Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eau – Épuration – Biofiltration'
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Selas, Bertrand. "Elimination des micro-organismes par filtration en écoulement insaturé dans le cadre de l'assainissement autonome." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2013.
Full textThe object of this study is to define the prevalent phenomena in the retention of micro-organisms in porous environments in unsaturated condition. The applications take place in one-site wastewater treatment, where the secondary treatment is carried out by effluent streaming on the original ground or reconstituted filters. The processes of treatment, the health risks as well as the various mechanisms of interactions between micro-organisms and unsaturated filter mediums are developed in the bibliographical study
Guibert, Denis. "Étude de l'influence de la configuration et du mode opératoire sur le fonctionnement d'un réacteur aéré à fibres creuses immergées." Toulouse, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAT0042.
Full textThibault, Thomas. "Capture passive du phosphore d'une eau usée municipale en contexte de biofiltration." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25558.
Full textPhosphorus discharges in aquatic systems have the potential to lead to eutrophication of a waterbody. Moreover, this nutrient is the main cause of cyanobacteria’s bloom (blue-green algae), whose degradation liberates toxic compounds (cyanotoxins), harmful to animal and human’s health. Phosphorus contained in municipal wastewater will soon be subject to a tightening of discharge requirements which will make unsuitable a lot of currently used wastewater treatment plant. Researches have been realized to develop a simple treatment on the operational aspect is effective enough to reduce wastewater’s phosphorus concentration from 5.0 mg Ptot/l to 0.3 mg Ptot/l. The principle of the chosen method consists in the use of a filter media that allows passive phosphorus entrapment. This filter media is made of wood’s by-products which are activated by impregnation of iron hydroxide, a substance having a strong chemical affinity with phosphorus. Works were first allowed to target a process to effectively activate wood’s by-products according to a procedure that has been developed. Thereafter, different experimental settings have been developed in order to be able to activate sufficient amounts of filter media to perform column tests. A first series of tests was performed on biofiltration columns. Observed performances were interesting, but not sufficient to achieve the target value of 0.5 mg Ptot / l. Additional tests were therefore performed in order to optimize the use of the filter media. Based on the knowledge gained from these optimization tests, column trials have lowered the phosphorus concentration of a solution containing 5 mg Ptot/l to values below 0.2 mg Ptot/l over a period of 80 days. These tests showed that the filter media was able to accumulate an amount of phosphorus in the range of 13,5 mg Ptot/gdry, which is very effective for this kind of process.
Roy-Dumesnil, Gabriel. "Capture passive du phosphore d'une eau usée municipale en contexte de biofiltration." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27548.
Full textHamidou, Soureyatou. "Capture passive du phosphore d'une eau usée municipale en contexte de biofiltration : impact des nitrates sur la performance." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40157.
Full textIn excessive quantities, phosphorus is responsible for eutrophication of water surfaces. Thereby, phosphorus discharge standards for municipal wastewater are subject to a tightening. Researches have focused on the development of a passive phosphorus entrapment process characterized by biofilters with active wood-based media impregnated with iron hydroxide. Phosphorus removal is done by sorption which includes adsorption, reductive dissolution and exchange of ions. This MSc thesis is a continuation of the abovementioned studies. The objective is to evaluate the influence of nitrates on the phosphorus removal performance. Columns tests were performed with anaerobic activated wood-based media and immersion over a period of 150 days. Columns were fed for 30 days with a synthetic solution of 5 mg P/L. Different concentrations of nitrate (5, 10 and 25 mg N-NO₃/L) were then applied on three columns (C₂, C₃ and C₄), column C₁ serving as a control. The results demonstrate that the addition of nitrate reduces the phosphorus removal performance of biofilters. Phosphorus tracking shows that the concentration of P at the outlet of the biofilters exceeds the target of 0.3 mg P/L, 30 days after nitrate injection started for column C₂ and 15 days later for columns C₃ and C₄. Addition of nitrate increases the oxidoreduction potential. This results in an inhibition of the reductive dissolution, characterized by a decrease in the release of ferrous ions. Simultaneous denitrification occurs within the columns. It is both biological and chemical through the oxidation of ferrous ions by NO₂, produced during biological denitrification. Furthermore, bacterial identification tests have highlighted the presence of iron-related bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, sulfur oxidizing bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, biofilmproducing bacteria and a variety of heterotrophic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas and enteric bacteria in biofilters.
Lay-Son, Aguilera Meiling. "Epuration des eaux usées par lombrifiltration." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20019.
Full textMarin, Uribe Esteban. "Traitement des effluents de fromageries fermières par biofiltration." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27753.
Full textIn Quebec, the dairy industry is an important sector of the provincial economy. In Canada, near to 60 % of cheese fabrication unities are located in the province of Quebec and more than two billions of liters of milk are converted into cheese every year. In 2015, the number of Quebec’s dairy farms rose the number of 5 766. On average, a farm has got a livestock of 60 cows and delivers around 500 000 liters of milk per year. Furthermore, a cow’s production over five becomes milk for consumption, which is simply homogenised and pasteurized. What is left is converted essentially into cheese, cream, yogurt and butter. A very important production of wastes coming from this industry has been put forward in some areas of Quebec, due to the rising cheese production. Those wastes carry water contamination problems, such as the eutrophication of water bodies by high loads of organic pollutants, suspended solids and nutriments linked to this kind of industrial waste. A considered solution is to treat wasted water before spreading them into water sources in order to reduce the contaminating loads. A form of treatment in-situ is to install, at the farm, a biological treatment system of cheese dairy effluents. To do this, the present study suggests a system by biofiltration. The purpose of this study is therefore to evaluate the performance of the treatment of effluents from cheese dairies by the use of a biofilter. More specifically, this master degree’s project involves the star-up, the development and the operation of a pilot biofilter where the whey (waste component) is separated from cheese dairy effluents to feed (affluent) the biofiltration system. A second objective is the treatment process evaluation. Satisfying removal performances were confirmed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (CDO), total suspended solids (TSS) and total nitrogen (TN). This biofilter is capable of operating with positive removal efficiencies of above 90 %. Biofiltration is therefore a good technique with a lot of potential, simple and effective to treat the liquid effluents of the cheese dairies. Moreover, the installation of the pilot biofilter is easy and its operation is autonomous without the need of the regular assistance of a technician. Key-words: biofilter, biofiltration, whey, cheese dairy effluents
Petitjean, Alain Bernard Nicolas. "Modélisation des transferts réactifs diphasiques dans les filtres verticaux pour le traitement des eaux résiduaires urbaines." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6175.
Full textOxygen renewal, as a prominent phenomenon for aerobic bacterial activity, deeply impacts Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (VFCW) treatment efficiency. We introduce a multiphase model able to simulate multi-component transfer in VFCWs. It is based on a two-phase flow module, and a transport module. The flow module can quantify both water and air velocities throughout the filter during operation. The reactive transport module follows dissolved and gaseous oxygen concentrations, and the transport of solutes such as ammonium and readily biodegradable COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand). The consumption of components is governed by Monod-type kinetics. Heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria, which are responsible for COD and ammonium degradation respectively, are part of the model components. The kinetics are based on the Constructed Wetlands Model 1. The results from the simulation tool were compared with existing experimental data, and two kinds of operation with VFCWs were investigated. The authors show strong interplay between oxygen renewal and bacterial consumption in case of sequential batch feeding with transient flooding of surface. Oxygen renewal is essentially convection mediated in such operation, while convection is not significant in non-flooding operation. Simulated bacterial patterns are impacted by the operation, both quantitatively and spatially. From a modelling point of view, the authors highlight some limitations of the biological model : the description of bacterial lysis processes needs to be enhanced, as well as ammonium adsorption to organic matter
Samie, Guillaume. "Modélisation d'une station par biofiltration." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26447/26447.pdf.
