Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eau en agriculture – Sahel'
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Thébaud, Brigitte. "Gestion de l'espace et crise pastorale au Sahel : étude comparative du Niger oriental et du Yagha burkinabé." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0079.
Full textDiallo, Mamadou. "Problemes economiques de la maitrise de l'eau dans le sahel : le cas des petits perimetres irrigues avec l'eau souterraine." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0123.
Full textYobom, Oudah. "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG001.
Full textThis thesis deals with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the Sahel zone that we define as a region comprising 12 countries and 52 agroecological zones within these countries. The study area covers Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan and Chad. The situation in this part of the world is strongly impacted by climate change because agriculture, largely rainfed, plays an important economic role there. Climate change is then expected to have an impact on food production, which will make food availability and access even more difficult.From a theoretical point of view, this thesis aims to feed the literature on climate change and its effects on agricultural sectors in the world, particularly in the Sahel, by focusing on agroecological zones. From an empirical point of view and by using a range of statistical and econometric techniques, this thesis takes into account the agricultural and climatic characteristics of each country and agroecological zones of the Sahel.In the first chapter, we deal with the issue of climate change and variability based on precipitation and temperature during the different seasons of the countries and agroecological zones of the Sahel. Using a linear regression model and an endogenous structural change model, we show that countries and agroecological zones are indeed affected by climate change and that the year 1980 is an essential point in explaining this phenomenon for both scales. We also show that desert and arid areas suffered a large number of shocks from 1901 to 2016, with the exception of Nigeria, where wetlands and non-desert areas suffered several shocks.In the second chapter, we study the relationship between climate change and variability, measured by temperature and precipitation conditions in the rainy seasons, and agricultural production at country level and at the level of agroecological zones in the Sahel. Focusing on an agricultural production index and five cereals (corn, millet, sorghum, wheat and rice), we study this relationship using an original database with socio-economic and climate variables. On the basis of an estimated agricultural production function for the 1961-2016 period, we show that precipitation and average temperatures during the growing season have very heterogeneous effects on agricultural production according to the cereal and agricultural zone, depending specific needs and stress linked to the cereal and agronomic and climatic conditions of each zone.In the third chapter, we analyze the link between climate change and food security in the Sahel countries. Based on a multidimensional analysis of food security and a panel data model with delayed climate variables of interest, we show that drought and floods negatively affect food security. In the presence of these climatic disasters, floods cause more damage to food security. Socioeconomic factors also play an important role in food security. Our results show that the low level of economic development, population growth and inflation of food prices do not guarantee food security. In addition, the absence of conflicts and political stability are important levers for improving the food security situation of the populations
Jackowska, Jonathan. "De l’eau et des idéaux. Les formes d’engagement des organisations de la société civile à l’ère de la gouvernance de l’eau au Sahel. Pistes de réflexion dans le domaine de l’accès à l’eau potable." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040049.
Full textThe participation of non-state actors (e.g., civil society organizations, private companies) in the management of public affairs is one of the major characteristics of governance. In its contemporary meaning, this notion implies a redefinition of the role of the State and invites to the delegation of public utilities. It leads to the promotion of the lucrative and non profit-making private sector. In the field of access to drinking water in Sahel, numerous civil society organizations (CSOs) dedicate themselves to the provision of services, carrying out social missions which fell previously within the State prerogatives’. Most CSOs follow the structural reforms (e.g., pricing, private sector participation) which have been introduce for the past twenty years in hydraulics, both in the urban and rural areas. On the contrary, some CSOs dispute the current structural changes through the denunciation of the « commodification » of water as well as the « privatization » of water supply utilities that favour large transnational private operators. They denounce certain CSOs that would contribute, through their actions, to the inculcation and to the validation of principles promoted by the reforms. The plurality of the representations of water, the variety of the promoted modes of water management : these different points of view which feed the public controversies, the oppositions – but sometimes arouse the mergers – between CSOs, private companies, States and institutional sponsors are in the heart of our thesis. The inter-association relations are also considered. If problems are often perceived from a similar point of view and necessity to reform widely acknowledged, important differences lay between actors when considering the solutions to propose and the type of reforms to implement
Gozé, Eric. "Modèle stochastique de la pluviométrie au Sahel : application à l'agronomie." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20250.
Full textJouve, Philippe. "Adaptation des systèmes de production à l'aridité au Maroc et au Sahel." Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30033.
Full textThis works oriented thesis presents the results of researches undertaken in morocco and in the sahel about the adaptation of agricultural production systemes to aridity. It comprises two volumes. In the first one, a foreword retraces the professional career of the author and indicates the main reasons of the choice of the thesis topic. Then a first part shows the main characteristics and the specificity of the aridity in morocco and in the sahel with their agronomical consequences as well. In the second part, the cropping systems adopted in the two zones are described and their practises and strategies against climatic hazards are analyzed. The third part is about the presentation and discussion of the results of researches geared at adapting the production systems to aridity. In particular, the pathways and means of improving the water availability of rain cultivation and the efficiency of rains. At last, the possibility to fight aridity through irrigation is examined. A comparative analysis of both the morocco and the sahelian, most contrasted experience in this field, allows to discuss the conditions of success of irrigation. The second volume gathers a selection of 18 publications of the author about the study of the agricultural production systems and their adaptation to aridity
Devaux, Pascal. "La relation entre le crédit et l'investissement en milieu rural sahélien." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50374-1999-9.pdf.
