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Yang, Tiankuo, Renwei Hu, Xiaoqiong Tang, Yalin Shen, Alfred Tay, Xuenan Pi, Gang Wang, et al. "Susceptibility-guided bismuth quadruple therapies for resistant Helicobacter pylori infections." Precision Clinical Medicine 3, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa010.
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Abstract Increasing Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics has ledthat molecular testing is appropriate as a sub to adoption of seven different bismuth quadruple therapies (BQT) in China without differentiation of first-line or second-line regimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of susceptibility-guided BQT for patients who had experienced previous treatment failures. A total of 133 patients was included and H. pylori was successfully cultured from 101 patients (75.9%) for subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Based on the AST results, 88 patients completed one of five AST-guided 14-day BQT regimens: esomeprazole and bismuth colloidal pectin, along with either, amoxicillin and clarithromycin (EBAC), amoxicillin and levofloxacin (EBAL), amoxicillin and furazolidone (EBAF), amoxicillin and tetracycline (EBAT), or tetracycline and furazolidone (EBTF). H. pylori eradication rates were 100% for EBAC (5/5), EBAL (13/13), EBAF (14/14), and EBTF (43/43), but 76.9% for EBAT (10/13). The three patients that failed the EBAT regimen were all cured after subsequent treatment with the EBTF regimen. Our study demonstrates the excellent efficacy of the AST-guided BQT for referred H. pylori patients, and that the current EBAT regimen, used in clinics, needs to be optimized. In addition, 57 of the isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Analysis of the sequences revealed that point mutations in 23S rRNA correlated well with the phenotypic clarithromycin resistance with a concordance of 91.2%, while the concordance between phenotypic levofloxacin resistance and gyrA point mutations was 82.3%. This suggests that molecular testing is appropriate as a substitute for AST as a more rapid and cost-effective method for determining clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance in Chinese patients.
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Su, Jian, and Guangming Deng. "Application of Intervention Analysis Model in Yu Ebao Yield Prediction." Modern Economy 05, no. 08 (2014): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2014.58079.
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Maier, Alexander G., Jake Baum, Brian Smith, David J. Conway, and Alan F. Cowman. "Polymorphisms in Erythrocyte Binding Antigens 140 and 181 Affect Function and Binding but Not Receptor Specificity in Plasmodium falciparum." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 4 (February 9, 2009): 1689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01331-08.
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ABSTRACT Invasion of human erythrocytes by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum utilizes multiple ligand-receptor interactions involving erythrocyte receptors and parasite erythrocyte binding proteins of the Duffy binding-like family. Erythrocyte binding antigen 175 (EBA-175) binds to glycophorin A, the most abundant protein on the human erythrocyte surface and EBA-140 (also known as BAEBL) binds to glycophorin C, while the receptor for EBA-181 (also known as JESEBL) remains unknown. EBA binding is mediated via region II, a highly structured extracellular domain that shows a degree of sequence variability between different laboratory strains/isolates. Here, we determined the influence of region II polymorphisms on host cell receptor binding and overall function during invasion of EBA-140, EBA-175, and EBA-181. Polymorphisms in the binding domains of EBA-140 and EBA-181 have been suggested previously to alter their respective receptor specificities. In our hands, these polymorphisms affected the levels of EBA-140 and EBA-181 binding to receptors but, critically, not the receptor specificities of these proteins. The degree of EBA-140 binding to glycophorin C correlates with the level of function for this ligand-receptor interaction in merozoite invasion. In contrast, EBA-175, which is highly polymorphic in region II, shows no variability in its ability to bind to its receptor, glycophorin A. Combined, these data highlight the importance of sequence variability in EBAs as driven by immune selection but not by receptor specificity.
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Khaniya, Bhabishya, Miyuru B. Gunathilake, and Upaka Rathnayake. "Ecosystem-Based Adaptation for the Impact of Climate Change and Variation in the Water Management Sector of Sri Lanka." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8821329.
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The climate of Sri Lanka has been fluctuating at an alarming rate during the recent past. These changes are reported to have pronounced impacts on the livelihoods of the people in the country. Water is central to the sustainable functioning of ecosystems and wellbeing of mankind. It is evident that pronounced variations in the climate will negatively impact the availability and the quality of water resources. The ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approach has proved to be an effective strategy to address the impact of climate change on water resources in many parts of the world. The key aim of this paper is to elaborate the wide range of benefits received through implementation of EbAs in field level, watershed scale, and urban and coastal environments in the context of Sri Lanka. In addition, this paper discusses the benefits of utilizing EbA solutions over grey infrastructure-based solutions to address the issues related to water management. The wide range of benefits received through implementation of EbAs can be broadly classified into three categories: water supply regulation, water quality regulation, and moderation of extreme events. This paper recommends the utilization of EbAs over grey infrastructure-based solutions in adaptation to climate change in the water management sector for the developing region due its cost effectiveness, ecofriendliness, and multiple benefits received on long-term scales. The findings of this study will unequivocally contribute to filling existing knowledge and research gaps in the context of EbAs to future climate change in Sri Lanka. The suggestions and opinions of this study can be taken into account by decision makers and water resources planning agencies for future planning of actions related to climate change adaptation in Sri Lanka.
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Calugaru, S. V., B. G. Hall, and M. L. Sinnott. "Catalysis by the large subunit of the second β-galactosidase of Escherichia coli in the absence of the small subunit." Biochemical Journal 312, no. 1 (November 15, 1995): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3120281.
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Plasmids containing the ebgAo and ebgAa genes of Escherichia coli under the control of the lac repressor and promoter have been constructed and inserted into Salmonella typhimurium CH3. This system expresses the large subunit of the ebgo and ebga beta-galactosidase in high yield (20-60% of total protein). The large subunits have been purified to homogeneity. As isolated they are tetramers of significant catalytic activity; the N-terminal amino acid residue is Met, but it is not formylated. The kcat. values for a series of aryl galactosides were 6-200-fold reduced from the corresponding values for the holoenzymes. kcat/Km Values for glycosides of acidic aglycones, though, were unchanged, whilst kcat./Km values for galactosides of less acidic aglycones showed a modest (up to 10-fold) decrease. The kcat. values for glycosides of acidic aglycones hydrolysed by ebgo and ebga large subunits were essentially invariant with aglycone pK, suggesting that hydrolysis of the galactosyl-enzyme intermediate had become rate-determining for these substrates. Rate-determining hydrolysis of the glycosyl-enzyme intermediate was confirmed by pre-steady-state measurements and nucleophilic competition with methanol. Absence of the small subunit was thus estimated to cause a 200-fold decrease in degalactosylation rate for ebgo and a 20-fold one for ebga. beta 1g(V/K) values of -0.57 +/- 0.08 for ebgo and -0.54 +/- 0.08 for ebga isolated subunits were significantly more negative than for holoenzymes. It is suggested that the small subunit is associated with the optimal positioning of the electrophilic Mg2+ ions in these enzymes. Use of PCR in the construction of the plasmid also inadvertently led to the production of psi ebgo large subunit in which there was a PCR-introduced Leu9-->His change. Values of kcat. for aryl galactosides, calculated on the assumption that the psi ebgo large subunit, like the ebgo and ebga large subunits, was 100% active as isolated, were about an order of magnitude lower than for true ebgo large subunit, whilst Km values were similar. The very significant kinetic effect of this inadvertant site-undirected mutagenesis indicates that quite large kinetic effects of amino-acid replacements in enzymes may have no obvious mechanistic significance.
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Walker, Timothy J., Betsy Risendal, Michelle C. Kegler, Daniela B. Friedman, Bryan J. Weiner, Rebecca S. Williams, Shin-Ping Tu, and Maria E. Fernandez. "Assessing Levels and Correlates of Implementation of Evidence-Based Approaches for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Cross-Sectional Study With Federally Qualified Health Centers." Health Education & Behavior 45, no. 6 (July 10, 2018): 1008–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198118778333.
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Multiple evidence-based approaches (EBAs) exist to improve colorectal cancer screening in health clinics. The success of these approaches is tied to effective implementation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of EBAs for colorectal cancer screening and clinic-level correlates of implementation in federally qualified health centers (FQHCs). We conducted descriptive and cross-sectional analyses using data collected from FQHC clinics across seven states ( n = 51). A clinic representative completed electronic surveys about clinic characteristics (e.g., size, patient characteristics, and medical record system characteristics) and the implementation of Community Guide recommended EBAs (e.g., client reminders, small media, and provider assessment and feedback). We used bivariate Spearman correlations to assess clinic-level correlates with implementation outcomes. Most clinics were planning to implement, in the early implementation stages, or inconsistently implementing EBAs. No EBA was fully implemented by more than nine (17.6%) clinics. Clinic size variables were inversely related to implementation levels of one-on-one education; medical record variables were directly related to implementation levels of client and provider reminders as well as provider assessment and feedback; and rapid and timely feedback from clinic leaders was directly associated with implementation levels of four out of six EBAs. Given the varying levels of implementation, clinics need to assess current use of implementation strategies and improve effective program delivery to increase colorectal cancer screening among their patients. In addition, clinics should also consider how their characteristics may support or serve as a barrier to implementation in their respective settings.
