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Milner, Kate M., Raquel Bernal Salazar, Sunil Bhopal, Alexandra Brentani, Pia Rebello Britto, Tarun Dua, Melissa Gladstone, et al. "Contextual design choices and partnerships for scaling early child development programmes." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, Suppl 1 (March 18, 2019): S3—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315433.
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Translating the Nurturing Care Framework and unprecedented global policy support for early child development (ECD) into action requires evidence-informed guidance about how to implement ECD programmes at national and regional scale. We completed a literature review and participatory mixed-method evaluation of projects in Saving Brains®, Grand Challenges Canada® funded ECD portfolio across 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Using an adapted programme cycle, findings from evaluation related to partnerships and leadership, situational analyses, and design for scaling ECD were considered. 39 projects (5 ‘Transition to Scale’ and 34 ‘Seed’) were evaluated. 63% were delivered through health and 84% focused on Responsive Caregiving and Early Learning (RCEL). Multilevel partnerships, leadership and targeted situational analysis were crucial to design and adaptation. A theory of change approach to consider pathways to impact was useful for design, but practical situational analysis tools and local data to guide these processes were lacking. Several RCEL programmes, implemented within government services, had positive impacts on ECD outcomes and created more enabling caregiving environments. Engagement of informal and private sectors provided an alternative approach for reaching children where government services were sparse. Cost-effectiveness was infrequently measured. At small-scale RCEL interventions can be successfully adapted and implemented across diverse settings through processes which are responsive to situational analysis within a partnership model. Accelerating progress will require longitudinal evaluation of ECD interventions at much larger scale, including programmes targeting children with disabilities and humanitarian settings with further exploration of cost-effectiveness, critical content and human resources.
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Boggs, Dorothy, Kate M. Milner, Jaya Chandna, Maureen Black, Vanessa Cavallera, Tarun Dua, Guenther Fink, et al. "Rating early child development outcome measurement tools for routine health programme use." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, Suppl 1 (March 18, 2019): S22—S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315431.
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BackgroundIdentification of children at risk of developmental delay and/or impairment requires valid measurement of early child development (ECD). We systematically assess ECD measurement tools for accuracy and feasibility for use in routine services in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC).MethodsBuilding on World Bank and peer-reviewed literature reviews, we identified available ECD measurement tools for children aged 0–3 years used in ≥1 LMIC and matrixed these according to when (child age) and what (ECD domains) they measure at population or individual level. Tools measuring <2 years and covering ≥3 developmental domains, including cognition, were rated for accuracy and feasibility criteria using a rating approach derived from Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations.Results61 tools were initially identified, 8% (n=5) population-level and 92% (n=56) individual-level screening or ability tests. Of these, 27 tools covering ≥3 domains beginning <2 years of age were selected for rating accuracy and feasibility. Recently developed population-level tools (n=2) rated highly overall, particularly in reliability, cultural adaptability, administration time and geographical uptake. Individual-level tool (n=25) ratings were variable, generally highest for reliability and lowest for accessibility, training, clinical relevance and geographical uptake.Conclusions and implicationsAlthough multiple measurement tools exist, few are designed for multidomain ECD measurement in young children, especially in LMIC. No available tools rated strongly across all accuracy and feasibility criteria with accessibility, training requirements, clinical relevance and geographical uptake being poor for most tools. Further research is recommended to explore this gap in fit-for-purpose tools to monitor ECD in routine LMIC health services.
