Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eau surface'
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Savignat, Thierry. "Oxygénation des eaux de surface." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P181.
Full textVoise, Jonathan. "Phénomènes capillaires et vie à l'interface air-eau." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4040/document.
Full textThe surface tension at the air-water interface is responsible for capillary phenomena minimizing surface energies. Semi-aquatic organisms have evolved to exploit this capillarity. The purpose of this thesis is to study the importance of capillary phenomena in the ecology of semi-aquatic organisms using whirligig beetles as a model. Results show that the bipolar meniscus produced around whirligig beetles is responsible for static self-assembly between individuals. These insects use different types of swimming to minimize resistance forces, especially the wave drag. The experimental study of the detection of immobile objects suggests that whirligig beetles perceive the menisci. Echolocation using surface waves, assumed in literature, cannot however be excluded
Wohlfahrt, Julie Girardin Philippe. "Développement d'un indicateur d'exposition des eaux de surface aux pertes de pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant." S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2008_WOHLFAHRT_J.pdf.
Full textVastra, Margaux. "Etude de la biocorrosion d'un ouvrage d'art en eau saumâtre : cas du pont du Larivot." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0094/document.
Full textThe Larivot Bridge, located at the mouth of the Cayenne River and the Atlantic Ocean, is a vital road artery of the Amazonian department of French Guiana. Built incarbon steel, it was closed in 2009 for breach of a pile due to corrosion. Corrosion influenced by microorganisms (MIC) is a natural process widely studied in temperatetidal environments. The objective of the work here is to identify markers in the case of a structure in the Amazonian environment.Experiments were carried out in situ for 30 days, with a follow-up of corrosion by chemical, electrochemical and biological analyses at the low water level. They showthat the low water level (corresponding to the level of the river when the tide is at its lowest) display the faster corrosion (about 0.8 mm.an-1). These rate, the low corrosionresistance, the high microorganisms presence with a high concentration of nutrients (especially the nitrate) are markers of a phenomenon of ALWC (accelarated low watercorrosion). Tests performed under sterile conditions have confirmed the presence of MIC in the medium studied.Particular attention was paid to the low water level with a dynamic study of corrosion on 50 days. Thus, it has been shown that surface phenomena are constant (samethickness of deposit, Warbrug diffusions identical), but with rates determined by polarization curves increasing linearly (equation of vcorr = 0.004t + 0.091). The presence at10 days of iron oxides and hydroxides and from 30 days, oxides of manganese and iron sulfide was also highlighted.The study of the corrosive bioflim shows a change in the bacterial composition over time with a change of β- to α-protéobactéries. Contrary to expectation, the sulfatereducingprokaryotes SRP (mostly δ-protéobacteries) are practically absent in the corrosive consortium. Instead, sulfate-oxidiser are paramount, especially Rheineimera Aquamaris,the corrosive potential has been proven for the first time in pure culture.Thus, the presence of aerobic bacteria (sulfate-oxydatrices), the lack of anaerobic bacteria (SRP) and the constant increase in speeds show that after 50 days the corrosionprocess is still located in one of the first two phases Melcher model. To complete this first study in the Amazon estuary, in the longer term experiments must be performedpaying attention to the tidal zone
Guigui, Christelle. "Procédé hybride de coagulation/ultrafiltration pour la potabilisation des eaux de surface." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30201.
Full textInguimberty, Nathalie. "Les pollutions accidentelles des eaux superficielles en France, 1980-1988." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P221.
Full textAtlan, Hervé. "Nature et origine des virus mammifères présents dans les eaux de surface." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P043.
Full textSdika, Didier. "La nanofiltration appliquée à la fabrication d'eau potable." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P105.
Full textMoulin, Catherine. "Potabilisation d'une eau de surface par filtration tangentielle sur membranes minérales : étude de traitements physico-chimiques associés." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20295.
Full textMompelat, Sophie. "Résidus pharmaceutiques dans les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine : occurrence et devenir pour une évaluation de l’exposition et du risque sanitaire." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S169.
Full textThe presence of pharmaceutical compounds in drinking-water sources (ground- and surface water) is a recent and a worldwide Public Health issue. Within this framework, this thesis work deals with the occurrence of these substances in water resources, in water utilities, and in drinking-water. This thesis work led to the development of a multi-residue analytical methodology showing satisfactory performances for all pharmaceutical compounds targeted in this study. The implementation of this analytical methodology during sampling and analyses campaigns provided numerous concentrations data about pharmaceutical compounds in dinking-water sources (ground- and surface water) and treated drinking-water in north-west France (The Vilaine and the Mayenne catchment basins). The anthropogenic emission impact on surface water, the temporal variation of surface water quality, and the efficiency of drinking-water treatment process in water utilities to remove pharmaceuticals compounds was also studied and discussed in this work. This thesis work contributes to bring needed knowledge for a further chronic human exposure and health risk assessment related to these compounds occurring in mixture at low-level in drinking-water
Daou, Claude. "Intérêt de l'analyse multidimensionnelle pour évaluer la qualité physicochimique et microbiologique d'eaux de rivieres en régime méditerranéen : cas des rivières Kadisha-Abou Ali et El Jaouz au Liban." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2365.