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Heliantono, Heliantono. "TRUE SALE ACCOUNTING ON SECURITIZATION IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Contemporary Accounting 1, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ijca.v1i2.6192.
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Asset securitization is one of the financing solutions. One application for the use of asset securitization is in the residential mortgage sector. Securitization in Indonesia so far has been discussed in terms of financial management and legal aspects. This article discusses about securitization in Indonesia in term of accounting perspective. The accounting aspects of securitization transactions are based on the occurrence or non-occurrence of the derecognition of the financial assets securitized (true sale in accounting). Asset securitization in Indonesia is carried out with the issuance of Asset-Backed Securities Collective Investment Contracts (KIK EBA) and Asset-Backed Securities in the form of Participation Certificate (EBA SP) with a total of 15 EBAs which are still traded at present. Eighty percent are residential mortgages backed securities (RMBS), the rest are non-RMBS. The accounting treatment of securitization transactions conducted by the originator and in the event of an accounting true sale and non-true sale are discussed, also the securitization accounting treatment for originator, Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), and investors. Broader socialization is needed so securitization can be applied in various economic activities to benefit national development in Indonesia
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Carlos, M. M., K. R. F. Schwan-Estrada, A. T. Itako, S. M. Bonaldo, R. M. Mesquini, J. B. Carvalho, and J. R. Stangarlin. "EFEITO DE EXTRATO BRUTO E ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIU. EM DESENVOLVIMENTO IN VITRO DE CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA E PROTEÇÃO DE PEPINO À MANCHA DE CORINESPORA." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 77, no. 2 (June 2010): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v77p3092010.
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RESUMO Medidas de controle de doenças por meio do uso de extratos e óleos essenciais vêm sendo investigadas como alternativa aos fungicidas convencionais. Este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito antimicrobiano de extratos brutos aquosos e óleo essencial de Achillea millefolium no crescimento micelial (CM), na esporulação e na germinação de conídios de Corynespora cassiicola bem como a atividade de peroxidase em plantas de pepino. Para isto, o extrato bruto aquoso (EBA) (1; 5; 10; 20 e 25%) foi incorporado ao meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) e o óleo essencial (OE) (20, 40, 60, 100 e 200 mL) foi distribuído sobre a superfície do meio de cultura. Disco de micélio foi repicado para os diferentes meios e o crescimento micelial avaliado, diariamente, por 7 dias. Para os ensaios in vivo, plantas de pepino foram pulverizadas com EBAs nas concentrações 1, 10 e 25%, Saccharomyces cereviseae 20% e água, aos quatro e dois dias antes e concomitantemente à inoculação com C. cassiicola. Foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a atividade da enzima peroxidase. Para EBA, não houve inibição do crescimento micelial, da germinação e da esporulação em todas as concentrações testadas. Entretanto, nos tratamentos com OE, houve inibição de até 63% do crescimento micelial. Na esporulação e germinação, a inibição foi de 100% e 98%, respectivamente, na alíquota de 200 ?L para OE. No controle da doença, o tratamento mais efetivo foi EBA a 25% quando realizado concomitante à inoculação. No intervalo de tempo avaliado, não se constatou atividade da enzima peroxidase.
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Gumbo, Tawanda, Arnold Louie, Weiguo Liu, David Brown, Paul G. Ambrose, Sujata M. Bhavnani, and George L. Drusano. "Isoniazid Bactericidal Activity and Resistance Emergence: Integrating Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacogenomics To Predict Efficacy in Different Ethnic Populations." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 7 (April 16, 2007): 2329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00185-07.
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ABSTRACT Isoniazid, administered as part of combination antituberculosis therapy, is responsible for most of the early bactericidal activity (EBA) of the regimen. However, the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid is a major problem. We examined the relationship between isoniazid exposure and M. tuberculosis microbial kill, as well as the emergence of resistance, in our in vitro pharmacodynamic model of tuberculosis. Since single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the N-acetyltransferase-2 gene lead to two different clearances of isoniazid from serum in patients, we simulated the isoniazid concentration-time profiles encountered in both slow and fast acetylators. Both microbial kill and the emergence of resistance during monotherapy were associated with the ratio of the area under the isoniazid concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) to the isoniazid MIC. The time in mutant selection window hypothesis was rejected. Next, we utilized the in vitro relationship between the isoniazid AUC0-24/MIC ratio and microbial kill, the distributions of isoniazid clearance in populations with different percentages of slow and fast acetylators, and the distribution of isoniazid MICs for isonazid-susceptible M. tuberculosis clinical isolates in Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the EBA expected for ∼10,000 patients treated with 300 mg of isoniazid. For those patient populations in which the proportion of fast acetylators and the isoniazid MICs were high, the average EBA of the standard dose was ∼0.3 log10 CFU/ml/day and was thus suboptimal. Our approach, which utilizes preclinical pharmacodynamics and the genetically determined multimodal distributions of serum clearances, is a preclinical tool that may be able to predict the EBAs of various doses of new antituberculosis drugs.
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Macaulay, Richard, and Zainab Mohamoud. "VP40 Increasing Divergence Of IQWiG & G-BA Benefit Assessments Over Time?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231900312x.
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IntroductionSince 2011, new pharmacological therapies in Germany are subject to an early benefit assessment (EBA) upon launch. The Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) usually conducts an initial assessment, followed by the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) issuing a final resolution. If the G-BA deem a new therapy offers no additional benefit over relevant comparators, it cannot attain premium-pricing through price negotiations. This research compares G-BA and IQWiG assessment outcomes over time.MethodsAll EBA resolutions were extracted from the G-BA website alongside corresponding IQWiG assessments (01/01/2011-19/09/2018) and key information compared. For extracted outcome data, the focus was the subgroup of greatest additional benefit.ResultsOf 261 identified EBAs with both G-BA and IQWiG assessment outcomes published, 59% (155/261) did not differ in their additional benefit. The G-BA concluded on an additional benefit where IQWiG deemed none in 13% (34/261) of cases, which was consistent pre-2015: 13% (11/87) and 2015-onwards: 13% (23/174). Conversely, IQWiG deemed an additional benefit where the G-BA concluded on none in 3% (8/261) of cases, none of which were pre-2015 (0/87) vs. 5% (8/261) for 2015-onwards. G-BA and IQWiG both agreed that additional benefit was offered but differed in its extent in 14% (37/261; in 23 cases: G-BA's rating was lower, 14 cases: G-BA's was higher) with 19% (17/87) pre-2015 vs. 8% (14/174) 2015-onwards.ConclusionsThe G-BA has deviated from IQWiG's initial assessment in around one-third of resolutions, with potential significant rebate negotiation consequences. The divergence in extent of additional benefit (where both agree on additional benefit) appears to be becoming less common over time. However, a slight converse time-trend appears regarding divergence on whether any additional benefit is offered, driven by increased incidence of G-BA deeming no additional benefit contrary to IQWiG. This emphasizes that companies should fully engage with the EBA consultation process post-IQWiG appraisal.
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Chandran, Venkatesan, Chandrashekhar K. Patil, Alagar Karthick, Dharmaraj Ganeshaperumal, Robbi Rahim, and Aritra Ghosh. "State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning Algorithms." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010038.
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The durability and reliability of battery management systems in electric vehicles to forecast the state of charge (SoC) is a tedious task. As the process of battery degradation is usually non-linear, it is extremely cumbersome work to predict SoC estimation with substantially less degradation. This paper presents the SoC estimation of lithium-ion battery systems using six machine learning algorithms for electric vehicles application. The employed algorithms are artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), linear regression (LR), Gaussian process regression (GPR), ensemble bagging (EBa), and ensemble boosting (EBo). Error analysis of the model is carried out to optimize the battery’s performance parameter. Finally, all six algorithms are compared using performance indices. ANN and GPR are found to be the best methods based on MSE and RMSE of (0.0004, 0.00170) and (0.023, 0.04118), respectively.
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van Lawick van Pabst, Devenney, and Verster. "Sex Differences in the Presence and Severity of Alcohol Hangover Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060867.
