients are often left disappointed with their lack of weight loss. An integrated approach to treating these individuals is needed to prevent a worsening of the comorbidities associated with excess body weight and eating disorders. A new therapy has recently been developed, named HAPIFED, which addresses both overweight/obesity and comorbid binge eating behaviour with the combination of behavioural weight loss therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy-enhanced (CBT-E). The aim of this paper is to document the protocol for the Real Happy Study, which will evaluate the effectiveness of the HAPIFED program in treating overweight or obesity with comorbid binge-eating behaviour in a real-world setting.

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Brandão, Isabel, Ana Marques Pinho, Filipa Arrojado, Ana Pinto-Bastos, José Maia Da Costa, Rui Coelho, Conceição Calhau, and Eva Conceição. "Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, Depressão e Alterações do Comportamento Alimentar em Doentes Submetidos a Cirurgia Bariátrica." Acta Médica Portuguesa 29, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.6399.

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Introduction: Obesity is associated with a great number of complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychiatric pathology. Bariatric surgery is the best solution to weight loss and improvement of complications in morbid obese patients. This study aims to analyze the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychopathologic variables before and after bariatric surgery and assess the importance of different variables in weight loss. Material and Methods: This is a longitudinal study, which evaluates 75 patients before and after bariatric surgery (47 - LAGB – laparoscopic adjustable gastric band; 19 – RYGB – Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; 9 - sleeve) with a follow-up time between 18 and 46 months. A clinical interview and self report questionnaires were applied - Eating Disorder Examination questionnaire – EDE-Q and Beck Depression Inventory – BDI. Results: Results show an improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus after surgery (χ2 (1) = 26.132, p < 0.001). There was not a significant improvement among psychiatric pathology when we controlled the analysis for the type of surgery. It was verified that type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and eating disorders in post-operative period are associated with less weight loss. This model explains 27% of weight variance after surgery (R2 = 0.265) and it is significant F (3.33) = 2.981, p = 0.038. Discussion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, psychiatric pathology and eating disorders after surgery influenced weight loss. It was not clear in what way this relation was verified, neither the relation that these metabolic and psychological variables may have during the postoperative period. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus improved after surgery. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and eating disorders influenced weight loss in the postoperative period. These variables did not influence weight loss in the preoperative period.

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Griffin, Joy, and Mary B. Harris. "Coaches’ Attitudes, Knowledge, Experiences, and Recommendations Regarding Weight Control." Sport Psychologist 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.2.180.

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Because of a higher than normal incidence of pathogenic weight-loss techniques and eating disorders in athletes, 274 coaches were surveyed to discover their attitudes, knowledge, personal experiences, and recommendations regarding weight control. Coaches demonstrated relatively negative attitudes toward and limited knowledge about obesity, with a few gender and ethnic differences. They tended to make decisions about the need for weight control on the basis of appearance rather than objective indicators, and they saw more females as needing to lose weight and more males as needing to gain. Although a majority of the coaches had tried to lose weight themselves, some using dangerous weight-control techniques, they did not recommend such techniques to their athletes. Nevertheless, it is possible that their obvious concern about weight may have been interpreted by their athletes as encouragement for using pathogenic weight-loss methods.

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de Man Lapidoth, Joakim, Ata Ghaderi, and Claes Norring. "Eating disorders and disordered eating among patients seeking non-surgical weight-loss treatment in Sweden." Eating Behaviors 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.05.006.

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Swenne, I. "Weight requirements for return of menstruations in teenage girls with eating disorders, weight loss and secondary amenorrhoea." Acta Paediatrica 93, no. 11 (January 2, 2007): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02628.x.

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Swenne, Ingemar. "Weight and Growth Requirements for Menarche in Teenage Girls with Eating Disorders, Weight Loss and Primary Amenorrhea." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 69, no. 3 (2008): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000112587.

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Swenne, I., A. Rosling, S. Tengblad, and B. Vessby. "Essential fatty acid status in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss." Acta Paediatrica 100, no. 5 (March 1, 2011): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02153.x.

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Swenne, Ingemar. "Weight requirements for catch-up growth in girls with eating disorders and onset of weight loss before menarche." International Journal of Eating Disorders 38, no. 4 (December 2005): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20182.

