Academic literature on the topic 'Eating socializations'

The paper deals with the phenomenon of loneliness, the emotional state which is characterized by the feeling of emptiness and isolation, exclusion and isolation from other people. It is the state connected with many psychological troubles, behavioral and social problems and can seriously threaten mental and physical health of the adolescents and grown-up young people. The goal of the research is to examine the frequency of the experience of loneliness in the population of the adolescents, the connection of loneliness with other psychological difficulties, and also with the effects of socialization. A modified questionnaire about the ways of the expression of the crisis in the adolescence (Kondic and co.), the short form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale) and the battery of the tests of socializations (Momirovic and co.) are used in this research. The research is conducted on the sample of 300 first year students from the Faculty of Pedagogy in Jagodina, Medical Faculty in Belgrade, Faculty of Philology and Arts in Kragujevac and College of Health Studies in Cuprija, of the average age 19.1 years. The results received by the application of the same questionnaire on the sample of the students in the final year of high schools in the interval of 5 years starting from 1985 until 2010 are used for the comparison (100 adolescents for each researched year). The results of the research have shown that 32% of the adolescents in the researched sample declare as lonely (the comparison points to the trend of the increase of loneliness in the population of the adolescents in relation to the previous year), that the loneliness is statistically significantly connected to other psychological difficulties (depression, self-image disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders) and with the emphasized effects of socialization, that is, exaggerated socialization (where the solution of this serious problem can be searched).

IntroductionPatient's outgroup socialization may be a problem in the psychotherapeutic group functioning. Disadvantages – and even benefits – of this common issue in psychotherapy have been described (Vinogradov S., Yalom I.). However, the impact of new social networks – that facilitate other ways of immediate and easy communication – on this phenomenon is still unknown.Aims and objectivesTo explore the risks of spontaneous “self-help groups” supported by new technologies for the psychotherapeutic group functioning.MethodCourse description of a psychotherapeutic group, composed by patients with eating disorders (bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder) in the context of a specialized hospital day.ResultsA patient – who has recently had a breakup – asked help to the group through a non-reported whatsapp chat. Gradually, patients used this new channel to express distress and daily interpersonal difficulties, showing less implication in the supervised group sessions. The patient presented a symptomatic relapse with self-harm injuries and severe eating symptoms. Finally, she left the therapy and, in the next weeks, other patients also left the group, due to different reasons, in a “drag phenomenon”. The analysis showed that the formation of this outgroup socialization changed the relationships between members and new roles were taken.ConclusionsIt is necessary to early address the formation of outgroup socialization in the pre-group interview, emphasizing its high risk for the future group functioning. Therapists should consider that out-group communication is common and easy due to new technologies, so the use of specific questionnaires about this issue may prevent or detect pathological events.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Adolescence is a fundamental period in everyone’s life. Teenagers have for the first time the possibility to take on responsibility about their choices in many domains, building their own “lifestyle.” Among these domains, food is one of the most important considering the implications for their future health. Deep knowledge of teenagers’ behaviors and of factors affecting their choices can support tailored health policy and social marketing interventions for this population. The purpose of this article is to prospectively segment teenagers around food socialization factors as influencing factors of food preferences, attitudes, and behaviors of adolescents. A cluster analysis (CA) was performed on a sample of 4,749 respondents aged 15 and 18 years coming from Tuscany (Italy). Considering food well-being and consumer socialization frameworks, the CA used three food socialization variables related to influences and source of information/advices at intrapersonal, interpersonal, and broader societal levels. Five distinct groups were identified and described, showing deep differences in the adolescents’ food behaviors corresponding to different socialization patterns. Adolescents who reported broader food socialization at all investigated levels present better lifestyle habits. Social marketers, policy makers, and health professionals can work on specific influencing food socialization factors for tailoring marketing interventions and increasing their positive impact on adolescents’ food behaviors.

Eating disorders initially were considered to occur among young, White middle class women. However, during the last two decades, high rates of obesity-related symptoms (e.g., binge-eating) and obesity have been documented among African American women. Despite emerging findings about the presence of eating and health concerns among African American women, few counseling models of eating disorder symptomatology have included the socialization experiences of African American women.This paper examines, from a contextual perspective, the unique stressors that may contribute to eating disorder symptoms in African American women. Implications for race and culture-specific counseling are discussed and recommendations for mental health counselors are presented.