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Studies have demonstrated significant sex differences in alcohol intoxication effects. In contrast, the majority of studies on the alcohol hangover phase did not investigate sex differences. Therefore, the current study examined possible sex differences in the presence and severity of alcohol hangover symptoms. Data from n = 2446 Dutch students (male = 50.7%, female = 49.3%) were analyzed. They reported the presence and severity of 22 hangover symptoms experienced after their past month heaviest drinking occasion. Subjects were categorized according to their estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) and presence and severity of the hangover symptoms were compared between men and women. In the lowest eBAC group (0% ≤ eBAC < 0.08%), no significant sex differences were found. In the subsequent eBAC group (0.08% ≤ eBAC < 0.11%), severity of nausea was significantly higher in women than in men. In the third eBAC group (0.11% ≤ eBAC < 0.2%), women reported higher severity scores on nausea, tiredness, weakness, and dizziness than men. Men reported the presence of confusion significantly more often than women, and women reported the presence of shivering significantly more often than men. In the fourth eBAC group (0.2% ≤ eBAC < 0.3%), women reported higher severity scores on nausea and tiredness than men. In the highest eBAC group (0.3% ≤ eBAC < 0.4%), no significant sex differences were found. In conclusion, across the eBAC groups, severity scores of nausea and tiredness were higher in women than in men. However, albeit statistically significant, the observed sex differences in presence and severity of hangover symptoms were of small magnitude, and therefore, have little clinical relevance.
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Devor, D. C., A. K. Singh, R. A. Frizzell, and R. J. Bridges. "Modulation of Cl- secretion by benzimidazolones. I. Direct activation of a Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 271, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): L775—L784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.5.l775.
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We evaluated the effects of the novel benzimidazolone, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), on Cl- secretion across T84 monolayers. 1-EBIO stimulated a sustained Cl- secretory response at a half-maximal effective concentration of 490 microM. Charybdotoxin (CTX) inhibited the 1-EBIO-induced short-circuit current (Isc) with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 3.6 nM, whereas 293B, an inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-activated K+ channels, had no effect on the current induced by 1-EBIO. In contrast, CTX failed to inhibit the 293B-sensitive forskolin-induced Isc. The above results suggested that 1-EBIO may be activating the basolateral membrane Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel (KCa) in these cells. This was further confirmed using nystatin to permeabilize the apical membrane in the presence of a mucosa-to-serosa K+ gradient and determining the effects of 1-EBIO on the basolateral K+ current (IK). Under these conditions, 1-EBIO induced a large increase in IK that was blocked by CTX. In membrane vesicles prepared from T84 cells, 1-EBIO stimulated 86Rb+ uptake in a CTX-sensitive manner; the Ki for inhibition by CTX was 3.5 nM. Similar to our intact monolayer studies, this 86Rb+ uptake was not blocked by 293B. The effects of 1-EBIO on the KCa in T84 cells was determined in excised inside-out patches. 1-EBIO (100 microM) increased the product of the number of channels and the open channel probability from 0.09 +/- 0.03 to 1.17 +/- 0.27 (n = 8); this effect on KCa activity required a minimal level of free Ca2+. Similar to its effect on T84 cells, 1-EBIO stimulated a sustained Cl- secretory current in rat colonic epithelium, which was partially blocked by CTX. Finally, 1-EBIO stimulated a sustained Cl- secretory response in primary cultures of murine tracheal epithelium. We conclude that the benzimidazolone, 1-EBIO, stimulates Cl- secretion in secretory epithelia via the direct activation of a Kca. 1-EBIO is the first pharmacological opener of this important class of epithelial K+ channels to be identified.
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Dear, S. P., and N. Suga. "Delay-tuned neurons in the midbrain of the big brown bat." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1084–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1084.
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1. The auditory midbrain in Eptesicus contains delay-tuned neurons that encode target range. Most delay-tuned neurons respond poorly to tones or individual frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps and require combinations of FM sweeps. They are combination sensitive and delay tuned. The index of facilitation (IF), a coefficient measuring combination sensitivity for individual delay-tuned neurons, ranged from 0.14 to 1.0, with an average of 0.64 +/- 0.24 (mean +/- SD). Of the 33 facilitated responses from 29 neurons, 23 (70%) exhibited IFs > 0.5, which corresponds to a facilitated response 3 times greater than the sum of the responses to individual pulse and echoes. Thus the responses of midbrain delay-tuned neurons are highly combination sensitive. 2. The response of midbrain delay-tuned neurons is phasic, with an average of 0.7 +/- 0.4 action potentials elicited per optimal pulse-echo pair. Thus midbrain delay-tuned neurons in Eptesicus act as probability encoders. 3. The distribution of best echo delays (BDs) of midbrain delay-tuned neurons ranged from 8 to 30 ms. As an ensemble, midbrain delay-tuned neurons encode target ranges of 138-516 cm. There is a basic correspondence between the physiologically determined span of midbrain BDs between 8 and 30 ms and the behaviorally determined borders of the approach (8- to 17-ms echo delay) and search stages (17- to 30-ms echo delay) of the insect pursuit sequence. Midbrain delay-tuned neurons can be separated into two subpopulations on the basis of the difference in distributions of the echo best amplitude (EBA) tuning at BD. The BDs of one subpopulation correspond to the span of search stage echo delays, and the BDs of the other subpopulation correspond to the span of approach stage echo delays. 4. EBAs of neurons in each subpopulation are tailored to the specific perceptual requirements of the corresponding behavioral stage. EBAs of midbrain neurons tuned to echo delays between 17 and 30 ms (N = 12) correspond to the search stage and are suited to the requirements of target detection. EBAs of midbrain neurons tuned to echo delays between 17 and 30 ms (N = 21) correspond to the approach stage and are suited to the requirements of target size discrimination. 5. The best FM sweeps for the pulse (PFM) and echo (EFM) were determined for each midbrain neuron. PFMs appear to cluster at frequencies corresponding to the three harmonic peaks in the emitted pulse power spectra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Binay, Barış. "EBAT 2018." Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 49, no. 5 (April 28, 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2019.1608704.
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Bradley, Stephen P., Kelly A. Porter, and Jon K. Rust. "eBay, Inc." Journal of Interactive Marketing 14, no. 4 (2000): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6653(200023)14:4<73::aid-dir5>3.0.co;2-3.
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Bradley, Stephen P., Kelly A. Porter, and Jon K. Rust. "eBay, Inc." Journal of Interactive Marketing 14, no. 4 (2000): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6653(200023)14:4<73::aid-dir5>3.3.co;2-v.
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MacDougall, Robert. "eBay Ethics." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 16, no. 2 (April 28, 2010): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856509357584.
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Di Paolo, N., V. Bocci, D. P. Salvo, F. Palasciano, M. Biagioli, S. Meini, F. Galli, et al. "Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation (EBOO): A Controlled Trial in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease." International Journal of Artificial Organs 28, no. 10 (October 2005): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880502801012.
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Background Since 1990 our group has been using extracorporeal circulation to ozonate blood by an original method, known as extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO), with the aim of amplifying the results observed with ozone autohemotherapy. Objective To verify the hypothesis that EBOO improves the skin lesions typical of peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients. Methods Twenty-eight patients with PAD were randomized to receive EBOO or intravenous prostacyclin in a controlled clinical trial. The primary efficacy parameters were regression of skin lesions and pain, and improvement in quality of life and vascularisation. Results Patients treated with EBOO showed highly significant regression of skin lesions with respect to patients treated with prostacyclin. Other parameters that were significantly different in the two groups of patients were pain, pruritus, heavy legs and well-being. No significant differences in vascularisation of the lower limbs before and after treatment were found in either group. No side effects or complications were recorded during the 210 EBOO treatments. Conclusion EBOO was much more effective than prostacyclin for treating skin lesions in PAD patients and also had a positive effect on patient general condition without any apparent change in arterial circulation. This suggests other mechanisms of action of EBOO.
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Alvarez, Lawrence J., Aldo C. Zamudio, and Oscar A. Candia. "Cl− secretory effects of EBIO in the rabbit conjunctival epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 289, no. 1 (July 2005): C138—C147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00190.2004.
