Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eau de structure'
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Jorand, Frédéric. "Structure et propriétés hydrophobes des agrégats bactériens de boues activées." Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0463_JORAND.pdf.
Full textSettling of microbial biomass formed during the "activated sludge" process is a key step of biological wastewater treatment. Its efficiency is know to be innuenced by filamentous bacteria. Besides this, evidence is present that this settleability is mainly governed by the physico-chemical structure of bacterial aggregates (" flocs"). Then, a better knowledge of the structure and the factors governing the floc formation is necessary to weil control the settling step. The hydrophobie character of activated sludge floc components has been studied to elucidated the effect on sludge settleability. Electronic microscopy and granulometric analysis of dispersed flocs, showed the heterogeneous structure. Flocs with an average diameter of 125 µm are constituted of 13 pm micro-aggregates and 2. 5 pm particles. Some of the micro-flocs are bacterial colonies. The flocs are shown to consist of bacteria along exo-cellular polymers. Polymers, extraeted by ultrasonication, are found to be composed of proteins, sugars and DNA. Adsorption chromatography in acidic conditions with no ionic resins, showed the hydrophobie character of the soluble heteropolymers constitutiIig the floc matrix. By using the microbial adhesion test to octane, we demonstrated that "hydrophobie" and "hydrophilic" bacteria coexist into the sludges. The "hydrophobic / hydrophilic" character of some of these strains, changes as a funetion of the environmental parameters (nutrient load, oxygen concentration,. . . ). The control of these parameters should be able by favouring the hydrophobic bacterial populations, or/and the production of hydrophobic polymers, to product flocs with good settleability. However, measurements of "biosorption" of organic matter in wastewater by activated sludges, comparing with other floc characteristics, showed that the floes with the nicest structure (best settlement), present the lower adsorption ability. AIso, it is necessary to find a compromise between the best settleability of sludge and the best biosorption properties
POSTEL, CAROLINE. "Structure et cinetique d'adsorption d'une proteine modele a l'interface eau-air." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066382.
Full textTea, Lingsam. "Stabilisation et caractérisation des émulsions eau dans eau stabilisées par des polysaccharides linéaires." Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LEMA1018.
Full textEmulsions are formed when two non-miscible liquids are mixed. The best known are oil-water emulsions (eg cosmetic cream, mayonnaise), but it also is possible to make other types of emulsions such oil-oil or water-water (W/W) emulsions. To obtain the latter, two aqueous solutions of incompatible polymers are mixed. In order to use these kinds of emulsions for instance in the food industry, one needs to stabilize them. Unlike oil-water emulsions, the use of molecular surfactants to stabilize W/W emulsions is not possible, because they have a very low interfacial tension and a broad interface.Stabilization of W/W emulsions is well studied in the literature, mainly by gelling of the continuous phase, or by using particles as interface stabilizers, so-called Pickering effect. In this study, the objective was to stabilize W/W emulsions by polymers that have some affinity with both phases and locate at the interface. For that purpose, we used a model emulsion made of PEO (P) and dextran (D) as incompatible polymers. It was found that out of 16 polymers tested, mainly polysaccharides, only three show a stabilizing effect of emulsions: chitosan, diethylaminoethyl dextran (DEAED) and propylene glycol alginate (PGA). Interactions of these polymers with PEO and dextran were investigated with light scattering and the microstructures was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of pH, ionic strength, interfacial tension and polymer concentration were studied to understand mechanism of stabilisation. Emulsions were characterized by different techniques and especially by means of LUMisizer©, LUMiReader©,to follow turbidity as a function of time, and rheology. In order to understand why some polymers were able to stabilize water-in-water emulsions and other cannot, chemical modifications of chitosan were carried out to vary the amount of charges and hydrophobic groups. Subsequently, the effect of these modifications on the stability of the emulsions was investigated
Dewandel, Benoît. "Structure et fonctionnement hydrogéologique d'un aquifère discontinu : l'ophiolite d'Oman /." Montpellier : Institut des sciences de la terre, de l'eau et de l'espace de Montpellier, Université Montpellier II, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38858149f.
