Journal articles: 'Eau en agriculture – Sahel'

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Tiberghien, Frédéric. "Eau et agriculture : problématiques actuelles." Pour 213, no. 1 (2012): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pour.213.0035.

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Drain, Michel. "Eau et agriculture dans l'espace méditerranéen." L'information géographique 66, no. 1 (2002): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ingeo.2002.2789.

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ZIMMER, D. "L'action scientifique structurante aquae (eau et agriculture)." Nature Sciences Soci�t�s 10 (April 2002): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1240-1307(02)80145-5.

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Habib, Adnane, Kamal Labbassi, Nadia Akdim, and Amina Tadji. "Contribution des données Alos et Landsat dans la cartographie et l'analyse des linéaments dans le Sahel Central (Maroc occidental)." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 203 (April 8, 2014): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2013.28.

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Dans la région du Sahel, l'avance du biseau salé lié à la surexploitation de nappes et la dégradation de la côte constituent un problème majeur dans cette région où les nappes phréatiques constituent la seule ressource d'alimentation en eau. En conséquence, plusieurs recherches hydrogéologiques ont été entamées dans le secteur afin d'assurer une bonne alimentation en eau pour les populations locales, l'agriculture et l'industrie. Dans cette étude, plusieurs techniques d'extraction des linéaments ont été appliquées sur des données ALOS et LANDSAT dans la région du Sahel central (entre Sidi-Moussa et Oualidia), incluant différents types de rehaussement, ainsi que l'application de différents filtres directionnels sur des produits ACP dérivés des images d'origine. Les linéaments extraits ont été évalués à la base des cartes géologiques et cartes hydrogéologiques de la zone d'étude. Des analyses statistiques ont été aussi réalisées pour déterminer les longueurs et les densités des linéaments. Ces nouveaux documents générés permettront une meilleure compréhension de la relation fracturation - circulation des eaux, à l'identification des zones de recharge et de minéralisation, et permettront aussi par la suite l'orientation de la prospection hydrogéologique dans ce secteur qui fera l'objet d'une prochaine publication.

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Martin, Philippe, Jean-Stéphane Bailly, and Flavie Cernesson. "Approche des relations entre eau et agriculture à AgroParisTech." Pour 213, no. 1 (2012): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pour.213.0203.

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Loudière, Daniel. "Compte rendu du colloque international « sécheresses, étiages et déficits en eau ». UNESCO−SHF." La Houille Blanche, no. 2 (April 2020): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2020012.

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Le colloque international « Sécheresses, étiages et déficits en eau » s’est déroulé à Paris du 11 au 13 décembre 2019 au siège de l’UNESCO. La SHF en a piloté l’organisation avec le concours précieux des associations partenaires et des établissements de recherche (IRSTEA, IRD et BRGM). Malgré le contexte difficile lié aux grèves des transports, on a compté 212 inscrits dont un quart d’étrangers (Maghreb et Sahel). Conférences invitées et communications ont alterné pour traiter des aspects scientifiques, techniques et socio-économiques des sécheresses. Les principaux enseignements du colloque sont fournis dans cette synthèse qui a montré que les multiples aspects des sécheresses méritent des approfondissements ultérieurs.

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Sissoko, Keffing, Herman van Keulen, Jan Verhagen, Vera Tekken, and Antonella Battaglini. "Agriculture, livelihoods and climate change in the West African Sahel." Regional Environmental Change 11, S1 (November 3, 2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0164-y.

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Sangare, D., B. Sawadogo, M. Sou/Dakoure, D. M. S. Ouedraogo, N. Hijikata, H. Yacouba, M. Bonzi, and L. Coulibaly. "Ecological sanitation products reuse for agriculture in Sahel: effects on soil properties." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 291–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-291-2015.

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Abstract. The sanitary products (i.e toilet compost, urine, and greywater) from resource oriented sanitation are a low-cost alternative to chemical fertilizers and irrigation water for poor communities in dry areas. However, if these products are not managed carefully, increased soil salinity and sodium accumulation could occur. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of these products at different combinations on the properties of cultivated soil and on okra plant productivity. The treatments were: (1) fresh dam water (FDW) as a negative control, (2) FDW plus chemical fertilizer (i.e.NPK) (FDW + NPK) as a positive control, (3) treated greywater (TGW), (4) FDW plus Urine/Toilet Compost (UTC) (FDW + UTC), (5) TGW + UTC, (6) TGW + NPK. Effects on okra productivity were assessed by measuring the fresh fruit yield whereas effects on soil were evaluated through measurements of electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total organic carbon (TOC) at various depths. Results showed that the yields obtained with TGW (0.71 t ha−1) and TGW + UTC (0.67 t ha−1) were significantly higher than the yields obtained with the positive control FDW + NPK (0.22 t ha−1) meaning that the fertilizer value of the sanitary products was higher than that of chemical fertilizer. Concerning effects on soil, SAR values increased significantly in plots treated by TGW (8.86 ± 1.52) and TGW + UTC (10.55 ± 1.85) compared to plots fertilized with FDW (5.61 ± 1.45) and FDW + NPK (2.71 ± 0.67). The TOC of plots treated with TGW + UTC (6.09 ± 0.99 g kg−1) was significantly higher than those of FDW + NPK (4.46 ± 0.22 g kg−1). Combined sanitary products from resource oriented sanitation can be reused as a nutrient source and water for food production, provided that soil salinity is monitored and the soil has high drainage capacity.

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Fox, P., and J. Rockström. "Supplemental irrigation for dry-spell mitigation of rainfed agriculture in the Sahel." Agricultural Water Management 61, no. 1 (June 2003): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(03)00008-8.

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Sedano, Fernando, Vasco Molini, and M. Azad. "A Mapping Framework to Characterize Land Use in the Sudan-Sahel Region from Dense Stacks of Landsat Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 16, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060648.

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We developed a land cover and land use mapping framework specifically designed for agricultural systems of the Sudan-Sahel region. The mapping approach extracts information from inter- and intra-annual vegetation dynamics from dense stacks of Landsat 8 images. We applied this framework to create a 30 m spatial resolution land use map with a focus on agricultural landscapes of northern Nigeria for 2015. This map provides up-to-date information with a higher level of spatial and thematic detail resulting in a more precise characterization of agriculture in the region. The map reveals that agriculture is the main land use in the region. Arable land represents on average 52.5% of the area, higher than the reported national average for Nigeria (38.4%). Irrigated agriculture covers nearly 2.2% of the total area, reaching nearly 20% of the cultivated land when traditional floodplain agriculture systems are included, above the reported national average (0.63%). There is significant variability in land use within the region. Cultivated land in the northern section can reach values higher than 75%, most land suitable for agriculture is already under cultivation and there is limited land for future agricultural expansion. Marginal lands, not suitable for permanent agriculture, can reach 30% of the land at lower altitudes in the northeast and northwest. In contrast, the southern section presents lower land use intensity that results in a complex landscape that intertwines areas farms and larger patches of natural vegetation. This map improves the spatial detail of existing sources of LCLU information for the region and provides updated information of the current status of its agricultural landscapes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of multi temporal medium resolution remote sensing data to provide detailed and up-to-date information about agricultural systems in arid and sub arid landscapes of the Sahel region.