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Whitelaw, Melissa, Katherine Jane Lee, Heather Gilbertson, and Susan Margaret Sawyer. "Predicting Clinical Course in Adolescent Restrictive Eating Disorders: The Relative Contribution of Admission Weight Compared to Weight Loss." Journal of Adolescent Health 62, no. 2 (February 2018): S100—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.203.

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Murphy, K., M. Hayden, W. Brown, and P. O’Brien. "Does binge eating disorder negatively impact weight loss after bariatric surgery?" Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 6 (October 2012): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.08.188.

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KALMAN, DOUGLAS, HEATHER CASCARANO, DIANE R. KRIEGER, THOMAS INCLEDON, and MONIKA WOOLSEY. "Frequency of binge eating disorder in an outpatient weight loss clinic." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102, no. 5 (May 2002): 697–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90158-6.

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Borges, M. Beatriz F., Miguel R. Jorge, Christina M. Morgan, Dartiu Xavier da Silveira, and Osvladir Custódio. "Binge-Eating Disorder in Brazilian Women on a Weight-Loss Program." Obesity Research 10, no. 11 (November 2002): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.153.

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Jaramillo, Manuela, Natasha Burke, Lauren Shomaker, Sheila Brady, Merel Kozlosky, Jack Yanovski, and Marian Tanofsky-Kraff. "Perceived Family Functioning in Relation to Energy Intake in Adolescent Girls with Loss of Control Eating." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121869.

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Family functioning is hypothesized to influence the development, maintenance, and treatment of obesity and eating disorders. However, there are limited data examining family functioning in relation to energy intake in the laboratory among youth at high-risk for eating disorders and excess weight gain. Therefore, we examined the relationship between perceived family functioning and energy intake during a laboratory test meal designed to model a binge episode. We performed hierarchical multiple regression analyses among 108 adolescent girls in an excess weight gain prevention trial. Participants were at high-risk for eating disorders and excess weight gain due to reports of loss of control eating (LOC) and high body mass index (BMI). Participants completed the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale III to assess family adaptability and cohesion. Following an overnight fast, girls consumed lunch from a laboratory test meal. Poorer family adaptability, but not cohesion, was associated with lower percentage of total energy intake from protein and greater percentage of total energy intake from carbohydrates. Neither adaptability nor cohesion were significantly associated with total intake. We conclude that among girls with LOC eating and high BMI, poor reported family adaptability is associated with greater consumption of obesity-promoting macronutrients during binge episodes. Directionality and temporality of this association between unhealthy consumption and family rigidity requires further study.

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Osei-Assibey, G., I. Kyrou, S. Kumar, P. Saravanan, and K. A. Matyka. "Self-Reported Psychosocial Health in Obese Patients before and after Weight Loss." Journal of Obesity 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/372463.

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Psychosocial profiles were examined in 255 morbidly obese patients attending a hospital service offering access to standard weight loss therapies. 129 patients were reassessed after at least 6-month follow-up. At baseline, 51.8% and 32.7% of patients, respectively, had evidence of anxiety and depressive disorders, 24% had severe impairments in self esteem, and 29.7% had an increased risk of eating disorders. At follow-up, weight loss from baseline was significant in all 3 therapies: diet only is kg; pharmacotherapy is kg; and surgery is kg. Anxiety scores improved in all three groups (). Patients having pharmacotherapy or surgery had significant improvements in physical and work function and public distress compared to those having dietary treatment only (). Our observational data suggest that weight management services can lead to psychosocial benefit in morbidly obese patients. Well-designed studies are necessary to examine the link between weight loss and emotional health.

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Bianciardi, E., D. L. Giorgio, N. Cinzia, G. Flavia, G. Paolo, and S. Alberto. "One-year changes in psychiatric disorders following bariatric surgery." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.526.

