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Journal articles on the topic 'Ebola'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Scully, C., L. Samaranayake, S. Petti, and R. G. Nair. "Infection control: Ebola aware; Ebola beware; Ebola healthcare." British Dental Journal 217, no. 12 (December 2014): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.1108.

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2

Ahmad, Nadeem, Rubeena Bano, and Priyanka Singh. "Ebola Virus Disease." Indian Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (2016): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijmhs.2347.9981.3216.10.

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3

BOZKURT, İlkay, and Hakan LEBLEBİCİOĞLU. "Ebola Virus Infection." Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mjima.8945.

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4

Polz-Dacewicz, Małgorzata. "Ebola virus disease." Forum Zakażeń 5, no. 6 (January 30, 2015): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15374/fz2014058.

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5

Sizikova, T. E., V. N. Lebedev, N. V. Karulina, O. V. Chukhralya, S. I. Syromyatnikova, and S. V. Borisevich. "A SOME ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EBOLA VIRUS IN NATURAL FOCIES." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-2-119-126.

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Ebola virus that composed Ebolavirus genus of Filoviridae Family causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high case-fatality rates (up to 90%). The Ebolavirus genus includes Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Reston, Ebola-Tai Forest and Ebola-Bundibugyo viruses. The date about epidemic outbreaks of disease, reservoirs of infection, accidental hosts of Ebola virus are presented in this review. The date about natural reservoirs of infection are accessed only for Ebola-Zaire and Ebola-Reston viruses. For Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Tai Forest and Ebola-Bundibugyo viruses such information is absence. The bats are natural reservoirs for Ebola-Zaire and Ebola-Reston viruses. The formation of natural reservoirs of filoviruses assumes possibilities of existence of several hosts. The interrelation of Ebola virus and their hosts, dynamics of infection are the classical «susceptible-infected-immune» (recovered) cycle. The likely schemes of rises of epidemic outbreaks, caused by Ebola-Zaire virus are suggested.

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6

Aftab, Rabia. "Ebola." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 10, no. 4 (February 7, 2017): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738016689109.

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Ebola virus disease is responsible for a very high case fatality rate of around 50–90%; it presents as a severe, rapidly developing illness. Several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred in Central and recently West Africa. Infection is transmitted to humans from animals and spreads within the human population through direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. No curative treatment is yet available, but early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic management improves the chance of survival. Community engagement is needed to control outbreaks. Control of outbreaks requires a package of interventions including case management, surveillance and contact tracing with a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. An Ebola vaccination may become available in the near future. The very high case fatality rate and recent major outbreaks require GPs to be aware of the presentation and management of suspected Ebola virus disease.

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7

Feldmann, Heinz, Armand Sprecher, and Thomas W. Geisbert. "Ebola." New England Journal of Medicine 382, no. 19 (May 7, 2020): 1832–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1901594.

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8

Kiser, Erin. "Ebola." Journal of Christian Nursing 33, no. 3 (2016): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000000285.

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9

Thomas, James C., and Reid Miller. "Ebola." Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 21, no. 5 (2015): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000000227.

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10

Brown, Julian M., and Reston N. Smith. "Ebola." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 16, no. 1 (February 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1751143714564510.

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11

Sharts-Hopko, Nancy. "Ebola." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 115, no. 3 (March 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000461791.61044.35.

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12

Keil, Ode R. "Ebola." Journal of Clinical Engineering 40, no. 1 (2015): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jce.0000000000000076.

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13

Ali, Md Zulfikar. "Ebola." KYAMC Journal 5, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 494–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v5i2.32357.

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14

Adams, Jennifer J., and Steven J. Lisco. "Ebola." Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 11, no. 2 (April 2016): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000158.

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15

Easter, Anna. "Ebola." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 102, no. 12 (December 2002): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200212000-00017.

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16

Leggiadro, Robert J. "Ebola." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 39, no. 10 (October 2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002784.

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17

&NA;. "Ebola." OR Nurse 9, no. 1 (January 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.orn.0000457113.42035.a9.

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&NA;. "Ebola." Nursing Critical Care 9, no. 6 (November 2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccn.0000455857.06706.bd.