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Reardon, Thomas, Valerie Kelly, Eric Crawford, Bocar Diagana, Josue Dioné, Kimseyinga Savadogo, and Duncan Boughton. "Promoting sustainable intensification and productivity growth in Sahel agriculture after macroeconomic policy reform." Food Policy 22, no. 4 (August 1997): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9192(97)00022-5.

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Jnr, Stephen Doso. "Land degradation and agriculture in the Sahel of Africa: causes, impacts and recommendations." Journal of Agricultural Science and Applications 03, no. 03 (September 4, 2014): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14511/jasa.2014.030303.

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Sarr, Alioune Badara, and Moctar Camara. "Evolution Des Indices Pluviométriques Extrêmes Par L'analyse De Modèles Climatiques Régionaux Du Programme CORDEX: Les Projections Climatiques Sur Le Sénégal." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 17 (June 30, 2017): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p206.

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This study aims at characterizing the extreme rainfall events over West Africa particularly in the Sahel region and Senegal by 2100 (far future) under the greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5 by analyzing the simulations of four (4) regional climate models (RCMs) of CORDEX (Regional COordinated climate Downscaling Experiment) program. The study of these extreme climate indices is crucial for the understanding of the impacts of climate change on some vital socio-economic sectors such as the agriculture in Sahel and Senegal. The results show that almost all the RCMs predict a decrease of the rainfall over most parts of the Sahel region particularly over the Western Sahel. The analysis of the climate indices such as the highest one day precipitation amount, the 99th percentile and the maximum dry spell length (CDD) shows that the RCMs (except CanRCM4) project an increase of these exceptional rainfall events over the Sahel (especially over the Western Sahel) by 2100. In Senegal, the RCMs (except RCA4) agree on a decrease of the precipitation and the number of wet days by 2100. When considering the evolution of rainfall events intensity, the highest one day precipitation amount and the 99th percentile, the RCMs (except CanRCM4) predict an increase of the extreme events which may translate into strong floods in Senegal. As for the dry and wet sequences, the RCMs projections (except those of RCA4) show an increase (respectively a decrease) of the maximum dry spell length (respectively of the maximum wet spell length) in Senegal. This increase in extreme rainfall indices may translate into a strengthening of natural disasters such as floods and drought. This work can be considered as a support for the policymakers in West Africa and particularly in Senegal for the better long-term planning of water resources and disaster management as wells as the build of a resilient agricultural system.

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Cochrane, Laura L. "Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal." Africa 90, no. 2 (February 2020): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019001074.

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AbstractSevere ecological changes across the Sahel have created a difficult environment for agriculture and rural village economies. Rural communities, while small in scale, are creating new ways to transform their degraded environment. Their small size allows them to develop location-specific strategies to manage and improve water, soil and agriculture. This article focuses on two Sufi communities (daaras) in Senegal that integrate environmental work and spirituality. Religious organizations are influential in Senegal, as is the idea that labour is a part of both personal spirituality and shared religious teachings. As agriculture continues to be disrupted because of climate fluctuations, creating a habitable environment relies on applying region-specific agricultural science, and working through local structures. These conceptions of labour, along with the religious structures that support their work, make environmental projects spiritually significant, and also transformative for agriculture in a challenging environment.

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Schusky, Ernest L., and Peter Heinricher. "Technology and Politics in the Ecology of the Sahel." Politics and the Life Sciences 4, no. 2 (February 1986): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073093840000472x.

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Recent technological and political changes in the Sahel resemble earlier innovations that have failed to increase production or achieve equity in distribution, but perceived needs for large-scale changes remain, based on numerous misperceptions of what occurred in the famine of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Drought, large numbers of deaths, and decimation of cattle herds have been stereotyped to justify large capital-intensive development projects. Large dams, cash crops, and complex controls of the desert are among the projected schemes to increase production. The thesis of this article is that if a valid perspective of what occurred to the Sahel ecology in the 1960s is constructed, then capital-intensive projects frequently encouraging commercialization of agriculture will be replaced by labor-intensive, small-scale projects that involve primarily subsistence farming. The possible surplus from subsistence patterns is likely to exceed the surplus of large-scale efforts for a variety of reasons.

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Mbaye, Moussa, Gil Mahé, Eric Servat, Richard Laganier, Sylvain Bigot, Oumar Diop, and Jean-Francois Guégan. "Ressources en eau et santé publique au Sahel : exemple de la propagation des maladies infectieuses à Saint-Louis (Sénégal)." Sécheresse 20, no. 1 (January 2009): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/sec.2009.0168.

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dos Reis, Dario L. R. Dantas. "Red Cross of Cape Verde: Development of National Societies and co-operation: The viewpoint of the Red Cross of Cape Verde." International Review of the Red Cross 28, no. 264 (June 1988): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400073824.

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Cape Verde, a small archipelago formed by ten islands and eight islets, is located 455 km off the west coast of Africa, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It has an area of 4,033 sq km and a population of 320,000.The dry climate and sparse rainfall characteristic of these volcanic islands, which constitute a prolongation into the Atlantic of the arid Sahel region, are extremely unfavourable to agriculture.

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Sinclair, A. R. E., and J. M. Fryxell. "The Sahel of Africa: ecology of a disaster." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-147.

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The Sahel is a fragile semiarid region extending through 10 countries south of the Sahara. Wild ungulate populations migrate to make use of nutritious but very seasonal food supplies. In doing this, they maintain a higher population size than they could as sedentary populations. Similarly, migratory pastoralists have traditionally lived with their cattle in balance with the vegetation. This balance was disrupted in the 1950's and 1960's by (i) the settlement of pastoralists around wells, and (ii) the expansion of agriculture north into the pastoralists' grazing lands. Land was lost both from overgrazing and from planting with cash crops coincident with increasing human and cattle populations. This has resulted in continuous famine in various parts of the Sahel since 1968. In addition, widespread soil denudation may be causing climatic changes towards aridity. Long-term climatic trends in the past 3000 years point to human interference rather than climatic change as the cause of the famine. The evidence suggests that the Sahel problem (i) is a man-made famine caused by overgrazing and not by lack of rain, (ii) was exacerbated by piecemeal development aid projects, and (iii) has been present for two decades. Also (iv) emergency food aid by itself will aggravate the problem, so that (v) food aid can only be acceptable if tied to long-term care of the people and regeneration of the vegetation.

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Alvar-Beltrán, Jorge, Abdalla Dao, Anna Dalla Marta, Ana Heureux, Jacob Sanou, and Simone Orlandini. "Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptation in Burkina Faso." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080827.