Teenage phase is a critical period of psychosocial development. Adolescent eating patterns are formed in this phase. Household food security is among factors which may infl uence eating pattern. Adolescent who are exposed to food insecure condition tend to experience stress, which one of the coping mechanisms is overeating and may develop binge eating disorder. The purpose of this study is to analyze association between household food security status and binge eating disorder in adolescent. This case control study involved 74 adolescents aged 16-18 years and their parents in Semampir District, Surabaya, Indonesia who were selected randomly using simple random sampling. Household food security was assessed by using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and binge eating disorder is assessed by using Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS). The association between household food security and binge eating disorder was analyzed by Spearman’s correlation test. There was an association between food security status (p = 0,001) and binge eating disorder. Further analysis showed that adolescents at risk of food insecurity were 5,625 times more likely to experience a binge eating disorder. This study recommends to increase food security through economic empowerment of housewives and socialization about coping strategy for both parent and adolescent.

In 2002, Story et al. proposed an ecological model for understanding the individual and environmental factors that influence young consumers’ eating behaviors. The theoretical framework suggests that eating behavior is a function of four levels of influence: individual, interpersonal, environmental and societal. The objective of the study is to explore how these levels of influence may explain strategies used by ten‐year‐old children to influence parental decisions on food purchasing. A self‐administered questionnaire was filled out by children. Gender differences were observed in terms of eating environment, social motivations to select foods and use of specific persuasive strategies. The results obtained contribute to our knowledge on interpersonal influences on children’s consumer behavior and on individual differences in consumer socialization. Practical implications are presented and recommendations for future research are made.

Dans les kampungs pauvres de Jakarta, le modèle alimentaire est caractérisé par des consommations fréquentes et plutôt solitaires, par le recours majoritaire et quotidien à l’alimentation de rue et par un affaiblissement des pratiques culinaires dans le foyer. Le système alimentaire est intégré au réseau économique informel et s’inscrit dans le contexte typique des slums des villes du Sud Global caractérisé par l’hybridité entre les modes de vie urbain et rural, par de fortes densités à l’échelle du foyer et du voisinage, et par l’intégration spatiale des différents domaines de la vie (résidence, travail, religion, éducation, vie publique et sociale). Cette thèse a pour objectif d’apporter des éléments explicatifs depuis la socio-anthropologie des relations entre les modes de socialisation alimentaire et les configurations de ces espaces de vie. Suivant trois axes analytiques (social, économique et spatial), une enquête ethnographique composée de plusieurs méthodes et une enquête quantitative représentative de la population adulte d’un kampung ont été menées. À travers l’analyse de ces données ce travail démontre la pluralité des itinéraires alimentaires journaliers et présente un mangeur autonome autant dans ses choix alimentaires que dans les temporalités. Cette autonomie est renforcée par des préférences pour l’achat de produits prêt-à-manger et s’articule autour de la valeur sociale des échanges entre vendeurs et acheteurs. La morphologie sociale du kampung se caractérise par des liens de voisinage, de parentèle et d’interconnaissance construits sur les traces des migrations qui ont composé la population et qui se renforcent par la situation de précarité. Les frontières entre les espaces privés et publics s’estompent au profit d’une communalisation des ressources où les relations entre mangeurs et vendeurs dépassent les liens marchands pour s’ancrer plus profondément sur la solidarité et le sentiment d’appartenance. Le changement social que connaissent certaines familles se manifeste par l’accentuation matérielle et symbolique de la frontière entre le monde « public » et « privé » et par des socialisations alimentaires qui ont lieu désormais à l’extérieur, dans la kota
In Jakarta’s poor districts eating patterns are characterized by frequent and rather solitary meals bought and eaten in the street as a result of a weakening of at-home culinary practices. The food system is integrated to the informal economic network and is embedded in the particular context of Indonesian kampungs marked by a hybrid lifestyle between urban and rural; densely inhabited neighborhoods and homes; and by the spatial integration of different realms of life (home, work, religion, education, public and social life). From a socio-anthropological perspective, this thesis aims to provide explanatory elements regarding the relations between modes of food socialization and the configurations of these living spaces. Following three analytical axes (social, economic and spatial), an ethnographic survey composed of several methods and a representative quantitative survey of the adult population of a kampung were conducted. Through the analysis of the data, this research demonstrates the plurality of individual daily food itineraries and presents an autonomous eater as much in his food choices as in the temporalities. This autonomy is reinforced by preferences for the purchase of ready-to-eat products and revolve around the social value of exchanges between sellers and buyers. The social morphology of the kampung is characterized by ties of neighborhood and kinship built on the traces of migrations that have constituted the population and which are reinforced by the precarious situation. The boundaries between “private” and “public” spaces are blurred in favor of a communalization of resources, and the relations between eaters and sellers go beyond the commercial links to anchor themselves more deeply on solidarity and the feeling of belonging. The social change experienced by some families is manifested in the material and symbolic accentuation of the border between the “public” and “private” spheres and by food socializations that take place outside, in the kota