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Experiments were conducted to determine whether the Cl− secretagogue, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO), stimulates Cl− transport in the rabbit conjunctival epithelium. For this study, epithelia were isolated in an Ussing-type chamber under short-circuit conditions. The effects of EBIO on the short-circuit current ( Isc) and transepithelial resistance ( Rt) were measured under physiological conditions, as well as in experiments with altered electrolyte concentrations. Addition of 0.5 mM EBIO to the apical bath stimulated the control Isc by 64% and reduced Rt by 21% ( P < 0.05; paired data). Under Cl−-free conditions, Isc stimulation using EBIO was markedly attenuated. In the presence of an apical-to-basolateral K+ gradient and permeabilization of the apical membrane, the majority of the Isc reflected the transcellular movement of K+ via basolateral K+ channels. Under these conditions, EBIO in combination with A23187 elicited nearly instantaneous 60–90% increases in Isc that were sensitive to the calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium and the K+ channel blocker tetraethyl ammonium. In the presence of an apical-to-basolateral Cl− gradient and nystatin permeabilization of the basolateral aspect, EBIO increased the Cl−-dependent Isc, an effect prevented by the channel blocker glibenclamide (0.3 mM). The latter compound also was used to determine the proportion of EBIO-evoked unidirectional 36Cl− fluxes in the presence of the Cl− gradient that traversed the epithelium transcellularly. Overall, EBIO activated apical Cl− channels and basolateral K+ channels (presumably those that are Ca2+ dependent), thereby suggesting that this compound, or related derivatives, may be suitable as topical agents to stimulate fluid transport across the tissue in individuals with lacrimal gland deficiencies.
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Oser, Randall L., James W. Gualtieri, and Janis A. Cannon-Bowers. "Enhancing Training Systems Design: Implementing an Event-Based Approach." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 18 (October 1998): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201807.
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While human factors has become increasingly involved in many aspects of training systems design (e.g., displays, functional allocation), other aspects such as software architectures and databases, have not received the same level of involvement. These aspects are important because they provide the infrastructure by which the training environment is generated. Unfortunately, few frameworks exist to support the design of training infrastructures from a human factors perspective. One framework with potential application is the Event-Based Approach to Training (EBAT). EBAT has been empirically tested, and operationally demonstrated in numerous training environments. EBAT can guide the design of system infrastructures by highlighting linkages between all phases of training (e.g., exercise design, measurement, feedback). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of: (a) learning premises important for training system design, (b) the EBAT framework, (c) EBAT-derived design guidelines and engineering payoffs, and (d) future challenges for training systems design.
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Devor, D. C., A. K. Singh, R. J. Bridges, and R. A. Frizzell. "Modulation of Cl- secretion by benzimidazolones. II. Coordinate regulation of apical GCl and basolateral GK." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 271, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): L785—L795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.5.l785.
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We previously demonstrated that the novel benzimidazolone, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), stimulates a sustained Cl- secretory response across T84 monolayers by opening a Ca(2+)-dependent basolateral K+ channel. In the present work, we evaluated the effects on Cl-secretion of other benzimidazolones, NS-004 and NS-1619, which have been shown to open cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channels. In contrast to 1-EBIO, neither NS-004 nor NS-1619 stimulated a significant Cl- secretory current (Isc). Neither NS-004 nor NS-1619 increased Isc subsequent to forskolin stimulation. However, when added after 1-EBIO, NS-004 and NS-1619 stimulated large sustained increases in Isc. In addition, NS-004 and NS-1619 potentiated the effects of carbachol. We used nystatin to permeabilize the apical or basolateral membrane to determine the effects of NS-004 and 1-EBIO on the basolateral K+ (IK) and apical Cl- (ICl) currents. Both NS-004 and 1-EBIO increased ICl, and the stimulated currents were inhibited by glibenclamide. In contrast, NS-004 failed to significantly affect IK, but subsequent addition of 1-EBIO induced a large increase in IK. The effects of 1-EBIO, NS-004, and NS-1619 on the Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel (KCa) in T84 cells was determined in excised inside-out patches. Neither NS-004 nor NS-1619 affected K+ channel activity, whereas the subsequent addition of 1-EBIO produced a marked channel activation. Results similar to those observed in T84 monolayers were obtained from murine airway cell primary cultures: NS-004 or NS-1619 had no effect on Isc, whereas 1-EBIO stimulated a sustained Cl- secretory response. The results demonstrate that activation of CFTR alone is insufficient to evoke transepithelial Cl- secretion. Activation of the basolateral membrane K+ channel is a necessary component of the secretory response. Thus the basolateral membrane KCa may be a novel pharmacological target in cystic fibrosis therapy.
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Rajinikanth, V., and K. Latha. "Controller Parameter Optimization for Nonlinear Systems Using Enhanced Bacteria Foraging Algorithm." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/214264.
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An enhanced bacteria foraging optimization (EBFO) algorithm-based Proportional + integral + derivative (PID) controller tuning is proposed for a class of nonlinear process models. The EBFO algorithm is a modified form of standard BFO algorithm. A multiobjective performance index is considered to guide the EBFO algorithm for discovering the best possible value of controller parameters. The efficiency of the proposed scheme has been validated through a comparative study with classical BFO, adaptive BFO, PSO, and GA based controller tuning methods proposed in the literature. The proposed algorithm is tested in real time on a nonlinear spherical tank system. The real-time results show that, EBFO tuned PID controller gives a smooth response for setpoint tracking performance.
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Bongiovanni, Dario, Constantin Kühl, Sabine Bleiziffer, Lynne Stecher, Felix Poch, Martin Greif, Julinda Mehilli, et al. "Emergency treatment of decompensated aortic stenosis." Heart 104, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311037.
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ObjectiveThe optimal treatment of patients with acute and severe decompensation of aortic stenosis is unclear due to recent advances in transcatheter interventions and supportive therapies. Our aim was to assess the early outcome of emergency transcatheter aortic valve implantation (eTAVI) versus emergency balloon aortic valvuloplasty (eBAV) followed by TAVI under elective circumstances.MethodsEmergency conditions were defined as: cardiogenic shock with requirement of catecholamine therapy, severe acute dyspnoea (NYHA IV), cardiac resuscitation or mechanic respiratory support. The data were collected according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium 2 (VARC-2) criteria.ResultsIn five German centres, 23 patients (logistic Euroscore 37.7%±18.1) underwent eTAVI and 118 patients underwent eBAV (logistic Euroscore 35.3%±20.8). In the eTAVI group, immediate procedural mortality was 8.7%, compared with 20.3% for the eBAV group (p=0.19). After 30 days, cardiovascular mortality for the eTAVI group was 23.8% and for the eBAV group 33.0% (p=0.40). Analyses adjusting for potential confounders did not provide evidence of a difference between groups. Of note, the elective TAVI performed after eBAV (n=32, logistic Euroscore 25.9%±13.9) displayed an immediate procedural mortality of 9.4% and a cardiovascular mortality after 30 days of 15.6%. Major vascular complications were significantly more likely to occur after eTAVI (p=0.01) as well as stroke (p=0.01).ConclusionIn this multicentre cohort, immediate procedural and 30-day mortality of eTAVI and eBAV were high, and mortality of secondary TAVI subsequent to eBAV was higher than expected. Randomised study data are required to define the role of emergency TAVI in tertiary care centres with current device generations.
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Chen, Syuan-Yi, Cheng-Yen Lee, Chien-Hsun Wu, and Yi-Hsuan Hung. "Intelligent motion control of voice coil motor using PID-based fuzzy neural network with optimized membership function." Engineering Computations 33, no. 8 (November 7, 2016): 2302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2015-0250.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a proportional-integral-derivative-based fuzzy neural network (PIDFNN) with elitist bacterial foraging optimization (EBFO)-based optimal membership functions (PIDFNN-EBFO) position controller to control the voice coil motor (VCM) for tracking reference trajectory accurately. Design/methodology/approach Because the control characteristics of the VCM are highly nonlinear and time varying, a PIDFNN, which integrates adaptive PID control with fuzzy rules, is proposed to control the mover position of the VCM. Moreover, an EBFO algorithm is further proposed to find the initial optimal fuzzy membership functions for the PIDFNN controller. Findings Due to the gradient descent method used in back propagation (BP) to derive the on-line learning algorithm for the PIDFNN, it may reach the local optimal solution due to the inappropriate initial values. Hence, a hybrid learning method, which includes BP and EBFO algorithms, is proposed to improve the learning performance of the PIDFNN controller. Research limitations/implications Future work will consider reducing the computational burden of bacterial foraging optimization algorithm for on-line parameters optimization. Practical implications The real-time control system is implemented on a 32-bit floating-point digital signal processor (DSP). The experimental results demonstrate the favorable effectiveness of the proposed PIDFNN-EBFO controlled VCM system. Originality/value A new PIDFNN-EBFO control scheme is proposed and implemented via DSP for real-time VCM position control. The experimental results show the superior control performance of the proposed PIDFNN-EBFO compared with the other control systems.
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Pezzuti, Lina, Caterina Laicardi, and Marco Lauriola. "Validity of the Elderly Behavior Assessment for Relatives (EBAR)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.16.1.77.
