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Journal articles on the topic 'EC Internal relations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Bolz, Klaus. "Implications of the EC internal market for relations with Eastern Europe." Intereconomics 25, no. 1 (1990): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02924758.

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Ioannou, Christos A. "Recasting Greek Industrial Relations: Internal Devaluation in Light of the Economic Crisis and European Integration." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 28, Issue 2 (2012): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2012013.

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In the current financial and debt crisis, the joint EC-ECB-IMF Programmes for Greece directly impact on national industrial relations. They are an in vivo feasibility test for a process of internal devaluation in the Eurozone. They test attitudes towards the EU response to the crisis through European Union (EU)/ International Monetary Fund (IMF)-sanctioned deregulation of employment and collective bargaining rights at national level. This paper analyses how the joint EC-ECB-IMF Programmes for Greece recast the system towards highly decentralized collective bargaining, in what may initially app

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Drijber, Berend Jan, and Hélène Stergiou. "Public procurement law and internal market law." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 3 (2009): 805–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009034.

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In this contribution the interface between EC Public Procurement Law and Internal Market Law case law is analysed. The core question is to what extent primary Community law may be a source of obligations to tender as well as of justifications for not tendering. Some elements of the ‘Transparency case law’ (Telaustria, Coname, Parking Brixen) developed in public procurement cases will be compared with other case law on the fundamental freedoms. This case law also raises new questions, for example the relationship with Article 86 and, in particular, the question whether the award of an exclusive

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Starzyk-Sulejewska, Joanna. "Analysis of EU Membership in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) as a Specific Model for EU Relations with International Intergovernmental Organizations." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 24, no. 2 (2020): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.2.2020.4.

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The article falls into the complicated and only partially analysed issues related to the essence of relations between international intergovernmental organizations. Against a background of the typology taking into account the scope and nature of EU representation in international intergovernmental organizations, it addresses the most important issues related to the essence of relations between the EC/EU and NAFO. Therefore, it discusses such matters as: the evolution of NAFO in the years 1979–2017, the nature of EU membership in NAFO, matters related to the representation and implementation of

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Eilmansberger, Thomas. "Bilateral investment treaties and EU law." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 2 (2009): 383–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009019.

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Recent developments have highlighted the complexity and potential for conflict in the relationship between bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and EC law. This article attempts to explore the intersection between these two norms. Its first part examines the division of powers between the EC and the Member States with regard to the conclusion of such treaties, both under the regime which would be introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and the present legal framework for external relations. The second part looks at the relationship between these agreements and the internal law of the EC. It seeks to i

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HENRICH-FRANKE, Christian. "Initialzündung oder Katalysator einer wettbewerbsorientierten Verkehrspolitik? Die Untätigkeitsklage und Verurteilung des Rats durch den EuGH im Mai 1985." Journal of European Integration History 26, no. 2 (2020): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2020-2-247.

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The European Court of Justice condemned the EC-Council (of transport ministers) in an unprecedented process for inaction in the realisation of a common transport policy on 22nd May 1985. The Court confirmed the plaintiff’s (the European Parliament) statement of claim that the Council hadn’t met his obligation to enact a competition order, to provide freedom services in crossborder transportation and to regulate access to domestic transport markets. This contribution analyses the Court’s verdict within the context of the EC transport policy in the 1980s. This also sheds new light on the realisa

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Chatterji, Mark A. "The EC internal armaments market: A new aspect of the new security." Journal of European Integration 15, no. 1 (1991): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036339108428965.

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Rincón, Alfonso. "EC Competition and Internal Market Law: On the Existence of a Sporting Exemption and its Withdrawal." Journal of Contemporary European Research 3, no. 3 (2007): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v3i3.51.