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The Sahel region is considered a hotspot for climate change hazards and vulnerability of weather reliant sectors, including agriculture. Farmers in Burkina Faso have a long history of adapting their farming activities to frequent changes in climate. Using 150 in-person surveys, this study assesses farmers’ perceptions of climate change based on multiple climate variables, and reviews adaptation practices, including soil and water conservation strategies, in the Soudanian, Soudano-Sahelian, and Sahelian agroclimatic zones of Burkina Faso. In general, farmers are aware of changing climatic conditions, including increased temperatures, greater rainfall variability, heavier precipitation events, delayed onset, and premature offset of the rainy season. However, farmers perceive shifts in climate differently depending on their location and agroclimatic zone. As a result, different adaption strategies are implemented by farmers according to the climatic, societal, and economic context. Survey results show that in the Sahel, climate adaptation strategies rely on traditional knowledge and experimental approaches; whereas in the Soudanian zone, where weather conditions are more favorable for agriculture, adaptation practices are market oriented. These regional differences are important for targeting advisory services, planning processes, and decision-making to support the effective provision of weather and climate information services to the last mile.

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Samasse, Kaboro, Niall P. Hanan, Julius Y. Anchang, and Yacouba Diallo. "A High-Resolution Cropland Map for the West African Sahel Based on High-Density Training Data, Google Earth Engine, and Locally Optimized Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091436.

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The West African Sahel Cropland map (WASC30) is a new 30-m cropland extent product for the nominal year of 2015. We used the computing resources provided by Google Earth Engine (GEE) to fit and apply Random Forest models for cropland detection in each of 189 grid cells (composed of 100 km2, hence a total of ~1.9 × 106 km2) across five countries of the West African Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, and Senegal). Landsat-8 surface reflectance (Bands 2–7) and vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, SAVI, and MSAVI), organized to include dry-season and growing-season band reflectances and vegetation indices for the years 2013–2015, were used as predictors. Training data were derived from an independent, high-resolution, visually interpreted sample dataset that classifies sample points across West Africa using a 2-km grid (~380,000 points were used in this study, with 50% used for model training and 50% used for model validation). Analysis of the new cropland dataset indicates a summed cropland area of ~316 × 103 km2 across the 5 countries, primarily in rainfed cropland (309 × 103 km2), with irrigated cropland area (7 × 103 km2) representing 2% of the total cropland area. At regional scale, the cropland dataset has an overall accuracy of 90.1% and a cropland class (rainfed and irrigated) user’s accuracy of 79%. At bioclimatic zones scale, results show that land proportion occupied by rainfed agriculture increases with annual precipitation up to 1000 mm. The Sudanian zone (600–1200 mm) has the highest proportion of land in agriculture (24%), followed by the Sahelian (200–600 mm) and the Guinean (1200 +) zones for 15% and 4%, respectively. The new West African Sahel dataset is made freely available for applications requiring improved cropland area information for agricultural monitoring and food security applications.

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Defrance, Dimitri, Benjamin Sultan, Mathieu Castets, Adjoua Moise Famien, and Christian Baron. "Impact of Climate Change in West Africa on Cereal Production Per Capita in 2050." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 7585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187585.

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Food security is a crucial issue in the Sahel and could be endangered by climate change and demographic pressure during the 21st century. Higher temperatures and changes in rainfall induced by global warming are threatening rainfed agriculture in this region while the population is expected to increase approximately three-fold until 2050. Our study quantifies the impact of climate change on food security by combining climate modelling (16 models from CMIP5), crop yield (simulated by agronomic model, SARRA-O) and demographic evolution (provided by UN projection) under two future climatic scenarios. We simulate yield for the main crops in five countries in West Africa and estimate the population pressure on crop production to assess the number of available cereal production per capita. We found that, although uncertain, the African monsoon evolution leads to an increase of rainfall in Eastern Sahel and a decrease in Western Sahel under the RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario from IPCC, leading to the higher temperature increase by the end of the 21st century. With regard to the abundance of food for the inhabitants, all the scenarios in each country show that in 2050, local agricultural production will be below 50 kg per capita. This situation can have impact on crop import and regional migration.

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Mulitza, Stefan, David Heslop, Daniela Pittauerova, Helmut W. Fischer, Inka Meyer, Jan-Berend Stuut, Matthias Zabel, et al. "Increase in African dust flux at the onset of commercial agriculture in the Sahel region." Nature 466, no. 7303 (July 2010): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09213.

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Deuson, Robert R., and John C. Day. "Transfer of sustainable technology in dryland agriculture: Lessons from the Sahel in the 1980's." Agricultural Economics 4, no. 3-4 (December 1990): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1990.tb00121.x.

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Day, John C., David W. Hughes, and Walter R. Butcher. "Soil, water and crop management alternatives in rainfed agriculture in the Sahel: an economic analysis." Agricultural Economics 7, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1992.tb00217.x.

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Deuson, R. "Transfer of sustainable technology in dryland agriculture: Lessons from the Sahel in the 1980's." Agricultural Economics 4, no. 3-4 (December 1990): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5150(90)90004-k.

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Day, J. "Soil, water and crop management alternatives in rainfed agriculture in the Sahel: an economic analysis." Agricultural Economics 7, no. 3-4 (October 1992): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5150(92)90053-2.

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Diawara, Mamadou Oumar, Pierre Hiernaux, Sory Sissoko, Eric Mougin, Alassane Ba, Nogmana Soumaguel, and Hawa Salif Diakité. "Sensibilité de la production herbacée aux aléas de la distribution des pluies au Sahel (Agoufou, Mali): une approche par modélisation." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.14.