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IntroductionPsychiatric disorders in obese patients range from 20% to 60%, with a lifetime prevalence as high as 70%. Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective therapy for long-term weight control and ameliorates comorbidities. After BS, psychiatric outcomes are still a matter of controversy. Moreover, while psychosocial pre-surgical evaluation is mandatory, post-operatively psychiatric follow-up programs are lacking. Aim of this prospective study was to examine changes in psychiatric symptoms and weight over 1 year of follow-up among a population of individuals submitted to BS.MethodsOne hundred forty eight participants were enrolled, 98 women and 50 men; mean age was 46 (SD = 10.7), and mean BMI was 46 (SD = 7.7). Clinical interview and self-report instruments were administered before and one year after BS. Depressive symptoms were measured using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Binge Eating Disorder was measured using Binge Eating Scale (BES).ResultsOne year after surgery 86% of patients achieved a percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) ≥40%. Rate of psychiatric comorbidities declined from 41% at pre-surgery to 12% at 1 year post-surgery, P = 0.01. BDI mean score declined from 12 to 8, P > 0.000. After BS, binge eating, depressive symptoms, and age were independent and significant predictors of %EWL (F6,523 = 79.599, P < 0.0001, adjR2 = 0.471).ConclusionsWe reported an improvement of psychiatric symptoms through 1 year after BS. Post surgical binge eating disorder and depression were associated with less weight loss after surgery, adding to the literature suggesting that psychiatric disorder after surgery, unlike pre-surgery, are related to suboptimal weight loss.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Needham, Heather, Elizabeth Ferguson, Darcie Takemoto, and Sindhu Idicula. "Emergency Management in Eating Disorders." Adolescent Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676609666190730093039.

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Aims and Scope:: Eating disorders commonly present during the adolescent and young adult years, and are complex in that they are a group of psychiatric diagnoses with medical complications. Methods:: The diagnosis of an eating disorder can often go undetected while a patient is being evaluated for organic causes of weight loss. Anorexia nervosa, in particular, has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric diagnosis. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5), there are several diagnoses that are classified as eating or feeding disorders. Conclusion:: This article will discuss anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, with a focus on medical and psychiatric emergencies that are important for primary care providers to keep in mind when caring for adolescents and young adults.

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Bossert-Zaudig, S., R. Laessle, C. Meiller, H. Ellgring, and KM Pirke. "Hunger and appetite during visual perception of food in eating disorders." European Psychiatry 6, no. 5 (1991): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800003862.

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SummaryNineteen different slides of food items and their effects on appetite and hunger as rated on visual analogue scales were investigated in 20 bulimics and 9 anorexics (DSM-III-R) at the onset and after 8 weeks of behavioral hospital treatment; 9 controls were examined at the maximum of weight loss during a diet and at normal weight. At the onset of treatment appetite ratings were significantly lower in patients than in dieting controls. In anorexics and bulimics appetite ratings increased significantly during treatment. The sight of food did not increase reported hunger in bulimics but did so in controls. Appetite ratings, however, were significantly increased by the sight of food in bulimics as well as in controls. Despite the small sample size, it may be concluded that dieting and weight loss have different psychological implications in healthy controls and in patients with eating disorders, that dieting rather than weight per se influences appetite and that differences in hunger responsiveness to the sight of food in anorexics and bulimics seem likely.

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Mairs, Rebecca, and Dasha Nicholls. "Assessment and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 12 (June 28, 2016): 1168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309481.

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Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are serious mental health disorders that cause impairments in physical health, development, cognition and psychosocial function and can go undetected for months or years. They are characterised by disturbed eating behaviour associated with concerns about weight and shape or by disinterest in food, phobic avoidance or avoidance due to sensory aspects of food. Restrictive forms of FEDs lead to significant weight loss requiring intervention. Without specific knowledge of these conditions, they can evade detection, delaying time to diagnosis and treatment and potentially influencing outcome. This review article focuses on the key factors involved in the psychiatric assessment and treatment of four feeding or eating disorders (EDs): anorexia nervosa, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. They have been chosen for discussion as they are most likely to be encountered in both a psychiatric and paediatric setting. It emphasises the importance of a family-focused, developmentally appropriate and multidisciplinary approach to care. It does not address aspects of medical assessment and treatment. Other feeding or EDs not included in this article are pica, rumination disorder, other specified feeding and eating disorder and unspecified feeding and eating disorder.

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Gowers, Simon G., and Alison Shore. "Development of weight and shape concerns in the aetiology of eating disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 3 (September 2001): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.3.236.