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Some authors argue that there is no such a thing as a sporting exemption under EC law. However, an in-depth analysis of the case law reveals that thirty years ago the European Court of Justice (“ECJ”, or “Court”) created an exemption specifically relating to sport. The judgment of the ECJ in Walrave established the basis for this exemption, which was confirmed and extended in Donà. Since then the exemption has been subject to the vicissitudes of legal interpretation. First of all, the Court endeavoured to contain its use, although the consequence of this was the expansion of the exemption from

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9

Rönnmar, Mia. "Free Movement of Services versus National Labour Law and Industrial Relations Systems: Understanding the Laval Case from a Swedish and Nordic Perspective." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 10 (2008): 493–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001415.

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European integration, the internal market and free movement of persons and services are important aspects of EC labour law and EU industrial relations. As a result of EU enlargement and the emphasis on free movement within the EU, the problems of posting of workers, low-wage competition and social dumping are high on the agenda. This is illustrated by the epochal and much-debated Laval and Viking cases from the European Court of Justice (ECJ).

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McMahon, Joe, and Rosa Greaves. "I. EC Maritime Transport Law and Policy." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 2 (2007): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei170.

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The EC maritime transport policy was slow to develop. Although the EC Treaty requires the Member States to create a Common Transport Policy,1 the focus of the Treaty transport provisions2 is on inland modes of transport (road, rail and inland waterways).3 However, the EU Council is expressly given competence to decide what ‘appropriate provisions’ may be adopted for maritime and air transport.4Maritime transport is by its very nature an international mode of transport regulated by a large number of international treaties and conventions, most of them negotiated and concluded within the Interna

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Khokhlov, I. "Supranational Developments in the European Union: Changeable Balance of the Public Opinion." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2014): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-3-60-73.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of socio-cultural state of the European community during the period of crisis and mass manifestations of protest. In spite of the current instability in the world the EC continues to maintain its “acquis” (the composition of the membership, single currency etc.). This article contains a periodization that reflects tendencies in the trends of public opinion under the influence of internal and external factors. Countries are ranked according to the level of their social and economic development, which allowed to analyze the dependence of public opinion

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Kennett, Wendy. "I. The Treaty of Amsterdam." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 2 (1999): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063314.

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The Treaty of Amsterdam, expected to come into force this year, opened up new horizons in relation to European civil procedure. Article 65 of the revised EC Treaty will bring various aspects of civil procedure within the scope of Community law, in so far as they are “necessary for the proper functioning of the internal market”.1 It states:

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HEITGER, BERNHARD, and JÜRGEN STEHN. "Japanese Direct Investments in the EC - Response to the Internal Market 1993?" JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 29, no. 1 (1990): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00378.x.

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BOS, MARKO, and HANS NELSON. "Indirect Taxation and the Completion of the Internal Market of the EC." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 27, no. 1 (1988): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1988.tb00328.x.

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15

Peterson, John. "Towards a Common European Industrial Policy? The Case of High Definition Television." Government and Opposition 28, no. 4 (1993): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1993.tb01384.x.

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THE STAKES IN THE COMPETITION TO DEVELOP HIGH Definition Television (HDTV) are high. In the face of intense competition from Japan, the European effort has had the earmarks of a mission-oriented, Japanese-style industrial policy. But political support for a politically-derived European HDTV standard is matched by market demand. This case study reveals that the nature of government-industry relations in the EC has changed very little when large, politically powerful firms are involved, despite the increasingly prominent policy role of the European Community and the creation of the internal mark

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Reich, Norbert, and Hans-W. Micklitz. "Crónica de una muerte anunciada:The Commission proposal for a “Directive on consumer rights”." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 2 (2009): 471–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009021.

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The authors analyse and at the same time criticize the full harmonization principle, with its broad formulation in Article 4 of the Commission proposal for a Directive on consumer rights. It implies a complete, though “announced”, paradigm shift in EU consumer law from “minimum” to “full harmonization”, while at the same time considerably reducing the protective ambit of prior EC directives against the objectives of Article 153 EC. So far, the proposal seems to be inspired more by the unspecified and unproven belief that the completion of the internal market depends on identical rules in key a

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Lavranos, Nikos. "Protecting European Law from International Law." European Foreign Affairs Review 15, Issue 2 (2010): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010019.