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La forte variation du régime des pluies au Sahel est reconnue par tous. La phénologie de la strate herbacée dominée par des plantes annuelles suit ce cycle annuel en faisant alterner une courte saison de croissance et une longue saison morte. Le Gourma situé dans la bande sahélienne au Mali est une zone pastorale soumise à cette variabilité temporelle des ressources pastorales (eau et fourrage) liée au régime de la mousson Ouest africaine, et aux fortes variations interannuelles de la pluviosité. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la sensibilité de la production de la strate herbacée aux variations de la distribution intra-saisonnière des pluies au Sahel à travers le cas du site pastoral d’Agoufou. Les simulations ont été effectuées avec le modèle STEP (Sahelian Transpiration Evaporation and Production model). Les analyses reposent sur de simples permutations des pluies journalières enregistrées sur le site en 2010, réalisées de façon aléatoire sans modifier le total saisonnier ni les cumuls journaliers. Les résultats montrent que la relation entre le cumul des pluies saisonnières et les phytomasses herbacées mesurées en fin de saison masque des chutes de production intra-saisonnière liées aux stress hydriques, notamment au cours de la période de croissance rapide qui affectent la production saisonnière. Le modèle pourrait servir dans un système intégré d’alertes précoces pour anticiper les pénuries de fourrage fréquentes dans cette région.Mots clés : Production primaire, strate herbacée, variation pluviométrique, stress hydrique, modèle STEP. English Title: Sensitivity of herbaceous vegetation production to the variability of rainfall distribution in the Sahel (Agoufou, Mali): a modeling approachThe strong spatial and temporal variability of rainfall patterns in the Sahel is accepted by everybody. The phenology of the herbaceous layer dominated by annual plants follows this rhythm by alternating a short growing period with a long dormancy period. The Gourma region located in the Sahelian belt in Mali is a pastoral area subject to this temporal variability of resources (water and forage) linked to the rains regime. This study aims to assess the sensitivity of the herbaceous vegetation production to the variation of the intra-seasonal rainfall distribution in the Sahel through the case of the Agoufou rangeland site. The simulations were performed with the STEP model (Sahelian Transpiration Evaporation and Production model). The analyses were based on simple changes of rainfall height recorded on the site in 2010, carried out randomly without changing the seasonal total or the daily totals. The results show that the relationship between rainfall totals and the fall of the herbaceous mass conceal intra-seasonal production related to water stress especially during the period of so-called main growth can affect the seasonal production. The model could be used in an integrated early warning system to anticipate frequent forage shortages in this region.Keywords: Primary production, herbaceous layer, rainfall variation, water deficit, STEP model.

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Gadzama, Njidda Mamadu, and Haruna Kuje Ayuba. "On major environmental problem of desertification in Northern Nigeria with sustainable efforts to managing it." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-06-2015-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show the extent of desertification and land degradation as threat to sustainable environmental, agricultural and land development in the Sahel of Nigeria with its consequences; with also some efforts to control desertification. Design/methodology/approach – Several desertification attenuation projects in Nigeria are employing different methods for maximum benefits obtainable from the objectives) of the particular project. Specific methods will be cited for particular projects mentioned as appropriate. It is noted however that environmental impact assessment, community reconnaissance or needs assessments were initial part of pre-project activities. Findings – Desertification has reached an alarming state in Nigeria. The frontline desert threatened States of Nigeria constitute 40 per cent of the land mass of the country. With increased pressure of desertification, exacerbated by a period of prolonged drought of about 20 years, climate change and human activities, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain sustainability in the management of the fragile lands and the region’s ecosystem. Strategic interventions in combating the problem of desertification in Nigeria have attenuated some of the detrimental social, economic and environmental impacts on the affected communities of the Sahel of the country. Programmes and projects are designed to strengthen the resilience of the people in the affected region with sound ecosystems’ management; support the efforts of the communities resulting in increased agricultural yields. Programmes and projects have strengthened the resilience of the people, participating in sand dune stabilization, the Great Green Wall Sahara Sahel Initiative and other shelterbelt development. Government has sustained inputs in environmentally friendly agriculture and also encouraged synergetic collaborative activities with national agencies, international agencies and local institutions. Originality/value – These results/activities give evidence of the increased public awareness of environmental degradation due to desertification in Nigeria; the realization in environmental stabilization needs with ready participation of the communities for improved livelihoods in arid agriculture; resulting in internalization of these problems for Nigeria.

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Sacré Regis M., Didi, Ly Mouhamed, Kouadio Kouakou, Bichet Adeline, Diedhiou Arona, Coulibaly Houebagnon Saint. J., Kouadio Koffi Claude A., Coulibaly Talnan Jean H., Obahoundje Salomon, and Savané Issiaka. "Using the CHIRPS Dataset to Investigate Historical Changes in Precipitation Extremes in West Africa." Climate 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8070084.

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This study aims to provide improved knowledge and evidence on current (1986–2015) climate variation based on six rainfall indices over five West African countries (Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Benin) using the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) dataset. On average, precipitation has increased over the central Sahel and the western Sahel. This increase is associated with increase in the number of rainy days, longer wet spells and shorter dry spells. Over the Guinea Coast, the slight increase in precipitation is associated with an increase in the intensity of rainfall with a shorter duration of wet spells. However, these mean changes in precipitation are not all statistically significant and uniform within a country. While previous studies are focused on regional and sub-regional scales, this study contributes to deliver a climate information at a country level that is more relevant for decision making and for policy makers, and to document climate-related risks within a country to feed impact studies in key sectors of the development, such as agriculture and water resources.

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Ali, Abdou, Thierry Lebel, and Abou Amani. "Rainfall Estimation in the Sahel. Part I: Error Function." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1691–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2304.1.

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Abstract Rainfall estimation in semiarid regions remains a challenging issue because it displays great spatial and temporal variability and networks available for monitoring are often of low density. This is especially the case in the Sahel, a region of 3 million km2 where the life of populations is still heavily dependent on rain for agriculture. Whatever the data and sensors available for rainfall estimation—including satellite IR and microwave data and possibly weather radar systems—it is necessary to define objective error functions to be used in comparing various rainfall products. This first of two papers presents a theoretical framework for the development of such an error function and the optimization of its parameters for the Sahel. A range of time scales—from rain event to annual—are considered, using two datasets covering two different spatial scales. The mesoscale [Estimation des Pluies par Satellite (EPSAT)-Niger (E-N)] is documented over a period of 13 yr (1990–2002) on an area of 16 000 km2 covered by 30 recording rain gauges; the regional scale is documented by the Centre Regional Agrometeorologie–Hydrologie–Meteorologie (AGRHYMET) (CRA) dataset, with an annual average of between 600 and 650 rain gauges available over a period of 8 yr. The data analysis showed that the spatial structure of the Sahelian rain fields is markedly anisotropic, nonstationary, and dominated by the nesting of two elementary structures. A cross-validation procedure on point rainfall values leads to the identification of an optimal interpolation algorithm. Using the error variances computed from this algorithm on 1° × 1° and 2.5° × 2.5° cells, an error function is derived, allowing the calculation of standard errors of estimation for the region. Typical standard errors for monthly rainfall estimation are 11% (10%) for a 10-station network on a 2.5° × 2.5° (1° × 1°) grid, and 40% (30%) for a single station on a 2.5° × 2.5° (1° × 1°) grid. In a companion paper, this error function is used to investigate the differences between satellite rainfall products and how they compare with ground-based estimates.

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Adler, J. "Experience of a Medical Team at the Harbo Refugee Camp in Ethiopia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, no. 1-4 (1986): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030892.

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The famine presently ravaging the population of the Sahel belt in Central Africa is not a new occurrence. In the last 15 years, hundreds of thousands of people have died because of malnutrition and disease, caused by the successive failure of crops. In addition to the lack of adequate rainfalls, many other factors have contributed to the present situation:• Overgrazing of available land by increasing numbers of livestock.• Failure of the governments involved to modernize their agriculture by irrigation programs, fertilization, etc.• Consummation of grains for seeding and livestock by the famine stricken population—preventing rehabilitation.