Full textThe part of credit in the agricultural investment decision is particular in sahelian zone given nonseparability of production and consommation decisions. Empirical studies allow to establish that sahelian farmers face an uninsurable background risk. The farmer's investment decision is therefore both affected by income maximisation and income securisation. In integrating credit into investment decision, we have to consider multiple source of risk : the income risk and the investment risk. The hypothese of prudent and strong risk aversion in ross sense behaviour allow to consider a double effect of credit on the investment decision : an incitative wealth effect linked to the increase in available liquidity, and a negative debt effect on investment. This debt effect is linked to the consequences of a debt to repay from an uncertain futur income. Beyond strictly productive elements, the relationship between credit and investment in rural sahelian zone depends on the income level and the income risk. The negative impact of financing investment by credit on income risk can lead sahelian producer not to invest, or to favour divisible and liquid agricultural investments, in order to minimise the debt and its effects on risk. Natural agricultural environment is likely to be affected; in furthering investment linked to extensive agriculture to the detriment of soil conservation investment, the latter being undivisible and illiquid
Ibrahim, Maimouna. "Impacts des changements d'usage des sols sur les ressources en eau souterraine au Sahel nigérien." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20046/document.
Full textIn semiarid sub-Saharan Africa, the rapid population growth (~3%.yr-1) during the past few decades has resulted in land clearing and large-scale conversion from savannah and fallow to rainfed or irrigation crop fields. The traditional duration of fallow has been also shortened. In order to estimate the impact of these land use changes on groundwater recharge, the vadose zone was investigated during three years (2009-2011) for two regions located in Niger (south-west and south-east).A qualitative analysis was first carried out for identifying vadose zone properties and for characterizing the corresponding water fluxes (0-10 m depth) for the main land use types: natural savannah; fallow; rainfed millet crop; and irrigated sweet pepper crop. Grain size and electrical resistivity profiles were established and soil water content and matric potential were monitored. Based on the results of this analysis, two more detailed investigations were performed.In southwestern Niger, in order to estimate changes in diffuse recharge from a fallow with Guiera senegalensis to a rainfed millet crop (Pennisetum sp.), a physically-based modeling with Hydrus-1D code was completed. Probability density functions were first built for the soil hydraulic parameters based on the GLUE approach; then, deep drainage (0-10 m depth) was simulated for a 2 × 100 year time-period including a fallow-millet conversion. It was shown that the increase in millet crop areas could result in an increase in deep drainage from 20 to 25 mm.yr-1 after a delay of 35 to 60 years.In southeastern Niger, in order to assess the impact of rainfed and irrigated cropping development on soil and groundwater salinization, major ion concentrations in pore water of the vadose zone were measured and compared with the geochemical composition of water inputs (rainfall, irrigation). It was shown that rainfed cropping does not affect soil water and groundwater quality whereas irrigation results in an increase of solutes concentrations in soil pore water, which could lead to a groundwater salinization at mid-term through soil leaching
KANE, MAMADOU LAMI. "Les petites villes du Sahel du Sénégal." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE1A001.
Full textThe senegalese sahel is characterized by a very old but still discontinuous urbanization. Since senegal was independent in 1960, deep changes have occured, which have given birth to a new urban setup. During all that time, the rate of the population increase in those small towns has by and large remained high. In small urban centres, farm activities play an essential part in that they promote the development of other economic activities. Farmproduce industry has successfully contributed to the wealth of richard toll and dagana in the senegal delta, while both the tightness of the local market and the low income of the population have shrunk the expansion of craft industry. The road system development has led up to bypass old colonial commercial stops. Presently, small, urban trade confines itself to the redistribution of manufactured and food-producting goods. Lastly, small towns are also characterized by their inedequate equipement but, for some years, they have been tending to differentiate as far as housing conditions ans social development are concerned
Gafsi, Fadia. "Géopolitique de l'eau au Sahel dans la Tunisie postrévolutionnaire. Contexte de crise : tension sur la ressource, réponses institutionnelles et sociétales." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30080.
Full textTunisia, the country from which sparked the revolutionary uprising in December 2010, presents a political and economic situation that has continued to evolve in a direction that is not always positive. It is characterized by instability and sometimes anarchy, which has had repercussions in all areas, particularly in the vital area of water, which management has been severely disrupted.In this perspective, this resarch is intended, based on a series of surveys and interviews, to contribute to a better understanding of the risks of water scarcity for the various actors in charge of the management of the resource in the area of the Tunisian Sahel (Sousse-Monastir). It proposes a critical analysis of the different interactions between the factors of scarcity and the indicators of water crisis in connection with the socioeconomic and geopolitical situation. The results of these investigations show a very delicate situation especially after the Revolution. However, levels of scarcity vary from one county to another eventhough the feeling of water stress is widespread in the tunisian Sahel. The study also offers a spacialized dataset that can be integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS), as well as a battery of individual and collective adaptation measures for a more efficient water management based on taking into account perceptions
Marie, Jérôme. "Le territoire de mare d'Ossolo : diversité culturelle et systèmes agro-pastoraux dans l'ouest du Sahel nigérien /." Talence : Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35711021p.