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19

Torres, Mercedes, Karen N. Hansen, and David Jerrard. "Ebola." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 33, no. 2 (May 2015): e1-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2014.12.001.

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20

&NA;. "Ebola." Nurse Practitioner 39, no. 12 (December 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.npr.0000456399.15780.34.

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21

Ibrahim, Amir, and Todd C. Lee. "Ebola." Canadian Medical Association Journal 186, no. 15 (August 19, 2014): E589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141010.

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22

Tatarunis, Paula. "Ebola." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 275, no. 3 (January 17, 1996): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530270009003.

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23

Conteh, Muhammad-Abbas, Susan T. Goldstein, Haja R. Wurie, Jane Gidudu, Durodami Radcliffe Lisk, Rosalind J. Carter, Jane F. Seward, et al. "Clinical Surveillance and Evaluation of Suspected Ebola Cases in a Vaccine Trial During an Ebola Epidemic: The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola." Journal of Infectious Diseases 217, suppl_1 (May 18, 2018): S33—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy061.

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Abstract The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola (STRIVE), an Ebola vaccine trial conducted during the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic, coordinated with the Sierra Leone national response to identify Ebola cases among trial participants. The early symptoms of Ebola are similar to common vaccine reactions, so it was important to differentiate these to avoid unnecessary referral to an Ebola facility and an increased risk of Ebola exposure. STRIVE developed a modified version of the national case definition and case management algorithm to distinguish between symptoms associated with both Ebola and vaccination with the candidate Ebola vaccine (rVSV∆G-ZEBOV-GP) from those typically associated only with Ebola. For participants who presented ≤48 hours after vaccination, we used the more stringent modified case definition to trigger referral for Ebola evaluation. Participants whose symptoms did not meet case definitions could also be referred to an Ebola facility, based on clinical judgment. No Ebola cases were diagnosed among the 8651 STRIVE participants. Fifty participants were evaluated for Ebola, of whom 34 (68%) were tested after vaccination; 22 deceased participants, all of whom underwent postmortem Ebola testing, as required during the Ebola epidemic, and had negative test results, were excluded from analysis. Seven of 34 participants (21%) had symptom onset ≤48 hours after vaccination, of whom 3 met the modified case definition. The most common diagnosis among those evaluated for Ebola was malaria. STRIVE demonstrates the feasibility of conducting Ebola surveillance among persons vaccinated with rVSV-ZEBOV during an Ebola epidemic and introduces a modified case definition and case management algorithm to distinguish vaccine reactions from early symptoms of Ebola that may be useful for reducing unnecessary Ebola evaluations among persons vaccinated during Ebola outbreaks. Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02378753] and Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [PACTR201502001037220].

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24

Skalická, Zuzana. "Ebola virus and bioterrorism." Kontakt 7, no. 1-2 (June 29, 2005): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/kont.2005.027.

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25

Rajagopalan, PK. "Ebola, KFD and Bats." Journal of Communicable Diseases 51, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.201939.

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26

Muzembo, Basilua Andre, Ngangu Patrick Ntontolo, Nlandu Roger Ngatu, Januka Khatiwada, Tomoko Suzuki, Koji Wada, Kei Kitahara, Shunya Ikeda, and Shin-Ichi Miyoshi. "Misconceptions and Rumors about Ebola Virus Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084714.

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We sought to summarize knowledge, misconceptions, beliefs, and practices about Ebola that might impede the control of Ebola outbreaks in Africa. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar (through May 2019) for publications reporting on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to Ebola in Africa. In total, 14 of 433 articles were included. Knowledge was evaluated in all 14 articles, and they all highlighted that there are misconceptions and risk behaviors during an Ebola outbreak. Some communities believed that Ebola spreads through the air, mosquito bites, malice from foreign doctors, witchcraft, and houseflies. Because patients believe that Ebola was caused by witchcraft, they sought help from traditional healers. Some people believed that Ebola could be prevented by bathing with salt or hot water. Burial practices where people touch Ebola-infected corpses were common, especially among Muslims. Discriminatory attitudes towards Ebola survivors or their families were also prevalent. Some Ebola survivors were not accepted back in their communities; the possibility of being ostracized from their neighborhoods was high and Ebola survivors had to lead a difficult social life. Most communities affected by Ebola need more comprehensive knowledge on Ebola. Efforts are needed to address misconceptions and risk behaviors surrounding Ebola for future outbreak preparedness in Africa.