Full textVigne, Emmanuelle. "Étude et modélisation dynamique d'un procédé par biofiltration en nitrification tertiaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24963/24963.pdf.
Full textNitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants becomes more and more used due to the harmful impact of nitrogen on the natural environment. After medium and highly loaded secondary treatment, practitioners could use biofiltration for tertiary nitrification, which is an intensive process adapted in areas with strong land pressures. This technology can remove very strong loading rate in a restrained space by its capacity to developp an important amount of active biomass into the filtering media. Simulation of such technique’s behaviour is not direct, and few studies led to a useful tool for engineers. However, its use is necessary in order to validate design in real operating conditions and dynamic conditions. The main objective of this work concerned the study and validation of a biofiltration model which already exists but has still never been tested with real data in tertiary nitrification treatment. In order to reach this objective, the behaviour of a semi-industrial pilot plant, fed by real domestic effluent from an activated sludge plant, was studied. In order to operate in dynamic conditions, different daily volumetric nitrogen loading rates were applied, in which dynamic peak-loads were carried out. The calibration and the validation of the model parameters were done thanks to on-line ammonia and nitrate analysers during one year and more, in association with a calibration procedure and a sensitivity analysis. The protocol required the implementation of specific tests for characterization of the biofilm inside the filtering media. These tests increased the number of the observed state variables to compare with the model predictions. That allows a better evaluation of the model robustness. At the same time, the dynamics of processes taking part in the nitrogen removal into the biofilm were investigated thanks to these specific tests. So, parameters which influence the nitrogen removal, overall performance, activity and quantification of autotrophic biomass, its solids retention time or its repartition inside the filtering media, could be determined. Combination of experimental observations and numerical modelling highlighted the capacity of the biofiltration model to provide good predictions on real nitrogen removal performances. Furthermore, this study allowed to evaluate mechanisms included in the model and their limitations with different operating conditions applied in the system. Finally, weaknesses of the model concerning solids compounds and the evolution of head loss in the pilot plant were established.
Fauvet, Guillaume. "Incidence des géotextiles sur les biofilms microbiens des milieux filtrants et sur leurs potentialités d'épuration biologique." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAMS031.
Full textSince few decades, the use of geotextiles (two or three dimensional flexible sheets made of synthetic weaved or needled, nonwoven fibers) has spread in the field of civil engineering works where it could play a significant role in applications involving separation, reinforcement,filtration or drainage. We assume that their technical features give to geotextile praoducts promising "biological" properties taht can be used in environmental applications. The placement of a geotextile in porous media may create a structural discontinuity that modifies the entire functioning of the surrounding solid matrix. The geotextile constitutes a millimiter-scale continuous layer that modifies the entire functioning of the poorous media where it is placed. It especially induces a high and homogeneous internal diffusion potential of nutrients and oxygen and low shear stress as well as a wide surface for microbial colonization, that promote the attachment and retention of free-living bacteria. These features result in the development of an active biofilm which optimizes the oxygen:acetate consumption ratio and finally maximize the biodegradation rate of organic matter. The goal of these thesis was to verify these hypotheses by laboratory experimentations (carried out on 10-cm height packed bed columns) and by semi-artificial experiments (carried out in dynamic microcosms) in order to 1) access the influence of a geotextile layer on the hydraulical, chemical and biological properties of porous media, 2) highlight the suitability of geotextile for bacteria attachment and 3) measure the effect of geotextile filter on the biodegradation potential of granular drainage system. The results showed that the soil/geotextile interface could be considered as a biological active zone suitable for bioremediation of contaminant plume and could be a promising way in the field of environmental protection and pollution control
Aubry, Geneviève. "Enlèvement de l'azote des eaux usées par un procédé à culture fixée immergée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21279/21279.pdf.
Full textThe present study was conducted to establish the nitrogen removal capacity for a domestic effluent of the submerged fixed-film process BIO-FOSSEMD. This process has been especially designed for small communities and is based on the use of textile as bacterial support. When aerated continuously and subjected to loads of 35 g N-NH4+ m-2 d-1 and 323 g DBO5 m-2 d-1, this process reached 96% of nitrification, while providing 98% biological oxygen demand removal and 91% suspended solids removal. Under these conditions, values lower than 2 mg N-NH4+/L were measured on a regular basis in the effluent. When the reactor is operated under intermittent aeration, NH4+ and NO3- removal efficiencies depend on the duration of aerobic and anoxic periods. With a 24 h cycle, including 75% of aeration, the effluent nitrogen concentrations varied from 0,4 to 7,4 mg N-NH4+/L and from 10 to 21 mg N-NO3-/L. Under continuous aeration, total nitrogen removal average was around 49%, reaching over 70% at some point. Similar nitrogen removal was reached under intermittent aeration. Kinetic tests conducted ex situ gave a maximal nitrification rate of 58 g N-NH4+ m-2 d-1 and a maximal denitrification rate of 52 g N-NO3- m-2 d-1.
Morin, Pierre. "Adhésion de bactéries transportées par des fines de charbon activé à des biofilms de réseau d'eau potable." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN12157.
Full textThe biological activated carbon filtration step of a drinking water treatment plant controls the biological instability of water. That allows a limited bacterial growth in the distribution system. Therefore the disinfectant doses used on water are reduced, as weIl as the disinfection by-products that can be carcinogenic and mutagenic. Activated carbon filtration beds release particles called carbon fines in their effluent. Fines can be colonized by bacteria, including coliforms. The objective of the research presented here was to study the accumulation in biofilms of bacteria transported by carbon fines and to observe transformed biofilms under disinfecting conditions. Biofilms were developed in annular reactors under simulated drinking water distribution network conditions. We showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae was transported to biofilms and contaminated them by adhering to carbon fines. Carbon fines attachment to biofilm is dependent to their size, larger fines being more able to persist. We observed a double action of chlorine and monochloramine: partial disinfection of the biofilm and removal of a fraction of the biomass. Chlorine efficacy was limited against biofilms contaminated with K. Pneumoniae transported by carbon fines. Approximately 10% of the coliform population and 20% of the carbon fines remained attached to biofilm despite 0. 5 mgL-1 continuous chlorination. These results and the fact that K. Pneumoniae attached to suspended carbon fines was resistant to chlorination show the importance of the final disinfection downstream the filters to limit the public health risks associated with biologically activated carbon filtration
Mouneimne, Abdul Halim. "Valorisation biologique des résidus graisseux urbains par production de carbone bioassimilable (AGV) utilisable en traitement tertiaire des eaux usées." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20125.
Full textDelannoy, Bertrand. "Nitrification biologique : application aux effluents de sucrerie traités par méthanisation : étude comparative en réacteurs pilotes de procédés à cellules fixées : optimisation des conditions de conservation et de reprise de l'activité nitrifiante." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10118.