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Gadzama, Njidda Mamadu. "Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 14, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-02-2016-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop the Great Green Wall (GGW) Project initially financed by the United Nation’s Global Environment Facility Trust Fund, is a Pan African proposal in greening the Sahel of Africa from West (Dakar) to the East (Djibouti). It aims at reducing poverty and soil degradation in this region, taking into account the effects of desertification and climate change on sustainability of livelihoods. Design/methodology/approach Several desertification attenuation projects in Nigeria are employing different methods for maximum benefits obtainable from the objectives of the particular projects. As noted above, however, the approach of GGW is to improve the alternative livelihoods of the people by their active participating in the implementation of the project. It is also noted that environmental impact assessment, community reconnaissance or needs assessments might be initial part of pre-project activities, thereby making the communities more aware and educated of the impending environmental problems. Findings Desertification has reached an alarming state in Nigeria. The frontline desert threatened States of Nigeria constitute 43 percent of the land mass of the country. With increased pressure of desertification, exacerbated by a period of prolonged drought of more than 20 years, climate change and human activities, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain sustainability in the management of the fragile lands and the region’s ecosystem. Strategic interventions in combating the problem of desertification in Nigeria have attenuated some of the detrimental social, economic and environmental impacts on the affected communities. Programmes and projects have strengthened the resilience of the people, participating in sand dune stabilization, the Great Green Wall Sahara Sahel Initiative, including shelterbelt developments. Government has sustained inputs in environmentally friendly agriculture and also encouraged synergetic collaborative activities with international and national NGOs, international agencies and local institutions. Originality/value These results/activities give evidence of the increased public awareness of environmental degradation due to desertification and climate change in Nigeria; the realization in environmental stabilization needs with ready participation of the communities for improved livelihoods in environmental activities and arid agriculture as supported by the National Great Green Wall (NAGGW) program of the country; resulting in internalization of these projects supporting livelihoods for sustainability in the Sahel of Nigeria.

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Egbebiyi, Temitope S., Chris Lennard, Olivier Crespo, Phillip Mukwenha, Shakirudeen Lawal, and Kwesi Quagraine. "Assessing Future Spatio-Temporal Changes in Crop Suitability and Planting Season over West Africa: Using the Concept of Crop-Climate Departure." Climate 7, no. 9 (August 24, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7090102.

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The changing climate is posing significant threats to agriculture, the most vulnerable sector, and the main source of livelihood in West Africa. This study assesses the impact of the climate-departure on the crop suitability and planting month over West Africa. We used 10 CMIP5 Global climate models bias-corrected simulations downscaled by the CORDEX regional climate model, RCA4 to drive the crop suitability model, Ecocrop. We applied the concept of the crop-climate departure (CCD) to evaluate future changes in the crop suitability and planting month for five crop types, cereals, legumes, fruits, root and tuber and horticulture over the historical and future months. Our result shows a reduction (negative linear correlation) and an expansion (positive linear correlation) in the suitable area and crop suitability index value in the Guinea-Savanna and Sahel (southern Sahel) zone, respectively. The horticulture crop was the most negatively affected with a decrease in the suitable area while cereals and legumes benefited from the expansion in suitable areas into the Sahel zone. In general, CCD would likely lead to a delay in the planting season by 2–4 months except for the orange and early planting dates by about 2–3 months for cassava. No projected changes in the planting month are observed for the plantain and pineapple which are annual crops. The study is relevant for a short and long-term adaptation option and planning for future changes in the crop suitability and planting month to improve food security in the region.

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Dutilly-Diane, C. "Household Behaviour under Market Failures: How Natural Resource Management in Agriculture Promotes Livestock Production in the Sahel." Journal of African Economics 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 343–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/12.3.343.

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Egbebiyi, Crespo, and Lennard. "Defining Crop–climate Departure in West Africa: Improved Understanding of the Timing of Future Changes in Crop Suitability." Climate 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7090101.

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The future climate is projected to change rapidly with potentially severe consequences for global food security. This study aims to improve the understanding of future changes in the suitability of crop growth conditions. It proposes a definition of crop realization, of the climate departure from recent historical variability, or crop–climate departure. Four statistically downscaled and bias-corrected Global Climate Models (GCMs): CCCMA, CNRM5, NOAA-GFDL, and MIROC5 performed simulations for the period 1960–2100 under the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP8.5 scenario to compute 20 year moving averages at 5-year increments. These were used to drive a crop suitability model, Ecocrop, for eight different crops across the three Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO) AgroEcological Zones (AEZs) of West Africa (Guinea, Sahel, and Savanna). Simulations using historical climate data found that all crops except maize had a suitability index value (SIV) ≥0.50 outside the Sahel region, equivalent to conditions being suitable or strongly suitable. Simulations of future climate reveal that warming is projected to constrain crop growth suitability for cassava and pineapple in the Guinea zone. A potential for the northward expansion of maize is projected by the end of the century, suggesting a future opportunity for its growth in the southern Sahel zone. Crop growth conditions for mango and pearl millet remain suitable across all three AEZs. In general, crops in the Savanna AEZ are the most sensitive to the projected changes in climate. The changes in the crop–climate relationship suggests a future constraint in crop suitability, which could be detrimental to future food security in West Africa. Further studies to explore associated short- and long-term adaptation options are recommended.

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Saidou, Ousseina, Ousseini Mahaman M. Mouctari, Ridouane Ibrahim Barhiré, and Iro Dan Guimbo. "CULTIVATION AND INGESTIBILITY OF ANGOLE PEAS (CAJANUS CAJAN) IN SAHEL GOAT IN NIGER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 9 (July 6, 2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i9.2019.554.

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This study was conducted on the experimental site of the Faculty of Agriculture of Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey. Objective of the work is to study the culture of species Cajanus cajan while determining its applicability to the Sahel goat. Germination test was carried out in petri dishes. Experimental set-up consists of 360 pockets distributed in three blocks each containing four plots of which three plots received urea, three received the NPK, three others received the manure and in the end three were kept as controls. Time between the establishment of grain culture in petri dishes and first appearance of radicle is one day and the staggering of germination is four days. The emergence of seedlings was observed 7 days after sowing in pockets. The seeds have a germination rate of 67.14%. At the first harvest, biomass production is 78.84; 89.42 and 79.87kg / ha respectively for plants treated with urea, NPK 15-15-15 and for plants treated with manure. Production of control plants is 50.45 kg / ha. Species Cajanus cajan has a higher appetence rate (80%) compared to species Leuceuna lecocephala and Gliricidia sepium which have respectively 66.66 and 46.66%.

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Faye, Gayane, Mamadou Mbaye, Modou Mbaye, and Abdou Kâ Diongue. "Mathematical analysis of Sentinel-2 spectral signal evolution for mapping agriculture area in Senegal: case of millet, maize and peanuts." African Journal of Applied Statistics 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 1009–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/ajas/2020.1009.254.