Full textLombard, Jérôme. "Problèmes alimentaires et stratégies de survie dans le Sahel sénégalais : les paysans Serer." Paris 10, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA100028.
Full textThe Serer of Senegal experienced a number of poor harvests between 1983 and 1985. The carry-over periods were often prolonged and sometimes lasted up to six months. The serer responded by establishing a strict and careful management of their resources. They were able to carry-over the reserves that had been already foreseen during the hivernage. At the same time they had to rely greatly on their savings in order to cover their living expenses. These savings were made possible thanks to a variety of activities in the village, to the agility of solidarity within the serer family structure, and finally to employment in the cities during the dry season. From now on, self-sufficiency in grain production will be guaranteed as much by the harvest as by purchase of imported goods, grants, and foreign aid. The response to the food shortage is no longer solely a local affair, but is interrelated to all the conditions of the society (migration, family network. )
Niakate, Mahamadou. "L'agriculture et l'alimentation en marge des villes au Maliennes : le cas du Sahel Occidental : cercle de Yélimané." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2025.
Full textThe western Sahel of Mali, like other parts of the country, has been experiencing a fall in agricultural production for half a century (1970). This fall has direct consequences for households: food deficit and migration. The thesis aims to show the role of local productions in the self-consumption of households from different villages of the Yélimané circle in the western Malian Sahel. It also aims to consider the dietary and supply practices of agricultural households in this circle. It relies on in-depth field surveys of households, mayors and village chiefs. A relatively long-term analysis also made it possible to trace the trajectory of the households surveyed. These surveys made it possible to consider in detail how farm households in the Sahel region are experiencing food insecurity and what strategies they adopt in the face of food insufficiency. Migration is often a solution in the Yélimané circle. But it itself contributes to the devaluation of agriculture and the reduction of agricultural production.The agricultural situation of the circle depends on several elements such as good rainfall, which plays a key role. Located in a Sahelian zone where it rains little, the households of Yélimané circle have adopted short cultivation cycles in their farm. Food deficit is observed in all households in the circle. However, our surveys have shown that the agricultural and food situation varies according to the social status and the type of household surveyed. Due to their social organization, some categories are less affected than others. The situation also varies according to the location of the villages within the circle, some being in situations much more critical than others in connection with the difficulties of circulation
Trail, Patrick James. "Conservation agriculture in Senegal: comparing the effects of intercropping and mulching on millet yields." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72275.
Full textMaster of Science
Gries, Stéphanie. "Etude géochimique et isotopique des nappes profondes au Sahara-Sahel : implications pour la gestion des ressources en eau et les reconsturctions paleoclimatiques." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112372.
Full textChakiri, El Mustapha. "Le complexe technologique agriculture-eau-électricité dans le développement économique du Maroc." Paris 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA020088.
Full textLennoz-Gratin, Christiane Zaïdi Kader. "Hydraulique au voisinage du drain : méthodologie et premiers résultats : application au diagnostic du colmatage minéral des drains /." Antony : CEMAGREF-Direction de la communication et de la valorisation, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35494853c.
Full textBibliogr. p. 133-139. Résumé en français et en anglais.
Zine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d’une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.
Full textWind scatterometers (WSC) are radar sensors that operate at coarse spatial resolution (50 km) and high temporal resolution (one acquisition every 3-4 days approximately). They are well suited to land surface monitoring at global and regional scales. Due to their high sensitivity to strong biomass and soil moisture seasonal variations, they show good potential for the monitoring of semi-arid regions such as the Sahel in West Africa. Previous studies conducted over the relatively homogeneous Sahelian pastoral areas have led to the output of herbaceous mass maps derived from WSC data. In order to extend those studies to the entire Sahelian belt, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of scatterometers for the monitoring of agro-pastoral zones, which are characterized by greater spatial heterogeneity at the scale of a resolution cell. The study area, where numerous in situ measurements have been carried out during the 1992 2000 period, is located in the Fakara region, Niger. First, the influence of the study area’s spatial heterogeneity is investigated by comparison with ERS synthetic aperture radar data, whose spatial resolution is higher (around 20 m). Then, a quantitative analysis is carried out by coupling a Sahelian ecosystem process model, which describes the evolution of the observed scene, with a backscattering model that simulates the signal as a radar sensor would measure it. Results show that the influence of vegetation on the signal is negligible due to low vegetation cover in agro-pastoral areas. This allows the retrieval of surface soil moisture from WSC data alone over such areas
Carmona, Gema. "Modèles de simulation de l'agriculture d'un bassin versant, application au bassin Aveyron-Lère /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAMM, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40155706w.