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Fourie, Elsa. "The impact of school principals on implementing effective teaching and learning practices." International Journal of Educational Management 32, no. 6 (August 13, 2018): 1056–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-08-2017-0197.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify limitations in managing the implementation of effective teaching and learning in township ECD centres.Design/methodology/approachThis research was grounded in a community-based participatory research approach. A qualitative research design was utilised because phenomena could be studied in terms of the meanings of people. Elements of grounded theory, situational analysis and community-based participatory research were blended. The qualitative research design involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews with teachers in township ECD centres.FindingsThe findings from this research made it evident that principals of ECD centres were often absent; had not been trained to manage an ECD centre; had limited skills to manage finances; did not communicate with parents or teachers; and did not motivate teachers to achieve goals or to improve their qualifications.Practical implicationsChallenges that could impede the effective implementation of an intervention programme should be identified and addressed. Principals of ECD centres should be empowered to manage their centres effectively. A training programme aimed at empowering principals of ECD centres has been developed and will be implemented after consultation with the gatekeeper and principals of the ECD centres.Originality/valueThe findings of this research could be used by principals and researchers to reflect on management practices in ECD centres. A challenge for principals is to acknowledge the principles of effective management and to close the gap between current practices and effective management practices. Interventions from academics are essential to enhance the quality of teaching and learning in ECD centres.
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Cavallera, Vanessa, Mark Tomlinson, James Radner, Bronwynè Coetzee, Bernadette Daelmans, Rob Hughes, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Karlee L. Silver, and Tarun Dua. "Scaling early child development: what are the barriers and enablers?" Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, Suppl 1 (March 18, 2019): S43—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315425.
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The Sustainable Development Goals, Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030) and Nurturing Care Framework all include targets to ensure children thrive. However, many projects to support early childhood development (ECD) do not ‘scale well’ and leave large numbers of children unreached. This paper is the fifth in a series examining effective scaling of ECD programmes. This qualitative study explored experiences of scaling-up among purposively recruited implementers of ECD projects in low- and middle-income countries. Participants were sampled, by means of snowball sampling, from existing networks notably through Saving Brains®, Grand Challenges Canada®. Findings of a recent literature review on scaling-up frameworks, by the WHO, informed the development of a semistructured interview schedule. All interviews were conducted in English, via Skype, audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interviews were analysed using framework analysis. Framework analysis identified six major themes based on a standard programme cycle: planning and strategic choices, project design, human resources, financing and resource mobilisation, monitoring and evaluation, and leadership and partnerships. Key informants also identified an overarching theme regarding what scaling-up means. Stakeholders have not found existing literature and available frameworks helpful in guiding them to successful scale-up. Our research suggests that rather than proposing yet more theoretical guidelines or frameworks, it would be better to support stakeholders in developing organisational leadership capacity and partnership strategies to enable them to effectively apply a practical programme cycle or systematic process in their own contexts.
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Kohli-Lynch, Maya, Victoria Ponce Hardy, Raquel Bernal Salazar, Sunil S. Bhopal, Alexandra Brentani, Vanessa Cavallera, Esther Goh, et al. "Human resources and curricula content for early child development implementation: multicountry mixed methods evaluation." BMJ Open 10, no. 4 (April 2020): e032134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032134.
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ObjectiveThe WHO recommends responsive caregiving and early learning (RCEL) interventions to improve early child development (ECD), and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals’ vision of a world where all children thrive. Implementation of RCEL programmes in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) requires evidence to inform decisions about human resources and curricula content. We aimed to describe human resources and curricula content for implementation of RCEL projects across diverse LMICs, using data from the Grand Challenges Canada Saving Brains ECD portfolio.SettingWe evaluated 32 RCEL projects across 17 LMICs on four continents.ParticipantsOverall, 2165 workers delivered ECD interventions to 25 909 families.InterventionProjects were either stand-alone RCEL or RCEL combined with health and nutrition, and/or safety and security.Primary and secondary outcomesWe undertook a mixed methods evaluation of RCEL projects within the Saving Brains portfolio. Quantitative data were collected through standardised reporting tools. Qualitative data were collected from ECD experts and stakeholders and analysed using thematic content analysis, informed by literature review.ResultsMajor themes regarding human resources included: worker characteristics, incentivisation, retention, training and supervision, and regarding curricula content: flexible adaptation of content and delivery, fidelity, and intervention duration and dosage. Lack of an agreed standard ECD package contributed to project heterogeneity. Incorporation of ECD into existing services may facilitate scale-up but overburdened workers plus potential reductions in service quality remain challenging. Supportive training and supervision, inducement, worker retention, dosage and delivery modality emerged as key implementation decisions.ConclusionsThis mixed methods evaluation of a multicountry ECD portfolio identified themes for consideration by policymakers and programme leaders relevant to RCEL implementation in diverse LMICs. Larger studies, which also examine impact, including high-quality process and costing evaluations with comparable data, are required to further inform decisions for implementation of RCEL projects at national and regional scales.