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Agricultural monitoring has become an absolute necessity in the Sahel countries, especially with climate change which constitutes a real threat for this sector. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for identifying crops and mapping agricultural areas using Sentinel-2 data from the Copernicus program. The purpose of this work consisted in discriminating the crops of millet, maize and peanuts. This is to analyse the scientific and technical obstacles related to this problem. For this, we have made a mathematical analysis of optical satellite images. High temporal and spatial resolution images (10m to 60m) of Sentinel 2 sensors were used in this work. This unique set of data coupled with field data, has permitted to carry out a diagnosis of land cover and cultivated land surfaces, and evaluating the contribution of this type of data for crop forecast

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Brücher, T., M. Claussen, and T. Raddatz. "Implications of land use change in tropical Northern Africa under global warming." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 1101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-6-1101-2015.

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Abstract. A major link between climate and humans in Northern Africa, and the Sahel in particular, is land use and associated land cover change, mainly where subsistence farming prevails. Here we assess possible feedbacks between the type of land use and harvest intensity and climate by analyzing a series of idealized GCM experiments using the MPI-ESM. The base line for these experiments is a simulation forced by the RCP8.5 scenario which includes strong greenhouse gas emissions and anthropogenic land cover changes. The anthropogenic land cover changes in the RCP8.5 scenario include a mixture of pasture and agriculture. In subsequent simulations, we replace the entire area affected by anthropogenic land cover change in the region between the Sahara in the North and the Guinean Coast in the South (4 to 20° N) by either pasture or agriculture, respectively. In a second setup we vary the amount of harvest in case of agriculture. The RCP8.5 base line simulation reveals strong changes in mean agriculture and monsoon rainfall. In comparison with these changes, any variation of the type of land use in the study area leads to very small, mostly insignificantly small, additional differences in mean temperature and annual precipitation change in this region. Within the uncertainty of the representation of land use in current ESMs, our study suggests marginal feedback between land use changes and climate changes triggered by strong greenhouse gas emissions. Hence as a good approximation, climate change can be considered as external driver in models of land-use – conflict dynamics when seasonal or mean values are used as external driver.

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Ouassissou, Romaïssa, Marcel Kuper, Patrick Dugué, Mohamed El Amrani, Ali Hammani, and Fatah Ameur. "Rivalités et arrangements coopératifs pour l’accès à l’eau souterraine dans la plaine de Berrechid au Maroc." Cahiers Agricultures 28 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2019006.

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Au Maroc, l’exploitation individuelle des eaux souterraines a permis le développement rapide d’une agriculture irriguée intensive. Dans la plaine de Berrechid, la ressource est limitée et surexploitée. L’agence de bassin tente depuis une dizaine d’années de mettre en place une contractualisation avec différents acteurs pour réguler les prélèvements en eau souterraine à usage agricole. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser en quoi la catégorisation des agriculteurs, se distinguant par leur accès à l’eau et au foncier, et les interactions entre ces catégories d’agriculteurs, sont utiles pour penser la gouvernance de la nappe. Une fois la dynamique de l’agriculture irriguée retracée, des enquêtes ont permis d’établir une typologie d’agriculteurs, puis les arrangements et rivalités entre les différents types d’agriculteurs ont été caractérisés. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation accrue des eaux souterraines a déclenché des rivalités pour l’accès à l’eau, ainsi que l’exclusion de certains agriculteurs dans un contexte de baisse de la nappe. Pour dépasser ces problèmes d’accès, certains agriculteurs mettent en place des arrangements coopératifs autour des différents facteurs de production (eau, terre, capital, savoir-faire, main-d’œuvre). Cependant, ces arrangements accentuent, paradoxalement, la surexploitation de la nappe et les rivalités, et entraînent la poursuite et l’évolution des formes d’arrangements coopératifs. La compréhension fine de la nature des relations entre différents types d’agriculteurs peut permettre d’inclure une réflexion sur l’équité sociale dans le projet de concession aux associations de producteurs, qui pour le moment semble ignorer ces relations.

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Budhi, Setia, Sri Hidayah, Ismar Hamid, Siti Aulia, and Muhammad Agrianto Suwandi. "Food Security of Banjar People In Facing Climate Change In Sungai Batang Village, Banjar District, South Kalimantan." International Journal of Politic, Public Policy and Environmental Issues 1, no. 01 (April 9, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53622/ij3pei.v1i01.11.

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In the last five years, the world's attention has shifted to food security in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation, particularly in 2008, when food prices skyrocketed, causing famine in Cape Africa and even the Sahel, which is still feeling the effects of this famine in 2012. In the same year, the OHCHR report (the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) notes the need to safeguard food security and nutrition in the context of Human Rights. A major shift occurred in Indonesian agriculture due to the 1999 eruption of Mount Elanor. A focus on climate influences has been a prominent component of the Indonesian government's policy regarding agriculture for some time. Plant-resistant crops or programs for mitigating climate change take the form of either of these options. Culminating a significant development in policies to secure food security, such as protection of agricultural land, various policies were created to evaluate land use and regulations of the Minister of Agriculture pertaining to guidelines for land use. The study, which was done for a period of six months, has a goal of learning more about the Banjar people's local knowledge on climate change. By collecting data from locals, such as farmers, community leaders, and village heads, who have detailed knowledge about Banjar customs and traditions, and from Banjar people who are selected for the research in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, qualitative methods and collection of local knowledge and local wisdom strategies were employed.

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McNally, Amy, Gregory J. Husak, Molly Brown, Mark Carroll, Chris Funk, Soni Yatheendradas, Kristi Arsenault, Christa Peters-Lidard, and James P. Verdin. "Calculating Crop Water Requirement Satisfaction in the West Africa Sahel with Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0049.1.

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Abstract The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission will provide soil moisture data with unprecedented accuracy, resolution, and coverage, enabling models to better track agricultural drought and estimate yields. In turn, this information can be used to shape policy related to food and water from commodity markets to humanitarian relief efforts. New data alone, however, do not translate to improvements in drought and yield forecasts. New tools will be needed to transform SMAP data into agriculturally meaningful products. The objective of this study is to evaluate the possibility and efficiency of replacing the rainfall-derived soil moisture component of a crop water stress index with SMAP data. The approach is demonstrated with 0.1°-resolution, ~10-day microwave soil moisture from the European Space Agency and simulated soil moisture from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System. Over a West Africa domain, the approach is evaluated by comparing the different soil moisture estimates and their resulting Water Requirement Satisfaction Index values from 2000 to 2010. This study highlights how the ensemble of indices performs during wet versus dry years, over different land-cover types, and the correlation with national-level millet yields. The new approach is a feasible and useful way to quantitatively assess how satellite-derived rainfall and soil moisture track agricultural water deficits. Given the importance of soil moisture in many applications, ranging from agriculture to public health to fire, this study should inspire other modeling communities to reformulate existing tools to take advantage of SMAP data.