Full textBibliogr. p. 105-108. Résumé en français et en anglais. CIHEAM-IAMM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes-Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier.
Jannot, Yves. "Production d'eau, d'air frais et conservation des produits par des procédés solaires rustiques : possibilités d'application en zone sahélienne." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL076N.
Full textVigo, Rémi. "Les mécanismes d'allocation intersectorielle et intra annuelle de l'eau : le cas particulier des centrales hydroélectriques et de l'irrigation /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAMM, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40013485q.
Full textBibliogr. p. 105-106. Résumé en français et en anglais. CIHEAM-IAMM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes-Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier.
Jaffrezic, Anne. "Géochimie des éléments métalliques, des nitrates et du carbone organique dissous dans les eaux et les sols hydromorphes : agriculture intensive et qualité des eaux dans les zones humides en Bretagne /." Rennes : Géosciences Rennes, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36176164s.
Full textElnemr, Abir. "Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto ammonium-functionalized mesoporous silica." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25936/25936.pdf.
Full textBoureima, Amadou. "Contribution à l'étude et à l'aménagement des ressources du milieu naturel : exemple de la colonisation des nouvelles terres et la dynamiques des agrosystèmes le long du Goroubi au Niger." Bordeaux 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR30026.
Full textFor a long time, the goroubi's region, in the southern band of west niger, was a periforest area, where the presence of mankind was rare and limited in timer. This region presents a rather flat and homogeneous relief with fertil soils, adapted to extensive cereal farming over large areas. . Annual rainful is in the ordre of 600mm to 700mm, which is characteristic of this sahelian and sudanese band. This latest climatic crises in niger (1973-1984) have led to a southward migration of the northern populations afflicted by the drought. This migration concerns the goroubi region in particular, due to the favourable pluviometric conditions and under-populations. This migration has been encouraged by the politic authorities, even though necessary measures have not been taken in order to facilitate the southward migration. This had led to a clearing and a cultivation of the new goroubi lands by new immigrants and also by other farmers, who reside for the most part in the capital. An interpretation of areal photographs of 1956,1975 and our personal observations and groundwork in 1988 and 1989 have highlighted a clearcut progression and the degradation of the natural environment. The development of this environment requires an improvement in methods of livestock rearing in particular as well as various other methods aimed at the restoration of soil fertility
Rondot, Pierre. "Évolution des systèmes productifs agricoles au Sahel Burkinabé : évaluation de dix années de travail avec les populations de l'Oudalan." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10031.
Full textFuminier, Frédéric. "Influence des disponibilités en eau et de la température sur le contrôle photopériodique de la reproduction chez une espèce pullulante de rongeur sahelien : Arvicanthis niloticus." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T003.
Full textBelloum, Abdelouahab. "Maitrise, gestion et utilisation de l'eau en agriculture dans la wilaya de Skikda (Algèrie)." Bordeaux 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR30028.
Full textWater problems in agriculture at a regional scale in the algerian context are narrourly linked to the climalte, to its regularity in space and time accosted under two extermely aspects; one concerning, in rainy period, the fight against ravaging rising wich generate floods as inherent consequences to the degradation of natural sphere (aspecially hydrous and hydromorphism erosion of the soils in lowlands; the other is the rational use of water in dry period by the lake of this resource. The meteoric causes constitute at the same time the origin of the resource and principal cause of the damages occasioned, are studied with exactness and details to of the parameters estimation of rising flow as example, is an indispensable previous to all actions of struggling against flood. The use of water passes unavoidably by the satisfaction of needs but also by the quality wich predestinates it to any affectation. Endemic diseases with hydric transmission wich constitute a major public healt problem is subordinated to the bacteriologic quality of drinking water. It is the the same for the checking the danger of salinisation and alkalination concerning irrigation waters
Techoro, Prosper Somah Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schmidt. "Climatic change impacts on subsistence agriculture in the Sudano-Sahel Zone of Cameroon - constraints and opportunities for adaptation / Prosper Somah Techoro. Betreuer: Michael Schmidt." Cottbus : Universitätsbibliothek der BTU Cottbus, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038211085/34.
Full textPeugeot, Christophe. "Influence de l'encroutement superficiel du sol sur le fonctionnement hydrologique d'un versant sahélien (Niger) : expérimentations in-situ et modélisation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10173.
Full textLouhmadi, Bahija. "Archéologie hydraulique canalisations et anciennes structures agraires dans le bassin de la Tassaout (Maroc central)." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010561.
Full textThe hydro-archeological study of the Tassaout basin, situated in the western atlas region of marocco, has revealed a large number of remains of the ancient irrigation network which ran through the region. This collection of ancient canalizations (seguias), dating from the XII up to the XIX century, have been realized under powerful regimes which had the capability of bringing to fruition long term projects such as those discovered. The existence of these regimes (state, collective, regional or religious) have left their mark on the agrarian landscape of the basin in creating different models of hydraulic earthworks. The human activities which have held sway over the different eras during the evolution of the basin, is traced within the structure of these ancient edifices. Their diversity, marked in the landscape reflects the changes in climat as well as in politic, economic and social context and provides a model of the history of this region
Ibrahim, Boubacar. "Caractérisation des saisons de pluies au Burkina Faso dans un contexte de changement climatique et évaluation des impacts hydrologiques sur le bassin du Nakanbé." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827764.