Full textAquatic ecosystems are often subject to continues and accelerated degrading processes which are primarily linked to anthropogenic activities. Lebanon, whose two rivers Kadisha-Abou Ali and El Jaouz are a focus of this study, has the most important water reservoirs in the Middle East. Currently, on behalf of the local authorities, the protection of this vital and strategic resources is receiving a significant amount of attention. The principal objective of this thesis is to establish, in Lebanon, one of the first databases to provide a methodology of water quality evaluation at physicochemical and microbiological levels. In a first part of this study, in which analytical parameters were considered separately, we showed that their spatial and temporal analysis make it possible to describe only one fraction of information related to water quality. Considering that anthropogenic effects modify hydrous balances of the aquatic ecosystems, the Principal Component Analysis proved to be a more suitable tool. From a microbiological position, the introduction of micro-organisms into an aquatic environment insignificantly modifies the hydrous balances. The problem which is primarily of an hygienic nature, is to take into account not only bacteria in water column but also the fixed bacteria on epilithic biofilms and to determine the viable, non-culturable bacteria which are potentially pathogenic
Lee, Pyeong-Koo. "Contribution à l'étude de la contamination de l'hydrosphère (eau, mes) par les métaux lourds (PB, ZN, CD) en domaine autoroutier : étude d'un site pilote (les Ardillères, A71) ; comparaisons avec d'autres systèmes d'épuration et études expérimentales." Orléans, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ORLE2037.
Full textSchepper, Guillaume de. "Simulating surface water and groundwater flow dynamics in tile-drained catchments." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26532.
Full textTile drainage is a common agricultural management practice in plots prone to ponding issues. Drainage enhances crop productivity and reduces waterlogging risks. Studies over the last few decades have highlighted the significant contribution of subsurface drainage to catchments water balance and contamination issues related to manure or fertilizer application at the soil surface. Groundwater flow patterns associated with drainage are often unknown and their representation in numerical models, although powerful analysis tools, is still a major challenge. Before considering chemical species or sediment transport, an accurate water flow simulation is essential. The integrated fully-coupled hydrological HydroGeoSphere code was applied to two highly tile-drained agricultural catchments of Denmark (Lillebæk and Fensholt) in the present work. A first model was developed at the field scale from the Lillebæk catchment. A reference model was set and various drainage concepts and boundary conditions were tested in a 3.5 ha tile-drained area to find a suitable option in terms of model performance and computing time for larger scale modeling of complex drainage networks. Simulations suggested that a simplification of the geometry of the drainage network or using an equivalent-medium layer are suitable options for avoiding highly discretized meshes, but further model calibration is required. A catchment scale model was subsequently built in Fensholt, covering 6 km2 and including two complex drainage networks. The aim was to perform a year-round simulation accounting for variations in seasonal drainage flow. Both networks were simplified with the main collecting drains kept in the model, as suggested by the Lillebæk study. Calibration against hourly measured drainage discharge data was performed resulting in a good model performance. Drainage flow and flow dynamics were accurately simulated, with low cumulative error in drainage volume. The Fensholt case validated the Lillebæk test conclusions, allowing for further drainage modeling linked with transport issues.
Martin, Bénédicte. "La matière organique naturelle dissoute des eaux de surface : fractionnement, caractérisation et réactivité." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2268.
Full textThangtongtawi, Samarn. "Contribution à l'étude et au dimensionnement de récupérateurs de surface du type tambours et disques deshuileurs." Toulouse, INSA, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ISAT0018.
Full textClauzel, Maryline. "Désorption forcée de tensioactifs à l'interface polymère-eau." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350239.
Full textBioresita, Filsa. "Exploitation de séries temporelles d'images multi-sources pour la cartographie des surfaces en eau." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH004/document.