Full textBully, François. "Traitement par voie biologique de composés toxiques contaminant les milieux naturels." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10433.
Full textTremblay-Gratton, Anne, and Anne Tremblay-Gratton. "Évaluation de l'efficacité d'un biofiltre à macroalgues marines pour la réduction des nitrates et phosphates dans les bassins d'exposition du Biodôme de Montréal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28123.
Full textAu Biodôme de Montréal, la culture d'algues marines pourrait contribuer à l'amélioration de l'habitat aquatique et permettre à l'institution de combler ses exigences en termes de qualité de l'eau. En effet, les macroalgues peuvent diminuer les concentrations en nitrates et en phosphates générés par la décomposition des déchets métaboliques des animaux captifs puisqu'elles absorbent ses nutriments pour combler leurs besoins de croissance. L'objectif de ce projet est de contribuer au développement d'un biofiltre macroalgal adapté aux conditions d'opération de l'écosystème marin du Biodôme de Montréal. Les performances de bioremédiation de deux espèces d'algues marines indigènes, Palmaria palmata et Ulva lactuca, ont été évaluées sous des conditions expérimentales similaires à celles des bassins d'exposition, soit deux températures (5 et 10°C) et trois concentrations élevées en nitrate et phosphate (2 856:194 vs. 3 570:242 vs. 4 284:291 µM NO₃-:PO₄³⁻). Après six jours de culture, nos résultats démontrent 1) que les différentes concentrations en nutriments et la température n'influencent pas significativement la vitesse d'absorption des nutriments chez les deux espèces; 2) que la croissance de P. palmata n'est pas influencée par les traitements et 3) qu'U. lactuca démontre une croissance maximale à 10°C et à concentration intermédiaire. Le niveau élevé de saturation tissulaire en N, en lien avec les conditions environnementales nutritives du milieu de culture, limiterait l'absorption des nutriments et la croissance des macroalgues. Entre les deux espèces, U. lactuca semble une meilleure candidate que P. palmata dans nos conditions expérimentales, car elle démontre une vitesse d'absorption des nitrates trois fois supérieure (1,76 ± 0,59 vs. 0,65 ± 0,15 mg N MS⁻¹ d⁻¹), une vitesse d'absorption des phosphates deux fois supérieure (0,32 ± 0,21 vs. 0,14 ± 0,11 mg P DW⁻¹ d⁻¹) et un taux de croissance trois fois supérieur à P. palmata (2,12 ± 0,89 vs. 0,64 ± 0,18 % MF d⁻¹). Pour poursuivre le développement d'un biofiltre macroalgal efficace, l'accès à la lumière, le contrôle du pH et la disponibilité en microéléments devraient être optimisés
Bernier, Jean. "Modélisation simultanée de l'enlèvement des nutriments et de l'évolution de la perte de charge en biofiltration des eaux usées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30528/30528.pdf.
Full textBiofiltration of wastewater is a fixed-film treatment process which is frequently used in some European countries (France, Germany) and can also be found in a few Canadian cities. It consists in pumping the wastewater through a bed of media on which the purifying bacteria grow and consume the nutrients contained in the water, and which captures and retains suspended solids. Both phenomena lead to a gradual accumulation of biomass and particles, requiring an increase of the water injection pressure in order to keep the water flowing. Once a certain maximum pressure is reached however, treatment must be paused while the biofilter is being backwashed to remove a fraction of the biofilm located on the media. The presence of several phenomena involved during treatment by biofiltration makes this process complex to model as a whole. Hence, most studies on the subject have focused on modeling only a fraction of these phenomena at the same time. In this context, a modeling study aiming to simulate both the pollutant removal and the evolution of headloss occurring during the biofiltration of wastewater is performed. A complete biofiltration model is first built in Matlab®. Several datasets describing the behaviour of a biofilter on both short and long time scales are then used to calibrate the model. Calibration is made individually for three different treatment types (secondary treatment, tertiary nitrification and post-denitrification), in each case performed on full-sized plants. Calibration results show that it is possible in most cases to obtain correct predictions on both pollutant concentrations at the biofilter effluent and on the headloss created during treatment. Some improvements to the filtration sub-model are worth considering, but predictions otherwise globally follow the observed trends. The obtained results allow envisioning the possibility of taking into account both the pollutant removal efficiency and the headloss evolution when using a model to support process optimization, to run different scenario analyses, or even to create control strategies on a biofiltration system.
Vitteau, Clément. "Optimisation expérimentale et numérique de l’écoulement dans un filtre innovant pour le traitement de l’eau potable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ESMA0017.
Full textThe filter floor is an essential component in the operation of rapid gravity filters used in drinking water production or wastewater treatment plants. Its main role is to collect and distribute fluids uniformly to optimize the filter in terms of water yield. Despite the importance of this component, experimental and numerical studies on the subject are rare in the literature. Single-phase and two-phase flows inside the filter floor during the filtration and filter backwashing phases, as well as the impact of the floor on the rapid gravity filtration process, have been little studied. In this context, the aim of this study is to collect experimental data on the flows inside the underdrain to determine the most suitable numerical fluid simulation models for optimizing its operation. The development of a test bench on a semi-industrial scale made it possible to experimentally obtain mean velocity fields using 2D2C PIV measurements (Particle Image Velocimetry 2D2C), as well as mean pressure differential measurements in different areas of the floor. A second test facility was set up to characterize the filter media used in the main test rig. The experimental data was then compared with the results of URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) numerical simulations in order to define the turbulence model best suited to the filter's operating mode. These simulations also enabled us to gain a better understanding of the influence of the filtering floor on the flow inside the filter medium and to identify areas for optimization. Void fraction measurements were carried out inside the underdrain for different backwashing rate ratios between water and air, using a tip-type optical probe. These measurements, together with visual observations of the flows during air-only backwashing and simultaneous air and water backwashing, will be used to determine the most suitable two-phase simulation method
Marquet, Richard. "Effluents de lits bactérien à faible charge : amélioration des connaissances et de la qualité par filtration tangentielle." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT006G.
Full textOrantes, Avalos Julio César. "Cinétiques réactionnelles et performances de filtration en bioréacteur à membranes immergées sous rétention totale de biomasse." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20031.
Full textLakel, Abdelkader. "Analyse déterministe de systèmes de biofiltration en écoulements saturé et insaturé dans le cadre d'un procédé d'assainissement autonome avec recyclage permettant l'élimination des composés azotés." Limoges, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIMO0053.