Full textMessoussi, Driss. "L'Impact de la politique d'aménagement hydro-agricole sur le milieu rural du Gharb étude de cas de la première tranche d'irrigation du projet sebou." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375996048.
Full textLoubier, Sébastien. "Gestion durable des équipements d'hydraulique agricole : conséquences sur la tarification et les politiques publiques en hydraulique agricole." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10049.
Full textBergeron, Lyne. "Effet de la teneur en eau du sol sur le rendement et la qualité des fruits du bleuet nain /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1995. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textDiendéré, Achille. "Changement institutionnel, utilisation des produits phytosanitaires et gestion de la qualité de l'eau : le cas de trois zones d'agriculture intensive au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU10042.
Full textThe principal objective of this research is to study the mechanisms, which contribute to lead the process of institutional change to avoid water pollution by agriculture in Burkina Faso (BF). Part first of the thesis provides an overview of the evolution of agricultural and water policies in BF. We also discuss the interest of addressing the issue regarding the degradation of water quality from an academic and policy points of view. The second part examines the motivations of farmers' practices in the use of pesticides and the conditions for changes. In this section, based on concepts and tools drawn from institutional economics (the historical school), we make the hypothesis of a causal relationship between the behavior of farmers and the property status of water resources and, more precisely, the property status of water quality. The third part of our thesis attempts to test this theoretical proposition by collecting and analyzing, using statistical and econometric methods, data obtained from 389 farmers located in three different agricultural areas of BF. In this last part, we also draw conclusions on policy implications to lead institutional change. One major result of our research is that the degree of farmers’ involvement in collective management of water quality depends on their beliefs about the degradability of quality water. Therefore, a change in the legal system of incentives and penalties is not sufficient for an effective institutional change. To make the status of water quality evolve, the shared beliefs of farmers, who are members of the same collective, have also to evolve. In other words, the process of institutional change sought relies on how collective learning processes are organized and launched by public policy
Goossens, Xavier. "La maîtrise de la demande en eau et en énergie en agriculture irriguée : de l'évaluation des enjeux à la proposition d'actions ciblées." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13050.
Full textSidibe, Yoro. "Nonlinear Irrigation Water Pricing in Case of Resource Risk." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10023/document.
Full textIn a world where irrigation has become essential to balance global food production, especially in the context of increasingly variable climate conditions, nonlinear pricing systems can play a crucial role in the allocation of water resources, while respecting various management constraints such as cost recovery. Recently in France, some irrigation water management companies have implemented such innovative systems based on price differentiation between volumes of water reserved and volumes actually consumed. This work has two objectives: firstly it aims to assess, at different levels, the new pricing systems in place; secondly it seeks to devise methods of nonlinear pricing that can integrate the risks related to the variability of the availability of water. The thesis is organized into two parts. The first part (chapters 1 and 2) provides background information on irrigation water management and explains the research problem. In the second part (chapter 3 to 6) each chapter is an article. In chapter 3, we assess the effectiveness of nonlinear pricing systems implemented by water companies in France, taking into account the variability of rainfall. We analyze the advantages of these new pricing systems for managing climate variability. We suggest ways of improving these systems. Chapter 4 is in line with the previous chapter in that a similar methodology is used. It compares the new pricing systems to uniform pricing in a context of scarce irrigation water and variable climate conditions. The results show that nonlinear systems are even more efficient than uniform pricing when water scarcity is severe. Chapter 5 models a situation where farmers are offered the possibility of reserving water in stocks with different security levels. We determine optimal pricing for three management assumptions: i) The manager seeks to maximize social welfare, ii) The manager seeks to maximize social welfare while ensuring a balanced budget; iii) The manager seeks to maximize his/her profit. Chapter 6 addresses the situation of a manager who needs information on water demand before moving the resource to areas requiring irrigation. This is the case of the Neste system where water supplies are often far away from agricultural areas. In addition, farmers face uncertainty of rainfall that can alter the accuracy of their knowledge of their future water demand. In this context, we develop a pricing system with the possibility of reservations over several periods and determine the optimal pricing to be implemented. Our results provide guidelines for designing pricing schemes adapted to the management of an uncertain water resource and an uncertain demand