Full textSurface waters are important resources for the biosphere and the anthroposphere. Surface waters preserve diverse habitat, support biodiversity and provide ecosystem service by controlling nutrient cycles and global carbon. Surface waters are essential for human's everyday life, such as for irrigation, drinking-water and/or the production of energy (power plants, hydro-electricity). Further, surface waters through flooding can pose hazards to human, settlements and infrastructures. Monitoring the dynamic changes of surface waters is crucial for decision making process and policy. Remote sensing data can provide information on surface waters. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing has gone through a revolution with the launch of the Sentinel-1 SAR data and Sentinel-2 optical data with high revisit time at medium to high spatial resolution. Those data can provide time series and multi-source data which are essential in providing more information to upgrade ability in observing surface water. Analyzing such massive datasets is challenging in terms of knowledge extraction and processing as nearly fully automated processing chains are needed to enable systematic detection of water surfaces.In this context, the objectives of the work are to propose new (e.g. fully automated) approaches for surface water detection and flood extents detection by exploring the single and combined used of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data
Delpla, Ianis. "Facteurs climatiques et dégradation de la qualité physico-chimique des eaux de surface destinées à la consommation humaine en zone agricole." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B156.
Full textClimate change scenarios highlight that the occurrence of extreme events such as droughts and floods will probably increase by the end of the century. These events could lead to the degradation of water quality (organic matter, algal blooms, pathogens,…) and affect the delivery of safe water by small scale water services (SSWS). With the aim to understand and protect consumer health, impacts of climate extremes on water quality should be examined. This study investigated deterioration of raw and drinking water quality (TOC, Nitrates, Turbidity and conductivity) in relation with climate in SSWS located in rural areas in Brittany. Therefore, rainfall events impacts on runoff and surface water quality have been studied on experimental agricultural plots and in a rural catchment used for potable water production
Bastaraud, Alexandra. "Facteurs environnementaux et qualité microbiologique de l'eau potable dans les villes à faible revenu, cas de Madagascar." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV059.
Full textUrbanization is one of the most important changes of the 21st century, especially for sub-Saharan cities. They must manage their natural resources. Water resources, for example, are becoming increasingly vulnerable, either because they can no longer meet the various needs (population, industry, agriculture) or because they are subject to ever-increasing environmental pressures. Continuous pollution by wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggest that these ecosystems are specific. In cities in low-income countries, such as Madagascar, access to safe drinking water is also limited due to technical and environmental constraints.Understanding how these environmental changes can affect microbiological quality then becomes a public health issue, especially in a context where sanitation and resource protection are not controlled. The objective is to assess the impact of urbanization, as well as other environmental factors on the dynamics of the indicators of contamination of the supply water of Madagascar's cities (i); to characterize the interactions between climatic conditions and the quality of the distributed water (ii).The dynamics of bacterial indicators of water quality supplied have been analyzed over the long term (16 and 32 years) at the scale of urban systems and have shown that bacteriological contamination of urban drinking water is subject to wide seasonal variations, with disparities between cities. The type of resource, the treatment implemented, population growth and environmental threats related to the degradation of urban basins are the main environmental and technical determinants that support contamination profiles. Climatic conditions, including precipitation and non-management of runoff, are the main factors contributing to the biological instability of these urban supply systems from wastewater, runoff and soil erosion suggests that these ecosystems are specific
Malbéteau, Yoann. "Suivi des ressources en eau par une approche combinant la télédétection multi-capteur et la modélisation phénoménologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30193/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to improve the spatio-temporal resolution of surface water fluxes at the land surface-atmosphere interface based on appropriate models that rely on readily available multi-sensor remote sensing data. This work has been set up to further develop (disaggregation, assimilation, energy balance modeling) approaches related to soil moisture monitoring in order to optimize water management over semi-arid areas. Currently, the near surface soil moisture data sets available at global scale have a spatial resolution that is too coarse for hydrological applications. Especially, the near surface soil moisture retrieved from passive microwave observations such as AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS) and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) data have a spatial resolution of about 60 km and 40 km, respectively. In this context, the downscaling algorithm "DISaggregation based on Physical And Theoretical scale Change" (or DisPATCh) has been developed. The near surface soil moisture variability is estimate within a low resolution pixel at the targeted 1 km resolution based on an evapotranspiration model using LST (Land surface temperature) and NDVI (vegetation index) derived from MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. Within a first step, DisPATCh is applied to SMOS and AMSR-E soil moisture products over the Murrumbidgee river catchment in Southeastern Australia and is evaluated during a one-year period. It is found that the downscaling efficiency is lower in winter than during the hotter months when DisPATCh performance is optimal. However, the temporal resolution of DisPATCh data is limited by the gaps in MODIS images due to cloud cover, and by the temporal resolution of passive microwave observations (global coverage every 3 days for SMOS). The second step proposes an approach to overcome these limitations by assimilating the 1 km resolution DisPATCh data into a simple dynamic soil model forced by reanalysis meteorological data including precipitation. The original approach combines a variational scheme for root-zone soil moisture analysis and a sequential approach for the update of surface soil moisture. The performance is assessed using ground measurements of soil moisture in the Tensift-Haouz region in Morocco and the Yanco area in Australia during 2014. It is found that the downscaling/assimilation scheme is an efficient approach to estimate the dynamics of the 1 km resolution surface soil moisture at daily time scale, even when coarse scale and inaccurate meteorological data including rainfall are used. The third step presents a physically-based method to correct LST data for topographic effects in order to offer the opportunity for applying DisPATCh over mountainous areas. The approach is tested using ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer) and Landsat data over a 6 km by 6 km steep-sided area in the Moroccan Atlas. It is found that the strong correlations between LST and illumination over rugged terrain before correction are greatly reduced at ~100 m resolution after the topographic correction. Such a correction method could potentially be used as a proxy of the surface water status over mountainous terrain. This thesis opens the path for developing new remote sensing-based methods in order to retrieve water inputs -including both precipitation and irrigation- at high spatial resolution for water management
Michaux, Arthur. "Suivi et évaluation d'un éco-procédé par adsorption sur lit filtrant pour le traitement des eaux de ruissellement routier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25682.