Full textFiat, Justine. "Analyse et modélisation des émissions de protoxyde d'azote par les biofiltres nitrifiants tertiaires à échelle industrielle." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0049.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas (GHG), playing a major role in the ozone layer depletion. Mainly from natural origin, it is also emitted by wastewater treatment processes, during biological nitrogen removal through nitrification and denitrification. Because of its high global warming potential, about 300 times the one of carbon dioxide, N2O contributes significantly to the carbon footprint of wastewater resource recovery facilities (WRRF). For the last decade, considerable efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms of N2O production and evaluate in situ emissions, which led to the development of mechanistic models. The latter have been mainly applied to suspended biomass systems, and rarely to fixed biomass processes. Yet, recent measurements performed on biologically active filters (BAF) of Seine Aval WRRF (~ 5 million people equivalents) indicated high N2O emissions, much higher than those measured on conventional activated sludge systems. The objective of this PhD thesis was to increase knowledge on the comprehension of N2O production mechanisms in tertiary nitrifying BAFs. To this end, a BAF model describing the functioning of Seine Aval tertiary nitrification units was extended to include the main biological N2O production pathways. Studying the influence of the gas/liquid transfer representation on the prediction of nitrification performances and the gas/liquid partition of N2O fluxes showed that considering a mass balance on the gas phase did not significantly affect oxygen transfer. In contrast, including a mass balance was found essential to represent gas/liquid exchanges of nitric oxide (NO) and N2O. To investigate the triggers of N2O production, the biokinetic model was calibrated on a dataset including two years of functioning of the nitrification stage and two periods during which N2O fluxes were measured. A sensitivity analysis highlighted the major effect of parameters controlling the accumulation of nitrite, a precursor to N2O production, on the prediction of N2O concentrations. By modifying 7 parameters only (on over 90), the model was able to predict nitrification performances and the order of magnitude and main dynamics of N2O fluxes measured during both measuring campaigns. The calibrated model was then used to extrapolate the predictions on the entire period of study, and analyze the effect of operating conditions on N2O production mechanisms. The N2O emissions factor (EF), which corresponds to the proportion of influent ammonium emitted as N2O, was on average 2.2%, which is over 60 times the factor generally applied to estimate the GES balance of WRRFs. This factor fluctuates from 0.3 to 4.4%, mainly in correlation to the applied ammonium load, airflow rates, and temperature. Based on these results, mitigation levers were identified, and a statistical model was proposed as an alternative methodology to quantify N2O emissions
Cabassud, Corinne. "Microfiltration tangentielle et séparation de biomasse : Application aux bioréacteurs à membrane en dénitrification des eaux." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT008G.
Full textGeara-Matta, Darine. "Flux et sources des parabènes, du triclosan et du triclocarban en milieux urbains denses : comparaison entre Paris et Beyrouth." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1129/document.
Full textTriclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC) and parabens (esters of para-hydroxbenzoic acid) are used as antiseptics and preservatives in pharmaceuticals personal care products. Their use generates concerns on their fate and their potential effect on the fauna and flora (Bazin et al., 2010). Indeed, they are introduced in the receiving waters primarily via effluents from wastewater treatment plants and combine sewer overflows (McAvoy et al., 2002; Agüera et al., 2003). The main objectives of this work were to set up a database on levels of impregnation in the urban wastewater from two cities, Paris and Beirut by dry weather, and to assess the effectiveness of treatments in different wastewater treatment plants: two in Paris one in Beirut. Monitoring of the contamination of the main tributaries of Paris and Beirut has allowed more advanced knowledge of both the analysis of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban but also to urban waste water contamination in both countries by these molecules. Thus on analytical aspects, a very high stability of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban, once fixed on cartridge OASIS HLB, after extraction on previously acidified samples of wastewater, has been highlighted. A test of conservation, carried out over a period of 4 months, showed the possibility of conducting analyses of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in countries without any analytical devices (UPLC/MSMS, for example), which opens up interesting prospects for emerging countries. With respect to levels of contamination, our results showed that methylparaben, propylparaben and ethylparaben have the highest concentrations while benzylparaben has never been observed in any sample. Parabens were present in the dissolved phase at more than 99 %. The log(Kd) estimated for these compounds were between 0.8 and 2 (median values) for France and 1.3 and 2.3 for Lebanon. TSS were not the main conveyor of these compounds in the tributaries. Triclosan was predominantly present in the particulate phase, it presented log(Kd) higher than parabens, of about 4 for the two countries. Triclocarban was more singular. For the emissaries in the Paris region, its log(Kd) was lower than that of triclosan (3.4 against 4) whereas a reverse situation was observed in Beirut: 4.6 for triclocarban and 4 1 for triclosan. This was a direct consequence of the higher contribution of the particulate phase to the total load of triclocarban in Lebanon.Based on measured concentrations for the first time in France, the yearly flows per inhabitant equivalent have been determined for all the compounds, they were of 1158 mg for MeP, 276 mg for EtP, 253 mg for PrP, 12 mg for IsoBuP, 66 mg for BuP, 268 mg for TCS and 9 mg for TCC. These estimates have not been made possible for Lebanon because flow measurements were not available on the monitored sites. Although the phenomena involved differ depending on the compounds, it has been shown that the two wastewater treatment plants of Seine Centre and Seine Aval removed at more than 97 % parabens, triclosan and triclocarban
Cottin, Nathalie. "Traitement par biofiltres d'organochlorés et d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : application aux eaux de nappes et de ruissellements." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS026.
Full textTechnologies for decontamination of water have been developed. In this respect, biological processes are an attractive alternative to conventional physico-chemical treatments, expansive and power consuming. The biofilter based on the principle of concentrating the pollutants on a support so that they can be used as a source of carbon and energy by the microorganisms can be considered as a process particularly interesting. It this context, the treatment performance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (HAP) and chlorinated benzene contaminated water were studied in laboratory by natural biofiltration media (peat, compost, organic matter or pozzolana), in relation with constructed wetlands installed on an industrial site. The influence of bioaugmentation and the presence of plants (Phragmites australis) were also investigated, as well as the toxicity of effluent. Mass balance has been realized to assess the fate of pollutants in these systems with the knowledge of adsorption, volatilisation, lixiviation and degradation. This work provides a first assessment of the behaviour of pollutants in these systems. Several elements of optimization have been proposed to better understand this process for a use on industrial site
Gilbert, Pawlik Solène. "Devenir des polybromodiphényléthers et des alkylphénols dans les filières de traitement des eaux usées : cas des fonctionnements optimisés par temps sec et dégradés par temps de pluie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1082/document.
Full textThis study investigates the fate of polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and alkylphenols (AP) within two sewage treatment plants, Seine-Centre and Seine-Amont, located in Paris conurbation. Samplings were performed under dry and wet-weather flows to determine the raw water quality and the performances of the primary and secondary treatment. During dry-weather periods, mean concentrations of ∑6AP and ∑4PBDE in Seine-Amont raw sewage were respectively 6 times and twice higher. This is due to a highly industrialized watershed for Seine-Amont, and a strong dilution in Seine-Centre sewer network. Under wet-weather flows, the particulate pollution increases markedly in Seine-Centre raw sewage, due to the erosion of in-sewer deposits. As a primary treatment, the physico-chemical lamella settler in Seine-Centre clearly improves the removal of particulate and organic pollutions. Its performances are constant and much higher than normal settling in Seine-Amont. Under wet-weather flows, the performances of both techniques are maintained or improved, despite higher pollutant loads and ascensional velocity. The dissolved pollution is not removed in the primary treatment, whatever the process. In the secondary treatment, high removal is obtained for both biofiltres and activated sludge processes. Seine-Centre and Seine-Amont secondary effluents reach a similar quality, although particulate pollution and PBDE concentrations remain slightly higher in Seine-Amont. Under wet-weather flows, one stage of Seine-Centre biofiltration unit is derived and aerated. In these specific conditions, nitrates and BDE-209 removal is impacted. For activated sludge in Seine-Amont, performances are slightly decreased but remains over 80 % for most parameters. Hence, in Seine-Amont secondary effluents, PBDE pollution is from 1.4 to 3 times higher under wet-weather flows
D'Halluin, Martin. "Fonctionnalisation covalente de la cellulose : préparation de dispositifs à base de papier." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4049/document.