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BackgroundAlthough weight and shape concerns are considered to be integral to the psychopathology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa, uncertainties remain about developmental aspects of the aetiology of these concerns and their relationship to eating disorders.AimsTo review the recent literature on weight and shape concern, with particular emphasis on aetiology, to identify a possible developmental pathway from weight concern through abnormal eating behaviour to disorder.MethodLiterature review of Medline and Psychlit databases using the keywords ‘eating disosrder’, ‘weight concern’, ‘shape concern’ and ‘aetiology’. Inclusion criteria were based on the strength of quantitative research findings, originality of ideas and recent publication.ResultsWeight and shape concerns follow a developmental pathway arising before the typical age for the development of eating disorders. The origins are multifactorial, with biological, family and sociocultural features predominating.ConclusionsAlthough weight and shape concern seems commonly to underlie the development of eating disorders, an alternative pathway appears to exist through impulsivity and fear of loss of control. Prevention strategies may usefully focus on the attitudes and concerns that lead to dieting behaviour.

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Guerrier, Karine, Laurie Mitan, Yu Wang, and Richard J. Czosek. "Risk for prolonged QT interval and associated outcomes in children with early restrictive eating patterns." Cardiology in the Young 26, no. 4 (June 2, 2015): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951115000785.

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AbstractAimThis study aimed to describe the frequency of QTc prolongation in children with restrictive eating disorders early in the course of disease admitted for inpatient therapy, to determine the frequency of associated ventricular arrhythmia, and to evaluate the relationship between QTc interval and concomitant electrolyte abnormalities and rate of weight loss.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 11–25 years with early restrictive eating disorders.ResultsIn all, 82 patients met the inclusion criteria (84% female). In total, 9.8% had prolonged QTc interval during hospitalisation. Patients with prolonged QTc had significantly higher resting heart rates (p=0.006), but there was no association with hypokalaemia (p=0.31), hypomagnesaemia (p=0.43), hypophosphataemia (p=1), or rate of weight loss (p=1).ConclusionMild QTc prolongation in patients with restrictive eating disorders is not related to electrolyte abnormalities or rate of weight loss in this population, suggesting that investigation about other potential risk factors of prolonged QTc interval may be warranted.

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Cattivelli, Roberto, Anna Guerrini Usubini, Gian Mauro Manzoni, Francesco Vailati Riboni, Giada Pietrabissa, Alessandro Musetti, Christian Franceschini, et al. "ACTonFood. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Group Treatment Compared to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Group Treatment for Weight Loss Maintenance: An Individually Randomized Group Treatment Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 9558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189558.

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The purpose of this Individually Randomized Group Treatment Trial was to compare an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based (ACT) group intervention and a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based (CBT) group intervention for weight loss maintenance in a sample of adult patients with obesity seeking treatment for weight loss. One hundred and fifty-five adults (BMI: Kg/m2 = 43.8 [6.8]) attending a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss were randomized into two conditions: ACT and CBT. Demographical, physical, and clinical data were assessed at the beginning of the program (t0), at discharge (t1), and at 6-month follow-up (t2). The following measures were administered: The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) and the Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). Generalized linear mixed models were performed to assess differences between groups. Moderation effects for gender and Eating Disorders (ED) have been considered. From baseline to discharge, no significant differences between interventions were found, with the only exception of an improvement in the CORE-OM total score and in the CORE-OM subjective wellbeing subscale for those in the CBT condition. From discharge to follow-up, ACT group participants showed significant results in terms of weight loss maintenance, CORE-OM total score, and CORE-OM and AAQ-II wellbeing, symptoms, and psychological problems subscales. Gender moderated the effects of time and intervention on the CORE-OM subscale reporting the risk for self-harm or harm of others. The presence of an eating disorder moderated the effect of time and intervention on the CORE-OM total score, on the CORE-OM symptoms and psychological problems subscales, and on the AAQ-II. Patients who received the ACT intervention were more likely to achieve a ≥5% weight loss from baseline to follow-up and to maintain the weight loss after discharge. The ACT intervention was thus effective in maintaining weight loss over time.

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Kikutani, Takeshi, Yoko Ichikawa, Eri Kitazume, Arato Mizukoshi, Takashi Tohara, Noriaki Takahashi, Fumiyo Tamura, Manami Matsutani, Junko Onishi, and Eiichiro Makino. "COVID-19 Infection-Related Weight Loss Decreases Eating/Swallowing Function in Schizophrenic Patients." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041113.