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Abstract. This contribution analyses the relationship between international law and Community law in the light of two recent European Court of Justice (ECJ) cases on Article 307 EC, that is, the Kadi and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) judgments. The analysis discusses two concepts: (1) the concept of the ‘very foundations of the Community legal order’ and (2) the concept of ‘hypothetical incompatibility’. The main argument that is advanced in this contribution is that with these two concepts, the ECJ has identified a constitutional dimension of Article 307 EC that hitherto has not been g

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Weatherill, Stephen. "I. Free Movement of Goods." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 55, no. 2 (2006): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei093.

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The Surveys of the law of the free movement of goods carried in the Quarterly since 1989 have followed a largely consistent pattern. The Court's case law interpreting the nature and purpose of Article 28's legislative institutions. The readier the Court is to treat national measures as barriers to trade, the deeper the incursion of EC law into national regulatory autonomy. And vice versa. The Wider the scope allowed to the possibility to justify barriers to trade, the more room for manoeuvre is handed back to national regulatory autonomy—and the more weight is placed on the process of legislat

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Johnston, Angus, and Hannes Unberath. "The double-headed approach of the ECJ concerning consumer protection." Common Market Law Review 44, Issue 5 (2007): 1237–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2007113.

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This article analyses the development of EC consumer law by looking in detail at the approach taken by the European Court of Justice in its case law in this field, and the impact that this had had upon national law in certain areas. It contends that the Court has taken contrasting approaches to the desirable extent of consumer protection laws, depending upon whether that protection derives from national laws which operate as derogations from the EC’s Treaty rules on the internal market or from positive legislative activity at EC level. In the former area, the Court has been unwilling to accept

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Krasauskas, Rytis, and Ingrida Mačernytė-Panomariovienė. "Internal Migration of Workers in the European Union: Legal Aspects of Lithuania’s Experience in Transposing the Posting of Workers Directive." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 14, no. 1 (2021): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2021-0007.

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Abstract Freedom to provide services and free movement of workers are linked to the processes of permanent intra-EU migration, which are regulated, inter alia, by the national legislation implementing PWD. Consequently, the posting of workers within EU is not only part of the work organization process, but also part of a wider phenomenon of internal migration of workers. Accordingly, posted workers are to be considered as internal labour migrants. The regulation of the posting of workers must consider the legitimate interest of Member States in protecting their markets from social dumping as w

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Franklin, Michael. "The economics of 1992: the EC Commission’s assessment of the economic effects of completing the internal market." International Affairs 66, no. 2 (1990): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621411.

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Heinikoski, Saila, and Tatu Hyttinen. "The Impact of Covid-19 on the Free Movement Regime in the North." Nordic Journal of International Law 91, no. 1 (2022): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-91010004.

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Abstract In this article, we analyse the measures during the Covid-19 pandemic with which the Nordic countries Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland have placed restrictions based on the Free Movement Directive 2004/38/ec and reintroduced internal border controls stipulated in the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation 2016/399). Although currently regulated by these EU rules, Nordic free movement dates back to the common Nordic labour market and Nordic passport union established in the 1950s. Already in the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, all Nordic countries except Sweden decided to reintroduce

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Newman, Karl, and Mads Andenas. "IV. Insurance and Banking." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 3 (1998): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062308.

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The internal financial market is still far from its completion. Parts of the financial market and certain financial institutions are not yet covered by implementing directives. In areas that are covered by directives, transposition by member States has not removed important practical barriers to cross-border establishment and provision of services. An interesting feature of the current developments in the EC regulation of financial markets is the Commission's use of “Communications” to implement Treaty freedoms and so to remedy the situation where the member States have blocked proposals for a

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Egorov, A., and A. Petrovskiy. "Social and Economic Problems of EC Countries in the Initial Pandemic Period." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 3 (2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-52-59.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of key social and economic problems in the EU countries during the initial period of the pandemic. Forced isolation amid the spread of the coronavirus contributed to the growth of domestic and domestic violence, manifestations of racism and xenophobia in the EU. Social discrimination manifested itself in the restriction of access to goods and services for people with Asian appearance. A negative factor was the statements of certain right-wing politicians, as well as a number of media outlets. The member states of the European Union sought to carry out pro

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Ajanović, Enver. "STATUS UPRAVNIH UGOVORA U PRAVU EU I NACIONALNOM ZAKONODAVSTVU / ADMINISTRATIVE CONTRACTS IN THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE ACT." Pregled: časopis za društvena pitanja / Periodical for social issues 64, no. 1 (2023): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.48052/19865244.2023.1.2.37.