Full textThe treatment necessity of run off water concentrated in road salts (sodium, calcium, chloride) and intensive agriculture stemming waters (phosphor) allowed the study (Saint-Augustin, Canada) and the evaluation of the transposition (Massif-Central, France) of a filtering unit based on adsorption physicochemical properties. A qualitative and hydraulic follow-up of surfaces waters as well as a study of the unit constituting materials (calcite, dolomite, pozzolan, anthracite) were carried out. Flow measures by overflow, tracers tests, water sampling were realized on the field. Adsorption, kinetics, isotherms and columns tests have been made in laboratory. The field study showed that the filtering unit is comparable to a plug flow reactor for flows over 400 mL/s, and allows a respective maximum allowance of 67%, 71% and 70% for the chloride, calcium and total phosphor. The study in laboratory revealed an adsorption of 20% for the sodium (calcite) and 15,4% for the chloride (dolomite).
Siblet, Pascale. "Pollution par les eaux de ruissellement urbain et autoroutier." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P182.
Full textVaxelaire, Jean. "Etude et modélisation de l'aération des stations d'épuration des eaux usées urbaines par agitation mécanique de surface." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_VAXELAIRE_J.pdf.
Full textPrats, Michel. "Conduction protonique aux interfaces eau/phospholipides étude en couche monomoléculaire par fluorescence et potentiel de surface /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600521q.
Full textAbdoulaye, Alassane. "Etude des propriétés diélectriques du système eau-zéolite NaY en relation avec les propriétés de surface." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20103.
Full textLoeffler, Olivier. "Modélisation géoradar de la proche surface : estimation de la teneur en eau et influence d'un polluant." Strasbourg 1, 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LOEFFLER_Olivier_2005.pdf.
Full textGround Penetrating Radar is used in near surface acquisitions to determine several characteristics from the soil. The analysis of the data is generally complicated by the heterogeneity of the near surface layer. The influence of water is also very strong and a change is the water content of the soil can change the results. In order to improve the data analysis, we use a modelling program with a finite differences in time domain (FDTD) algorithm. We determine the shape of the source impulse to be as near as possible from the real results. At first, we use this program to model the structure in a peat basin in the French Alps. We discover a geological structure which may result from a progressive sinking of the basin nearby the cliff. Another study helps us to discriminate between karsts filled with clay and hollow karsts in limestone. Finally, we can follow the changes affecting a snow layer at several times during the winter. We mounted a laboratory experiment in order to reproduce a groundwater level in a sand layer at varying depths. We had no signal reflection on the top of the saturated sand layer. We show that the 3 commonly used relations linking the water content to the relative dielectric permittivity give similar results, both on the water contents and on the variations of the water volume in the sand. With the modelling of the profiles from the sans box, we can give some estimations for the dielectric parameters of the sand. At last, we simulated an accidental fuel pollution from the surface of the sand box. We show that the fuel is not homogeneously distributed in the sand. We have no reflection on the fuel saturated layer, and only the wave velocity is clearly affected by the presence of fuel. The plume is more concentrated in the vicinity of the injection point and is the origin of water movements in the sand. New signals appear after a longer time due to these changes. A modelling gives a good idea from the shape of the plume
Thomas, Marielle. "Biodétection en temps réel. Contribution à la réalisation d'un nouveau système de détection biologique précoce de la pollution des eaux de surface, fondé sur l'exploitation des décharges autostimulatrices d'un poisson électrique tropical : Apteronotus albifrons, Apteronotidae-Gymnotiformes." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0018_THOMAS.pdf.