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27

Cui, Qinghua, Han Cheng, Rui Xiong, Gang Zhang, Ruikun Du, Manu Anantpadma, Robert Davey, and Lijun Rong. "Identification of Diaryl-Quinoline Compounds as Entry Inhibitors of Ebola Virus." Viruses 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120678.

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Ebola virus is the causative agent of Ebola virus disease in humans. The lethality of Ebola virus infection is about 50%, supporting the urgent need to develop anti-Ebola drugs. Glycoprotein (GP) is the only surface protein of the Ebola virus, which is functionally critical for the virus to attach and enter the host cells, and is a promising target for anti-Ebola virus drug development. In this study, using the recombinant HIV-1/Ebola pseudovirus platform we previously established, we evaluated a small molecule library containing various quinoline compounds for anti-Ebola virus entry inhibitors. Some of the quinoline compounds specifically inhibited the entry of the Ebola virus. Among them, compound SYL1712 was the most potent Ebola virus entry inhibitor with an IC50 of ~1 μM. The binding of SYL1712 to the vial glycoprotein was computationally modeled and was predicted to interact with specific residues of GP. We used the time of the addition assay to show that compound SYL1712 blocks Ebola GP-mediated entry. Finally, consistent with being an Ebola virus entry inhibitor, compound SYL1712 inhibited infectious Ebola virus replication in tissue culture under biosafety level 4 containment, with an IC50 of 2 μM. In conclusion, we identified several related molecules with a diaryl-quinoline scaffold as potential anti-EBOV entry inhibitors, which can be further optimized for anti-Ebola drug development.

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28

Sesay, Tom, Olga Denisiuk, and Rony Zachariah. "Paediatric morbidity and mortality in Sierra Leone. Have things changed after the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak?" F1000Research 8 (June 6, 2019): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18552.1.

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Background: Sierra Leone was severely affected by the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak and is likely to have had longer term repercussions on the health system including on paediatric morbidity and mortality. We thus assessed under-five morbidity and mortality for malaria, acute respiratory Infections (ARI)/pneumonia, watery diarrhoea and measles during the post-Ebola period in Sierra Leone and compared this with the pre- and intra-Ebola periods. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using program data from the District Health Information system (DHIS2) and sourced from 14 districts in Sierra Leone. It included under-five children from 1,200 health facilities country-wide. Study periods included: before (June 1st, 2013-April 30th, 2014); during (June 1st, 2014-April 30th, 2015); and after Ebola (June 1st, 2016-April 30th, 2017). Results: Malaria, ARI/pneumonia and diarrhoea consultations declined during Ebola but recovered to pre-Ebola levels in the post-Ebola period. During the post-Ebola period, there was a highly significant reduction in case-fatality for the first three morbidities compared to the pre-Ebola period (P<0.0001). Average number of measles cases increased from 48/month in the pre-Ebola period to 568/month (12-fold increase) post-Ebola. Although there was no difference in measles case-fatality between the pre- and post-Ebola periods, case-fatality post-Ebola was significantly lower than during Ebola (Relative Risk: 0.05, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.15, P<0.0001). Conclusions: Consultations for under-five children at health facilities in Sierra Leone recovered to pre-Ebola levels and case-fatality for common childhood illnesses declined significantly. This is a change for the better. However, the high level of reported measles cases in the post-Ebola period indicates gaps in immune status and needs focused attention.

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29

Sesay, Tom, Olga Denisiuk, and Rony Zachariah. "Paediatric morbidity and mortality in Sierra Leone. Have things changed after the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak?" F1000Research 8 (January 9, 2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18552.2.