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Directive on the award of concession contracts br. 2014/23/EU, (Official Journal of the EU, L 94/1) ( in further text: Directive 2014/23/EU),Directive on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC, br. 2014/24/EU (Official Journal of the EU, L 94/65) (in further text: Directive 2014/24) and Directive on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors and repealing Directive 2004/17/EC 2014/25/EU Official Journal of the EU, L 94/243) (in further text: Directive 2014/25/EU) arrange relations on the internal EU market by regulating of admin

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Fenyk, Jaroslav. "Mechanizmus ochrany finančních zájmů Evropských společenství v České republice." AUC IURIDICA 51, no. 2 (2025): 113–22. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.84.

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Nearly 10% of the resources originating from the budget of the European Community are used in incorrectly and about 1–2% of this amount consists of criminal activity. In the period when the Czech Republic was a candidate nation, it was engaged predominantly in drawing from so-called pre-entry funds, particularly PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD, etc. After entry, it will be able to draw from structural funds, from the cohesive fund, and from so-called transition measures. The same obligations apply to other member states in relation to the field of protecting these resources. According to art. 280 of the T

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Silva, Flavia Cristina, Fabio Ytoshi Shibao, Isak Kruglianskas, José Carlos Barbieri, and Paulo Antonio Almeida Sinisgalli. "Circular economy: analysis of the implementation of practices in the Brazilian network." Revista de Gestão 26, no. 1 (2019): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rege-03-2018-0044.

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Purpose In total, 19 practices of circular economy divided into three groups, internal environmental management, ecological design and investment recovery were studied in a local network composed of small companies and individual entrepreneurs related to common product and by-product flows. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This research presents an applied nature, is characterized as exploratory and adopted the case study as a technical procedure using sources and methods of data collection. The primary data were collected through direct observation of the pr

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Banchev, Biser. "Bulgarian Foreign Policy and Recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Historijski pogledi 7, no. 11 (2024): 318–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2024.7.11.318.

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This paper explains that Bulgaria took the responsibility to be the only country to recognise the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina already in January 1992, with the deep conviction that only in this way equality could be achieved between all former Yugoslav republics, and specifically for Bosnia and Herzegovina – the impending tragedy could be prevented. The chronological framework of the article presents Bulgarian foreign policy from the mid-1980s to the international recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s statehood in April 1992. In the early 1990s Bulgaria had a special interest and

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Azoulai, Loïc. "The Court of Justice and the social market economy: The emergence of an ideal and the conditions for its realization." Common Market Law Review 45, Issue 5 (2008): 1335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2008093.

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The reference to “social market economy” introduced in the Lisbon Treaty seems to fit with the political theory guiding the Court of Justice in its recent decisions in Viking and Laval. Through these judgments, the Court promotes the ideal of a European Community which integrates not only in economic but also in social terms. The article discusses the practical ways and the legal means by which it realizes this ideal. First, the Court first has to make clear the relevance of EC internal market law in the field of collective labour action (industrial action). The Court uses both the Directive o

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van Thiel, Servaas, Georg Kofler, and Axel Cordewener. "The Clash Between European Freedoms and National Direct Tax Law: Public Interest Defences Available to the Member States." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 6 (2009): 1951–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009078.