Delbourg, Esther. "Achieving water security through cooperation and food trade." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX077/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the ongoing debate about whether water scarcity will lead to growing water conflicts and potential threats to food security. Using quantitative and econometric tools, it addresses the empirical allocation of water resources in the context of shared water and international trade of agriculture.Chapter 1, co-authored with Prof. Eric Strobl, studies transboundary water management between upstream and downstream African countries (1949-2007). We find very little evidence for water conflicts over the years, even though cooperation is likelier when there is little economic and water asymmetries between countries. We also show that wealthy downstream nations mostly take the lead in cooperation, allowing geographical asymmetries to be offset by economics. Results indicate that cooperation is independent from the past, meaning that transboundary basins with a history of tensions over water may likely cooperate in the near future.Chapter 2, co-authored with Prof. Shlomi Dinar, investigates whether countries produce and trade food according to their comparative advantage in water. Using panel data of bilateral trade at a global level (1994-2007), we find that the driest countries use trade as a means to alleviate water scarcity. Relative water productivity and food trade display an inverted u-shape, suggesting a threshold effect in demand and a disregard for water resources relative to the lack of other inputs (such as capital, technology or qualified labor) in water-scarce countries. Countries do not take water endowments enough into consideration when deciding about production and food is traded in the wrong direction, from less to relatively more water productive nations.Because agricultural-dependence is water-dependence, we end by asking whether water scarcity can be a threat to development. Chapter 3 shows that exports concentrate with growth but diversify with water availability. The interaction effect is positive, suggesting that countries, as they develop, concentrate on fewer products for which they have comparative advantage in water. As water intensive goods display lower subsistence in time in water-scarce countries, we argue that inefficient management of water prevents countries from developing and exiting the state of water/agriculture dependency and slow growth. We recommend that water-scarce countries focus on improving the water footprint of a small number of goods in order to trigger positive spillovers
Lizotte, Pierre-Luc. "Caractérisation, récolte et valorisation de la fibre de maïs à basse teneur en eau au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30133/30133.pdf.
Full textCorn stover is the aerial part of the plant excluding grain, sometimes called MOG (material other than grain). Stover is generally a crop residue because most grain growers leave it on the ground after grain harvest. Dry corn stover can be used as bedding material or as a solid fuel on the farm. However, the cold and wet climate prevailing in Eastern Canada considerably limits the harvest of dry corn stover (moisture content < 15%) in the fall. Standing corn plants were sampled in fall 2008 to 2010 in order to determine the potential stover yields. For a site located in a 2300-2500 CHU (crop heat unit) zone, stover yields varied from 6.2 to 8.0 tonnes of dry matter (DM) per hectare. Yields ranging from 7.7 to 10.5 t DM ha-1 were measured for two other sites located in the 2900-3100 CHU zone. Large scale field harvest trials were done in spring from 2009 to 2011. The available stover yield in the spring averaged 63% (6.6 t DM ha-1) of the stover yield in the previous fall. Based on fall yields, 47 to 50% of the stover was collected using haymaking equipment. The average moisture content was 9.0%. Collection efficiency was reduced to 45% with a flail windrower but a gain in productivity was measured (5.2 ha h-1) compared to mowing and raking operations (2.3 and 2.0 ha h-1). Harvest losses from a self-loading wagon were smaller (6%) than from a round baler (15%). The cost of field operations varied between $29.04 and $34.30 t-1 DM depending on the harvest sequence. Storage cost was as high as $71.85 t-1 DM for bulk material harvested with the self-loading wagon. Large square and round bale storage cost was estimated at $29.87 t-1 DM and $59.44 t-1 DM, respectively. Corn stover had a higher absorption index (2.8) than wood shavings (1.8) and saw dust (2.1) used at the farm. The calorific energy of corn stover ranged from 16.86 to 17.64 MJ kg-1 while the ash content varied between 4.80 and 7.31%. Results should allow effective planning of cost and operations related to dry corn stover harvested in the spring.
Martinez, José. "Intervention d'une culture dérobée de Ray-Grass sur les transferts d'azote dans le système sol/plante/eau lors d'une succession culturale blé/mai͏̈s : étude par traçage isotopique." Perpignan, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PERP0069.
Full textFtaïta, Toufik. "L'eau et les groupes sociaux dans la région de Tiznit (Sud-Ouest marocain) : une approche ethno-écologique du développement en milieu aride." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H094.
Full textThis research is dealing with the problem of development in an arid area, where agricultural activities are largely dependent upon the presence of water resource. Water is for this reason the determining factor for the economic and social development of the area. This study tries to give an ethnological diagnosis of the hydraulic organization under its social and technical aspects in the oasis of the area. Beyond this attempt, it aims on the one hand to propose a restructuration of the hydro-agricultural developments, and on the other hand to enunciate a project of rural development which would integrate the economical potentialities, the latter depending largely upon the climatic conditions of the region, and the real needs of the inhabitants in terms of development. The approach chosen for this study is ethno-ecological, which means that it allows a better understanding of the interactions between the natural and human environments (ecological and sociological data) in an arid region. The proposals expressed for economic and social development may help the local authorities to better understand the problems faced by each of the communities in order to find answers suited to these needs
Harzli, Taoufik. "L'eau et le développement des petites et moyennes exploitations tunisiennes : le cas de la région semi-aride d'El Amaiem." Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20020.