Full textGaillard, Jérémy. "Réactivité de l’eau à la surface des oxydes mixtes (U,Pu)O2." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20225.
Full textThe interaction of water with actinides oxide surfaces remains poorly understood. The adsorption of water on PuO2 surface and (U,Pu)O2 surface leads to hydrogen generation through radiolysis but also surface evolution.The study of water interaction with mixed oxide (U,Pu)O2 and PuO2 surfaces requires the implementation of non intrusive techniques. The study of the hydration of CeO2 surface is used to study the effectiveness of different techniques. The results show that the water adsorption leads to the surface evolution through the formation of a hydroxide superficial layer. The reactivity of water on the surface depends on the calcination temperature of the oxide precursor. The thermal treatment of hydrated surfaces can regenerate the surface. The study on CeO2 hydration emphasizes the relevancies of these techniques in studying the hydration of surfaces.The hydrogen generation through water radiolysis is studied with an experimental methodology based on constant relative humidity in the radiolysis cell. The hydrogen accumulation is linear for the first hours and then tends to a steady state content. A mechanism of hydrogen consumption is proposed to explain the existence of the steady state of hydrogen content. This mechanism enables to explain also the evolution of the oxide surface during hydrogen generation experiments as shown by the evolution of hydrogen accumulation kinetics. The accumulation kinetics depends on the dose rate, specific surface area and the relative humidity but also on the oxide aging. The plutonium percentage appears to be a crucial parameter in hydrogen accumulation kinetics
Anras, Loïc. "Influence du réseau hydraulique sur la qualité des eaux de surface dans un marais littoral agricole : rôle des processus géochimiques à l'interface eau-sédiment." Poitiers, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01737226.
Full textTamas, Adrian Paul, and Adrian Paul Tamas. "Étude comparée du colmatage en nanofiltration et en ultrafiltration d'eau de surface." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17939.
Full textLes procédés de séparation membranaire peuvent servir à produire de l'eau potable à partir de l'eau de surface puisqu'ils permettent d'enlever les particules inertes en suspension, les colloïdes organiques et les micro-organismes pathogènes. L'implantation de tels procédés passe par le contrôle du colmatage des membranes. Or, les cinétiques de colmatage dépendent de la qualité de l'eau à filtrer, des membranes utilisées et des conditions d'opération. La présente étude, à l'échelle de laboratoire, consiste à comparer le colmatage en ultrafiltration en écoulement frontal, en ultrafiltration en écoulement tangentiel et en nanofiltration en écoulement tangentiel d'eaux de surface naturelles et altérées. Cette étude s'inscrit dans une série d'études qui vise finalement une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de colmatage, le développement d'un indicateur de colmatage et le développement de prétraitements à la nanofiltration. Les résultats font ressortir l'impact des altérations des eaux, du prétraitement et des conditions d'opération sur la cinétique du colmatage, sur les divers taux de séparation et sur l'efficacité des différents lavages des membranes.
Tissot, Héloïse. "Beyond the gap of pressure : XPS studies of interfaces at near ambient pressures." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066615/document.
Full textIn many processes or technological objects, such as coating deposition, advanced material processing for electronics, magnetic or optical devices, electrochemical processes at an electrode, sensors and catalysis, etc. the interface between a surface of a solid and a liquid or a gas phase, plays a prominent role. Analogously, environmental sciences and sciences of the Living integrate into their models chemical reactions taking place at solid/liquid or liquid/gas interfaces.XPS is a powerful technique for interface analysis and has been widely use in the case of solid surface. The main advantage of XPS is its sensitivity to the material surface. Indeed, due to the low electron mean free path of electrons in a solid, only the photoelectrons at the extreme outer surface (1-10 nm) can escape the sample. However, XPS has traditionally been conducted under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. UHV conditions are utilized for two reasons. First, the analyzers are designed to work under UHV conditions. Second, the electrons must reach the detector and their mean free path is short at high pressures. For example at a pressure of 1 mbar, 100 eV electrons will travel 1 mm while under UHV conditions, the mean free path increases to 105 m. UHV chambers (10-10 mbar) help maximize the mean free path so that a high number of electrons will reach the detector/analyzer and the signal/noise ratio will increase making it possible to analyze the spectrum produced. This constraint makes UHV the standard environment of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) experiments.In order to make possible the use of XPS on a larger pressure range, a few groups around the world have designed photoemission equipment that can be operated under ambient pressure (up to 5 mbar). The Berkeley group (M. Salmeron LBNL-Materials Sciences Division, H. Bluhm LBNL-Chemical Sciences Division), who pioneered this field, has two such setups installed at the Advanced Light Source. The Fritz Haber Institute has built a high pressure XPS based on the Berkeley prototype, installed at BESSY synchrotron (Berlin), since 2002. The building of Ambient Pressure XPS (APXPS) analyzers of the Berkeley type, able to be operated at pressures in the range of 1 mbar, about 7 orders of magnitude higher than the pressure limit of conventional UHV equipment is both a technological and conceptual breakthrough. Differential pumping stages allow the sample to remain at environmental pressures, while maximizing the mean free path of emitted electrons, so they can reach the detector. Additionally, voltages are applied to electrostatic lenses in the unit to accelerate and focus the electrons onto the focal plane of the electron energy analyzer. A similar system Near-Ambient Pressure XPS, NAP-XPS), described in details in chapter 1, was delivered in December 2012 and installed at TEMPO beamline in February 2013. The first beamtime occurred in May 2013. During my thesis that started in October 2011 two different projects were developed, both related to interface analysis using the NAP-XPS instrument
Durand, Sébastien. "Traçage géochimique des transferts de matière dans l'hydrosystème de la vallée du Rhin supérieur : Apport des déséquilibres isotopiques 238U-234U-226Ra." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13105.