Full textFor centuries, cellulose has been used by humans as energy crop, media for writing and material for textile. Nowadays, this renewable and sustainable biomaterial continues to generate a huge interest in many domains of applications. The chemical modification of cellulose gives rise to materials with new properties. The cellulose modification by physisorption processes has been extensively studied and brings new functionalities to this material. However, these strategies suffer from a low stability with molecules having a low affinity for cellulose. Thus, the development of more robust cellulosic materials remains a major concern. It is in this context that the present thesis has been drawn up, via the covalent functionalization of cellulose in order to prepare new paper-based devices. First, a new strategy enabling data storage on the surface of paper has been developed. The covalent writing onto a photosensitive paper thanks to the grafting of coumarins has been made possible through the spatially resolved photodimerization of coumarins enabling data encoding. In a second time, a study concerning the covalent immobilization of selective sensors for HSO4- and Cu2+ ions has been conducted. The latter device also presents the ability of reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I) and has found application in the Huisgen reaction. Finally, the covalent grafting of EDTA onto paper has enabled the preparation of a powerful membrane for the decontamination of heavy metals containing water
Boucher, Karl. "Biofiltration et captage des métaux lourds de lixiviat de lieu d'enfouissement de matières résiduelles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27888/27888.pdf.
Full textKaigate, Boonsong. "Epuration des eaux chargées en cadmium et en nickel." Chambéry, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CHAMS008.
Full textEl, Korhani Oula. "Supports en argile et membranes en carbone biosourcées pour le traitement des eaux au Liban." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20059/document.
Full textProviding people worldwide an access to clean and safe water is one of the most motivating scientific and economical challenges of our modern society. Water purification and remediation can be afforded by membrane technology. The preparation of membranes using low-cost and locally-available resources appears as an economically-competitive solution. This drawback may be considered in the framework of a sustainable chemistry approach. In this context, our work is focused on the elaboration of supports and membranes from Lebanese resources. For this purpose, ceramic supports were developed from natural clays. Inorganic bio-sourced carbon membranes were prepared from by-products of the Lebanese agro-alimentary industries.The thermal treatment required to ensure the support adequate properties was fixed around 950°C - 1200°C. Clay supports (flat and tubular) were elaborated by extrusion and roll-pressing of plastic clay green pastes. Before the deposition of the carbon membrane active layer, it was necessary to filtrate bacteria to avoid and/or limit biofouling. Indeed, microorganisms especially bacteria represent a possible cause of human diseases proliferation. Drinkable water should be thus disinfected to ensure the health of the population and notably in the third countries. It is well known that the essential oils extracted from aromatic plants were used as remedies for many diseases, to prevent the possible side effects of antibiotics. In this context, lavender, rosemary and oregano were diffused through clay ceramic supports to prevent all types of bacteria and biomass film growth in the water tanks.At the same time, a sustainable route to carbon membranes was developed using by-products of food industries. Starting from wastes of Lebanon beers, carbon nanoparticles were synthetized by hydrothermal carbonization. The carbon colloids were then deposited on the clay-based supports to form carbon membranes by slip-casting and spin-coating
Gilbert, Yan. "Caractérisation de la biomasse nitrifiante et dénitrifiante d'un biofiltre à support organique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23920/23920.pdf.
Full textMenoret, Cédric. "Traitement d'effluents concentrés par cultures fixées sur gravier ou pouzzolane." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20202.
Full textZhu, Jialu. "Modélisation détaillée du fonctionnement de la future filière complète de biofiltration de la station de traitement des eaux usées Seine Aval." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2574.
Full textIn 2013, SIAAP (the interdepartmental association for sewage disposal for the Paris conurbation) launched a program to upgrade the Seine Aval (SAV) plant, the largest wastewater treatment plant in Europe. This upgrade program, which is scheduled to be finalized in 2022, aims to adapt the plant to the urbanization of the Paris region and to regulatory requirements. After the upgrade, the wastewater treatment will be realized by two parallel treatment lines: (i) the biofiltration line and (ii) the membrane bioreactor line (MBR). The configuration of the treatment after the upgrade of the station will be complex, which provides several local and global operation choices to realize the wastewater treatment. To evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of these operation choices and identify the best choices based on treatment needs, support tools such as models simulating the performance of treatment processes are required. This thesis presents the modelling work for the biofiltration line of the Seine Aval plant after its upgrade in 2022. The modelled line is composed of a primary settling process, three stages of biofiltration and a tertiary clarification process. Considering the progress of the upgrade program, a modelling strategy for the biofiltration line is first proposed. This strategy defines the order of modelling for the treatment steps of the biofiltration line and the control rules to be integrated in the biofiltration line model. Then, the SimBio model and SimDec model, which respectively simulate the treatment performance of biofiltration and physico-chemical settling process, are modified and improved in order to build process models for each treatment step of the biofiltration line. The process models are calibrated and validated with data from the plants of SIAAP. After calibration and validation, the models are connected in order to build the model for the biofiltration line. Control rules and evaluations of treatment costs and environmental impacts are integrated in the biofiltration line model. Finally, to evaluate the potential for using the biofiltration line model as a tool for treatment optimization, several operation scenarios are tested and analysed. According to the results obtained, in general, the performance of each treatment step modelled can be well predicted by the process models. The built biofiltration line model is able to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of the operation scenarios and help to identify the optimum operation choice. It therefore has the potential to be used as a tool to help optimize the biofiltration line of the Seine Aval plant
Citeau, Morgane. "Combinaison innovante de traitements électriques et physico-chimiques pour améliorer la déshydratation mécanique de suspensions et boues d'origines industrielles et urbaines." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2002.
Full textPressurized electro-osmotic dewatering (PEOD) of three sewage sludges and electrofiltration of waste drilling mud were studied with a laboratory chamber simulating closely an industrial filter-press. This work focuses on the influence of conditioning on the electro-dewatering, the comparison between different cell configurations and the process parameters optimization. The influence of pH, salt and polyelectrolytes on the electro-osmotic dewatering of agroindustrial sludge was studied. It was shown the strong impact of the electrolyte concentration on the process and notably that a high salt concentration is detrimental to the electrodewatering. The electrolytic hydroxide and hydronium ions formed at the electrodes change the course of the electro-dewatering. The addition of polymeric coagulants or flocculants has not significant influence on the PEOD of the sludge for the concentrations usually employed in sewage plants. A laboratory parametric study was also carried out in order to optimize the electro-osmotic dewatering. Various cell configurations (with one or two drainage sides, electrode material, initial cake thickness, and electrode/filter cloth position) were compared. The following process parameters were also studied: mechanical pressure, power supply, electrical mode, and timing of current application. The electrofiltration of waste drilling mud at 40 A/m² accelerated by 4. 0-4. 6 times the filtration rate without electric field with 0. 05-0. 13 kWh/kg supplementary removed water. The use of a laboratory cell able to remove electrolysis products generated at the electrodes allows maintaining a constant pH in the filter cake during the electrofiltration
Frappart, Matthieu. "Traitement d'effluents modèles de l'industrie laitière par filtration dynamique." Compiègne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006COMP1651.