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Background: In older people with psychoneurological diseases, COVID-19 infection may be associated with a risk of developing or exacerbating dysphagia. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between eating/swallowing function and COVID-19 infection. Methods: Subjects were 44 inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 infection being treated for schizophrenia in a psychiatric ward. Eating function was assessed using the Food Intake Level Scale (FILS) before and after infection. We also evaluated age, comorbidities, COVID-19 hospital stay, obesity index, weight loss rate, and chlorpromazine equivalent. Results: Subjects had a mean age of 68.86 years. Pre-infection, 20 subjects had a FILS score of 7–9 (presence of eating/swallowing disorder) and 24 subjects had a score of 10 (normal). Eating function after infection resolution showed decreasing FILS score compared to that before infection in 14 subjects (74.14 years). Six subjects (79.3 years) transitioned from oral feeding to parenteral feeding. A ≥ 10% weight loss during infection treatment was significantly associated with decreased eating function and a transition to parenteral feeding. Chlorpromazine equivalents, comorbidities, and number of days of hospitalization showed no associations with decreased eating function. Conclusions: Preventing malnutrition during treatment for COVID-19 infection is important for improving post-infection life prognosis and maintaining quality of life (QOL).

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Madanat, Hala N., Ryan Lindsay, and Tiffany Campbell. "Young urban women and the nutrition transition in Jordan." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 4 (August 12, 2010): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010002107.

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AbstractObjectiveTo determine the nutrition transition stage of female Jordanian college students.DesignA cross-sectional survey was used to assess eating styles, disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, body esteem and dissatisfaction, and media influence.SettingPublic and private universities in Jordan.SubjectsA total of 255 subjects were recruited through a government-initiated youth campaign.ResultsThe majority of participants had a normal BMI (70·6 %) with almost all (99·4 %) reporting restrained eating behaviour. Scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) indicated that 45·2 % of these female college students should be screening for eating disorders. Subscales of the Body Esteem Scale (BES) showed that these women did not have substantial body esteem issues and mean scores on the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3) indicated that overall these women did not feel the media was dictating the way their body should look. Where Jordanian women did feel pressure from Western media, there was a 6·7-fold increase in the likelihood that they wanted to lose weight. In addition, 48·2 % of the female college students desired to lose weight and 14·4 % desired weight gain, indicating a certain level of body dissatisfaction.ConclusionsWith low levels of overweight and obesity and a propensity towards eating based on external hunger cues, college-aged Jordanian women may be less advanced in their development through the nutrition transition than the general population of women. However, high levels of restrained eating and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours indicate the need for an intervention to address healthy weight-loss strategies, assess eating disorders and help maintain healthy body esteem.

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Chan, Yun Li, Alexander Lourdes Samy, Wen Ting Tong, Mohammad Ashraful Islam, and Wah Yun Low. "Eating Disorder Among Malaysian University Students and Its Associated Factors." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 32, no. 6-7 (August 13, 2020): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539520947879.

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Eating disorder is highly prevalent among university students worldwide. However, in Malaysia, studies on eating disorder is scanty and were mostly conducted among medical students. A stratified cluster sampling was used to recruit participants in a university based in Kuala Lumpur. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1017/1132 students (response rate: 89.8%). The questionnaires administered was a combination of the Eating Attitude Test-26 and items related to perceived body weight, body mass index, trying to weight loss, tobacco use, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Descriptive analyses were performed to provide background information of at-risk students by gender. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors of eating disorder. The results showed that 13.9% of the university students were at risk of eating disorder. Students who were trying to lose weight and had posttraumatic stress disorder predicted eating disorder. Hence, eating disorder among university students merits attention and requires implementations of public health policies.

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Varnado, P. J., Donald A. Williamson, B. G. Bentz, D. H. Ryan, S. K. Rhodes, P. M. O’Neil, S. B. Sebastian, and S. E. Barker. "Prevalence of binge eating disorder in obese adults seeking weight loss treatment." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 2, no. 3 (September 1997): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03339961.

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Piya, Milan K., Ritesh Chimoriya, William Yu, Kathy Grudzinskas, Kyaw Phone Myint, Kathryn Skelsey, Nic Kormas, and Phillipa Hay. "Improvement in Eating Disorder Risk and Psychological Health in People with Class 3 Obesity: Effects of a Multidisciplinary Weight Management Program." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051425.