Full textMonet, Geoffrey. "Nanotubes géo-inspirés : structure atomique, transformation en température et dynamiques corrélées nanotube-eau moléculaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS388/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the investigation of nanotubes geo-inspired from natural imogolite nanotubes present in some soils and on the dynamical properties of water confined in these objects. These objects with nominal stoichiometry Ge(Si)Al₂O₇H₄ and Ge(Si)Al₂O₆CH₆, are aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes whose inner wall is covered with either hydrophilic hydroxyl groups or hydrophobic methyl groups. In the first chapter of this manuscript, we present a state of knowledge on these nanotubes and introduce the topic of confined water. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the structure of nanotubes thanks to X-ray powder scattering experiments. We introduce a new methodology, based on the use of helical symmetries and on the minimization of semi-empirical energy, which reduces the determination of a complex tubular structure to the evaluation of some geometric parameters. With this procedure, we solve the structure of both methylated and hydroxylated aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes. In particular, a different rolling mode is highlighted for methylated and hydroxylated nanotubes. In the third chapter, we present the experimental study of the thermal transformations of hydroxylated aluminogermanate nanotubes, up to 1000°C. This work is the result of a multi-technical approach combining in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the K thresholds of aluminium and germanium, NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. The fourth chapter focuses on the study of water dynamics in hydroxylated and methylated aluminogermanate nanotubes by inelastic neutron scattering. For hydroxylated nanotubes, experiments are analyzed in the light of molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the water layer bound to the inner wall of the nanotubes presents an original structure and that the dynamics of water molecules and of the nanotube are strongly correlated
Jada, Amane. "Etude de la structure et de la dynamique de microémulsions eau dans huile." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376144506.
Full textTADONLEKE, DZATCHOU REMY CONSTANT. "Structure et fonctionnement des peuplements phytoplanctoniques dans un reservoir recemment mis en eau." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF22137.
Full textPoulain, Mathieu. "Structure et dynamique du carbone organique dans les milieux aqueux : relations sédiment-eau." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2338.
Full textThe aim of this study was to characterize organic matter from water and sediment phases of two kind of ponds: natural ponds and water retention ponds. This characterization has been made at molecular level with the study of four biomarkers and at macromolecular level with the study of humic substances. Analytical methods in two or three steps (SPE, derivatization and GC/MS analysis) have been developed for biomarkers study. Biomarkers distributions have enabled to determine free molecules origins. Humic substances from water are more aromatic than those coming from sediment. All these humic substances are composed of polysaccharide, protein and aromatic structures. With the study of humic substances we can only distinguish each kind of pond whereas with the study of biomarkers we can differentiate each pond individually
Jada, Amane. "Etude de la structure et de la dynamique de microemulsions eau dans huile." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13101.
Full textChfaira, Rachid. "Etude de la structure de l'interface silice amorphe-eau en présence d'ions monovalents." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212817.
Full textLallahem, Sami Mania Jacky. "Structure et modélisation hydrodynamique des eaux souterraines application à l'aquifère crayeux de la bordure nord du Bassin de Paris /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2002-169-170.pdf.
Full textEgal, Magali. "Structure et propriétés des solutions et gel de cellulose-NaOH-Eau et leurs matériaux régénérés." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002229.
Full textCreton, Benoît Bougeard Daniel Smirnov Konstantin S. "Étude par dynamique moléculaire du comportement d'aluminosilicates tubulaires hydratés structure et dynamique du sytème eau-imogolite /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/1003.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3820. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. à la suite de chaque chapitre.
Creton, Benoît. "Étude par dynamique moléculaire du comportement d'aluminosilicates tubulaires hydratés : structure et dynamique du système eau-imogolite." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00270255.
Full textCreton, Benoît. "Étude par dynamique moléculaire du comportement d'aluminosilicates tubulaires hydratés : structure et dynamique du sytème eau-imogolite." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Creton.pdf.
Full textBarkaoui, Karim. "Structure fonctionnelle et écohydrologie de parcours méditerranéens établis le long d’un gradient de disponibilité en eau." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0030/document.