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Summary: An Elderly Behavior Assessment for Relatives (EBAR), updating the GERRI ( Schwartz, 1983 ), was administered to relatives (or significant others) of 349 elderly persons, from 60 to over 80 years of age, living at home, in good health and without cognitive impairment. A trained psychologist administered subjects the Life Satisfaction for Elderly Scale (LSES), the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and personally answered to an overall elderly behavior rating scale (RA). EBAR items were first examined. The more attractive and less discriminative statements were excluded. A principal components analysis was carried out on the remaining EBAR items. Three factors were extracted. After varimax rotation they were tentatively labeled: Everyday Cognitive Functioning, Depression, and Hostility. Factor-driven EBAR subscales were designed, taking into account simpler items in the factor matrix. Results provide evidence for EBAR construct validity. Everyday Cognitive Functioning is connected to the IADL and the RA scores; Depression is very highly related to the LSES; Hostility is weakly related to RA, IADL, and MMSE, indicating that the scale needs further investigation.
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Galván Plaza, Rogelio. "El reconocimiento hidrológico del valle del Ebro efectuado por Antonio de Mesa en 1863." Geographicalia, no. 53 (May 26, 2015): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_geoph/geoph.2008531101.
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La memoria del “Reconocimiento del valle del Ebro” elaborada por Pedro Antonio de Mesa en 1865 como colofón de los trabajos de las brigadas hidrológicas de la Junta General de Estadística, constituye un documento inapreciable por la descripción geográfica, principalmente hidrológica pero no sólo, que realiza de la cuenca del Ebro. Un análisis en detalle del mismo permite la valoración adecuada de la labor pionera de Antonio de Mesa, así como servir de testimonio de referencia de la evolución operada en la cuenca del Ebro desde entonces.
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Itako, A. T., K. R. F. Schwan-Estrada, J. R. Stangarlin, J. B. Tolentino Júnior, and M. E. S. Cruz. "CONTROLE DE CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM EM TOMATEIRO POR EXTRATOS DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 76, no. 1 (March 2009): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v76p0752009.
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RESUMO Atualmente, tem-se estudado a utilização de extratos de plantas medicinais no controle de fitopatógenos. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a fungitoxidade in vitrodos extratos brutos aquosos (EBAs) de Achillea millefolium, Artemisia camphorata, Cymbopogon citratus e Rosmarinus officinalis contra Cladosporium fulvum e o efeito protetor destes extratos para a cladosporiose em plantas de tomateiro em casa-de-vegetação. Para avaliar a atividade antifúngica, os EBAs foram incorporados ao meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose e ágar) e avaliada a inibição do crescimento micelial, a esporulação e a germinação de esporos. O efeito protetor em plantas foi verificado através da pulverização preventiva dos EBAs, 72h antes da inoculação, nas concentrações de 10% e 20%, no primeiro par de folhas. A severidade da doença foi verificada 20 dias após a inoculação, que ocorreu no 1 o e 2o par de folhas. A atividade ativação da enzima de defesa peroxidase foi avaliada por método espectrofotométrico direto em folhas coletadas 72h após a inoculação. Verificou-se que os EBAs inibiram o crescimento micelial e tiveram efeitos significativos na redução da esporulação e da germinação de esporos, principalmente os EBAs de A. camphorata e R. officinalis, que nas concentrações de 20% e 40% reduziram 85,72% e 93,49% a esporulação, respectivamente. Verificou-se, in vivo, uma redução no número de lesões e uma possível indução resistência dos EBAs, principalmente para A. camphorata e R. officinalis. A atividade de peroxidase não teve incrementos significativos em relação à testemunha, no tempo analisado.
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González-Sampériz, P., P. Utrilla, C. Mazo, B. Valero-Garcés, MC Sopena, M. Morellón, M. Sebastián, A. Moreno, and M. Martínez-Bea. "Patterns of human occupation during the early Holocene in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain) in response to the 8.2 ka climatic event." Quaternary Research 71, no. 2 (March 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.10.006.
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AbstractThe Central Ebro River Basin (NE Spain) is the most northern area of truly semi-arid Mediterranean climate in Europe and prehistoric human occupation there has been strongly influenced by this extreme environmental condition. Modern climate conditions single out this region due to the harsh environment, characterised by the highest absolute summer temperatures of the Ebro River Basin. The Bajo Aragón region (SE Ebro River Basin) was intensively populated during the Early Holocene (9400–8200 cal yr BP) but the settlements were abandoned abruptly at around 8200 cal yr BP. We propose that this “archaeological silence” was caused by the regional impact of the global abrupt 8.2 ka cold event. Available regional paleoclimate archives demonstrate the existence of an aridity crisis then that interrupted the humid Early Holocene. That environmental crisis would have forced hunter-gatherer groups from the Bajo Aragón to migrate to regions with more favourable conditions (i.e. more humid mountainous areas) and only return in the Neolithic. Coherently, archaeological sites persist during this crisis in the nearby Iberian Range (Maestrazgo) and the North Ebro River area (Pre-Pyrenean mountains and along the northwestern Ebro Basin).
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White, Michele. "Engaged with eBay." Feminist Media Studies 11, no. 3 (September 2011): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2010.535314.
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Bray, Mike. "The role of the Type I interferon response in the resistance of mice to filovirus infection." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-6-1365.
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Adult immunocompetent mice inoculated with Ebola (EBO) or Marburg (MBG) virus do not become ill. A suckling-mouse-passaged variant of EBO Zaire ’76 (‘mouse-adapted EBO-Z’) causes rapidly lethal infection in adult mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, but does not cause apparent disease when inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.). A series of experiments showed that both forms of resistance to infection are mediated by the Type I interferon response. Mice lacking the cell-surface IFN-α/β receptor died within a week after inoculation of EBO-Z ’76, EBO Sudan, MBG Musoke or MBG Ravn, or after s.c. challenge with mouse-adapted EBO-Z. EBO Reston and EBO Ivory Coast did not cause illness, but immunized the mice against subsequent challenge with mouse-adapted EBO-Z. Normal adult mice treated with antibodies against murine IFN-α/β could also be lethally infected with i.p.-inoculated EBO-Z ’76 or EBO Sudan and with s.c.-inoculated mouse-adapted EBO-Z. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice became ill 3–4 weeks after inoculation with EBO-Z ’76, EBO Sudan or MBG Ravn, but not the other viruses. Treatment with anti-IFN-α/β antibodies markedly accelerated the course of EBO-Z ’76 infection. Antibody treatment blocked the effect of a potent antiviral drug, 3-deazaneplanocin A, indicating that successful filovirus therapy may require the active participation of the Type I IFN response. Mice lacking an IFN-α/β response resemble primates in their susceptibility to rapidly progressive, overwhelming filovirus infection. The outcome of filovirus transfer between animal species appears to be determined by interactions between the virus and the innate immune response.
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Wong, Hay. "Bitmap generation from computer-aided design for potential layer-quality evaluation in electron beam additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 5 (January 11, 2020): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2019-0146.
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Purpose Electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) technique used by many industrial sectors. In EBAM process monitoring, data analysis is focused on information extraction directly from the raw data collected in-process, i.e. thermal/optical/electronic images, and the comparison between the collected data and the computed tomography/microscopy images generated after the EBAM process. This paper aims to postulate that a stack of bitmaps could be generated from the computer-aided design (CAD) at a range of Z heights and user-defined region of interest during file preparation of the EBAM process, and serve as a reference image set. Design/methodology/approach Comparison between that and the workpiece images collected during the EBAM process could then be used for quality assessment purposes. In spite of the extensive literature on CAD slicing and contour generation for AM process preparation, the method of bitmap generation from the CAD model at different field of views (FOVs) has not been disseminated in detail. This article presents a piece of custom CAD-bitmap generation software and an experiment demonstrating the application of the software alongside an electronic imaging system prototype. Findings Results show that the software is capable of generating binary bitmaps with user-defined Z heights, image dimensions and image FOVs from the CAD model; and can generate reference bitmaps to work with workpiece electronic images for potential pixel-to-pixel image comparison. Originality/value It is envisaged that this CAD-bitmap image generation ability opens up new opportunities in quality assessment for the in-process monitoring of the EBAM process.
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Kaur, Dominder, Bryce A. Kerlin, Joseph R. Stanek, and Sarah H. O'Brien. "Use of Electronic Self-Administered Bleeding Assessment Tool in Diagnosis of Pediatric Bleeding Disorders." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117782.