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This study aimed to evaluate the risk of eating disorders, psychological distress, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people with class 3 obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2), and the effect of multidisciplinary weight management over 12 months. This retrospective cohort study included all adults with class 3 obesity who enrolled in a weight management program from March 2018 to December 2019. Questionnaires included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) for HRQoL. Physical and Mental Component Summary scores (PCS and MCS) were derived from the SF-36. Of 169 participants who completed 12 months in the program, 65.7% (n = 111) completed questionnaires at baseline and 12 months, with 6.0 ± 6.8% weight loss over this period. Compared to baseline, there was significant improvement at 12 months in EDE-QS (15.7 ± 6.6 vs. 13.6 ± 6.2, p = 0.002), K10 (25.7 ± 9.7 vs. 21.2 ± 9.4, p < 0.001), PCS (29.4 ± 10.1 vs. 36.1 ± 10.9, p < 0.001), and MCS scores (40.2 ± 12.4 vs. 44.0 ± 13.4, p = 0.001). All, apart from EDE-QS scores, remained significant after adjusting for weight change. This study highlights the importance of multidisciplinary management in people with class 3 obesity to help reduce eating disorder risk and psychological distress, and improve HRQoL, in addition to weight loss.

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de Man Lapidoth, Joakim, Ata Ghaderi, and Claes Norring. "A Comparison of Eating Disorders among Patients Receiving Surgical vs Non-surgical Weight-loss Treatments." Obesity Surgery 18, no. 6 (March 15, 2008): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9250-8.

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Overdorf, V. G., and K. S. Silgailis. "High School Coaches’ Perceptions of and Actual Knowledge about Issues Related to Nutrition and Weight Control." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 14, no. 1 (April 2005): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.14.1.79.

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Psychologists’ narrations have identified how difficult it is to treat individuals with eating disorders. Moreover, the further the illness has progressed, the greater is the resistance to treatment. Therefore, prevention is critical in reducing the prevalence of these disorders among female athletes. The individuals having the most contact with athletes, and thus constituting the first line of defense against this problem, are coaches. Yet, information about nutrition and proper weight control and how these topics should be properly communicated to athletes is frequently not part of a coach’s training, and consequently may not be part of a coach’s knowledge base. This study was designed to evaluate the perceived versus actual knowledge about nutrition and weight control held by high school coaches of girls’ teams (̲n = 42). Two questionnaires, designed by the investigators, were administered sequentially. The first requested perceptions on various nutritional and weight control issues. The second was a quiz on actual knowledge of nutrition and weight control. Ninety-one percent of the coaches rated their nutrition knowledge as average or above, while only 40 percent had taken any formal classes in nutrition. On the actual quiz, only 14 percent of the coaches knew what percentage of simple carbohydrates should constitute athletes’ diets, while less than half (40%) were able to identify sources of complex carbohydrates. Eleven percent of the coaches thought athletes should have a high protein diet, while almost all of them (80%) believed that muscle is gained by eating proteins. Furthermore, only eight percent were able to identify sources of low fat protein. In regard to issues of weight control, 40 percent of the coaches thought athletes would improve performance by losing weight, 33 percent had impressed on their team the need to lose several times, and 28 percent had spoken to individual athletes about the need to lose weight several times. The predominant method for monitoring weight loss in athletes was visual inspection (37%) rather than actual measurement. Moreover, 77 percent of the coaches thought weight loss had to exceed 15 percent to reflect an anorectic condition, suggesting a possible need for earlier intervention by coaches. Since 82 percent of the coaches incorrectly thought body image distortions occur equally among male and female adolescents, it seems they are unaware of the greater risk for eating disorders among female athletes. While this study represents a small sampling of coaches, the observed lack of congruence between perceived and actual knowledge regarding nutrition and weight control must be addressed if prevention of eating disorders among athletes is to become a reality.

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Citrome, Leslie. "Binge eating disorder revisited: what’s new, what’s different, what’s next." CNS Spectrums 24, S1 (June 14, 2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852919001032.