Full textLn an environmental context, the dairy industry must find new solutions to treat this process waters which, although not toxic, have a strong polluting capacity because of the raw material losses (lactose, milk proteins). The membrane processes are weIl adapted to this type of application. Studies were carried out in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in order to produce a reusable water or water which can be rejected into the natural environment according to rejection standards. These studies, carried out on vibrating and rotating systems avoiding the fouling of membranes and thus maintaining their performances in terms of fluxes and retentions, have permitted, in nanofiltration, to obtain a rejectable water, whereas the classical crossflow systems do not allow it, and to reach, in reverse osmosis, specific characteristics of reuse (boiler feed water for example)
Le, Thuaut Philippe. "Fonctionnalisation de supports textiles pour l'élaboration de filtres adsorbeurs de polluants organiques." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10011.
Full textTorres, Ixbalank. "Simulation and control of denitrification biofilters described by PDEs." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1204/.
Full textThis thesis addresses the simulation and control of a denitrification biofilter. Parabolic and hyperbolic PDE models may be considered, which depends on the fact of considering or neglecting the diffusion phenomenon. In plus of the classical methods of lines, approaches specific to the type of PDE system are evaluated to simulate the biofilter. The method of characteristics applies to hyperbolic PDE systems. The modal analysis used on the parabolic PDE system allows manipulating a reduced order model. The control objective is then the reduction of the nitrogen concentration at the output of the reactor below some pre-specified upper limit, in spite of the external disturbances and uncertainties of the model. Two control strategies are considered. An early lumping approach is used to synthesize an observer-based H2 output feedback linear controller. A late lumping approach associates a linearizing control to a distributed parameter observer
Feng, Ling. "Advanced oxidation processes for the removal of residual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1109/document.
Full textThe thesis mainly focused on the implementation of advanced oxidation processes for the elimination of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-ketoprofen, naproxen and piroxicam in waters. The three compounds are among the most used medicines, whose presence in waters poses a potential ecotoxicological risk. Due to the low pharmaceuticals removal efficiency of traditional wastwater treatement plants, worldwide concerns and calls are raised for efficient and eco-friendly technologies. Advanced oxidation processes, such as ozonation-biofiltration, electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes, which attracted a growing interest over the last two decades, could achieve almost complete destruction of the pollutants studied. Firstly, removal of selected pharmaceuticals from tap water was investigated by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes “electro-Fenton” and “anodic oxidation” with Pt or boron-doped diamond anode and carbon felt cathode at lab-scale. Removal rates and minieralization current efficencies under different operatioanl conditions were analysed. Meanwhile, intermediates produced during the mineralization were also identified, which helps to propose plausible oxidation pathway of each compound in presence of •OH. Finally, the evolution of the global toxicity of treated solutions was monitored using Microtox method, based on the fluorescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri bacteria. In the second part, the three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory molecules added in organics-free or surface water were treated under varying ozone treatment regimes with the quite well established technology ozone/biofiltration. A bench-scale biological film was employed to determine the biodegradability of chemical intermediates formed in ozonized surface water. Identification of intermediates formed during the processes and bacterial toxicity monitoring were conducted to assess the pharmaceuticals degradation pathway and potential biological effects, respectively
Flanagan, Kelsey. "Evaluation de la rétention et du devenir d'un panel diversifié de micropolluants dans un ouvrage de biofiltration des eaux de ruissellement de voirie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1023/document.
Full textBiofiltration is a technique based on vegetated systems for the temporary storage, filtration and possible infiltration of runoff water close to the source, which may be used to manage pollutant loads associated with road runoff. The ability of this type of system to reduce loads of macropollutants, such as suspended solids and nutrients, both through the improvement of water quality and the reduction of its volume, has been established previously. However, the behavior of micropollutants in these systems remains relatively uncharacterized. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the retention and fate of micropollutants in a biofiltration system treating road runoff. It is principally focused on the in situ monitoring of a wide range of micropolltuants typical of road runoff (trace metals or TMs, total petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs, alkylphenols, BPA, phtalates) and global water quality parameters in two biofiltration systems located beside a highway: a vegetative filter strip and a biofiltration swale. This work involves continuous flow and water quality measurements, the sampling and analysis of runoff and infiltrated water drained from both systems (nineteen rain events over a year-and-a-half period) as well as the sampling and analysis of soil. These results are combined with a laboratory characterization of the filter media and biofilter construction materials and a stochastic modeling approach used to evaluate the annual mass balance of pollutants in the biofiltration swale. Field results highlight the ability of biofiltration to significantly reduce total concentrations of micropollutants at the event scale. Treatment is particularly effective for contaminants mainly associated with suspended solids, such as Zn, Pb and PAHs, for which median concentration reductions (EC50) exceeded 90% in both systems. EC50 observed for Cu, Cr, Ni and OP are also quite good, exceeding 70%. Treatment efficiency is lower and more variable for the other organic micropollutants. Three events, characterized by a degraded performance with respect to suspended solids and particulate pollutants, were, however, observed during a winter period when deicing salt was applied to road surfaces. Particle characteristics indicate that this behavior was due to the poor filtration of road-originated particles, probably due to an exceptional abundance of fine particles (<10 µm) in the road runoff during this period, in combination with the formation of preferential flows in the filter media due to cracking. The retention of dissolved-phase micropollutants is generally less effective than that of the particulate phase; in particular, elevated dissolved concentrations of several micropollutants (BPA, alkylphenols, phthalates) were observed during the first months of operation of the biofiltration swale. The transport of dissolved TMs appears to be facilitated by their association with dissolved organic carbon. These contaminants may also be leached from contaminated soil and road sediments. The retention of dissolved organic micropollutants is essentially limited by filter media contamination, which predates installation in the biofilter for PAHs and is attributed to pollutant emissions from construction materials for BPA, OP, NP and DEHP.In order to evaluate the systems’s ability to reduce pollutant loads and characterize the fate of pollutants in the filter media, a mass balance is evaluated at the annual scale for a selection of micropollutants. This work reveals that the reduction of pollutant loads is generally lower than the EC50 observed at the event scale due to the frequent overflow of water from the device. It also shows the significance of organic micropollutant emissions from biofiltration swale construction materials, which were much greater than the pollutant loads intercepted over the first year of operation
Legrand, Paul. "Traitement de composés soufrés organiques récalcitrants par biofiltration : optimisation des conditions opératoires pour une application industrielle." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20071.
Full textOdorous emissions are a serious concern whose importance became higher in urban and industrial areas. Anthropogenic emissions of sulphur compounds lead to local concentration that exceeds strongly the odour threshold of human nose. In order to fulfil legal requirements that have become stricter in recent years, biological processes and biofiltration more accurately are an interesting alternative as biofilters provide an expanding variety of opportunities for economical and environmentally friendly solutions for many waste gas emissions. The odour thresholds of sulphur compounds are very low (µg.m3 air) and then require that biofilters provide high removal efficiency as the residual concentration can induce an odorous impact on neighbourhood populations.Hence, the study consisted in improving biofilters performances concerning sulphur compounds treatment i) by upgrading important operating parameters such as air flow distribution, pH and inoculation of packing material, ii) by considering biofilters design (laboratory and semi-industrial pilot units) and iii) the gaseous effluent complexity (only one pollutant and mixture of different compounds)
Wang, Shizhong. "Application et modélisation mathématique du réacteur anaérobie à biofilm à lit mobile au traitement du perméate du lait." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS025.