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Abstract Introduction: The utility of bleeding assessment tools (BAT) as predictors of bleeding diatheses has been well established, but their utilization in the current era of electronic medical records is limited by their tediousness. Self-administered bleeding questionnaires are increasingly recognized as valid tools for guiding coagulation evaluation, shifting the onus from physicians to patients. A recent study by Casey et al evaluated use of a self-administered pediatric bleeding questionnaire (self PBQ), but the focus was on validation of the tool for screening of von Willebrand disease, and the results have not been replicated. Also, the self-PBQ, still being pen-paper based, has similar limitations as other BATs. Our study evaluates the use of an electronic version of the self-administered pediatric bleeding questionnaire through a tablet/smart device - an "eBAT", with patients and their parents reporting the patient's bleeding symptoms prior to a hematology evaluation visit. Objectives: Primary objective was to determine the accuracy of the patient/parent self-administered eBAT by determining the level of agreement between patient/parent response and physician interview based response to the same bleeding report questionnaire (P-BAT). Methods: New patients referred to a pediatric hematology clinic for evaluation of a possible bleeding disorder were approached to participate in this study. Consenting families answered the bleeding questionnaires twice - once via a self-administered eBAT questionnaire on a tablet device via REDCap® and once through a physician administered version. The participants were randomly assigned to completing the eBAT first or the P-BAT first. The questionnaire utilized has been validated for use for minimum grade 4 reading level and patients older than 9 years of age were allowed to respond to the questionnaire themselves with help from their parents. We carried out an interim analysis as designed a priori for the study results. We assessed the correlation between eBAT and P-BAT scores and calculated the Spearman's correlation coefficient and Cochran's Kappa statistic (≥ 0.6 reflecting substantial and ≥0.9 reflecting almost perfect degrees of agreement). Results: As part of the interim analysis, we studied 48 questionnaire response pairs. Median age of subjects was 12.8 years (range: 0.04 - 20.99). The median time required for patients or parents to complete the eBAT was 6 minutes (2 - 28), with only 25% patients (n=12) requiring longer than 10 mins. There was very strong correlation of bleeding scores noted when comparing eBAT and P-BAT scores, (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.94, Figure 1). A weighted Kappa statistic for the comparison between self eBAT and P-BAT was 0.697; indicating substantial agreement between the bleeding scores based upon physician interviews and self-reported symptoms (p-value <0.0001). On the eBAT, 75% (n=36) of patients had scores considered abnormal for children (≥3), whereas 68.8% (n=33) of patients had abnormal scores with the P-BAT (p=0.25). Out of this population, 43.8% (n=21) of patients had a specific bleeding diathesis diagnosis (von Willebrand disease or low von Willebrand factor levels, n=8, platelet function abnormality or platelet storage pool disease, n=6, other factor deficiencies, n=5 or transient coagulation abnormalities due to inhibitors, n=2). The eBAT scored per the self-PBQ based key had a sensitivity of 77.3% (95 % CI 54.6 - 92.2%), a specificity of 28% (95 % CI 12.1 - 49.4%), a positive predictive value of 48.6% (95 % CI 40.4 - 56.9%) and a negative predictive value of 58.33 % (95% CI: 34.12 - 79.10%) for identifying a bleeding disorder. Conclusions & Future Directions: In a pediatric hematology specialty clinic setting, the information gained from the eBAT was noted to be very comparable to the physician administered bleeding questionnaire in this interim analysis, with 75% of participants being able to complete the eBAT in under 10 minutes. The clinical application of eBAT has the potential to improve utilization of bleeding scores in the evaluation of patients with possible bleeding diatheses by addressing the limitations of a paper-pen based survey. Future work will focus on translating the electronic information from the eBAT to the patient medical record in real time, in the form of pertinent history data and bleeding scores. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Cuthbert, A. W., M. E. Hickman, P. Thorn, and L. J. MacVinish. "Activation of Ca2+- and cAMP-sensitive K+ channels in murine colonic epithelia by 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolone." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): C111—C120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.1.c111.
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1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolone (EBIO) caused a sustained increase in electrogenic Cl− secretion in isolated mouse colon mucosae, an effect reduced by blocking basolateral K+ channels. The Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel blocker charybdotoxin (ChTX) and the cAMP-sensitive K+channel blocker 293B were more effective when the other had been added first, suggesting that both types of K+ channel were activated. EBIO did not cause Cl− secretion in cystic fibrosis (CF) colonic epithelia. In apically permeabilized colonic mucosae, EBIO increased the K+ current when a concentration gradient was imposed, an effect that was completely sensitive to ChTX. No current sensitive to trans-6-cyano-4-( N-ethylsulfonyl- N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane (293B) was found in this condition. However, the presence of basolateral cAMP-sensitive K+channels was demonstrated by the development of a 293B-sensitive K+ current after cAMP application in permeabilized mucosae. In isolated colonic crypts EBIO increased cAMP content but had no effect on intracellular Ca2+. It is concluded that EBIO stimulates Cl−secretion by activating Ca2+-sensitive and cAMP-sensitive K+ channels, thereby hyperpolarizing the apical membrane, which increases the electrical gradient for Cl− efflux through the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is also activated by the accumulation of cAMP as well as by direct activation.
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Kune, Simon Juan, and Adeline Norawati Hutapea. "EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN INPUT USAHATANI BAWANG PUTIH LOKAL EBANDI MIOMAFFO BARAT KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH UTARA." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 6, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2018.v06.i01.p05.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran usahatani dan menganalisis efisiensi teknis dan alokatif usahatani bawang putih lokal Eban dengan menggunakan metode survei sedangkan data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Analisa data menggunakan analisis desriptif dan analisis stokhastic frontier. Hasil penelitian gambaran umum usahatani bawang putih lokal Eban meliputi; persiapanlahan, persiapan bibit, penanaman, pemeliharaan dan panen. Sementara secara teknis usahatani bawang putih lokal Eban sudah efisien dimana analisis yang dilakukan untuk 50 responden menunjukan rata-rata efisien yang dicapai sebesar 92 % sementara secara alokatif usahatani bawang putih lokal belum efisien karena hasil perhitungan NPMx/px > 1.
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Negi, Seema, Athul Arun Nambolan, Sajan Kapil, Prathamesh Shreekant Joshi, Manivannan R., K. P. Karunakaran, and Parag Bhargava. "Review on electron beam based additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 3 (November 23, 2019): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2019-0182.
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Purpose Electron beam-based additive manufacturing (EBAM) is an emerging technology to produce metal parts layer-by-layer. The purpose of this paper is to systematically address the research and development carried out for this technology, up till now. Design/methodology/approach This paper identifies several aspects of research and development in EBAM. Findings Electron beam has several unique advantages such as high scanning speed, energy efficiency, versatility for several materials and better part integrity because of a vacuum working environment. Originality/value This paper provides information on different aspects of EBAM with the current status and future scope.
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IKEGAMI, T., M. SAIJO, M. NIIKURA, M. E. MIRANDA, A. B. CALAOR, M. HERNANDEZ, D. L. MANALO, I. KURANE, Y. YOSHIKAWA, and S. MORIKAWA. "Immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using truncated nucleoproteins of Reston Ebola virus." Epidemiology and Infection 130, no. 3 (June 2003): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803008264.
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We developed an immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using partial recombinant nucleoproteins (rNP) of Reston Ebola virus (EBO-R) and Zaire Ebola virus (EBO-Z). We examined the reaction of 10 sera from cynomolgus macaques naturally infected with EBO-R to each of the partial rNP in the IgG ELISA. All the sera reacted to the C-terminal halves of the rNP of both EBO-R and EBO-Z. Most of the sera reacted to the RΔC (amino acid (aa) 360–739), and RΔ6 (aa 451–551) and/or RΔ8 (aa 631–739) at a higher dilution than to the corresponding truncated rNPs of EBO-Z. The results indicate that this IgG ELISA is useful for detecting EBO-R specific antibody, and may have a potential to discriminate EBO-R infection from other subtypes.
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Devor, D. C., A. K. Singh, A. C. Gerlach, R. A. Frizzell, and R. J. Bridges. "Inhibition of intestinal Cl- secretion by clotrimazole: direct effect on basolateral membrane K+ channels." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): C531—C540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.2.c531.