Full textUnderstanding the relationships between ecohydrology and functional structure of plant communities is a timely issue in plant ecology. From ecosystem to species levels, this works investigated the effects of a resource availability gradient on the structure and functioning of Mediterranean rangelands in Southern France. Using a water-balance modeling approach, differences in water-use at the ecosystem level were quantified across five contrasting years, accounting for the variability in both soil characteristics and vegetation functioning. Plant water-use and productivity scaled with soil water storage capacity and its filling rate, suggesting a functional equilibrium between plant communities and local water availability. Using a trait-based approach, we then showed that the ratio of total leaf area of the community on total root area determined an allometric relationship between potential evapotranspiration and water uptake capacity. The “coordination” between above- and belowground compartment of the vegetation was achieved by a suite of architectural and morphological adaptations. Modifications of species relative abundances and species turn-over explained morphological and functioning adaptations to cope with limiting resources. Finally at species level, a removal experiment allowed to quantify the relative importance of water limitations and effects of plant-plant interaction on individual plant productivity of three target species of graminoïds. The importance of competition increased with soil resource availability and depended more on trait-trait hierarchical distances among species than standing biomass. Competition among plants affects the axes of the functional niche of species independently, leading to the convergence of leaf dry matter content towards low values but to greater functional divergence for plant height. Overall, this functional approach provided an integrative understanding of the role of plant diversity in the response of ecological systems to changes in water availability. Furthermore, these results on ecohydrological properties of natural communities can contribute to the design of complex agro-ecosystem better adapted to intense droughts predicted under climate change
Rossi, Lionel. "Contrôle électromagnétique d'écoulement en eau de mer." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10131.
Full textLavoie, Hugo. "Propriétés structurales de protéines membranaires à l'interface air-eau : une étude par spectroscopie PM-IRRAS et rayons X." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2002. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6654/1/000693512.pdf.
Full textCherid, Samia. "Conception et etude de nouveaux separateurs lamellaires hydrocarbures-eau de type "spiraloil"." Toulouse, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAT0010.
Full textASNACIOS, ATEF. "Melanges polyelectrolytes-tensioactifs en solution aqueuse : complexation a l'interface eau/air et structure des films de mousse." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066205.
Full textAzomahou, Théophile. "Dépendance spatiale et structure de données de panel : application a l'estimation de la demande domestique d'eau." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1EC08.
Full textThis thesis deals with the estimation of spatial models with applications to the residential demand for drinking water. The main results are of two-fold. From a theoretical viewpoint, I investigate the asymptotic biais of the ordinary least squares estimator for spatial autoregressive models. I show that this estimator is biased as well as inconsistent regardless of the distribution of the disturbance. For the general spatial model, I show that the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator of Kelejian and Prucha (1998, 1999) matches the asymptotic least squares procedure. Then, I suggest an efficient estimation of the general model based on optimal nonparametric instruments. I also provide a consistent (in probability) nonparametric estimatior of the sample autocovariances function for an irregularly spaced spatial process. I then derive the consistency in norm L2 of the resulting asymptotic variance-covariance matrix estimator. Finally, the asymptotic distribution of the GMM estimator is stated. From an empirical viewpoint, I investigate spatial dependence in the residential demand for water from two panel data samples. Estimation results indicate spatial patterns in households' demand for drinking water
Lallahem, Sami. "Structure et modélisation hydrodynamique des eaux souterraines : application à l'aquifère crayeux de la bordure nord du Bassin de Paris." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-169-170.pdf.
Full textFrançois, Lacouture Juan Luis. "Étude de l'utilisation du plutonium dans les réacteurs à eau sous pression." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112017.
Full textJonnet, Jérôme Degiovanni Alain. "A contribution to the understanding of the High Burn-up Structure formation in nuclear fuels." S. l. : INPL, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_JONNET_J.pdf.
Full textGuillaud, Emmanuel. "Multiscale experimental and numerical study of the structure and the dynamics of water confined in clay minerals." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1123/document.
Full textClay are complex minerals with a multiscale porosity and a remarkable ability to swell under humid atmosphere. These materials have many applications in catalysis, waste management, construction industry... However, the properties of confined water are still not fully understood, due in particular to the complexity of water itself. The aim of this work is, using mainly molecular simulations and vibrational spectroscopy, to understand the structure and the dynamics of water confined in clay minerals. To evaluate the accuracy of numerical models to describe water confined in clay minerals, and to understand the origin of its structural and dynamical properties, a large part of the work was devoted to the building blocks of clays: pure bulk water, water at the surface of a solid, and salt water. To this extent, the viscoelastic properties of water from the deeply supercooled regime to the boiling temperature were investigated using classical molecular dynamics. The evolution of the friction properties of water on a prototypical solid surface was also analyzed, and the accuracy of ab initio approaches and empirical salt models was studied.In a second part, those results were confronted to the properties of water confined in clay minerals at low and room temperature, studied both experimentally and numerically. Experimental work consisted mostly in extensive far- and -mid infrared absorption spectrometry measurements, whereas numerical work mainly consisted in empirical molecular dynamics simulations. Especially, the existence of confinement- or temperature-induced phase transitions of confined water was investigated
Paquin, Marie-Claude. "Étude de la structure de la soie d'araignée recombinante à l'interface air-eau et dans des fibres régénérées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24641/24641.pdf.