Full textThe aim of this study is to show the processes controlling the distribution and behavior of the elemental budget in the upper Rhine hydrosystem. For this purpose, major elements, trace elements and Sr, U and Ra isotopes were analyzed in the dissolved load of water samples collected in the main reservoirs of the Rhine graben, i. E. The Rhine River, its main tributaries and shallow and deep ground waters in several different aquifers. Determining the Ra concentration required the implementation of a new analysis method by thermal ionization mass spectrometry in Strasbourg. At the regional scale, our results confirm that variations of major elements, trace elements (especially Sr and Rb) and Sr isotope ratios of the water samples are mainly correlated to the lithological variations of the watershed. The specific study of the Lauter stream located in the lower Triassic sandstones demonstrates the importance of groundwater influences on the chemical composition of river waters. More than 50 % of the total dissolved load of this stream is supplied by deep waters. It is shown that this contribution significantly modifies the chemical composition of the stream; especially the 238U-234U-226Ra systematic. In the South of the upper Rhine valley, the alluvial groundwater have been contaminated by salt brine coming from the activities of the Alsatian potash mines. The geochemical data of the salt groundwaters suggest not only a mixing process but also water-rock interactions. Ion exchanges explain most of the loss in alkaline elements (Na, K, Rb) and gain in earth-alkaline elements (Ca, Mg, Sr) observed in the alluvial groundwater. Chemical reactions such as dissolution and precipitation are also put forward as an explication. The diversity of the water-rock interactions accounts for the behavior of the Sr, U and Ra isotopes observed in the alluvial groundwater
Dailloux, Damien. "Video measurements of the Adour plume dynamic and its surface water optical characteristics." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3042.
Full textThe suspended particulate matter (SPM), rejected into the ocean by a river, is often visualized by the presence of a turbid surface plume. These SPM can be associated with organic or metal contaminants. It is thus necessary to understand the mechanisms which control their dispersion in order to evaluate water quality in the adjacent areas of a river mouth. Recently, the video techniques were used to study coastal dynamics. These techniques allow to automatically acquire high frequency data with a resolution of centimetre to hundred meters. This study presents a single use of a classic digital camera to study the Adour surface plume dynamic and the optical characteristics of its water
Neyt, Jean-Claude. "Calcul de la tension interfaciale de mélanges gaz / eau, gaz / huile et huile / eau par simulation moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00962483.
Full textTohidi, Maryam. "Titrimetric monitoring of chemical equilibrium and pH dynamics in a pilot-scale water resource recovery facility using PHREEQC and buffer capacity modelling." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66708.