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In the early days of Community law the ECJ, still sheltered from political constraints, was able to develop its jurisprudence on the EC fundamental freedoms with a view to enhancing the development of Community law and to advancing the Internal Market. More recently, however, the case law in the field of direct taxation has more and more come into the political limelight as fundamental tax policy questions and billions of tax revenue are at stake. As the Court’s decisions also take account of the dynamic evolution of the Community’s legal system and are much influenced by considerations of pol

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Groussot, Xavier. "Proportionality in Sweden: The Influence of European Law." Nordic Journal of International Law 75, no. 3-4 (2006): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181006779139410.

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AbstractThe principle of proportionality constitutes a complex principle that could be seen as the keystone of the general principles of Community law and ECHR. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the influence of European Community (EC) law and the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) on the definition and application of the principle of proportionality in Swedish public law from 1996 to 2006. The Supreme Administrative Court has given some indications as to the application of the principle of proportionality, notably as to the importance of the balancing of interests. Interesting

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Frank, Malte. "The EU’s new Foreign Subsidy Regulation on collision course with the WTO." Common Market Law Review 60, Issue 4 (2023): 925–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2023070.

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The European Union (EU) has become increasingly concerned about government-dominated economies that provide financing for companies engaging in commercial activities in the EU. The concern is that companies receiving these so-called foreign subsides gain an unfair advantage over their European competitors. With astonishing unity and speed, the EU, therefore, has created an ambitious piece of legislation, Regulation 2022/2560, commonly referred to as the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR).The FSR allows the European Commission (EC) to take unilateral action against foreign subsidies that are pr

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Agu, S. O., and R. M. Government. "Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors: An Overview." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 6 (2024): 1653–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i6.3.

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This review, mainly paid attention to how supercapacitor electrodes are made in order to increase energy transfer and storage, so that, superior performance energy and power density can be gained as excellent operating conditions plus long cycling life is attained. Review shows that specific capacitance of supercapacitor is influenced by electrolyte accessibility, pore size distribution, and structure, electrolyte type, pore shape plus electrical conductivity also affects it. Instrumental analysis of performance of electrode materials was looked into by means of supercapacitor evaluation techn

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Jeutner, Valentin. "Amendments, annexations, alternatives: Nord Stream 2’s contemporary status under EU and international law." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 12, no. 6 (2019): 502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwz031.

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Abstract Nord Stream 2 is a highly controversial megaproject. This text shows that the political controversy surrounding Nord Stream 2 does not necessarily translate to legal controversy. The text does so by considering three controversially discussed European and international legal aspects of the Nord Stream 2 project. The article commences by evaluating whether and how [whether and how] the recent amendment to the European Union (EU) Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas affects the legal status of Nord Stream 2. The text concludes that Directiv

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Oliver, Peter. "The Protection of Privacy in the Economic Sphere before the European Court of Justice." Common Market Law Review 46, Issue 5 (2009): 1443–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2009060.

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This article focuses on five recent judgments of the ECJ and CFI: ProMusicae, Varec, Pergan, Bavarian Lager and Satamedia. Taking as its starting-point the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on Article 8 ECHR and on Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the author considers how the Community Courts have approached the protection of privacy in the economic sphere (i.e. as regards matters relating to undertakings within the meaning of Arts. 81 and 82 EC and the economic aspects of the lives of natural persons) in the various relevant sectors, especially: data

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Oliver, Peter, and Stefan Enchelmaier. "Free movement of goods: Recent developments in the case law." Common Market Law Review 44, Issue 3 (2007): 649–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2007057.

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This article critically reviews the case law of the European Court of Justice from 2002 to 2006. It starts by examining the jurisprudence on restrictions internal to a Member State, i.e. those imposed on transactions which do not involve traders or goods in or from other Member States. The concept of a customs union is also looked at here. The article then reflects on whether the provisions of Article 28 et seq. apply to the legal relations of individuals and companies inter se. It explores the relationship between the legal regime on free movement of goods on the one hand and those relating t

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Milanov, Martin. "China – EU’s “Significant Other”?" Politeja 18, no. 4(73) (2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.73.03.