Eating disorders and disordered eating affect about half a million teenagers in the United States. Restrained eating is a type of disordered eating behavior where individuals limit their food intake to avoid weight gain, maintain their current weight, or lose weight. Although researchers have examined numerous predictors of this eating style, there are gaps in the literature related to the role of emotion socialization on restrained eating. Parents and peers continually interact with adolescents; as such, both groups often witness adolescents’ emotion expressivity behaviors. They can respond supportively or unsupportively and these responses contribute to adolescents’ emotion regulation strategies. The current study examined parents’ and friends’ supportive and unsupportive emotion socialization behaviors as correlates of adolescents’ restrained eating directly and indirectly through emotion regulation strategies (i.e., inhibition, dysregulation, regulation cope). Since gender differences are typical in how emotions are socialized and in restrained eating behaviors, the role of gender was examined. Data were collected from 91 youth (Mage = 16.50 years; 56.0% female; 76.9% Caucasian) and their parents (Mage = 49.30 years; 91.2% mothers). Youth responded to the You and Your Friends Questionnaire which assessed best friends’ emotion socialization, the Children’s Emotion Management Scales, which assessed adolescents’ emotion regulation behaviors, and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, which assessed adolescents’ restrained eating. Parents completed the Emotions as a Child Questionnaire, which asked about parents’ emotion socialization. Conditional process analyses and parallel mediations were conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of emotion socialization on restrained eating through emotion regulation and as a function of gender. Results indicated that emotion inhibition mediated the effects of friend supportive and passive unsupportive responses on restrained eating. Additionally, friend passive unsupportive responses predicted higher levels of restrained eating in girls and lower levels of restrained eating in boys. Lastly, parent and friend active unsupportive responses predicted restrained eating in girls, but in different directions. Parents’ active unsupportive responses predicted lower levels of restrained eating in girls, whereas friends’ active unsupportive response predicted higher levels of restrained eating in girls. These findings demonstrate that during adolescence individuals, especially friends, influence adolescents’ restrained eating behaviors. Further, girls may be at greater risk of restrained eating compared to adolescent boys.

Thesis advisor: Maureen E. Kenny
Recent research suggests that eating disorders exist across genders, races and ethnicities (e.g., Smolak & Striegel-Moore, 2001; Striegel-Moore & Smolak, 2000; Talleyrand, 2002, 2006; Taylor, Caldwell, Baser, Faison, & Jackson, 2007; Thompson, 1994, 1996), but most findings and frameworks within the eating disorders literature are based on research with White women who engage in restrictive eating patterns. Given the rapid rise in rates of obesity and related illnesses in the United States — particularly among Black American women (e.g., Hedley et al., 2004), an understanding of overeating that accounts for race-related factors is needed. By exploring the relationship between perceived racism, racial socialization, perceived stress, and overeating patterns among Black American women, the current study sought to develop a model of disordered eating that accounts for the unique contextual, emotional, and behavioral factors in the lives of Black American women. Using a sample of Black American women (N = 201), the results of the data analysis revealed that perceived racism was related to overeating by way of perceived stress. This finding supports theories that race–related factors underlie the development of eating disorder symptoms (e.g., Harris & Kuba, 1997) and that perceived racism may be a significant etiological factor in the development of eating disturbances among Black American women (Mastria, 2002; Root, 1990; Smolak & Striegel-Moore, 2001; Thompson, 1994, 1996; Talleyrand, 2006). This finding also adds to the larger body of literature, which links perceived racism to a range of negative psychological, behavioral, and physical outcomes (e.g., Mays et al., 2007). Racial socialization was not found to have a significant moderating effect in the relationship between perceived racism and overeating, but was unexpectedly found to be related to disinhibition around food. Although the explanation for this finding is unclear, it is consistent with some evidence that that identification with Black American culture may promote greater levels of comfort regarding food (Talleyrand, 2006; Villarosa, 1994)
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology

Cette thèse vise à apporter des éléments de compréhension sociologique des particularités alimentaires des enfants présentant des troubles autistiques. Ce sujet est encore peu étudié dans la littérature, alors même que les particularités alimentaires et les comportements problématiques à table associés aux troubles autistiques ont des conséquences sur la santé et la vie sociale de l’enfant ainsi que sur celles de l’entourage familial. À travers l’analyse d’entretiens avec des experts et des parents, de questionnaires, d’observations ethnographiques et de témoignages publiés de parents, ce travail observe les tensions qui jalonnent la construction du répertoire alimentaire. Sur un fonds biologique et psychologique commun, les analyses montrent comment l’écart autistique à la norme donne à voir des identités alimentaires qui se construisent et se diversifient au fil de l’âge et au gré des contextes. La thèse fait alors apparaître que des phénomènes, souvent identifiés comme spécifiques à la socialisation alimentaire en population autistique, relèvent en partie de déformations de la construction de la néophobie alimentaire et de son processus, au point qu’il soit nécessaire de parler de néophobies alimentaires au pluriel. L’alimentation particulière des enfants permet de souligner la dimension éminemment sociale du processus d’individualisation alimentaire. L’analyse des pratiques alimentaires spécifiques éclaire enfin la redéfinition des rôles et donne à voir les ajustements sociaux ainsi que le travail domestique, parental et de care pour y faire face. De la sorte, les perturbations liées aux troubles autistiques sont l’occasion d’observer les processus de néophobie sous un angle nouveau et de mettre au jour les enjeux individuels, familiaux, sociétaux et sanitaires de la socialisation alimentaire chez l’enfant
This thesis aims at bringing elements for a sociological understanding of autistic children’s eating particularities. The scientific literature remains limited on that subject even though eating particularities and problematic behaviours associated with autism spectrum disorders have consequences on the child’s health and social life, as well as on the family circle’s. Through the analysis of interviews with experts and parents, a quantitative survey, ethnographic observations and published testimonies, this research explores the strains of the building process of alimentary repertories. On a biological and psychological common basis, the autistic deviation from the standard reveals the construction and diversification of eating identities throughout aging and the different contexts in which children evolve. The dissertation shows that some phenomena, often identified as specific of the food socialization in autistic population, are partly due to distortions of the food neophobia construction and its process, so that it is necessary to talk about neophobias in the plural. The eating particularities emphasize the eminently social dimension of children’s eating individualization process. Furthermore their understanding highlights the redefinition of parents’ roles and the social adjustments implemented to cope with them, resulting in a combination of domestic, parental and care strategies. Thus, perturbations linked with autism disorders are the opportunity to study the neophobia process from a new angle and to uncover individual, familial, societal and health stakes implied in children’s food socialisation