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We evaluated the effects of clotrimazole and clofibrate on Ca(2+)- and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated Cl- secretion in the colonic cell line, T84. We used 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO) to activate the Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel (KCa) in these cells to induce a sustained Cl- secretory current (Isc). Clotrimazole potently inhibited the KCa-dependent Isc, with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.27 +/- 0.02 microM. Clofibrate also inhibited the 1-EBIO-induced Isc albeit with lower affinity (Ki = 6.5 +/- 1.2 microM). Clotrimazole (10 microM) inhibited the Isc response to the Ca(2+)-mediated agonist, carbachol, by 82%. Similarly, both clotrimazole and clofibrate inhibited cAMP-mediated Cl- secretion, with Ki values of 5.2 +/- 1.0 and 6.7 +/- 1.1 microM, respectively. We used nystatin to permeabilize the apical or basolateral membrane to determine the effects of clotrimazole and clofibrate on the basolateral K+ (IK) and apical Cl- (ICl) currents following stimulation by either 1-EBIO or forskolin. Both clotrimazole and clofibrate inhibited the 1-EBIO- and forskolin-induced IK without affecting ICl. We determined the effects of clotrimazole and clofibrate on KCa using 86Rb+ uptake studies into membrane vesicles. Both clotrimazole and clofibrate inhibited the 1-EBIO-induced 86Rb+ uptake, with Ki values of 0.31 +/- 0.08 and 10.8 +/- 5.5 microM, respectively. Similarly, clotrimazole inhibited the Ca(2+)-induced 86Rb+ uptake with a Ki of 0.51 +/- 0.15 microM. Charybdotoxin inhibited both the 1-EBIO- and Ca(2+)-induced 86Rb+ uptakes with similar affinities (Ki values of 0.57 +/- 0.07 and 0.47 +/- 0.08 nM, respectively), suggesting 1-EBIO and Ca2+ activate the same channel (KCa) in this assay. In excised, single-channel recordings both clotrimazole and clofibrate inhibited KCa, demonstrating a direct inhibition of the channel by these compounds. We demonstrate that clotrimazole blocks the intestinal KCa, thereby inhibiting Cl- secretion. These results suggest that clotrimazole may be useful as an antidiarrheal.
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Di Paolo, N., V. Bocci, F. Cappelletti, G. Petrini, and E. Gaggiotti. "Necrotizing Fasciitis Successfully Treated with Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonization (EBOO)." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 12 (December 2002): 1194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202501212.
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A case of necrotizing fasciitis in a dialysis patient is described. Since traditional therapies were unsuccessful, extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) was tried. This technique is no longer in the experimental stage and is used routinely in our hospital. Patient condition improved radically after EBOO.
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Nanda Kumar, N. S., Satish K. Singh, and Vazhaikkurichi M. Rajendran. "Mucosal potassium efflux mediated via Kcnn4 channels provides the driving force for electrogenic anion secretion in colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 299, no. 3 (September 2010): G707—G714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00101.2010.
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Intermediate conductance K+ (Kcnn4) channels are present in both mucosal and serosal membranes of colon. However, only serosal Kcnn4 channels have been shown to be essential for agonist-induced (cAMP and Ca2+) anion secretion. The present study sought to determine whether mucosal Kcnn4 channels also play a role in colonic anion secretion. Mucosal-to-serosal and serosal-to-mucosal unidirectional 86Rb (K+ surrogate) fluxes as well as short-circuit current ( Isc; a measure of anion secretion) were measured under voltage-clamp conditions in distal colon from rats fed either a standard or K+-free diet. 5,6-Dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-one (DC-EBIO) was used to activate Kcnn4 channels. Mucosal DC-EBIO both induced K+ secretion and enhanced anion secretion in normal rat distal colon. The DC-EBIO-induced K+ secretion was completely blocked by nonspecific (Ba2+) and Kcnn4-specific (TRAM-34) inhibitors, but was not blocked by the large-conductance K+ (iberiotoxin), small-conductance K+ (apamin), or KCNQ1 (chromanol 293B) specific blockers. Ba2+ and TRAM-34 also inhibited DC-EBIO-enhanced anion secretion. The DC-EBIO-enhanced anion secretion was completely inhibited by the nonspecific anion channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropyl-amino)benzoic acid, whereas it was only partially inhibited by CFTR [CFTRinh-172, glibenclamide]- and CaCC (niflumic acid)-specific Cl− channel blockers. In contrast, mucosal DC-EBIO-enhanced K+ and anion secretion was not present in distal colon of dietary K-depleted rats, indicating absence of mucosal Kcnn4 channels. These observations indicate that mucosal Kcnn4 channels are capable of driving agonist-induced anion secretion mediated via CFTR and CaCC and likely contribute to stool K+ losses that accompany diarrheal illnesses.
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Ikegami, Tetsuro, Masahiro Niikura, Masayuki Saijo, Mary E. Miranda, Alan B. Calaor, Marvin Hernandez, Luz P. Acosta, et al. "Antigen Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Specific Detection of Reston Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 4 (July 2003): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.4.552-557.2003.
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ABSTRACT Antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most useful methods to detect Ebola virus rapidly. We previously developed an antigen capture ELISA using a monoclonal antibody (MAb), 3-3D, which reacted not only to the nucleoprotein (NP) of Zaire Ebola virus (EBO-Z) but also to the NPs of Sudan (EBO-S) and Reston Ebola (EBO-R) viruses. In this study, we developed antigen capture ELISAs using two novel MAbs, Res2-6C8 and Res2-1D8, specific to the NP of EBO-R. Res2-6C8 and Res2-1D8 recognized epitopes consisting of 4 and 8 amino acid residues, respectively, near the C-terminal region of the EBO-R NP. The antigen capture ELISAs using these two MAbs detected the EBO-R NP in the tissues from EBO-R-infected cynomolgus macaques. The antigen capture ELISAs using Res2-6C8 and Res2-1D8 are useful for the rapid detection of the NP in EBO-R-infected cynomolgus macaques.
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Berman, Anne H., Claes Andersson, Mikael Gajecki, Ingvar Rosendahl, Kristina Sinadinovic, and Matthijs Blankers. "Smartphone Apps Targeting Hazardous Drinking Patterns among University Students Show Differential Subgroup Effects over 20 Weeks: Results from a Randomized, Controlled Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111807.
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Overconsumption of alcohol, from hazardous to excessive, heavy, and harmful levels, is common among university students. Consenting Swedish students were assigned to one of two smartphone apps offering feedback on estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC; Promillekoll/PartyPlanner) or assessment only (n = 2166; 1:1:1 ratio). App participants with excessive drinking according to public health criteria (>9/>14 drinks/week for women/men, respectively) at a 7 week follow-up were additionally assigned to the skills-based TeleCoach app or waitlist (n = 186; 1:1 ratio). All participants were followed at 14 and 20 weeks. At 7 weeks, Promillekoll users showed higher risk of excessive drinking (odds ratio (OR) = 1.83; p ≤ 0.01; n = 1558). Students in eBAC app groups with only hazardous use showed fewer binge drinking occasions at 14 weeks and lower eBAC levels up to 20 weeks compared to controls (n = 1157). Also, more highly motivated participants at baseline in both eBAC app groups drank less compared to controls at 7 and 20 weeks. Hidden Markov model analysis revealed a frequent-heavy drinking group (n = 146; 4.6 days/week, SD = 1.4), where those with access to TeleCoach had fewer drinking days compared to assessment-only controls (p < 0.001). eBAC apps showed positive effects up to 20 weeks, particularly for motivated students, and a skills-based app can reduce consumption for those with frequent-heavy drinking patterns.
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Black, Gregory S. "A comparison of the characteristics of eBay consumers and eBay nonconsumers." Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice 9, no. 1 (July 2007): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dddmp.4350066.
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Becher, Tobias, Paul Cohen, Andreas Wibmer, and Daniel J. Kramer. "2338 Identifying the genetic determinants of human brown adipose tissue." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.82.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) increases energy expenditure by dissipating chemical energy as heat. The combustion of glucose and lipids produces beneficial metabolic effects and renders BAT an attractive target to battle obesity and associated diseases. The majority of adults do not display active BAT on positron emission tomography (PET) without prior cold exposure. Interestingly, a fraction of individuals with BAT positive PET scans exhibits excessive BAT (eBAT) activity, indicating a possible underlying genetic contributor. We aim to identify genetic determinants of BAT activity by studying individuals with eBAT activity using next-generation sequencing. A cellular model will be used to validate variants and perform in-depth pathway analysis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed a retrospective review of PET scans over a period of 12 months in patients presenting with suspected or diagnosed cancer (n=20,348). The distribution of BAT positive individuals (n=1251) was used to implement a threshold to define eBAT activity. Samples from prospectively recruited individuals with BAT activity above the threshold will undergo whole exome sequencing. Variants associated with eBAT activity will be engineered into an immortalized BAT cell line using CRISPR to validate results and perform in-depth pathway analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect to identify genetic variants associated with eBAT. Studying the effects of these variants on thermogenesis followed by in-depth pathway analysis in genetically engineered cellular and mouse models may enable us to find new regulators of BAT activity. These findings may eventually contribute to the development of new drugs targeting obesity and its sequelae. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The contribution of genetic factors to individual BAT activity is currently unknown. Identifying individuals with eBAT on PET scans and studying the underlying genetic determinants may provide the foundation for the discovery of new pathways for BAT activation.