Full textAnaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (AMBBR) possess satisfying performance in wastewater treatment. However, no implementation of AMBBR in treating dairy wastewater has ever been reported. In this research, a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the operational parameters of AMBBR. Subsequently, the performance of AMBBR in treating milk permeate wastewaters (COD up to 70 g. 1-1) were studied and simulated by a mathematical model. Main conclusions are drawn as below : 1) Operational parameters had obvious impacts on AMBBR performance. AMBBR was efficient in treating milk permeate wastewaters. Results indicated that AMBBR worked better under mesophilic condition in treating high strength milk permeate wastewaters. It possessed satisfying performance which was comparative to other digester technologies; 2) Kinetic analysis is efficient in assessing the capability of AMBBR. It could be à simple and efficient measure for the assessment and prediction of AMBBR performance when mathematical modeling is not available. 3) a mathematical model of AMBBR was first developed and well validated. The AMBBR model was developed based on the ADMI (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1) and other biofllm reactor models. The idea of model development could be referred to when carrying out modeling research on other biofilm reactors
Brienza, Monica. "Solar Advanced Oxidation Processes for removing emerging contaminants in wasterwater." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0001.
Full textWastewater effluents are the major source of micropollutants in the environment. These recalcitrant compounds that can be escape from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are called emerging contaminants. It is necessary to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. In fact, Water Framework Directive required a “good chemical and biological status” of all water bodies until 2015. The major aim of the dissertation was to contribute to improve the evaluation of solar advanced oxidation processes, and more specifically heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis, for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater effluents. In this objective, the efficiency of AOPS was not only evaluated with the degradation and/or mineralization rates of the micropollutants. This necessary criterion was completed with the identification of the by-products and the associated transformation pathways, but also with toxicity measurements. This last point was explored with standard ecotoxicity tests and also estrogenic activity that represent a specific test relevant to characterize an identified risk associated to the discharge of effluents into the environment.All the experimental results obtained during this dissertation tends to demonstrate that solar advanced oxidation processes has the potential to open new feasible remediation strategies for WWTPs effluent tertiary treatment before wastewater reuse in irrigation for instance. All the tested molecules have systematically been degraded, high number of micro-organic pollutants initially presented in a mixture were removed even at very low concentration, environmental compatibility is systematically improved
Rondeau, Anne. "Compréhension du fonctionnement biologique et physico-chimique d'un biofiltre végétalisé pour le traitement de polluants atmosphériques urbains gazeux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10012/document.
Full textIn town, underground car parks are confined spaces in witch large and complex pollution are accumulated. They are also a source of contamination of the external environment since the treatment of the air pumped out by ventilation system sis not regulated. In the framework of air treatment, using planted biofilter, combining bacteria and plants, is an innovative solution contributing to the improvement of urban air quality by reducing the dispersion of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere. In a « research and development » context, the objective is to understand the biological and physico-chemical operation for improving operational control. This innovative study focuses on the treatment of high volumes of air containing a low concentrations of pollutants, such as NOx, VOCs (about 100 à 200 µg.m-3) through a thin planted biofilter. The use of a pilot-scale unit of biofiltration allowed to evaluate the influence of the plant, as well as the necessity of a fertilization, on the removal efficiency of such a system. In order to maximize the volumes of treated air while limiting the footprint of the planted biofilters, the superficial gas velocity has been increased and the thickness of the packing material decreased. The indigenous bacteria have been characterized by a functional study of the bacterial communities involved in the degradation of NOx and TEX on one part, and by a quantitative and qualitative study of the total bacterial community on the other part, by using molecular biology approaches, such a real-time PCR amplification, and pyrosequencing from metagenomic DNA. Results on pilot-scale unit have shown a removal efficiency greater than 97%, in all environmental conditions tested. Consequently, it seems possible to treat high volumes of air containing low concentrations of TEX through a thin planted biofilter. The presence of plants does not seem to have short-term impacts on the removal efficiency when a fertilizer promotes the nitrogen availability in the packing material. The evaluation of the global microbiological functioning showed the potential of microbial communities in the biodegradation of NOx and TEX in planted biofilters. The indigenous bacterial communities of the packing material and the mound of soil are rapidly able to adapt to the functioning conditions of such a system
Mailler, Romain. "Devenir des micropolluants prioritaires et émergents dans les filières conventionnelles de traitement des eaux résiduaires urbaines (files eau et boues), et au cours du traitement tertiaire par charbon actif." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1060/document.
Full textThe first chapter is dedicated to the conventional primary and biological treatments. Hence, removals of a wide range of priority and emerging micropollutants were assessed for primary settling, physico-chemical lamellar settling, low load activated sludge process and biofiltration. Hydrophobic compounds and metals, as well as volatile organic compounds and biodegradable pollutants are rather well eliminated by these treatments. Moreover, considering removals normalized with nitrogen removals, the physico-chemical lamellar settling + biofiltration wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is as efficient as the primary settling + low load activated sludge WWTP, despite its lower hydraulic retention time and its higher compactness. As a complement, the analysis in 3 WWTP effluents from SIAAP of 55 pharmaceuticals and hormones (PPHs) and 6 other emerging pollutants allowed characterizing the contamination of these discharges, and highlighting the high occurrence of 14 compounds at concentrations above 100 ng/L. In the second chapter, the contamination by micropollutants of different types of Parisian sewage sludges was assessed, as well as their fate during sludge treatments. Various compounds, such as alkylphenols, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), metals, organotins, phthalates, polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated acids (PFAs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PPHs, were quantified in raw, centrifuged, digested, thermally dried sludges and sludge cakes (cooking + press-filtering). Some of them (LAS, metals, PCBs) are not eliminated or less than dry matter by sludge treatments resulting in a content increase, while others (alkylphenols, organotins, PBDEs, PPHs, PFAs) are more removed than dry matter by anaerobic digestion and thermal drying. Overall, anaerobic digestion is the most efficient sludge process. Finally, the detection of several pollutants in the centrifuged and condensed waters from centrifugation and thermal drying indicates that a transfer is occurring and that biodegradation and volatilization are not the only mechanism to be involved in micropollutant removal from sludge. The last chapter aimed at investigating the performance of a large scale pilot operating with powdered (PAC) or micro-grain activated carbon (µGAC), during 32 campaigns. Results showed that most of PPHs, alkylphenols, artificial sweeteners, parabens and pesticides are efficiently removed (> 80%) by activated carbon in fluidized bed at moderate doses (10-20 g/m3). Furthermore, the activated carbon dose has a great influence on performances, whether with PAC or µGAC. Then, µGAC has several operational advantages (reactivability, ease of operation, high solid retention time, no need for coagulant/flocculant addition to handle the fluidized bed) over the PAC together with similar performances at a similar fresh µGAC dose (20 gµGAC/m3 ≈ 20 gPAC/m3). In addition this type of process allows an improvement of the conventional wastewater quality parameters, especially µGAC which retains total suspended solids and eliminates totally nitrites. Finally, a correlation between micropollutant and UV-254 removals has been confirmed, suggesting that this parameter could be used as a performances indicator. The complementary laboratory scale experiments performed within this chapter allowed understanding better the PAC adsorption mechanism in wastewater. The correlation between the specific surface, the bulk density of the PAC and PPHs removal has been displayed, as well as the importance of the fresh PAC dose and the contact time. Moreover, the positive effect of FeCl3 and negative influence of the quantity and quality of organic matter on micropollutant adsorption have been observed
Coulibaly, Sandotin Lassina. "Abattement des phosphates des eaux usées par adsorption sur des géomatériaux constitués de Latérite, grès et schistes ardoisiers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0065/document.