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Egbebiyi, Temitope Samuel, Olivier Crespo, Christopher Lennard, Modathir Zaroug, Grigory Nikulin, Ian Harris, Jeff Price, Nicole Forstenhäusler, and Rachel Warren. "Investigating the potential impact of 1.5, 2 and 3 °C global warming levels on crop suitability and planting season over West Africa." PeerJ 8 (May 5, 2020): e8851. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8851.

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West African rainfed agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Global warming is projected to result in higher regional warming and have a strong impact on agriculture. This study specifically examines the impact of global warming levels (GWLs) of 1.5°, 2° and 3 °C relative to 1971–2000 on crop suitability over West Africa. We used 10 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase5 Global Climate Models (CMIP5 GCMs) downscaled by Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Rossby Centre’s regional Atmospheric model version 4, RCA4, to drive Ecocrop, a crop suitability model, for pearl millet, cassava, groundnut, cowpea, maize and plantain. The results show Ecocrop simulated crop suitability spatial representation with higher suitability, observed to the south of latitude 14°N and lower suitability to its north for 1971–2000 for all crops except for plantain (12°N). The model also simulates the best three planting months within the growing season from September-August over the past climate. Projected changes in crop suitability under the three GWLs 1.5–3.0 °C suggest a spatial suitability expansion for legume and cereal crops, notably in the central southern Sahel zone; root and tuber and plantain in the central Guinea-Savanna zone. In contrast, projected decreases in the crop suitability index value are predicted to the south of 14°N for cereals, root and tuber crops; nevertheless, the areas remain suitable for the crops. A delay of between 1-3 months is projected over the region during the planting month under the three GWLs for legumes, pearl millet and plantain. A two month delay in planting is projected in the south, notably over the Guinea and central Savanna zone with earlier planting of about three months in the Savanna-Sahel zones. The effect of GWL2.0 and GWL3.0 warming in comparison to GWL1.5 °C are more dramatic on cereals and root and tuber crops, especially cassava. All the projected changes in simulated crop suitability in response to climatic variables are statistically significant at 99% confidence level. There is also an increasing trend in the projected crop suitability change across the three warming except for cowpea. This study has implications for improving the resilience of crop production to climate changes, and more broadly, to food security in West Africa.

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Derraz, Khalid, Rachid Elalami, Ilham Atiki, and Mohamed Alaoui Mhamdi. "Composition biochimique du zooplancton crustacé et broutage du phytoplancton et des protistes ciliés dans un réservoir récemment mis en eau (Sahela, Maroc)." Comptes Rendus Biologies 326, no. 8 (August 2003): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0691(03)00159-8.

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Petrozzi, Fabio, Edem A. Eniang, Godfrey C. Akani, Nioking Amadi, Emmanuel M. Hema, Tomas Diagne, Gabriel Hoinsoudé Segniagbeto, Laurent Chirio, Giovanni Amori, and Luca Luiselli. "Exploring the main threats to the threatened African spurred tortoise Centrochelys sulcata in the West African Sahel." Oryx 52, no. 3 (January 23, 2017): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001125.

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AbstractThe African spurred tortoise Centrochelys sulcata is the second largest terrestrial turtle, with a scattered distribution across the West African Sahel. This species is threatened and declining consistently throughout its range, but little is known about the causes of its decline. It has been hypothesized that the decline is attributable to (1) competition with domestic cattle, (2) wildfire, and (3) the international pet trade. We conducted a series of analyses to investigate these three causes. Hypotheses 1 and 2 were analysed using a spatially explicit approach, using a database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and logistic regression modelling; hypothesis 3 was tested by analysing the CITES trade database for 1990–2010. We found a significant negative correlation between intensity of grazing (expressed as density of cattle, km−2) and the presence of spurred tortoises, and this negative effect increased when coupled with high fire intensity, whereas wildfires alone did not have a significant influence on the species’ distribution at the global scale. There was a decrease in the annual export of wild individuals for the pet trade after the introduction of export quotas by country and by year, but trade data must be considered with caution.

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Mundia, Clara W., Silvia Secchi, Kofi Akamani, and Guangxing Wang. "A Regional Comparison of Factors Affecting Global Sorghum Production: The Case of North America, Asia and Africa’s Sahel." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072135.

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Understanding the dynamics of food production is critical to improving food security. This is particularly important in regions that rely on subsistence agriculture with little adaptive capacity to climate change. Sorghum plays an important role in food security in some of the poorest parts of the world. This article reviews the literature to identify and examine the major factors affecting sorghum production in three major production regions. Factors were not categorized ex ante but rather determined from the review. Ten major factors were identified as having notable impacts on sorghum production: climate change, population growth/economic development, non-food demand, agricultural inputs, demand for other crops, agricultural resources scarcity, biodiversity, cultural influence, price and armed conflict. This synthesis revealed that (1) multiple factors simultaneously affect sorghum production; (2) the effect of each factor is greatly influenced by the magnitude and certainty of one or more other factors; and, (3) factors differ in relevance and degree with regard to geography. Generally, improved agricultural inputs, population growth/economic development and climate change have substantial influence on sorghum production. However, local dynamics likely go beyond these broad trends and more exhaustive, locally-focused studies are needed for actionable planning purposes.

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Bacci, Maurizio, Youchaou Ousman Baoua, and Vieri Tarchiani. "Agrometeorological Forecast for Smallholder Farmers: A Powerful Tool for Weather-Informed Crops Management in the Sahel." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083246.

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Agriculture production in Nigerien rural areas mainly depends on weather variability. Weather forecasts produced by national or international bodies have very limited dissemination in rural areas and even if broadcast by local radio, they remain generic and limited to short-term information. According to several experiences in West Africa, weather and climate services (WCSs) have great potential to support farmers’ decision making. The challenge is to reach local communities with tailored information about the future weather to support strategic and tactical crop management decisions. WCSs, in West Africa, are mainly based on short-range weather forecasts and seasonal climate forecasts, while medium-range weather forecasts, even if potentially very useful for crop management, are rarely produced. This paper presents the results of a pilot initiative in Niger to reach farming communities with 10-day forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—Global Forecast System (NOAA-GFS) produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). After the implementation of the download and treatment chain, the Niger National Meteorological Directorate can provide 10-day agrometeorological forecasts to the agricultural extension services in eight rural municipalities. Exploiting the users’ evaluation of the forecasts, an analysis of usability and overall performance of the service is described. The results demonstrate that, even in rural and remote areas, agrometeorological forecasts are valued as powerful and useful information for decision-making processes. The service can be implemented at low cost with effective technologies making it affordable and sustainable even in developing countries. Nonetheless, the service’s effectiveness depends on several aspects mainly related to the way information is communicated to the public.

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THIOLLAY, JEAN-MARC. "Severe decline of large birds in the Northern Sahel of West Africa: a long-term assessment." Bird Conservation International 16, no. 4 (December 2006): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270906000487.