Full textLeroy, Lise. "Structure et comportements thermomécaniques de matériaux à base d’amidon." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10199/document.
Full textThe present work, carried out in the frame of the WIBIO project which deals with the development of partly bio-based food packaging, is aimed at understanding relationships between structure and thermo-mechanical properties of starch based films.The study of native starches underlines the influence of water on the thermal properties and the difficulty to achieve destructuration without promoting recrystallization. Mechanical characterization of water plasticized thermoplastic starch does not enable to conclude on the respective influences of molar mass and composition. Also, in spite of achieving a fairly large draw ration, no significant orientation phenomenon is revealed from X-ray analysis. Structural investigations of starch triesters, obtained by full substitution of starch OH groups by alkyl chains, show that these hydrophobic materials display a sheet-like structure in which the amylaceous chains are confined in planar zones separated by extended alkyl chains. Starch composition has no influence on the thermal properties of these materials. On the contrary, alkyl chain length induces a drastic reduction in drawability, as soon as the chains are long enough to interpenetrate and crystallize. In-situ X-ray diffraction experiments reveal the gradual orientation of amylaceous chains towards the draw axis during the stretching of fully amorphous compositions
Diop, Samory. "Caractérisation d'un choc et de l'état vibratoire d'une structure épaisse soumise à un impact." Le Mans, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LEMA1007.
Full textLe, Follotec Amandine. "Déstabilisation des émulsions pétrolières par des polymères triblocs siliconés : relation structure - propriétés interfaciales." Compiègne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009COMP1817.
Full textWater-in-crude oil emulsions are often formed during crude oil exploitation. For oil refining purpose, chemical demulsifiers are commonly used. In this work, five triblock silicone copolymers with various demulsifying capacities are studied. Results obtained at plane interfaces such as air-water and oil-water do not allow clear distinction between the molecules. Study of curved interfaces reveals that efficient molecules which can destabilise water-in-crude-oil emulsions indeed stabilise oil-in-water emulsions. On the contrary, inefficient molecules stabilise water-in-oil emulsions. Spontaneous curvature of molecules has been investigated by Small Angle Scattering. The following interpretation is therefore envisaged: for two water drops to coalesce the oil lamella between them should break, i. E. Small but highly curved hole must nucleate in it. On the one hand, efficient molecules should favour the hole nucleation and favour the coalescence of water droplets in crude oil emulsions. On the other hand, inefficient molecules inhibit the hole formation and prevent the coalescence of water droplets
Payet, Mickaël. "Corrosion en eau supercitrique : Apport à la compréhension des mécanismes pour des alliages Fe-Ni-Cr de structure c.f.c." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705847.
Full textKostrytsia, Anastasiia. "Bioengineering optimization and microbial characterization of elemental sulfur-fueled denitrifying biofilms Nitrate removal effectiveness of fluidized sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification biofilters for recirculating aquaculture systems (2015) Aquacultural Engineering, 68, pp. 10-18." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2188.