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Background: Sierra Leone was severely affected by the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak which is likely to have had longer term repercussions on the health system including on paediatric morbidity and mortality. We thus assessed under-five morbidity and mortality for malaria, acute respiratory Infections (ARI)/pneumonia, watery diarrhoea and measles during the post-Ebola period in Sierra Leone and compared this with the pre- and intra-Ebola periods. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using program data from the District Health Information system (DHIS2) and sourced from 14 districts in Sierra Leone. It included under-five children from 1,250 health facilities country-wide. Study periods included: before (June 1 st, 2013-April 30 th, 2014); during (June 1 st, 2014-April 30 th, 2015); and after Ebola (June 1 st, 2016-April 30 th, 2017). Results: Malaria, ARI/pneumonia and diarrhoea consultations declined during Ebola but recovered to pre-Ebola levels in the post-Ebola period. During the post-Ebola period, there was a highly significant reduction in case-fatality for the first three morbidities compared to the pre-Ebola period (P<0.0001). Average number of measles cases increased from 48/month in the pre-Ebola period to 568/month (12-fold increase) post-Ebola. Although there was no difference in measles case-fatality between the pre- and post-Ebola periods, case-fatality post-Ebola was significantly lower than during Ebola (Relative Risk: 0.05, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.15, P<0.0001). Conclusions: Consultations for under-five children at health facilities in Sierra Leone recovered to pre-Ebola levels and case-fatality for common childhood illnesses declined significantly. This is a change for the better. However, the high level of reported measles cases in the post-Ebola period indicates gaps in immune status and needs focused attention.

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30

Sesay, Joseph Bangalie, Olga Denisiuk, Katrina Hann, Rony Zachariah, Francis Lionel Moses, and Umaru Dumbuya. "Malaria management in children with fever in rural Sierra Leone. Has anything changed after the Ebola outbreak?" F1000Research 8 (October 23, 2019): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18565.1.

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Background: Sierra Leone is one of the highest malaria burden countries in the world and was severely affected by the 2014-15 Ebola outbreak. As fever is a common symptom of both malaria and Ebola, it might have affected the management of fever in children. Among under-fives in Koinadugu district, Sierra Leone, we determined fever cases that had malaria diagnostic testing and treated with Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) during pre-Ebola, intra-Ebola and post-Ebola periods. Methods: The study population included all children under five with fever who presented to 68 primary healthcare facilities in Koinadugu district. Malaria management was in line with national guidelines. All individuals presenting with fever should be subjected to a malaria diagnostic test, which may involve a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) or microscopy. Only confirmed malaria cases should receive ACTs. The study spanned pre-Ebola (June 1, 2013 – April 30, 2014), intra-Ebola (June 1, 2014 – April 30, 2015) and post-Ebola (June 1, 2016 – April 30 ,2017) periods. Data were sourced directly from routine morbidity registers available at each health facility. Results: In the 68 health facilities, fever cases increased from 43,245 pre-Ebola to 74,367 post-Ebola (1.7-fold increase). Diagnosed malaria ranged between 66% and 75%. Only 47% of malaria cases were treated during Ebola. ACT use was 95% pre-Ebola, 99% intra-Ebola and dropped to 71% post-Ebola. Post-Ebola, an average of 40 (59%) facilities had monthly stock-outs of ACT (range 28-45). Conclusion: What has changed since the Ebola outbreak is the increased utilisation of services for malaria. However, ACT stockouts are of concern, and this requires attention in order to ensure compliance with national malaria treatment guidelines.

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31

Knežević, Darija, and Duška Jović. "Ebola 2014 - unprecedented epidemic / Ebola 2014 – epidemija bez presedana." SESTRINSKI ŽURNAL 2, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/sez0215011k.

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Ebola, previously known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. Starting from February 2014, the Ebola virus outbreak had spread across West African countries within a few months and caused great concerns of the World Health Organization. Currently there are no effective vaccines and drugs that are available for the prevention and treatment of infection with Ebola virus. Medical personnel caring for patients with suspect or confirmed Ebola viral disease is particularly exposed to the risk of suffering from this dangerous disease. It is important for frontline medical providers to understand key aspects of Ebola virus disease to quickly recognize an imported case, provide appropriate medical care, and prevent transmission. This paper gives a brief overview of the epidemics and pandemics, the biological characteristics of Ebola virus, the potential antiviral drugs and vaccines, as well as preventive measures.* 31 . July 2015, is said to have discovered an effective vaccine against Ebola virus http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf (note editor).