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Khan, Muhammad Amir, Syeda Somyyah Owais, Sehrish Ishaq, John Walley, Haroon Jehangir Khan, Claire Blacklock, Muhammad Ahmar Khan, and Muhammad Waqar Azeem. "Process evaluation of integrated early child development care at private clinics in poor urban Pakistan: a mixed methods study." BJGP Open 1, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): bjgpopen17X101073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen17x101073.
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BackgroundIn poor urban Pakistan, private GP clinics lack adequate services to promote early child development (ECD) care. A clinic-based contextualised ECD intervention was developed for quarterly tool-assisted counselling of mothers.AimTo explore the experience and implementation of ECD intervention by the private care providers and clients, for further adaptation for scaling of quality ECD care, at primary level private healthcare facilities in Pakistan.Design & settingA mixed methods approach using quantitative records review and qualitative interviews at poor urban clinics in Rawalpindi and Lahore, Pakistan.MethodQuantitative data from study-specific records were reviewed for 1242 mother–child pairs registered in the intervention. A total of 18 semi-structured interviews with clinic staff, mothers, and research staff were conducted at four clinics. The interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim.ResultsDistrict Health Office (DHO) support allowed transparent and effective selection and training of clinic providers. Public endorsement of ECD care at private clinics and the addition of community advocates promoted ECD care uptake. Clinic settings were found feasible for clinic assistants, and acceptable to mothers, for counselling sessions. Mothers found ECD counselling methods more engaging compared to the usual care provided.ConclusionIn poor urban settings where public health care is scarce, minimal programme investment on staff training and provision of minor equipment can engage private clinics effectively in delivering ECD care.
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Sibanda, Patrick. "Situation analysis of the early childhood development (ECD) programme in rural primary schools in Zimbabwe." Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7, no. 3 (March 21, 2018): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14196/sjpas.v7i3.2522.
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Isibor, Efosa, Kehinde Kanmodi, Oladimeji Adebayo, Olusegun Olaopa, Martin Igbokwe, Iyanu Adufe, Ibiyemi Oduyemi, et al. "Exploring Issues and Challenges of Leadership among Early Career Doctors in Nigeria Using a Mixed-Method Approach: CHARTING Study." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 10, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10010033.
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(1) Background: leadership behaviour is a poorly explored phenomenon among early-career doctors (ECDs). Good leadership is vital in maximising the effective management of patients in a clinical setting. While a good number of studies, though with small sample surveys, have researched the role of leadership in clinical setting quantitatively, qualitative investigations are yet to be done in Nigeria. This study aims to explore the attitudes, skills, and experience of ECDs in Nigeria on issues pertaining to leadership in a medical setting, using a mixed-method approach. (2) Methods: we conducted two sessions of key informant focus group discussion (FGD) that involved 14 ECD leaders in Nigeria, exploring their leadership experience in a clinical setting. Furthermore, we used a self-administered questionnaire to quantitatively survey 474 ECDs from seven Nigerian teaching hospitals to explore their attitudes, skills, and experience on issues pertaining to medical leadership. (3) Results: taking on leadership roles is a common phenomenon (52.7%) among the surveyed ECDs; however, the medical leadership position can be very challenging for ECDs in Nigeria. Despite the fact that many (91.1%) of the surveyed ECDs perceived leadership skills as essential skills needed by a doctr, many (44.1%) of them were yet to be formally trained on medical leadership. About three out of every 10 (23.6%) of surveyed ECDs that have ever held leadership positions in a medical setting experienced major leadership challenges while in such office due to their lack of training on leadership skills. Leadership skill acquisition programmes are highly recommended to become an integral part of medical training programmes in Nigeria. (4) Conclusion: there is a need for a structured leadership skill acquisition programme for ECDs in Nigeria. This programme will help in the robust delivery of highly effective healthcare services in Nigeria, as effective leadership is crucial to patient care services.