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Following the idea of the “other” in the work of Ernesto Laclau and the perspective of post-foundational discourse analysis, the study focusses on Chinese strategical internal and external pre- and post-Covid-19 political specifics and policies and how they interact (or contradict) with the “European” vision of the world and most importantly itself. As Laclau says, “the notion of “constitutive outside” emphasizes the always present possibility that differential relationship between an entity and its “constitutive outside” turns into antagonism.” For more than three decades, the EC/EU has been

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Fernhout, Roel. "‘The United States of Europe Have Commenced’, but for Whom?" Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 3 (1993): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100302.

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The author begins this article with a short description of the early history of the United States of America and makes a comparison with the genesis of the European Community. It is also possible to draw comparisons with the early history of the USA in the area of the free movement of people and immigration. In the European Community, just as in the United States, immigration is treated principally as an economic matter. However, unlike the United States, the free movement of nationals of the member states within the territory of the Community was, at first, also viewed from a purely economic

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Guseletov, B. P. "Positions of the Leading European Parties on the Eve of the European Parliament Elections 2024." Sovremennaâ Evropa, no. 3 (124) (December 15, 2024): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0201708324030069.

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The article analyses the main trends in the transformation of the party and political system of the European Union on the eve of the next elections to the European Parliament in June 2024. The article examines the main events of recent years that had the main impact on the process of this transformation. New trends in the change of this system were noted, which included strengthening the popularity and influence of Eurosceptic parties, increasing internal tension concerning relations between old and new members of the European Union. The research demonstrates that following the results of the

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Blažek, Michal, and Michal Smejkal. "Entitlement to Paid Annual Leave in the Czech Legal System and the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union." Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze, no. 2(67)/2025 (June 16, 2025): 181–90. https://doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2025.2.12.

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Workers are dismissed from their jobs in countries across the European Union (and not only) every day. Understandably, some workers defend themselves against such dismissals in ways that national law allows them to, and they are often successful. However, the path from dismissal to that dismissal being declared unfair (void) can be thorny and long. Case law in the Czech Republic, as is also the situation in other countries, has already adjudicated on employment claims arising in cases of unfair dismissal. Thus, over time, the case law of the Czech national courts has taken the view that, in th

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Tonelli, Simon James. "Migration and democracy in central and eastern Europe." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (2003): 483–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900309.

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Amidst the political changes that swept through central and eastern Europe following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the right to migrate was synonymous in the minds of many with the establishment of democracy. Although the political transition of the 1990s was preceded in some countries by a relaxation of their strict exit regimes, these were only minor measures in comparison with the profound changes to the system of population control ushered in by the political transition to democracy. A mosaic of migration patterns (ethnically based migrations, return migration, labour migration, tra

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Strezhneva, M. "Financial Aspects of the European Green Deal." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 4 (2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2021-4-13-23.

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The climate policy of the European Union became the key priority for the European Commission, headed by Ursula von der Leyen. This article analyses both its internal and external dimensions, while concentrating on the finances of the European Green Deal, the multiyear strategy for the EU socio-economic development. The methods are demonstrated which the EC employs to mobilize public and private capital for the realization of the green transit, including the financial instruments designed to assist businesses when investing in clean energy and industry. The notion of ‘sustainable’ investment is

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Lenaerts, Koen. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE TO THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 2 (2010): 255–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000023.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to provide an overview of the European Court of Justice's (‘ECJ’) past and present contribution— both procedurally and substantively—to the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. While it is too early to speculate what the ECJ's contribution to this area will be under the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force on 1 December 2009, the latter's modifications to the ECJ's jurisdiction merit close attention. After describing how the procedural limitations that were imposed on the ECJ's jurisdiction by ex Title IV of Part Three of the EC Trea

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Hýbnerová, Stanislava. "Společná zahraniční a bezpečnostní politika (SZBP) a Evropská bezpečnostní a obranná politika (EBOP) EU: výzvy, možnosti a meze." AUC IURIDICA 51, no. 3 (2025): 145–73. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.90.