Full textNowadays, the increasing human population and limited water resources create a demand for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Chemically synthesized elemental sulfur (S0)-based denitrification is an effective and cost-efficient biotechnology for nitrate (NO3-) removal from organic-deficient wastewaters. However, the hydrophobic properties of S0 constrain its utilization for denitrification. Therefore, the goal of this project is to optimize the performance and explore the treatment mechanisms of S0-fueled denitrification in biofilm systems, through the investigation of NO3- removal, and the understanding of the associated microbial communities. To address the limitation of the chemically synthesized S0-driven denitrification applications, S0 solubilization prior to S0-driven denitrification was investigated in batch bioassays. The biokinetic experiments demonstrated that the achieved denitrification and denitritation rates were 20.9 and 10.7 mg N/L∙d, respectively. Microbiological analysis detected the presence of the Helicobacteraceae family onto S0 particles, that was likely responsible for the S0 solubilization. In addition, the model of microbially-catalyzed S0 hydrolysis and subsequent two-step denitrification was developed. The sensitivity analysis identified the dominance of the hydrolysis-related parameters, and suggested that microbially-catalyzed surface-based S0 hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step during chemically synthesized S0-driven denitrification.Autotrophic denitrification with biosulfur (ADBIOS), a by-product of biological gas desulfurization, was investigated in batch bioassays as an alternative technological solution for treating NO3- pollution in wastewaters. Significantly higher denitrification and denitritation biokinetics were obtained with biosulfur compared to chemically synthesized S0, with specific activities of 223.0 mg NO3--N/g VSS·d and 339.5 mg NO2--N/g VSS·d. The Thiobacillus, Moheibacter and Thermomonas genera were dominating the ADBIOS microbial community.Two duplicate moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) with AnoxK1 (K1) and AnoxK Z-200 (Z-200) biofilm carriers were operated for 309 days. The effect of the nitrate loading rate (NLR) on the ADBIOS performance was studied by decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 72 to 21 h. The denitrification rates of 236 and 234 mg NO3--N/L·d were achieved at an HRT of 24 h for K1 and an HRT of 21 h for Z-200 carrier, respectively. Based on RNA analysis, the same active bacteria, belonging to Thiobacillus, Truepera, Flavobacterium and Hyphomonas genera, were dominating MBBRs with K1 and Z-200 carriers, but they varied in occurrence
Surel, Claire. "Structure et connectivité des interfaces huile-eau en relation avec les propriétés rhéologiques des crèmes dessert et l’oxydation des lipides." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2069.
Full textThe main objective of this work was to understand the impact of interfaces through their composition and their organization on the connectivity between fat droplets and microstructure of oil-in-water emulsions. A second challenge consisted to extend this understanding to more complex systems by adding these emulsions into a realistic food model (dairy dessert) enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Four kinds of objects (casein micelles (CM), native whey proteins (WP), aggregated WP and aggregated WP on CM) were obtained by heat treatment (60°C / 80°C) applied to proteins solutions containing various CM / WP ratios. Due to their different spreading properties, the competition between these objects to cover the interface generated four interfacial structures. These structures determined the connectivity between droplets leading to various rheological behaviors of emulsions: liquid, structured or gel. After incorporation of the emulsions in dairy desserts, only the presence of aggregated WP at the interface increased the firmness of these desserts. When emulsions and dairy desserts were enriched in PUFAs, whatever the formulation and after a 2 months preservation at 4°C, the oxidation of lipids remained low. This food model was then suitable for nutritional studies regarding the enrichment in PUFAs. This thesis was part of the European DREAM project (FP7) and was also the opportunity of a collaboration to build a mathematical model able to predict the structure of interfaces and their interactions
Amara, Mohamed Salah. "Nanotubes d’imogolite et propriétés de l’eau confinée : organisation, structure et dynamique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112400/document.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the study of the structure and to the confinement properties of water in imogolite nanotubes. These aluminosilicate (germanate) inorganic nanotubes exist as single (SW) and double-walled (DW) nanotubes with diameters in the nanometer range. This study concerns the synthesis of imogolite nanotubes, the control of their self-assembling, their structure and deformation, and the properties of confined water.In the first two chapters, we present the state of art on the subject and we describe the different experimental methods used in this work. The third chapter is dedicated to the synthesis of the nanotubes and the properties of hybrid nanotubes. We first present a new method of synthesis allowing the increase of an order of magnitude of the length of double-walled nanotubes; secondly, we demonstrate the affinity of the organic molecule bromopropanol with the methylated hybrid nanotubes.Next chapter focuses on the determination of the atomic structure of different types of imogolite: natural and synthetic, silicon or germanium-based, SW and DW. Results are obtained from computational models based on a geometrical structure minimization, in agreement with the results of small- and wide-angle X-Ray scattering experiments.In the next chapter, we explain how to control the self-assembling and organization of imogolites in powder. Moreover, we analyze the shape deformation of the nanotubes according to their organization.In the last chapter, we describe the behavior of confined water molecules in the imogolite powder as a function of temperature. By combining X-Ray and inelastic neutron scattering techniques, we propose the following sequence for dehydration: external water ‒ confined water in the tube center ‒ bounded water. Dynamical properties of confined and bounded waters are found to be drastically different
Mihai, Iulia. "Nouveau regard vers l'influrence de l'eau sur la structure et les propriétés de la polyaniline." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487988.