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Brink, Sonja. "Employing a multifocal view of ECD curriculum development at a rural settlement community in South Africa: Themes from a ‘design by implementation’ early childhood education programme." South African Journal of Childhood Education 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v6i1.405.
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<p>Early childhood curriculum development is challenged by the vast contextual variability of sites in South Africa. In this article, the author reports on the implementation of an early childhood development programme at an informal rural settlement community by an external societal agent. The article looks at the complex dynamics at play within such an early education development situation and examines the main themes that emerged from the process. Referring to the tensions that emanated from the implementation of this programme as a positive driver for change, it concludes that the employment of participatory methodologies could be utilised as a curriculum development tool and calls for the employment of a less formulaic and more holistic view of early childhood development.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Participatory action research; rural community development; curriculum development</p>
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Milner, Kate M., Sunil Bhopal, Maureen Black, Tarun Dua, Melissa Gladstone, Jena Hamadani, Rob Hughes, et al. "Counting outcomes, coverage and quality for early child development programmes." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, Suppl 1 (March 18, 2019): S13—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315430.
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Improved measurement in early child development (ECD) is a strategic focus of the WHO, UNICEF and World Bank Nurturing Care Framework. However, evidence-based approaches to monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of ECD projects in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) are lacking. The Grand Challenges Canada®-funded Saving Brains® ECD portfolio provides a unique opportunity to explore approaches to M&E of ECD programmes across diverse settings. Focused literature review and participatory mixed-method evaluation of the Saving Brains portfolio was undertaken using an adapted impact framework. Findings related to measurement of quality, coverage and outcomes for scaling ECD were considered. Thirty-nine ECD projects implemented in 23 LMIC were evaluated. Projects used a ‘theory of change’ based M&E approach to measure a range of inputs, outputs and outcomes. Over 29 projects measured cognitive, language, motor and socioemotional outcomes. 18 projects used developmental screening tools to measure outcomes, with a trade-off between feasibility and preferred practice. Environmental inputs such as the home environment were measured in 15 projects. Qualitative data reflected the importance of measurement of project quality and coverage, despite challenges measuring these constructs across contexts. Improved measurement of intervention quality and measurement of coverage, which requires definition of the numerator (ie, intervention) and denominator (ie, population in need/at risk), are needed for scaling ECD programmes. Innovation in outcome measurement, including intermediary outcome measures that are feasible and practical to measure in routine services, is also required, with disaggregation to better target interventions to those most in need and ensure that no child is left behind.
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Meier, Corinne, Eleanor Lemmer, and Demet Gören Niron. "Problems and Prospects in Early Childhood Education Provisioning in Turkey and South Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 4 (August 5, 2015): 444–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615595989.
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The benefits of early childhood development (ECD) programmes are strongly supported by evidence of reduced school dropout and repetition rates. However, the literature on ECD is primarily grounded in research based in the United States (US); in the light of this gap in the literature, this paper provides a comparative overview of ECD policy and practice from outside of the US, namely in South Africa and Turkey. As a theoretical framework the paper has followed the World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)-ECD Analytical Framework. Findings indicate that both countries have established an enabling policy environment for ECD but implementation and the setting of and compliance to standards for quality is still emerging, in spite of massive strides made in this field during the past fifteen years.
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Calzarossa, Maria Carla, Paolo Ciancarini, Paolo Maresca, Luisa Mich, and Nello Scarabottolo. "The ECDL programme in Italian Universities." Computers & Education 49, no. 2 (September 2007): 514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.10.008.