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32

Wilson, Julie A., and Mary Kate Hart. "Protection from Ebola Virus Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Specific for the Viral Nucleoprotein." Journal of Virology 75, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 2660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.6.2660-2664.2001.

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ABSTRACT Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are proposed to be critical for protection from intracellular pathogens such as Ebola virus. However, there have been no demonstrations that protection against Ebola virus is mediated by Ebola virus-specific CTLs. Here, we report that C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons encoding the Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) survived lethal challenge with Ebola virus. Vaccination induced both antibodies to the NP and a major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CTL response to an 11-amino-acid sequence in the amino-terminal portion of the Ebola virus NP. Passive transfer of polyclonal NP-specific antiserum did not protect recipient mice. In contrast, adoptive transfer of CTLs specific for the Ebola virus NP protected unvaccinated mice from lethal Ebola virus challenge. The protective CTLs were CD8+, restricted to the Db class I molecule, and recognized an epitope within amino acids 43 to 53 (VYQVNNLEEIC) in the Ebola virus NP. The demonstration that CTLs can prevent lethal Ebola virus infection affects vaccine development in that protective cellular immune responses may be required for optimal protection from Ebola virus.

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33

Karp, Peter D., Bonnie Berger, Diane E. Kovats, Thomas Lengauer, Michal Linial, Pardis Sabeti, Winston Hide, and Burkhard Rost. "ISCB Ebola Award for Important Future Research on the Computational Biology of Ebola Virus." F1000Research 4 (January 15, 2015): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6038.1.

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Speed is of the essence in combating Ebola; thus, computational approaches should form a significant component of Ebola research. As for the development of any modern drug, computational biology is uniquely positioned to contribute through comparative analysis of the genome sequences of Ebola strains as well as 3-D protein modeling. Other computational approaches to Ebola may include large-scale docking studies of Ebola proteins with human proteins and with small-molecule libraries, computational modeling of the spread of the virus, computational mining of the Ebola literature, and creation of a curated Ebola database.Taken together, such computational efforts could significantly accelerate traditional scientific approaches. In recognition of the need for important and immediate solutions from the field of computational biology against Ebola, the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) announces a prize for an important computational advance in fighting the Ebola virus. ISCB will confer the ISCB Fight against Ebola Award, along with a prize of US$2,000, at its July 2016 annual meeting (ISCB Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) 2016, Orlando, Florida).

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34

Thompson, Rebecca R., Dana Rose Garfin, E. Alison Holman, and Roxane Cohen Silver. "Distress, Worry, and Functioning Following a Global Health Crisis: A National Study of Americans’ Responses to Ebola." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617692030.

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The 2014 Ebola crisis received unprecedented media attention in the United States, despite low risk of transmission. We examined theoretically derived correlates of psychological response to the crisis, including Ebola-related media exposure, prior mental health history, and stress response to a recent prior collective trauma (the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, BMB). A national probability sample completed a survey 2–4 weeks post-BMB; 18 months later, the same sample reported responses to the Ebola crisis ( N = 3,447). History of mental health diagnoses, acute stress response to the BMB, and Ebola-related media exposure were associated with greater psychological distress and functional impairment. Prior acute stress and Ebola-related media exposure were also associated with Ebola-related worry; individuals with higher BMB-related acute stress who consumed more Ebola-related media were more worried about contracting Ebola. Media coverage of the Ebola public health crisis was associated with negative psychological outcomes, even among individuals at low risk for contracting the disease.

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35

Zhang, Lingling, Emmanuel Addai, Joseph Ackora-Prah, Yarhands Dissou Arthur, and Joshua Kiddy K. Asamoah. "Fractional-Order Ebola-Malaria Coinfection Model with a Focus on Detection and Treatment Rate." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (September 16, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6502598.