Full textAmalric, Laurence. "Dégradation photocatalytique avec TiO2, en solution aqueuse, de polluants aromatiques oxygénés : intermédiaires, espèces actives, corrélations structure-dégradabilité." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10282.
Full textLE, LETTY MUNIER MARINE. "Synthese et proprietes de cryptophanes a structure moleculaire dissymetrique. Etudes de leur comportement a l'interface air - eau, perspectives d'utilisation en detection chimique." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENSL0071.
Full textQueyroux, Jean-Antoine. "Fusion, structure et diagramme de phases des glaces d’eau et d’ammoniac sous conditions extrêmes de pression et de température." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066514.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to explore melting curves, structures and phase diagrams of H2O and NH3 at high pressure and high temperature. Despite the several studies on these compounds, there are significant uncertainties in their phase diagrams. In this work, new experimental approaches of X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering resulted in new data on phase diagrams, melting and chemical stability of NH3 and H2O in a wide range of P-T (P<70 GPa, T<3000 K). For NH3, we have determined the melting curve up to 40 GPa and 2300 K. The melting temperature increases monotonically with pressure, contrary to a previous study but in accordance with theoretical predictions. We observe a chemical decomposition of NH3 into N2 and H2 at high temperature, the importance of this decomposition varies with pressure. Exploration of the phase diagram made it possible to constrain the position of the triple point NH3-III/superionic/fluid. We also present the first data on the evolution of the structure and density of NH3 liquid with variable pressure at 800 K. For H2O, we have determined the melting curve up to 45 GPa and 1500 K. We note a slope failure towards 15 GPa and a higher melting temperature than predicted by the extrapolation of the low pressure data, in better agreement with the "upper limit" of the melting curves of the literature. In addition, we observe indications of a phase transition beyond 25 GPa and 1000 K towards a cubic phase centred that is different of phase VII. The possibility of this phase being superionic is discussed
Talbaoui, Ahmed. "Etude en microscopie électronique par cryofracture des systèmes chlorures et bromure de dodécylamine-eau." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES006.
Full textChangeux, Thomas. "Structure des peuplements de poissons à l'échelle du bassin rhodanien : approche régionale et organisation longitudinale : exploitation des captures par pêche aux engins." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10112.
Full textDalla, bernardina Simona. "Structure and connectivity of water molecules at the interfaces of nanoconfined systems." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS103/document.
Full textUnderstanding the water absorption mechanisms, and the molecular arrangement adopted by the water molecules upon confinement at the nanoscale is crucial both for technological applications, such as clean energy production, purification and desalination of water, and to unveil some of the complex processes occurring in biological systems.In this thesis, the controlled hydration of three porous model systems monitored by infrared spectroscopy shows the effects of surfaces forces and steric limitations that triggers the formation atypical networks by altering the hydrogen bonds established between water molecules. The brightness of the infrared synchrotron radiation source on the AILES beamline at synchrotron SOLEIL allowed to highlight the low contribution coming from water molecules arranged as monolayer or linear chains in highly infrared absorbent matrices. The effect of a hydrophilic surface on structure, density and dynamic of water molecules at interfaces was examined by measuring the absorbance of a porous Vycor slab (pores of about 5 nm) at equilibrium with the water vapor pressure needed to obtain a two-dimensional water network. The strong interfacial interactions between water and the hydrophilic surface cause several structural transitions on the water network elucidating the observations made by other techniques. Surprising similarities and differences are observed between the hydration of a hydrophilic surface and that of a hydrophobic system under extreme confinement: single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) having a diameter of several Angstroms. Our measurements have shown that the arrangement of a peculiar water network may be the origin of the enhanced water flux in carbon nanotubes. Finally, the study of the adsorption mechanisms of the Nafion membrane, the benchmark electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), has shed new light on the processes involved in the ionization and the formation of protonic species, accountable for the remarkable ionic conductivity typical of these membranes.This approach may be also extended to more complex systems, such as water molecules networks in biological systems