Full textConfronted by climatic hazards and more precisely by the drastic dry conditions of the environement, small and middle-sized tunisian farms have started a development process using irrigation systems which have proved to be unreliable due to the scarceness of available water. This development trend is mainly based on family policy. All family members participate not only because they accomplish the current tasks on the farm but alos because the income they may obtain from jobs outside the farm supplement family needs and help finance farm production implementation. The analysis of small and middle sized farm policy emphasize the "individualist" characteristic of this development trend which leads to an overconsumption of water resources. This study puts to the fore the possible need for some state control that would take into account the dynamism of small and midde sized farms. In that case the government would organise the development of farms with in a local project
Tesser, Obregon Claudio Ernesto Esteban. "Ressources hydriques et construction des territoires dans le bassin du fleuve Maipo : région métropolitaine de Santiago du Chili (1975-2008)." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20063.
Full textLa Région métropolitaine de Santiago se trouve dans un milieu semi-aride soumis à une demande croissante en eau liée aux besoins d’une population supérieure à six millions d’habitants et à un développement agro-industriel intensif orienté vers l’exportation. Cette recherche a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les dynamiques territoriales associées aux facteurs environnementaux, politico-sociaux et technologiques qui déterminent la valorisation de la ressource hydrique. Pour cela, on a choisi une démarche multiscalaire partant de l'échelle nationale jusqu'à l'échelle locale, avec une focalisation sur six sites-test représentatifs des dynamiques territoriales de la région : deux sites soumis à la pression de Santiago, deux sites historiquement bien pourvus en eau et deux sites historiquement marqués par la pénurie d'eau. L'analyse de ces sites démontre que l'appropriation privée de la ressource constitue un facteur important d'organisation des modalités de gestion, mais que d'autres éléments conditionnent également les usages, les techniques et les stratégies de répartition de la ressource. Ces éléments sont en particulier le manque d'eau, la promotion réglementaire de nouvelles pratiques (techniques d'irrigation), la rentabilité économique dans le cadre d'une agriculture d'exportation et de l'urbanisation et la « touristification » du milieu rural
The metropolitan region of Santiago is located in a semiarid area threatened by an increasing demand of water due to the need of more than 6 million people and to an intensive agro-industrial development for exportation. This research aims to highlight the territorial dynamics associated to environmental, political, social and technological factors determining the valorization of water resource. Our multi-scale analysis goes from the national to the local scale, emphasizing on six test-sites representative of the territorial dynamics in the region: two sites subject to the urban growth of Santiago, two sites with an historical good supply of water and two sites with an ancient water scarcity. Our analysis demonstrates that the private appropriation of the resource is an important factor determining water management. But other factors also govern uses, technologies and resource distribution strategies. These factors are water scarcity, the governmental promotion of new irrigation practices, the economic profitability in the context of an exportation agriculture and urbanization and “touristification” of rural places
Anglade, Juliette. "Agriculture biologique et qualité des ressources en eau dans le bassin de la Seine : caractérisation des pratiques et applications territorialisées." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066102/document.
Full textThe intensive agriculture characterizing the Seine watershed since half a century is based on the generalization of the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and by the rupture of the connection between crop and livestock systems. This system is nowadays compromising ground- and surface water quality, namely through nitrate contamination which mostly originates from agricultural losses. The implementation of technically proven and socially acceptable alternatives, allowing reconciling agricultural production and water quality preservation, encounters lots of obstructions of technical and social nature. From a technical point of view, sound reference data and rigorous indicators are lacking to assess the agronomical and environmental performance of alternative agro-systems. The first objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a sound conceptual framework to evaluate the productive capacity and the risk of nitrate lixiviation of agro-systems, through an improved version of the nitrogen soil surface balance. We first developed, based on a meta-analysis of the literature, robust relations to determine symbiotic nitrogen fixation by grain and forage legumes crops, which plays a central role in organic farming systems. We then could establish the relationship between total N fertilization, harvested yield and surplus of agro-systems, in order (i) to draw the trajectories of 124 countries over 50 years based on FAO data, and (ii) to compare the performance of the main organic crop rotations of the Seine basin and those of the conventional ‘reasoned’ agriculture. Finally, we established an empirical relationship linking N surplus, lixiviation and nitrate concentration in drainage water for arable land and permanent grassland. We show in a second part of this thesis how this conceptual framework of analysis can be useful in particular territories to highlight and guide stakeholder action, as well as to make more credible some alternatives which can feed the necessary transition toward more sustainable agro-systems. We analyze the situation of the drinking water abstraction areas of La Plaine du Saulce, supplying the city of Auxerre (Burgundy) as well as that of Flins-Aubergenville, supplying the western part of Paris agglomeration. We elaborate alternative scenarios for these regions, going much farther than the mere improvement of agricultural practices, and taking into account the peculiar geographical and hydro-geological context of each study case
Chatzimpiros, Petros. "Les empreintes environnementales de l'approvisionnement alimentaire : Paris, ses viandes et lait, XIXe-XXIe siècles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1135/document.