Full textThe considerable rise of eutrophication in water bodies has led to highly instrumented water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) that can perform nutrient removal processes. To ensure the efficiency of these processes, several parameters that influence the performance of WRRFs need to be well thought out. The latter requires monitoring strategies composed of on-line and off-line methods. Lately, on-line measurements have contributed significantly to monitor and characterize the quality of water and wastewater. However, on-line measurements are not applicable or not implemented yet for some specific areas. For this, off-line laboratory methods are welcome alternatives. Titrimetry is one of the examples of a low-cost off-line method that allows characterizing aquatic streams. Concerning titrimetric monitoring of wastewater, a Titrino device was installed in the laboratory of the 12 m3 pilEAUte WRRF located at Université Laval. The wastewater feeding the plant is coming from a student residence building on campus. The water pumped to the station is feeding a storage tank with a volume of 5 m3 , from which it is then pumped to a primary clarifier. The influent stream is then split into two similar treatment lines, composed of several bioreactors. These two lanes are followed by two secondary settling tanks. In this work, sampling campaigns were performed to compare the sensor data and the off-line titrimetric measurements in a framework of research projects in which industrial partners are involved. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficiency of using titrimetry to analyze and characterize influent and effluent samples of a WRRF. Two data interpretation methods, buffer capacity and PHREEQC, were tested and their performances in estimating the concentration of the concerned buffers were evaluated. For better model estimation, first, some of the lab procedures were improved. It was found out that nitrogen blanketing and CO2 stripping are necessary to perform reliable titration, and thus, to measure other concerned buffers besides alkalinity, such as ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Moreover, to validate the results of the buffer capacity model and to have a complete description of the equilibrium reactions of the chemical system under study, a titration simulation model was successfully built in PHREEQC with the PHREEQXCEL interface. This titration lab simulation was extended with the OpenSolver, an open-source Excel add-in, which allows to reliably perform the parameter estimation needed to find the concentration of the different species in the sample. In addition, PHREEQC’s database was modified to include all the model components and their essential chemical information for the speciation calculations.After introducing the mentioned lab and modelling improvements, the reliability of the titrimetric measurements for monitoring the performance of nutrient removal was enhanced.
Voyshnis, Svetlana. "Oxydation d'un alliage base nickel utilisé dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée, approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066485/document.
Full textThe lifetime prediction of pressurized water reactor (PWR) components, especially the steam generators (SG), is of high interest. Several works have been dedicated to the understanding of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms. However these mechanisms are still relatively poorly understood. The oxide layer should play an important role. A methodology, combining in situ ToF-SIMS and XPS techniques, has been developed to determine the oxidation kinetics and to understand the oxide layer growth mechanisms. Kinetics, composition and stratification of the oxide layers, formed in high temperature water on Alloy 600, were compared to model oxide layers formed in situ at 300°C under a low oxygen pressure. It shows that thermal oxidation under low oxygen pressure is a suitable model to simulate the oxidation in high temperature water. Finally, an original methodology based on ToF-SIMS has been developed to determine the transport mechanisms governing the oxide growth. Samples previously oxidized under a low oxygen pressure or in high temperature water, are, in a second step, re-oxidized in situ in the ToF-SIMS chamber at the same temperature under low oxygen isotope 18 pressure. It appears that the oxide growth is located at the metal/oxide interface due to the diffusion of O2- anions, isotopic exchange phenomena occuring simultaneously with oxidation. The oxygen diffusion coefficient was determined using an appropriate model developed in this work
Ben, Lemlih Mohamed. "Isolement et caractérisation des plasmides TOL véhiculés par des "Pseudomonas" isolés d'eaux de surface : étude physique et génétique du plasmide pMA2." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P616.
Full textGauthier, Laury. "Etude du pouvoir génotoxique des eaux de surface, potables ou en cours de traitement, par la formation de micronoyaux chez le triton Pleurodeles waltl." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30197.
Full textSakho, Mamadou A. "Incidence de l'instabilité des ressources en eau de surface sur les performances simulées d'un système d'eau : exemple du Sassandra en Côte-d'Ivoire." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20262.
Full textWang, Xiaolu. "Janus Colloids Surfing at the Surface of Water." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS272/document.
Full textAt the single-particle level, the main difference between active colloids and passive ones is the time scale over which the motion crosses over from ballistic to diffusive regime. In both cases, friction coefficients or equivalently diffusion coefficients determine this time scale. For instance, the motion of a passive colloid of 1m radius is diffusive when observed over lag times longer than a microsecond, once the direction of its momentum has been randomized by collisions with solvent molecules. At the macroscopic scale these collisions are accounted for by the translational friction coefficient. For an active colloid the effective diffusive behavior observed over lag times larger than few seconds results from the randomization of the direction of self-propulsion by rotational diffusion. In this thesis we investigated the motion of an active Janus colloid trapped at air-water interface. Spherical catalytic Janus colloids have been prepared through the deposition of platinum metal at the surface of silica particles. Immersion depth of the Janus colloid as well as their orientation with respect to the water surface, has been characterized and interpreted in terms of the non-uniform wetting properties of the Janus particles. The motion of the active Janus colloids in the presence of various concentration of hydrogen peroxide H2O2 as fuel was characterized by video microscopy and the trajectories analyzed through the mean square displacement and the velocity autocorrelation function. The types of trajectories, directional and circular ones that we observed in our experiments, revealed the effective force and torque induced by the catalytic decomposition of H2O2. At the water surface, active colloids perform more persistent directional motions as compared to the motions performed in the bulk. This has been interpreted as due to the loss of degrees of freedom resulting from the confinement at interface and also to the partial wetting conditions that possibly bring new contributions to the rotational friction at interface
Soltandallal, Mohammad Médhi. "Contribution à l'étude de yersinia dans les eaux superficielles : Approche écologique, mise en évidence et purification de l'entérotoxine de Y. Enterocolitica." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10166.