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Coinfection of Ebola virus and malaria is widespread, particularly in impoverished areas where malaria is already ubiquitous. Epidemics of Ebola virus disease arise on a sporadic basis in African nations with a high malaria burden. An observational study discovered that patients in Sierra Leone’s Ebola treatment centers were routinely infected with malaria parasites, increasing the risk of death. In this paper, we study Ebola-malaria coinfections under the generalized Mittag-Leffler kernel fractional derivative. The Banach fixed point theorem and the Krasnoselskii type are used to analyse the model’s existence and uniqueness. We discuss the model stability using the Hyers-Ulam functional analysis. The numerical scheme for the Ebola-malaria coinfections using Lagrange interpolation is presented. The numerical trajectories show that the prevalence of Ebola-malaria coinfections ranged from low to moderate depending on memory. This means that controlling the disease requires adequate knowledge of the past history of the dynamics of both malaria and Ebola. The graphical dynamics of the detection rate indicate that a variation in the detection rate only affects the following compartments: individuals that are latently infected with the Ebola, Ebola virus afflicted people who went unnoticed, individuals who have been infected with the Ebola virus and have been diagnosed with the disease, and persons undergoing Ebola virus therapy.

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36

Jamali, Yasir Akbar, Siraj Nabi Depar, Hajira Naila Rahu, Ali Bux Khuhro, and Waseem Akram. "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks – A Systematic Review." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 5 (May 30, 2023): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023175375.

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Background: The expansion of the Ebola virus has created illnesses that are deadly to both animals and people. This spread has been driven by the rise of urbanization, the invasion of wooded regions, and the intimate connection with wildlife creatures. To this day, the Ebola virus illness, also known as EVD, has been responsible for the deaths of a significant number of people, with the continent of Africa reporting the highest incidence of the disease. Aim: In order to investigate the Ebola outbreaks, as well as morbidity and fatality rates among EVD patients, a systematic review was carried out. Method: Using MeSH keywords like Ebola outbreaks, Ebola virus disease, Ebola disease, and Ebola Epidemic, we searched Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed for articles on EVD epidemics published between 1976 and 2022. Results: Gabon, Guinea, the Republic of the Congo, and Zaire/Democratic Republic of the Congo have all been epicenters for at least 17 EVD epidemics since EBOV was first discovered in 1976. Although case statistics may vary significantly from source to source, as of this writing, there have been an estimated 34,442 EBOV infections in humans, with 4100 (11.9%) fatalities. Conclusion: Multiple EVD pandemics have emerged, mostly in Africa. Although the exact point of genesis of the Ebola virus remains unknown, we do know that direct contact with infected animals may potentially convey the illness to humans. Keywords: Ebola, Ebola Virus Disease, Ebola outbreaks, EVD, Ebola epidemic

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37

Wang, Yunpeng, and Yuchen Zhang. "Research progress Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever vaccine." Journal of Applied Virology 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21092/jav.v4i2.32.

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<p>Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a potent infectious disease by Ebola virus caused 90% mortality rate. Ebola virus was first isolated in 1976 by, for single-stranded negative segment, non-segmented, enveloped RNA viruses belonging to filamentous virus family. Ebola virus can be divided into five different subtypes. Vaccination is the most conventional and effective prevention and infection control methods in recent years. It has made great progress in the study on the vaccine for Ebola virus. In this paper, research progress Ebola hemorrhagic fever vaccine was reviewed.</p>

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38

Hassaballa, Ithar, Stephen Fawcett, Charles Sepers, Florence DiGennaro Reed, Jerry Schultz, Davison Munodawafa, Peter M. Phori, Ephraim Chiriseri, and Koffi Kouadio. "Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation of Ebola Response Activities in Lofa County, Liberia: Some Lessons Learned." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 40, no. 1 (May 12, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x19846742.

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To address the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund led a multilevel and multisectoral intervention known as the Ebola response effort. Although surveillance systems were able to detect reduction in Ebola incidence, there was little understanding of the implemented activities within affected areas. To address this gap, this empirical case study examined (a) implementation of Ebola response activities and associated bending the curve of incidence of Ebola virus disease and (b) candidate factors associated with fuller implementation of the Ebola response effort. A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to address these questions. A participatory monitoring and evaluation system was used to capture, code, characterize, and communicate nearly a hundred Ebola response activities implemented in Lofa County, a highly affected area in Liberia. The Ebola response effort was enabled by community engagement and collaboration across different sectors. Results showed fuller implementation corresponded with a marked reduction in Ebola virus disease. This report concludes with a discussion of how monitoring and evaluation can strengthen implementation of activities needed to address disease outbreaks.