Full textFor the sake of the sustainable development as a measure against global environmental change, urban consumption needs to be studied through the processes that underlie production and assessed in terms of resource use and pollutant emissions into the environment. This PhD thesis devotes to understand the mechanisms in supplying meat and milk to Paris over two hundred years and measure the land requirements, water withdrawals and nitrogen flows between agrosystems and the environment to supply each product in the early 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. We used agricultural and transport statistics from French and international data sources to locate the Paris hinterland at each date, quantify the urban food supply as a proportion of the regional potential food production, precisely model the diets of the livestock according to the animal productivity and the feed availability in the regional and global markets at the dawn of each century, compute the nitrogen, energy and feed conversion efficiencies in the meat and milk production and, finally, assess both the size and the geographic pattern of the Paris acreage (spatial imprint) and of the nitrogen and water flows in support of the production. The water imprint is used to account for the water withdrawals (irrigation and rainwater) in terms of volume and use intensity. The N imprint measures on the one hand the total amount of reactive nitrogen entering the agrosystems and the partitioning of these inputs between the food production and the environmental losses. The latter are referred to as “the depth” of the urban imprint which provides a measurement of the indirect contribution of urban areas to the alteration of the N cycle. When expressed on a “per capita” basis (kg N/cap) the depth of the imprint shows the emissions of reactive nitrogen to supply the diet of one person as opposed to the direct individual N discharge in urban wastewater. When expressed on a “per hectare” basis, it shows the intensity of the upstream urban N emissions and can be used as a tool for assessing urban sustainability beyond the city limits. Since the early 19th century, the land requirements for the “per capita” meat and milk consumption in Paris (equaling about 2 kg N/cap/year in both the early 19th and the early 21st centuries) reduced six-fold – with about 30 % of the reduction relating to the doubling of the nutrient conversion efficiencies in the secondary production – but the water use intensity and the “per hectare” depth of the imprint respectively doubled and quadrupled. We estimate that currently, about 45 % of the N losses - meaning 5.1 kg N/per/year or 60 kg N/ha – stem from abandoned manure. As the beef, pork and fresh milk imports to Paris currently account for about 25 % of the protein intake of a Parisian and given that animal production is a priori more wasteful that primary production, we estimate that the “per capita” emissions of N for providing the whole diet equal over 7 times the urban N discharges, meaning that a city's wastewater treatment plants handle less than 15 % of the total (direct and indirect) food related N emissions of the citizens
Cormier, Étienne. "Mesure de la teneur en eau en continu durant le séchage du foin en balles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25712/25712.pdf.
Full textGhulami, Masoud. "Évaluation des impacts du changement climatique sur la ressource en eau et l'agriculture dans le bassin à faibles données disponibles, Kaboul, Afghanistan." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4135/document.
Full textAfghanistan is a semi-arid and mountainous country which faced three decades of conflict. It is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change as it has very limited capacity to address the impacts of climate change. It has been also considered as a data-scarce region both temporally and spatially with limited capability to measure hydro-meteorological parameters with in situ gauges. The current study focuses on Kabul basin which lies in the northeast quarter of Afghanistan. It accounts for thirty-five percent of the population’s water supply, and has the fastest population growth rate in the country. The main objective of this study is to understand the impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture. To understand the impact on water resource, first of all, the performance evaluation of global datasets/remote sensed products is investigated in order to generate precipitation and temperature datasets for baseline period of climate change studies and developing hydrological model. Then a hydrological model is selected to understand hydrologic response of the Kabul basin and future projections of water availability using future climate projections. To understand the impact on agriculture, a study on farmers’ perception about climate change and its impacts on their agriculture is undertaken. Secondly, a crop model is used to evaluate the impacts of climate change on wheat yield
Schlick, Julie. "Mondialisation, Agriculture et Changement Climatique : Quatre essais en Economie Internationale." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2062.
Full textThis dissertation studies several determinants of international trade. The first Chapter focuses on prices evolution for French wine export. It explains the recent stability of wine price by an increasing competition faces by French exporters that thwarts the increasing global demand due to the growth of higher income in emerging market (mainly in China). In the second Chapter, we investigate whether water is a determinant of agricultural trade. To estimate this impact, we construct a new indicator that allows to get a better approximation of available water by correcting some local and product specificities. This analysis is completed with simulations about the climate change impact on trade. Simulations highlights a negative impact of climate change on trade but the effect is inequaly distributed among countries. Chapter 3 and 4 analyse the Regional Trade Agreement as determinant of trade for African countries. The third chapter quantifies the impact of several agreements (COMESA, SADC,...) on trade while the fourth chapter is focusing more specifically on the EAC agreement. Main results show an increase of welfare for African countries but with an amplitude of such an increase relatively weak
Colin, Jérôme Menenti Massimo Li Zhao-Liang. "Apport de la télédétection optique à la définition d'indicateurs de performance pour l'utilisation de l'eau en agriculture." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/635/01/colin2006_these.pdf.
Full textArdoin-Bardin, Sandra. "Variabilité hydroclimatique et impacts sur les ressources en eau de grands bassins hydrographiques en zone soudano-sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568025.
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