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Pálmadóttir, Hrönn, Vanessa Paki, and Aline-Wendy Dunlop. "POET programme interviews." Early Childhood Folio 18, no. 2 (August 1, 2014): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18296/ecf.0108.
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Neyer, Ulrike. "The Independence of the European Central Bank." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 52, Issue 1 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 35–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.52.1.35.
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Abstract The ECB is formally independent of instructions from any government. During and after the financial crisis and the acute sovereign debt crisis in the euro area, the ECB has used new instruments and has taken on new tasks and responsibilities. This has led to discussions about the independence of the ECB. Against this background, this paper discusses two questions. First, do the new instruments and tasks imply that the independence of the ECB is under threat? Second, is the use of the instruments and the taking on of the new tasks and responsibilities by an independent institution justified in a democracy or is there a relevant democratic deficit? With respect to these two questions the result of this paper is that especially the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) and the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) have to be judged critically. Zusammenfassung Die EZB ist formal unabhängig von Weisungen der Regierungen. Während und nach der Finanzkrise und der akuten Staatsschuldenkrise im Euroraum hat die EZB neue Instrumente eingesetzt und neue Aufgaben und Verantwortlichkeiten übernommen, die zu Diskussionen über die Unabhängigkeit der EZB geführt haben. Vor diesem Hintergrund diskutiert diese Arbeit zwei Fragen. Erstens, stellen die neuen Instrumente und Aufgaben der EZB eine Gefahr für ihre Unabhängigkeit dar? Zweitens, ist der Einsatz der neuen Instrumente und die Übernahme der neuen Aufgaben von einer unabhängigen Institution in einer Demokratie zu rechtfertigen, oder besteht ein relevantes Demokratiedefizit? Bezüglich dieser beiden Fragen kommt die Arbeit zu dem Ergebnis, dass insbesondere das Programm zum Ankauf von Anleihen des öffentlichen Sektors (Public Sector Purchase Programme, PSPP) und die von der EZB übernommene Bankenaufsicht (Single Supervisory Mechanism, SSM) kritisch zu beurteilen sind. JEL Classification: E42; E52; E58
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Neri, Stefano, and Stefano Siviero. "The Non-Standard Monetary Policy Measures of the ECB: Motivations, Effectiveness and Risks." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital: Volume 51, Issue 4 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 513–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.51.4.513.
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Abstract This paper examines the challenges faced by the European Central Bank since the outbreak of the global financial crisis. From 2008 to 2014, the need to preserve the correct functioning of the monetary policy transmission mechanism and ensure the supply of credit to the private sector stretched the limits of conventional monetary policy. In 2015, the risk of deflation led the ECB to start a large scale asset purchase programme. The analysis is largely based on a review of the many studies that Banca d’Italia staff has produced on the factors that have brought inflation to unprecedented low levels in 2014 and on the effects of the asset purchase programme. Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Herausforderungen, vor denen die Europäische Zentralbank seit dem Ausbruch der globalen Finanzkrise steht. Von 2008 bis 2014 hat die Notwendigkeit, das ordnungsgemäße Funktionieren des geldpolitischen Transmissionsmechanismus zu wahren und die Kreditversorgung des privaten Sektors sicherzustellen, die Grenzen der konventionellen Geldpolitik überschritten. Im Jahr 2015 führte das Deflationsrisiko dazu, dass die EZB ein groß angelegtes Anleihenkaufprogramm aufnahm. Die vorliegende Analyse basiert im Wesentlichen auf einer Überprüfung der zahlreichen Studien, welche die Mitarbeiter der Banca d‘Italia zu den Faktoren erstellt haben. Diese Faktoren haben einerseits die Inflation 2014 auf ein beispiellos niedriges Niveau gebracht und andererseits Auswirkungen auf das Programm zum Ankauf von Vermögenswerten zur Folge gehabt. JEL Classification: E31, E43, E52
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Q., Zhang, Liang X., Chen J., Lu P., Yediler A., and Kettrup A. "Correct identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in temperature-programmed GC with ECD detection." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 374, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1430-8.