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39

Squire, James Sylvester, Katrina Hann, Olga Denisiuk, and Rony Zachariah. "Staffing in public health facilities after the Ebola outbreak in rural Sierra Leone: How much has changed?" F1000Research 8 (June 6, 2019): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18566.1.

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Background: The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone led the Ministry of Health and Sanitation to set minimum standards of staffing (medical/non-medical) at the district level for the provision of basic essential health services (BPEHS). In one of the worst Ebola affected districts in Sierra Leone, we assessed staffing levels measured against these stipulated standards before, during, and 16 months after the Ebola outbreak. Methods: The study population included all health workers in 83 health facilities. We assessed staffing levels at three points in time: pre-Ebola (April 2014); the end of the outbreak (November 2015); and 16 months post-Ebola (March 2017). April 2014 was immediately prior to the Ebola outbreak and thus representative of the human resource situation before the outbreak. November 2015 was the month when Sierra Leone was declared Ebola-free, and thus reflects the end-situation after Ebola. March 2017 was two years since the launch of the BPEHS, and some progress should be expected. Results: Against recommended medical staff numbers during pre-, intra- and post-Ebola periods, deficits were 67%, 65% and 60% respectively. Similarly, against recommended non-medical staff numbers during pre-, intra- and post-Ebola periods, the deficit remained at 92% throughout. In the post-Ebola period, there was a deficit of 73% against 1,389 recommended health worker positions. Conclusions: Nothing has really changed in the state of human resources for health, and urgent measures are needed to rectify the situation and prevent a déjà vu in the advent of a new Ebola outbreak.

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40

Squire, James Sylvester, Katrina Hann, Olga Denisiuk, and Rony Zachariah. "Staffing in public health facilities after the Ebola outbreak in rural Sierra Leone: How much has changed?" F1000Research 8 (January 9, 2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18566.2.

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Abstract:

Background: The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone led the Ministry of Health and Sanitation to set minimum standards of staffing (medical/non-medical) at the district level for the provision of basic essential health services (BPEHS). In one of the worst Ebola affected districts in Sierra Leone, we assessed staffing levels measured against these stipulated standards before, during, and 16 months after the Ebola outbreak. Methods: The study population included all health workers in 83 health facilities. We assessed staffing levels at three points in time: pre-Ebola (April 2014); the end of the outbreak (November 2015); and 16 months post-Ebola (March 2017). April 2014 was immediately prior to the Ebola outbreak and thus representative of the human resource situation before the outbreak. November 2015 was the month when Sierra Leone was declared Ebola-free, and thus reflects the end-situation after Ebola. March 2017 was two years since the launch of the BPEHS, and some progress should be expected. Results: Against recommended medical staff numbers during pre-, intra- and post-Ebola periods, deficits were 67%, 65% and 60% respectively. Similarly, against recommended non-medical staff numbers during pre-, intra- and post-Ebola periods, the deficit remained at 92% throughout. In the post-Ebola period, there was a deficit of 73% against 1,389 recommended health worker positions. Conclusions: Nothing has really changed in the state of human resources for health, and urgent measures are needed to rectify the situation and prevent a déjà vu in the advent of a new Ebola outbreak.

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41

Watanabe, Shinji, Tokiko Watanabe, Takeshi Noda, Ayato Takada, Heinz Feldmann, Luke D. Jasenosky, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. "Production of Novel Ebola Virus-Like Particles from cDNAs: an Alternative to Ebola Virus Generation by Reverse Genetics." Journal of Virology 78, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 999–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.2.999-1005.2004.