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The current status of most West African birds is little known and may change quickly with increasing human population pressure and agriculture, road, tourism, hunting and mining developments. Following documented declines of raptors in Sudan and the Southern Sahel zones, I compared the number of birds counted along the same eight extensive transect counts in 1971–1973 (3,703 km) and 2004 (3,688 km) in arid steppes, acacia woodlands and desert mountains of northern Mali and Niger (Adrar des Iforhas, Aïr, Ténéré). The once widespread Ostrich Struthio camelus is now extinct west of Chad. No Arabian Ardeotis arabs and Nubian Bustards Neotis nuba were seen in 2004 (216 in 1970s) nor any Rüppell's Griffon Gyps rueppellii and Lappet-faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotus (114 and 96 respectively recorded in the 1970s). From Adrar to Ténéré, just one Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus was recorded in 2004 (vs 75 in 1970s), but it was still common in the oases of Kawar (27 vs 38). These data are exploratory and the current status of the species involved should be further documented. Nevertheless, they are a serious warning about the future of several taxa. Overhunting, aggravated by overgrazing and degradation of acacia woodlands are obvious causes of the collapse of Ostrich and bustards. The near-extinction of wild ungulates, intensified use of cattle, increased disturbance and poisoning of predators may have been critical in the dramatic decline of vultures. An effective hunting ban, updates on the status of threatened species, reintroduction of Ostrich, enforcement of existing nature reserves and design of a new one in northern Mali are among the most urgent steps to take if the large birds of the vast subdesert areas of West Africa are to be conserved.

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Brücher, T., M. Claussen, and T. Raddatz. "Implications of land use change in tropical northern Africa under global warming." Earth System Dynamics 6, no. 2 (December 10, 2015): 769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-769-2015.

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Abstract. A major link between climate and humans in tropical northern Africa, and the Sahel in particular, is land use and associated land cover change, mainly where subsistence farming prevails. Here we assess possible feedbacks between the type of land use and harvest intensity and climate by analysing a series of idealized GCM experiments using the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The baseline for these experiments is a simulation forced by the RCP8.5 (radiation concentration pathway) scenario, which includes strong greenhouse gas emissions and anthropogenic land cover changes. The anthropogenic land cover changes in the RCP8.5 scenario include a mixture of pasture and agriculture. In subsequent simulations, we replace the entire area affected by anthropogenic land cover change in the region between the Sahara in the north and the Guinean Coast in the south (4 to 20\\degree N) with either pasture or agriculture. In a second set-up we vary the amount of harvest in the case of agriculture. The RCP8.5 baseline simulation reveals strong changes in the area mean agriculture and monsoon rainfall. In comparison with these changes, any variation of the type of land use in the study area leads to very small, mostly insignificantly small, additional differences in mean temperature and annual precipitation change in this region. These findings are only based on the specific set-up of our experiments, which only focuses on variations in the kind of land use, and not the increase in land use, over the 21st century, nor whether land use is considered at all. Within the uncertainty of the representation of land use in current ESMs, our study suggests marginal feedback between land use changes and climate changes triggered by strong greenhouse gas emissions. Hence as a good approximation, climate can be considered as an external forcing: models investigating land-use–conflict dynamics can run offline by prescribing seasonal or mean values of climate as a boundary condition for climate.

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Ayantunde, A. A., S. Fernandez Rivera, and A. Dan-Gomma. "L’embouche ovine à base de fanes d’arachides et de son de mil dans le Sahel ouest africain." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 61, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2008): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9992.

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L’embouche ovine est économiquement importante dans les systèmes agriculture - élevage dans le Sahel ouest africain. Elle est particulièrement attrayante pour les paysans pauvres y compris les femmes en raison du faible investissement requis et de la rapidité de cycle. Un essai d’alimentation a été mené pendant 56 jours pour déterminer les niveaux optimums des fanes d’arachide et de son de mil pour un engraissement profitable des moutons. Quarante-huit béliers Peuls Oudah, achetés dans un marché de bétail, d’environ 12-15 mois d’âge et d’un poids initial moyen de 20,3 kg (écart-type = 1,7) ont été alloués aléatoirement, par groupes de six, à huit traitements définis par une combinaison factorielle de quatre niveaux de fanes d’arachide (0, 300, 600 et 900 g par animal par jour) et deux niveaux de son de mil (0 et 400 g par animal par jour). La paille de brousse a été offerte à volonté comme alimentation de base à 40 g/kg de poids vif. L’ingestion totale de matière sèche et l’ingestion de matière organique digestible ont été linéairement associées au niveau des fanes d’arachide et de son de mil offert. Les gains moyens quotidiens (gmq) de poids pour les moutons qui ont reçu 0, 300, 600 et 900 g/jour de fanes d’arachide sans son de mil ont été respectivement de -27,5, 10,4, 30,8 et 35,7 g/jour. Avec 400 g/jour de son de mil, les gmq ont été respectivement de 40,3, 59,5, 91,7 et 63,4 g/ jour pour les quatre niveaux de fanes d’arachides. La complémentation avec 600 g/jour de fanes d’arachide et de 400 g/ jour de son de mil a donné le bénéfice net le plus élevé.

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Traore, Bouba, Birhanu Zemadim Birhanu, Seydou Sangaré, Murali Krishna Gumma, Ramadjita Tabo, and Anthony Michael Whitbread. "Contribution of Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies to Food Self-Sufficiency of Smallholder Households in Mali." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 7757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147757.

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Climate change has resulted in food insecurity for the majority of farming communities in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Mali. In this paper, we present a methodology for scaling climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies such as Contour Bunding (CB), Microdosing (MD), Intercropping (IC), Zaï pits, and Adapted crop Variety (AV) treatments, and evaluated their contribution to smallholder households’ food self-sufficiency. We used the participatory technology selection method and on-farm demonstration in order to tackle farm-related constraints. The study found that there has been a major shift in the spatial distribution of land use/land cover (LULC) classes between 2016 and 2020. About 25% of the areas changed from other land use/land cover to cropland. Crop yields obtained from CSA-treated fields were significantly higher than yields from farmers’ practice (FP). The application of CSA technologies resulted in millet yield increases by 51%, 35%, and 23% with contour bunding (CB), microdosing (MD) and intercropping (IC), respectively. With Zaï pits and adapted variety (AV) treatments, the yield increases were 69% and 27%, respectively. Further, the use of IC and MD technologies reduced the food-insecure household status to 13%, which corresponds to a food insecurity reduction of 60%. The application of Zaï technology reversed the negative status of food-insecurity to +4%, corresponding to a reduction in food insecurity of more than 100%. In the case of food-secure households, the application of CSA technologies led to increased food production. However, notwithstanding this, prospects for CSA in the Sahel hinge on the capacities of farming households and local extension agents to understand the environmental, economic and social challenges in the context of climate change, and consequently to self-mobilize in order to select and implement responsive technologies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eau en agriculture – Sahel'

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