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The dynamics and complexity of the CFSP is reflected in different attitudes to the methodology of the problem. As an evolutionary process whose dynamics is determined by interaction of external and internal factors, it allows to understand its possibilities and limitations as well as its direction to a coherent, active and effective foreign, security and defence policy of the EU. At the beginning of this process the Cold War oriented European integration exclusively into the economic sphere, while military security was guarantied by NATO due to the primacy of collective self-defence arrangemen

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Pan, Qingrong, Shuxin Gao, Xia Gao, et al. "Relation of kidney function and homocysteine in patients with hypothyroidism." Endocrine Connections 10, no. 5 (2021): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-21-0069.

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Objective It has been found that both serum homocysteine (Hcy) and serum creatinine levels were increased in hypothyroidism patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between serum Hcy and kidney function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroidism. Methods A total of 448 subjects were enrolled and divided into three groups: hypothyroidism (n = 129), subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 141), and control group (n = 168). Anthropometric information, metabolic parameters, serum Hcy and creatinine levels, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were an

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Dawes, Anthony. "Importing and exporting poor reasoning: worrying trends in relation to the case law on the free movement of goods." German Law Journal 8, no. 8 (2007): 761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005927.

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This article focuses on the European Court of Justice's [ECJ] recent case law on the free movement of goods in order to show how the boundaries of the prohibition laid out under Articles 28 to 30 EC are once again coming under strain. Such a development, it will be argued, can be observed both in terms of the modification of the scope of the prohibitions set out by Articles 28 and 29 EC and of their application to purely internal situations.

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Lin, Hung-Chu, Yang Yang, Robert McFatter, Raymond W. Biggar, and Rick Perkins. "Inmates’ empathy in relation to perceived parenting and attachment working models." Journal of Criminal Psychology 7, no. 4 (2017): 302–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2016-0024.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine criminal offenders’ dispositional empathy and relate it to perceived parenting characteristics of primary caregivers (measured as care and overprotection) and inmates’ internal working models of the self and others (measured as attachment anxiety and avoidance, respectively). Design/methodology/approach Compared to a group of 110 college students, the group of 102 inmates indicated lower levels of cognitive and emotional empathy (measured as perspective taking (PT) and empathic concern (EC), respectively). Among inmates, perceived parental care w

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Al-Masri, Mahmoud, Tawfiq Al-Shobaki, Hani Al-Najjar, et al. "BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: it’s relation to clinical features and oncologic outcomes in a single cancer centre experience." Endocrine Connections 10, no. 12 (2021): 1531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-21-0410.

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Purpose This study focuses on the oncologic influence of BRAF V600E mutations in a cohort of Middle Eastern papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients treated at a single centre. We tested the association of BRAF V600E mutation with papillary thyroid carcinoma at King Hussein Cancer Center. Methods Patients with histologically confirmed PTC who underwent surgical treatment between 2006 and 2015 were included in this study. Oncological outcomes, both short- and long-termed, were collected. Results A total of 128 patients (68% females) were included in this study with a mean age of 38 years (±13

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Alharazy, Shatha, M. Denise Robertson, Susan Lanham-New, Muhammad Imran Naseer, Adeel G. Chaudhary, and Eman Alissa. "Directly measured free and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in relation to metabolic health in multi-ethnic postmenopausal females in Saudi Arabia." Endocrine Connections 10, no. 12 (2021): 1594–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-21-0445.

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Background Measurement of free 25-hydroyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status has been suggested as a more representative marker of vitamin D status than that of total 25(OH)D. Previously, free 25(OH)D could only be calculated indirectly; however, a newly developed direct assay for the measurement of free 25(OH)D is now available. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate directly measured total and free vitamin D levels association with metabolic health in postmenopausal healthy women living in Saudi Arabia. Methods A sample of 302 postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years (n = 302) living in Saudi A

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Gruszka, K., M. Rajzer, T. Drozdz, W. Wojciechowska, T. Pizon, and D. Czarnecka. "SELECTED MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES ACTIVITY AND HYPERTENSION-MEDIATED ORGAN DAMAGE IN RELATION TO URIC ACID SERUM LEVEL." Journal of Hypertension 37 (July 2019): e151-e152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000571936.90615.ec.

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