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Loeb, Norman G., David R. Doelling, Hailan Wang, Wenying Su, Cathy Nguyen, Joseph G. Corbett, Lusheng Liang, Cristian Mitrescu, Fred G. Rose, and Seiji Kato. "Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) Edition-4.0 Data Product." Journal of Climate 31, no. 2 (January 2018): 895–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0208.1.
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The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) top-of-atmosphere (TOA), Edition 4.0 (Ed4.0), data product is described. EBAF Ed4.0 is an update to EBAF Ed2.8, incorporating all of the Ed4.0 suite of CERES data product algorithm improvements and consistent input datasets throughout the record. A one-time adjustment to shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) TOA fluxes is made to ensure that global mean net TOA flux for July 2005–June 2015 is consistent with the in situ value of 0.71 W m−2. While global mean all-sky TOA flux differences between Ed4.0 and Ed2.8 are within 0.5 W m−2, appreciable SW regional differences occur over marine stratocumulus and snow/sea ice regions. Marked regional differences in SW clear-sky TOA flux occur in polar regions and dust areas over ocean. Clear-sky LW TOA fluxes in EBAF Ed4.0 exceed Ed2.8 in regions of persistent high cloud cover. Owing to substantial differences in global mean clear-sky TOA fluxes, the net cloud radiative effect in EBAF Ed4.0 is −18 W m−2 compared to −21 W m−2 in EBAF Ed2.8. The overall uncertainty in 1° × 1° latitude–longitude regional monthly all-sky TOA flux is estimated to be 3 W m−2 [one standard deviation (1 σ)] for the Terra-only period and 2.5 W m−2 for the Terra– Aqua period both for SW and LW fluxes. The SW clear-sky regional monthly flux uncertainty is estimated to be 6 W m−2 for the Terra-only period and 5 W m−2 for the Terra– Aqua period. The LW clear-sky regional monthly flux uncertainty is 5 W m−2 for Terra only and 4.5 W m−2 for Terra– Aqua.
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Shibagaki, Masami, Masataka Satoh, Yasumi Kurematsu, Kenji Numajiri, Fumio Watanabe, Shigetaka Haga, Kuniaki Miura, Tomoyuki Suzuki, and Shohei Miyagawa. "Development and Investigation on EBAS-100 of 100 mm Diameter Wafer for 4H-SiC Post Ion Implantation Annealing." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.807.
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We developed EBAS-100, which is available to 100 mm diameter SiC wafer, for post ion implantation annealing in order to realize silicon carbide (SiC) device with large volume production. EBAS-100 is able to perform the rapid thermal process due to the vacuum thermal insulation and small heat capacity of susceptor. Electrical power consumption density was 18.8 Wh/cm2 for EBAS-100, which is one-third smaller than that of our previous system (EBAS-50). Samples used in this study were p-type epitaxial 4H-SiC (0001) grown on 8o off SiC substrate. P+ ions (total dose; 2.0 x 1016 /cm2, thickness; 350 nm) were implanted into SiC samples at 500 oC. The root-mean-square (RMS) of surface roughness is estimated to be 0.21 nm for the sample annealed at 1700 oC for 5 min, which is much smooth than that of the sample annealed by the conventional RF inductive annealing (RMS value: 5.97 nm). Averaged sheet resistance (RS) value of 63.3 ohm/sq. is obtained with the excellent non-uniformity of RS (+/- 1.4 %) for the diameter of 76.0 mm.
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Wool-Lewis, Rouven J., and Paul Bates. "Endoproteolytic Processing of the Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoprotein: Cleavage Is Not Required for Function." Journal of Virology 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.2.1419-1426.1999.
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ABSTRACT Proteolytic processing is required for the activation of numerous viral glycoproteins. Here we show that the envelope glycoprotein from the Zaire strain of Ebola virus (Ebo-GP) is proteolytically processed into two subunits, GP1 and GP2, that are likely covalently associated through a disulfide linkage. Murine leukemia virions pseudotyped with Ebo-GP contain almost exclusively processed glycoprotein, indicating that this is the mature form of Ebo-GP. Mutational analysis identified a dibasic motif, reminiscent of furin-like protease processing sites, as the Ebo-GP cleavage site. However, analysis of Ebo-GP processing in LoVo cells that lack the proprotein convertase furin demonstrated that furin is not required for processing of Ebo-GP. In sharp contrast to other viral systems, we found that an uncleaved mutant of Ebo-GP was able to mediate infection of various cell lines as efficiently as the wild-type, proteolytically cleaved glycoprotein, indicating that cleavage is not required for the activation of Ebo-GP despite the conservation of a dibasic cleavage site in all filoviral envelope glycoproteins.
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Cadiñanos Bardeci, Inocencio. "Precisiones sobre la sinagoga de Miranda de Ebro." Sefarad 54, no. 1 (June 30, 1994): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.1994.v54.i1.932.
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El edificio de la sinagoga de Miranda de Ebro ha sido localizado en muy distintos puntos de la ciudad. Hoy, gracias a la aparición de nuevos documentos, podemos fijar con bastante precisión su emplazamiento. Se hallaba en la todavía denominada calle de los Judíos, adosada a las murallas que separaban y protegían dicha calle del cauce del Ebro.
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Hall, Mark R., Donald Hanks, William Kvasnicka, Alan Bosomworth, Harry Smith, Jeffrey L. Stott, Myra T. Blanchard, and Mark L. Anderson. "Diagnosis of Epizootic Bovine Abortion in Nevada and Identification of the Vector." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, no. 3 (May 2002): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400303.
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In the 43 years since the first description in California, epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) has been considered but not definitively diagnosed as a cause of late-term abortions on Nevada ranches. Examination of aborted full-term bovine fetuses obtained from Nevada ranches revealed gross abnormalities consistent with EBA (enlarged lymph nodes, petechial hemorrhages of the oral mucosa and conjunctiva, ascites, and splenohepatomegaly), and EBA was confirmed by histologic examination of fetal tissues. The histologic thymic changes were characteristic of EBA and included severe histocytic thymusitis with depletion of thymocytes, interlobular hemorrhage, and fibrinocellular exudation. The gross enlargement of lymph nodes was the result of cortical follicular hyperplasia and histiocytic lymphadenitis. In addition, widespread, predominately nonsuppurative histologic lesions typical of EBA were observed in most organs, including the brain, lung, heart, liver, and spleen. Furthermore, the presence of Ornithodorus coriaceus, the argasid tick vector of EBA, was established by tick collection using CO2 traps. The tick was identified on ranches and in geographic areas (northern and northwestern counties of Nevada) coincident with diagnosis of multiple cases of EBA. This study establishes the presence of EBA as a cause of late-term abortion in Nevada. Additionally, identification of the EBA tick vector, O. coriaceus, in the same areas as the abortions provides strong evidence that the disease is endemic.
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Jakobsen, P. H., P. M. H. Heegaard, C. Koch, K. Wasniowska, M. M. Lemnge, J. B. Jensen, and B. K. L. Sim. "Identification of an Erythrocyte Binding Peptide from the Erythrocyte Binding Antigen, EBA-175, Which Blocks Parasite Multiplication and Induces Peptide-Blocking Antibodies." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 4203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.9.4203-4207.1998.
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ABSTRACT A biotinylated peptide covering a sequence of 21 amino acids (aa) from the erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA-175) of Plasmodium falciparum bound to human glycophorin A, an erythrocyte receptor for merozoites, as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to erythrocytes as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. The peptide, EBA(aa1076–96), also bound to desialylated glycophorin A and glycophorin B when tested by ELISA. The peptide blocked parasite multiplication in vitro. The glycophorin A binding sequence was further delineated to a 12-aa sequence, EBA(aa1085–96), by testing the binding of a range of truncated peptides to immobilized glycophorin A. Our data indicate that EBA(aa1085–96) is part of a ligand on the merozoite for binding to erythrocyte receptors. This binding suggests that the EBA(aa1085–96) peptide is involved in a second binding step, independent of sialic acid. Antibody recognition of this peptide sequence may protect against merozoite invasion, but only a small proportion of sera from adults from different areas of malaria transmission showed antibody reactivities to the EBA(aa1076–96) peptide, indicating that this sequence is only weakly immunogenic during P. falciparum infections in humans. However, Tanzanian children with acute clinical malaria showed high immunoglobulin G reactivity to the EBA(aa1076–96) peptide compared to children with asymptomatic P. falciparuminfections. The EBA(aa1076–96) peptide sequence from EBA-175 induced antibody formation in mice after conjugation of the peptide with purified protein derivative. These murine sera inhibited EBA(aa1076–96) peptide binding to glycophorin A.