Full textAgbekodo, Koffi Marcus. "Elimination par nanofiltration des composés organiques d'une eau de surface prétraitée : caractérisation du carbone organique dissous avant et après nanofiltration." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2252.
Full textGonçalves, Volpini Dolores. "Optimisation de la préparation d'eau potable avec des membranes poreuses en présence de divers adjuvants." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20032.
Full textAl, Bitar Ahmad Ababou Rachid. "Modélisation des écoulements en milieu poreux hétérogènes 2D / 3D, avec couplages surface / souterrain et densitaires." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000651.
Full textBernard, Marion. "Déploiement large échelle du POCIS pour l’évaluation de la contamination par les pesticides dans les eaux de surface : apports et complémentarité dans le cadre des réseaux de surveillance du bassin Adour-Garonne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0334/document.
Full textThe aquatic environments are considered as the final receptacles of organic or inorganic pesticides. Thus, regulatory texts were established in order to preserve and restore the good status for the aquatic environments (e.g. Water Framework Directive). Currently, the conventional method for freshwater analysis is grab sampling several times per year with a lack of temporal representativeness. To overcome this issue, and in the aim of estimating a robust average concentration over time, passive sampling strategies have been developed. These samplers allow an in situ pre-concentration of contaminants and offer an integrative capacity of several weeks. This thesis focuses on the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), which is widely used for the sampling of moderately polar or no-ionizable pesticides (0 10,000 data). Data acquired with POCIS were used to demonstrate correlations between land use and quantified pesticides. In this context, multivariate analyses, such as hierarchical clustering and principal component analyses, confirmed the relationship between land use in the watershed and the major pesticides quantified. Then, the "pesticide" fingerprint of each site was established. Finally, this last axis has made it possible to better characterize the sites most at risk and to quickly identify potential sources.This thesis work demonstrated fundamental and applied aspects, which confirm the interest of the POCIS in assessing the freshwater quality for pesticides
Duro, Vincent. "Caractérisation acoustique d'un sillage engendré par un navire de surface : propagation d'une onde acoustique dans un mélange eau/bulles d'air." Le Havre, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LEHA0019.
Full textThis work is devoted to the acoustical characterization of ship wake. In a laboratory, wake reduces to bubbly water medium. The influence of bubbles on the propagation of a transmitted acoustical wave is studied. Sound attenuation and phase speed measurements permit to determine the bubble radius and the bubble density. Thanks to the theoretical studies of acoustical scattering by a single air bubble in water, a relationship between bubble radius and their resonance at low frequency is established. Next, from the Foldy relationship giving an effective wavenumber characterizing the acoustical propagation in bubbly water, attenuation change and phase speed change are observed around bubble resonance frequency. The values of these changes increase with the bubble density increasing. Additionally, an optical measurement method investigated simultaneously provides results in good agreement with the ones due to the method of acoustical measurements. This work achieves by the presentation of results obtained during prospective experiments. In fact, this section shows the results of non-linear acoustical propagation and gap-band effects in relation with bubbly water
Azzam, Ahcene Ameziane. "Contribution à la mise en place d'un système multicapteurs pour la surveillance des eaux de surface : fusion de données et aide à la décision." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0188_AZZAM.pdf.
Full textThe present thesis investigates the monitoring and the evaluation of the quality of a river which supplies a drinking water network. The raw data collected from a multi-sensors installation, are transformed into data fusion information. This fusion makes it possible to qualify pollutions after having taken down the answers of each sensor. This is done after having tested various pollutions in confined circuit, while using partly, the method of the experimental plans. On the basis of these states called "masks of pollution", the multi-criterion assistance for the decision makes it possible to quantify the degree of seriousness of these pollutions. Information thus produced, defines the degree of pollution, allows a decision aid to avoid the contamination of the drinking water network, guaranteeing an action, according to a level of alarm, which will decide to stop the water pumping for example
Zhu, Shucai. "Etude des traitements physico-chimiques d'épuration des émulsions d'huile de coupe : influence de leur formulation." Toulouse, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAT0001.
Full textTissot, Marianne. "Etude de la pollution des eaux par les triazines : toxicité et méthodes de dosage." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2P041.
Full textAgogué, Hélène. "Diversité des bactéries de la microcouche de surface de l'eau de mer : spécificité, adaptation et résistance aux radiations solaires." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10085.
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