Ratajczak, Mehdy. "Devenir des populations d'Escherichia coli dans les environnements aquatiques : structure, viabilité et attachement aux particules." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES034.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to understand the fate of Escherichia coli (E. Coli) populations, fecal indicator bacteria, in contrasted environmental water according to their structure, viability and particles association. In water impacted by recent fecal pollution, distribution of E. Coli in the four main phylo-groups (A, B1, B2 and D), shows that changes in E. Coli structure are dependent on human or bovine origin. In the absence of fecal pollution, the E. Coli mainly belong to phylo-group B1, corresponding to strains that better adapted to environmental water. Survival study in microcosm combined with the following phenotypes involved in persistence of strains in water shows the existence of subpopulations of E. Coli. Strains from water impacted by humans, are resistant to amoebae, pathogens, and characterized by low survival time. However, in the absence of contamination, strains are sensitive to antibiotics, able to degraded macromolecules, multiplying at 7°C, and are persistent in water. Study of the dynamics of E. Coli populations into viable but non culturable (VNC) associated to particles in environmental water, shows that near sources of fecal pollution, a permanent E. Coli population into VNC forms associated to non settleable organic particles were always detected. This proportion varies along the river systems and depends on sedimentary process. A predictive model combining bacteriological parameters, hydrological and sedimentary, was proposed to determine after a fecal pollution, the impacted areas and the resilience time of the aquatic environment
Bounaaj, Ahmed. "Modification structurale de l'eau liquide par des substances ioniques, organiques et biologiques : étude par effet Raman." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20290.
Full textMesticou, Zyed. "Etude du transport réactif de particules en silice en suspension en milieux poreux saturé : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENISE023.
Full textSuspended particles transport through a saturated porous medium is an important research topic in several sectors related to the environment or industrial problems. The purpose of this thesis is to characterize deposition and release mechanisms in the case of the transport of silt micro particles (silica) flow through saturated sand. The influence of ionic strengh and the flow velocity are studied. The approach is first expérimental. In this context, laboratory column experiments are performed. The results show clearly the presence of both physicochemical and mechanical retention mechanisms. It is show that the suspension ionic strength increase results in increaded deposition rate. This is consistent with the DLVO theory. In addition, the deposit is marked by a gradual saturation of physicochemical and mechanical retention sites. The esperiments show also that the release phenomenon arises not only from the variation of the hydraulic speed but also from the ionic strength value and expecially of this variation. In this framework, experiments show clearly the presence of a clogging front. The latter moves in the flow direction with a rate proportional to the ionic strength and the flow velocity. The study shows that the clogging increases with the ionic strength. It is more pronounced at low speeds. In a second approach, a multiphasic model is developed to simulate the suspension particle transport under the influence of the ionic strength and the flow velocity. The two effects are coupled. Thus, the deposition and release kinetics are proposed to model these two phenomena. These kinetics are expressed as a function of the suspension flow rate and salinity in accordance with experimental results. The proposed model is validated with experimental tests. It reproducesin a realistic way the transport dynamics of the micro particles in suspension under the influence of ionic strength and flow velocity variations
Andrianatrehina, Ndriamihaja Livah. "Etude du comportement triaxial non drainé de matériaux granulaires ; effet de la teneur en fines et de la forme des courbes granulométriques." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENISE017.
Full textInteraction of water with dams and dikes makes them vulnerable to erosion phenomena and can, in some cases, result in their failure. In this thesis, a large number of granular materials was made, with different shapes of the grain size distribution curves and different percentages of fines (<0. 315 mm), and a maximum size of grains equal to 16 mm. The aim is to study the influence of the grain size distribution, on the behavior of the soils on undrained triaxial paths on one hand, on the internal stability of these materials on the other hand. The material stability, according to Kenney and Lau criterium (1985, 1986), was confronted with the results of other criteria. The criteria diverge on the classification of the stability of the materials and it seems better to associate two criteria to estimate it. Undrained triaxial tests were carried out on samples at different relative densities under 3 confining stresses of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. The tests showed that the percentage of fines influences the behavior of materials. For low fines contents, it is the intergranular void ratio which plays the major part in the bahavior of the materials whereas, for higher fines contents, it is rather the inter-fines void ratio which permits to describe the behaviour of the granular materials. For materials with continuous grain size distribution under given test conditions, the increase in pore-watr pressure and the corresponding deviatoric stress remain constant up to a fines content of 30%; beyond this percentage, these values decrease. In the case of discontinuous grain size distribution, no clear logic is highlighted. During some triaxial tests, grain migration is observed in the specimens with discontinuous distribution, which results in a change in the mechanical properties of these soils. The tests provide a clearer view of the relations between these two aspects
Khatib, Khalid. "Structure et réactivité des argiles organiques utilisées pour l'élimination des micropolluants en milieu aqueux." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL101N.