Full textWastewaters are often loaded in phosphate from human activities. The discharge of such wastewater without adequate treatment leads to rapid eutrophication of water bodies. The main of the present thesis was to characterize and investigate the removal efficiency of phosphate from water by natural geological material available in large amount in Ivory Coast. Ultimately, it has ambition to valorize geological material without mining interest for environmental purposes. For this research, the laterite, sandstone and shale were selected and prepared by mechanical crushing to obtain fine fractions below 80 µm. Detailed study to characterize these three rocks powder was performed, thus several mineralogical and physico-chemical properties were determinated by means of : X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), N2-adsorption/desorption techniques (BET), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), particle size distribution, cation exchange capacity and chemical analyses by atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Data shows high percentages of iron, aluminum and calcium oxides and oxyhydroxides for these three materials. This composition confer to the fine fraction the specific surface of 34; 4.7 et 16.5 m2/g for laterite, sandstone and shale respectively. In addition, the mineral structures of these materials reveal the presence of meso-and microporosity. These materials were then evaluated in the batch treatment of synthetic liquid effluents containing pure KH2PO4. The optimal dosage and equilibrium times were detected. After, isotherms were built at 20, 30 and 40°C. It was shown that phosphate affinity for the three absorbents is more important for laterite, sandstone and shale. The absorption process is strongly depends on pH. Phosphate retention rate on sandstone seem not to depend on temperature, on the other hand, those of laterite increase on the contrary way of the temperature and vice versa for schist. Several kinetic models (pseudo first order, pseudo second order, Elovich and diffusion models) were evaluated as well as thermodynamic parameters. Absorption reactions are perfectly described by the pseudo second order. Absorption equilibrium data allow defining interval where Langmuir and Freundlich model seems perfect. The proposed retention mechanism suggests the existence of two kinds of sites. DRIFTS analyses of adsorbents after adsorption revealed chemical interaction on adsorption process onto laterite and sandstone. This study demonstrated that laterite, sandstone and shale are an effective adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous solution. However, laterite shows a strong potentiality compared to the two others adsorbents
Gasmi, Aicha. "Intérêt d’un bioréacteur à membranes immergées pour le traitement de la pollution azotée dans une eau usée carencée en matière organique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20156/document.
Full textMembrane bioréactor, coupling bioreactions and porous membrane separation in a same unit, allows working with high biomass concentrations what improves bioreaction rates but penalizes the separation step. This work had as objective to study the nitrifiers micro-organisms on the membrane fouling dynamic and on the nitrogen removal efficiency. According to precedent works of the laboratory and the analyses of references, the objective was axed on the modeling tools available for heterotrophe and autotrophe biomass caracterisation. Then, specific methodologies were carried out, lab scale pilots and analytical methods, notably for active biomass observations and identification. Theses tools underline the role of these dominant populations (i) the use of ASM to simulate the biomass performances in relation with working conditions and (ii) the respirometric methods to experimentally quantify the specific biomass activity. Then results clearly pointed out the role of the COD/N ratio on the biomass and MBR performances. Passing from the urban wastewater to synthetic substrate with a final COD/N ratio of 1.5, the proportion of autotrophic bacteria in active biomass increased from 16 to 72%. Specific criteria were defined to characterise the biomass activity as rnitrif/ OURAutoend or rDCO / OURHetend allowing universal parameters definition
Vallée, Romain. "Efficacité de zones tampons humides à réduire les teneurs en pesticides des eaux de drainage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0069/document.
Full textIn Lorraine, the drainage of clay soils contributes to transfer of agricultural inputs (pesticides and fertilizers) towards surface waters. In this case, the regulatory grass strips (CAP regulation) installed along rivers are bypassed and no longer effective in purifying surface water. Thus, constructed wetlands (CWs) are recommended to take over grass cover bands. Generally, these CWs are installed at watershed scale or at that of several plots and they are therefore quite huge, making them competitive in the cultivated land. The objective of this project is to assess the effectiveness of two small CW, installed in the grass cover band between the drained plot and the river. For this, a multi-scale approach was set up integrating laboratory experiments in batch, pilot study taking into account the water dynamics and monitoring at field scale. The effectiveness of CW was assessed during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 drainage seasons. The nitrate and 79 pesticides concentrations were monitored at inlet and outlet of CWs and in various substrates (soils, sediment, straw and plants). For both devices, the removal efficiencies measured for nitrate were stable and ranged from 5.4 to 10.9 % of inlet amounts while the reduction of pesticide flows was very variable, ranging from -618.5 to 100 %. This variability was explained by four distinct behaviors. The high negative efficiency values were attributed to neighboured runoff events after heavy rains, for soluble molecules such as 2,4-MCPA or isoproturon. For both molecules, the sorption study showed low affinity for environmental substrates, facilitating their transport by runoff and drainage water. Other molecules such as boscalid or OH-atrazine showed effectiveness close to 0 %. For boscalid, this behavior has been observed in laboratory sorption and pilots studies, in agreement with its strong adsorption and desorption capacities. Finally, some molecules have shown reductions ranging from 9.9 to 100 %, in agreement with their low persistence (2,4-MCPA, clopyralid, mesosulfuron-methyl, ...) or their high affinity for environmental substrates (diflufenican, propiconazole or propyzamide). These small CWs, located in the grass cover bands, are effective in minimizing the contamination of surface waters by agricultural drainage water. Thus, multiplying the number of these devices at the plot scale in the agricultural landscape would reduce the contamination of surface waters by pesticides and nitrates while preserving the cultivated land. However, the effectiveness of these CWs are limited for pesticides with a low Koc and a long DT50; thus their installation in plot must not call into question the reduction in the use of pesticides
Cabrol, Léa. "Evaluation de la robustesse d'un système de biofiltration de gaz de compostage : approche structurelle et fonctionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20050.
Full textThe study aimed to evaluate the robustness capacity of pilot-scale biofilters applied to the treatment of sludge-composting emissions. The biofilters were submitted to repeated periodic fluctuations (shock loads) of increasing intensity. Their response was evaluated at two levels: functional resistance and resilience in terms of removal efficiency, and molecular characterization of the bacterial community structure. The objective was to establish the potential links between these two components
Schmitt, Noëlle. "Caractérisation des systèmes hybrides pour le traitement des eaux pluviales : mitigation des substances prioritaires et émergentes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD014/document.
Full textThis work deals with the treatment of effluents from a small urban residential catchment area drained by a separate sewer network. The treatment is made with a sedimentation pond and a constructed wetland. Instrumentation and samplings enable hydrodynamic and physic-chemical monitoring. Results show that the system deeply contributes to reduction of pollution before discharge into receiving water. The pollutant loads are reduced between 70 and 100% for all pollutants (except BOD5 and nutrients, between 4 and 100%). The sedimentation pond plays an essential role in eliminating pollutants in particulate phase, more specifically PAHs (100%). The constructed wetland treat pollutants in particulate phase that are not retained by the pond, but also pollutants in dissolved phase (nutrients, organic matter, metals and pesticides)