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer cómo influyen los procesos de socialización en los comportamientos alimentarios de la población infantil y adolescente de Catalunya, así como en los denominados Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario (TCA). Actualmente es reconocida la importancia que el contexto sociocultural tiene en las maneras de comer, tanto individuales como colectivas. En este sentido, mediante metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa, la tesis trata de desmenuzar parte de la complejidad biopsicosocial inherente al “hecho alimentario”. La intención es obtener un conocimiento lo más exhaustivo posible de los aspectos socioculturales que explican los comportamientos alimentarios de infantes y adolescentes que viven en Catalunya, ya que sólo así las campañas de prevención pueden ir acorde con las características de la población y garantizar su impacto. El estudio obtiene resultados interesantes. En primer lugar visibiliza el carácter indisociable de la dimensión nutricional y sociocultural de la alimentación. Las maneras de comer no responden únicamente a motivos de salud, sino que tienen que ver con todas aquellas cuestiones que hacen que comer o no comer tomen sentido en nuestro contexto actual: el placer, la estética, la economía, la autoimagen, la afectividad, la autonomía, la identidad, etc. Por eso el estudio aboga por una educación alimentaria que enfoque la salud y la prevención desde perspectivas más amplias y holísticas que permitan definir y actuar sobre los complejos vínculos que existen hoy en día entre cuerpo, alimentación y salud; que relacione adecuadamente los aspectos biológicos y socioculturales inherentes al "hecho alimentario"; y que tenga en cuenta las diferencias y similitudes de la diversidad de opciones alimentarias existentes en nuestro contexto socioalimentario actual. El estudio también pone de manifiesto que el punto de partida de los TCA es el cuerpo, entendido este último desde una perspectiva fenomenológica. Por un lado se evidencia la estrecha relación existente entre la comida como modo de expresión y control social y el cuerpo como una medida de evaluación social y personal desigual según género. En este sentido, se ve cómo el significado que va adquiriendo el comer y el no comer para niños y niñas es distinto -y desigual- en tanto que también lo es su contexto socializador. De esta forma, la alimentación se suele convertir en una “herramienta” de (auto) control y expresión corporal más contundente en las mujeres que en los hombres. Para ellos, no obstante, suele ser el ejercicio físico y la práctica de actividad física la “herramienta” más aprehendida e interiorizada a la hora de construir y poner de manifiesto sus identidades corporales. Por otro lado, además de “herramienta” de expresión y control corporal, cabe señalar que el estudio también da a conocer de qué manera la alimentación puede servir de elemento contestatario, reivindicativo y de liberación. Por último, el estudio compara los procesos de socialización alimentaria de personas diagnosticadas de TCA con el de no diagnosticadas. Este análisis comparativo lleva a plantear los TCA -al menos las formas más leves- como “ESTARes alimentarios” en la medida en que se trata de prácticas y actitudes alimentarias que toman sentido dentro del continuum relacionado con la lógica sociocultural que explica las formas de “ESTAR” y comer de nuestro contexto actual y que implican un diálogo bidireccional entre el sufrimiento o displacer (“malESTAR”) y el placer o satisfacción (“bienESTAR”) corporal que es expresado a través de la alimentación.
“Learning to eat: socialization processes and Eating Disorders” The objective of this study is to know the sociocultural factors that, in the socialization process, influence in eating behaviors of children from 6 to 16 years in Catalonia, as well as to analyze the relation between these learning processes and specific eating problems presented in our society as they are the denominated Eating Disorders (ED). The study obtains interesting results. For exemple, it visualizes the intrinsic link between nutrition and sociocultural dimension of feeding. Ways to eat not only respond to health reasons, but they have to do with all issues that make eating or not eating make sense in our present context: the pleasure, aesthetics, economy, self image, affectivity, autonomy, identity, etc. Therefore the study advocates to feeding education that focuses health and prevention from a holistic perspective that allows to define and to act on the current and complex links between body, feeding and health; that relates the inherent biological and sociocultural aspects of “feeding fact”; and that considers the differences and similarities of different eating options that exist in each concrete socioalimentary context. The study also shows that the starting point of ED is “the body”, understood from a phenomenological perspective. On one hand it demonstrates the relationship between food as a way of expression and social control, on the other hand, the body as an unequal way of social and personal evaluation, and it finally shows that food can be used as a replay, claim and a way of liberation. Finally, the study compares feeding socialization processes between people diagnosed with eating disorders and people not diagnosed with eating disorder. This raises the Eating Disorders as “ESTARes alimentarios” because this kind of eating behaviors make sense in the continuum related to sociocultural logic that explains the ways of “ESTAR” (being) and eat in our current context and involve a two-way dialogue between the suffering (“malESTAR”) and pleasure (“bienESTAR”) corporal that is expressed through food.

Romantic relationships are one of the most important relationships a woman will develop in her life. Women are often socialized to be compliant within their relationships, and are reminded of how a thin body type is ideal. The implications of this socialization can affect the way a woman feels about her body. The current study included 207 women who ranged in age from 18-30, were in a relationship (neither married nor engaged) for 6 months or longer, and identified as either being attracted to the same or opposite sex. Results of the study indicated a significant effect of higher levels of body dissatisfaction between both negative relationship quality, and increased engagement in unhealthy dietary behaviours. In addition, self-silencing was found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between relationship quality and both body dissatisfaction and unhealthy dietary behaviours. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.

This chapter aims to show that feeding 0-1 year old children in the Cameroonian cities of Yaoundé and Douala is a humanization and socialization issue. From June 2013 to March 2014, a qualitative research study was carried out using purposive nonprobability sampling in these two cosmopolitan cities. The households were selected on the basis of socioeconomic status, high, average and modest living standards, and according to their ethnic diversity. Food practices are geared towards ensuring the integration of children into their social group. The expression ‘food from the pot’ epitomizes this child socialization trend.

This chapter critiques some of the assumptions about the causes and solutions for obesity using anthropological and historical understandings of class and ethnic differences in Mexico. It unpacks Mexico’s policy response to obesity and diabetes, including its much lauded soda tax and poverty reduction policies, and demonstrates how a progressive and aggressive policy response has been stunted in ways that favor transnational food corporations, while deflecting the blame for diet-related illness onto individuals, especially women, and historically marginalized poor and indigenous populations. The chapter addresses the idea that better health and wellness can be achieved for the Mexican population through greater education and socialization into healthful ingredients and cooking styles, narrowly defined.