Full textBarbier, Jérémie. "Relation structure/réactivité en conversion hydrothermale des macromolécules de lignocellulose." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562111.
Full textLangeron, Julie. "Etablissement d’une relation de type structure-propriétés (QSPR) entre les propriétés des pesticides et deux sols de Champagne crayeuse." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMS023/document.
Full textThis work is a part of the multidisciplinary AQUAL research program, which aims at to strive against diffuse pollutions in rural environment. It also took part in the Phyt'Eau Ref program initiated by the “Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Champagne-Ardenne”. It deals with the comprehension of retention and transfer of pesticides from soil to groundwaters in Champagne-Ardenne. Two different soils by their organic matter and calcite contents, were chosen to carry out the study in order to evaluate the behavior of pesticides in characteristic soils of the region (pH and calcite content). The study was carried out on forty pesticides from various chemical families and having different physico-chemical properties. The aim was to identify the physico-chemical properties of pesticides governing their retention in soils and then to establish a quantitative structure properties relationship (QSPR) predicting the adsorption coefficient Kd. Adsorption and transfer of pesticides were studied in laboratory through batch experiments (equilibrium study) and soil column reconstituted in laboratory. Adsorption isotherm plot followed by a statistical analysis allowed identifying hydrophobicity, polarisability and solubility as the main physico-chemical parameters correlated to the pesticide retention. Relations combining two of these parameters were proposed and tested in order to predict the pesticide adsorption coefficient. Finally, studies in dynamic mode (column) allowed to evidence that the transfer phenomenon can be correlated to the pesticide adsorption nd that it was possible to go from one to the other parameters describing these two phenomena by simple linear relations, allowing to get rid of onerous experiences
Maazouz, Abdellatif. "Caractérisation de certaines membranes hydrophiles utilisées pour fractionner, par pervaporation, les mélanges eau-éthanol influence de leur structure physique ou chimique sur leurs performances /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376075500.
Full textRicciardi, Guillaume. "Une approche milieu poreux pour la modélisation de l'interaction fluide-structure des assemblages combustibles dans un coeur de réacteur à eau pressurisée : simulation et expérimentation." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337181.
Full textNous proposons, dans ce mémoire de thèse, d'établir les équations globales, du comportement du cœur, par une approche milieu poreux. Les équations locales, du fluide et de la structure, sont moyennées sur un volume de contrôle, nous définissons ainsi un fluide équivalent et une structure équivalente, dont les inconnues sont définies sur tout le domaine spatial. Le caractère non linéaire des assemblages combustibles est modélisé par une loi de comportement visco-élastique quadratique. Le couplage fluide-structure est pris en compte par une force volumique dont l'expression est issue de formules empiriques des forces fluides s'exerçant sur un tube soumis à un écoulement axial. Les équations ainsi obtenues sont résolues à l'aide d'une méthode éléments finis.
Une validation du modèle est proposée sur trois séries d'essais. La première présente deux assemblages combustibles soumis à un écoulement axial. L'un des deux assemblages est écarté de sa position d'équilibre et lâché, tandis que l'autre est laissé au repos. La deuxième met en œuvre six assemblages en ligne, immergés dans une eau stagnante, posés sur une table vibrante pouvant simuler un séisme. Enfin, la dernière propose neuf assemblages, disposés en un réseau trois par trois, soumis à un écoulement axial. Le déplacement de l'assemblage central est imposé. Les simulations sont en accord avec les expériences ; le modèle reproduit l'influence de la vitesse d'écoulement du fluide sur la dynamique et le couplage des assemblages.
Hamlaoui-Rézig, Sahima. "Rôles des nutriments et des poissons dans la structure du peuplement phytoplanctonique d'un écosystème lentique peu profond : étude expérimentale en mésocosmes." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0031.
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