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ABSTRACT We established a plasmid-based system for generating infectious Ebola virus-like particles (VLPs), which contain an Ebola virus-like minigenome consisting of a negative-sense copy of the green fluorescent protein gene. This system produced nearly 103 infectious particles per ml of supernatant, equivalent to the titer of Ebola virus generated by a reverse genetics system. Interestingly, infectious Ebola VLPs were generated, even without expression of VP24. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic analyses showed that the morphology of the Ebola VLPs was indistinguishable from that of authentic Ebola virus. Thus, this system allows us to study Ebola virus entry, replication, and assembly without biosafety level 4 containment. Furthermore, it may be useful in vaccine production against this highly pathogenic agent.

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Gupta, Manisha, Siddhartha Mahanty, Mike Bray, Rafi Ahmed, and Pierre E. Rollin. "Passive Transfer of Antibodies Protects Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Mice against Lethal Ebola Virus Infection without Complete Inhibition of Viral Replication." Journal of Virology 75, no. 10 (May 15, 2001): 4649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.10.4649-4654.2001.

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ABSTRACT Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe, usually fatal illness caused by Ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. The use of nonhomologous immune serum in animal studies and blood from survivors in two anecdotal reports of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans has shown promise, but the efficacy of these treatments has not been demonstrated definitively. We have evaluated the protective efficacy of polyclonal immune serum in a mouse model of Ebola virus infection. Our results demonstrate that mice infected subcutaneously with live Ebola virus survive infection and generate high levels of anti-Ebola virus immunoglobulin G (IgG). Passive transfer of immune serum from these mice before challenge protected upto 100% of naive mice against lethal Ebola virus infection. Protection correlated with the level of anti-Ebola virus IgG titers, and passive treatment with high-titer antiserum was associated with a delay in the peak of viral replication. Transfer of immune serum to SCID mice resulted in 100% survival after lethal challenge with Ebola virus, indicating that antibodies alone can protect from lethal disease. Thus antibodies suppress or delay viral growth, provide protection against lethal Ebola virus infection, and may not require participation of other immune components for protection.

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43

Glassman, A. "After Ebola." Finance and development 53, no. 2 (2016): 25.

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44

Ray R, Aiswarya, Sneha R, and Swetha T. "Ebola virus." Scire Science Newsletter 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25129/ssnl2018.165.

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45

Lakshman, Anusha Rangare, Vikas Goya, and Hosmar Ganesh Shenoy. "Ebola Virüsü." Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi 24, no. 3 (September 3, 2015): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.17827/aktd.33016.

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Lakshman, Anusha Rangare, Vikas Goya, and Hosmar Ganesh Shenoy. "Ebola Virüsü." Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.17827/aktd.69136.

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47

Rasul, Choudhury Habibur. "Ebola alertness." Bangladesh Medical Journal Khulna 47, no. 1-2 (March 12, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v47i1-2.22553.

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48

Rao, G. "Remember Ebola?" PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.5731/pdajpst.2015.01090.

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49

Markin, V. A., and V. B. Pantyukhov. "EBOLA FEVER." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 6 (December 28, 2016): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-6-116-125.

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Problems of etiology, taxonomy and nomenclature of filoviruses, epidemiology, morbidity with a little-known by Russian medics especially dangerous exotic infectious disease - Ebola fever are examined. Significant distinguishing features of 2013 - 2015 epidemic in West Africa were detected - along with its unprecedented length, a decline did not take place as in previous outbreaks, neither causative agent virulence, nor infectivity of the infection during multiple generations from human to human. Literature data analysis allowed to assume that in the process of epidemic focus formation Ebola virus changes its properties and cyclically passes through several successive interconnected phases: an initial reservation phase in unknown ecosystems - animals, either plant, soil or water; intermediate phase of epidemic spread with primary acquisition of high virulence for humans, and then its decline; final stage of hidden circulation of causative agent that is ap-athogenic for humans. This hypothetical chain of natural phases’ transitions of Ebola virus allows to explain and link together phenomenology of this causative agent - rapid fall of virulence and infectivity for humans in foci in dynamics of epidemic outbreaks, quite a high population immunity in nosoareal of the causative agent in Africa, that contradicts the established understanding of its high lethality for humans.

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Kamalaldin, Kamalaldin, Amber Salome, and Péter Érdi. "Modelling Ebola." Science Progress 99, no. 2 (June 2016): 200–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685016x14576998570659.

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