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Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common type of eating disorder. According to the most recent data available, the estimated lifetime prevalence of BED among US adults in the general population is 0.85% (men 0.42% and women 1.25%). Among psychiatric treatment populations, prevalence is several-fold higher. Although many people with BED are obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), roughly half are not. In the DSM-5, BED is defined by recurrent episodes of binge eating (eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food larger than most people would eat in a similar amount of time under similar circumstancesanda sense of lack of control over eating during the episode), occurring on average at least once a week for 3 months, and associated with marked distress. BED often goes unrecognized and thus untreated; in one study, 344 of 22,387 (1.5%) survey respondents met DSM-5 criteria for BED, but only 11 out of the 344 had ever been diagnosed with BED by a health-care provider. Psychiatric comorbidities are very common, with most adults with BED also experiencing anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, or substance use disorders, suggesting that clinicians have patients in their practice with unrecognized BED. Multiple neurobiological explanations have been suggested for BED, including dysregulation in reward center and impulse control circuitry. Additionally, there is interplay between genetic influences and environmental stressors. Psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral interventions have been recommended as first line and are supported by meta-analytic reviews; however, access to such treatments may be limited because of local availability and/or cost, and these treatments generally lead to little to no weight loss, although successfully eliminating binge eating can protect against future weight gain. Routine medication treatments for anxiety and depression do not necessarily ameliorate the symptoms of BED, but there are approved and emerging medication options, lisdexamfetamine and dasotraline, respectively, that specifically address the core drivers behind binge eating, namely obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors regarding food, resulting in marked decreases in binge eating behaviors as well as weight loss.

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MacDonald, Danielle E., and Stephanie E. Cassin. "Nondieting Psychological Interventions for Individuals who are Overweight or Obese: A Systematic Review of the Evidence." Psychopathology Review a4, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 290–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/pr.037014.

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Nondieting psychological interventions for overweight/obesity emerged from poor maintenance of change in weight reduction interventions, psychological difficulties experienced by this group, and the position that focusing on weight loss can reinforce psychological struggles. The nondieting paradigm aims to improve wellness without weight loss. This paper reviews the efficacy of nondieting interventions for overweight/obesity. Thirteen randomized controlled trials were reviewed, which compared nondieting interventions to wait list, weight loss, and psychosocial comparison groups. In the short-term and in follow-up, nondieting interventions resulted in improvement of body dissatisfaction, restrained eating, and eating disorder psychopathology, but not other psychological or physiological variables. Despite not focusing on weight reduction, there were no weight differences compared to weight loss treatments at 12–18 month follow-up. These findings suggest that elements of the nondieting paradigm may be beneficial to psychological wellbeing in individuals with overweight/obesity, and that integrating such interventions into clinical practice may be helpful.

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Aucott, Lorna S. "Influences of weight loss on long-term diabetes outcomes." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, no. 1 (January 30, 2008): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665108006022.

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Increasing rates of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) follow the obesity ‘epidemic’, with 86% of patients with T2DM being overweight and over half being obese. Literature has highlighted that being overweight or obese increases the risk of diabetes. Weight loss for obese patients is associated with clinical improvements, although this evidence is mostly from short-term studies. As part of a Health Technology Assessment systematic review the long-term (≥2 years) effects of weight loss on change in diabetes-related outcome measures for those with diabetes, or risk of developing diabetes for those without diabetes, was investigated in obese individuals. Eleven studies published between 1966 and 2001 fulfilled the inclusion criteria (Caucasian, BMI >28 kg/m2, adults, no eating disorders, weight loss and changes in diabetes-outcome measures). Results of these studies indicated that intentional weight loss reduces the risk of developing diabetes in the long term and those participants with T2DM often have reduced clinical symptoms and mortality risk. These results have been verified and enhanced by literature published since this review. A similar systematic review was conducted as part of a six-phase project, the PRevent Obesity GRowing Economic Synthesis Study. This review excluded BMI >34 kg/m2 and was restricted to lifestyle interventions (or intentional weight loss). Limited information relating to diabetes was gained, with only a non-significant increasing trend for mortality from diabetes for severe weight cycling practices being suggested. Other results indicated a relationship between weight loss and fasting plasma glucose, but because of the heterogeneity of participation groups and lack of definition in relation to diabetes this relationship was not formalised. In summary, weight loss is beneficial for long-term diabetes outcomes for overweight, obese and morbidly-obese participants. There is little research evidence for those individuals who are overweight or just obese, indicating areas of future research in terms of prevention of both obesity and diabetes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eating disorders Weight loss Weight loss'

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