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LeGeros, John P., Shu Jie Lin, Dindo Q. Mijares, Fred Dimaano, and Racquel Z. LeGeros. "Electrochemically Deposited Calcium Phosphate Coating on Titanium Alloy Substrates." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.247.
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Plasma-sprayed HA coating combines the strength of the metal and the bioactivity of the HA. However, this method has several disadvantages. Alternatives to the plasma-spray method such as electrochemical deposition (ECD) and biomimetic or precipitation methods are being explored. The purpose of this study was to develop an ECD method for coating Ti alloy substrate with different calcium phosphates (octacalcium phosphate, calcium deficient apatite, carbonatesubstituted apatite, fluoride-substituted apatite). Pairs of Ti6Al4V plates that have been mechanically polished, ultrasonically cleaned, acid etched, rinsed and dried were used as anodes and cathodes. ECD was carried out using programmed pulse time electric fields. Results showed that uniform coating with only the desired calcium phosphate can be obtained using metastable calcium phosphate solutions at different pH and temperature conditions and different electrolyte concentrations. Coating thickness varied with the duration of coating deposition. Crystal size varied with other ECD conditions (e.g., pulse time, current density). This method can be used to obtain uniform coating of the desired calcium phosphate composition at low temperatures (25 to 80oC) on substrates of any type of geometry.
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Hide, Glenn. "Managing a programme under the NEC3 ECC contract." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law 163, no. 3 (August 2010): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/mpal.2010.163.3.111.
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Kshetree, Mukunda Prakash. "Impact of Early Childhood Care and Development Programme in Learning Mathematics." Tribhuvan University Journal 31, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2017): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25351.
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The main focus of the study was to determine overall expected outcomes and learning achievements including assess the effectiveness of Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) models conducted in the support of Save the Children (SC) Nepal. The expected outcomes were related to children’s school preparedness, learning progresses, promotion, repetition and dropout status. The study was further focused on comparing achievement scores of the students (with and without ECCD exposure) in mathematics and other major subjects. The study also explored important areas for their corrective measures. The study adopted mixed methods research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative primary and secondary data. For the collection of required data, it administered different research tools including classroom observation, school survey forms and semi-structured interview schedules for teachers, parents, management committee members, community based organization (CBO) members and SC local staffs of three districts. The research tools were piloted in four schools located in Kavre district. The sample districts were selected purposively to involve each eco-zone of Nepal such as Siraha, Baglung and Achham from plain, hilly and mountainous region respectively. The study showed that the SC supported ECCD Centers were found above than average standard subjected to set out criteria. Similarly, the learning outcomes and achievements made by the students in major subjects including mathematics with ECCD experience showed significantly higher than those students having no ECCD experience.
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Mota, Paulo R., Abel L. C. Fernandes, and Paulo B. Vasconcelos. "Employment hysteresis: an argument for avoiding front-loaded fiscal consolidations in the eurozone." Review of Keynesian Economics 8, no. 4 (October 20, 2020): 536–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2020.04.05.
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The austerity policies applied by the eurozone peripheral governments under the Troika financial assistance programmes have contributed to a sharp reduction in aggregate demand, regardless of the unconventional measures undertaken by the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB decreased the interest rate on the main refinancing operations to zero and has been buying assets from banks on a massive scale under the Expanded Asset Purchase Programme. The fact that these extraordinary measures have not been enough to promote a strong recovery shifts the focus back onto fiscal policy. The value of impact fiscal multipliers and the size of hysteretic effects are key factors for assessing the effects of fiscal policy. There is widespread evidence that public expenditure multipliers are greater than one, especially when the economy is depressed. However, less is known about the importance of hysteresis effects. Using the linear play hysteresis operator, we find that hysteresis effects are important in the eurozone peripheral countries. Large fiscal impact multipliers combined with the presence of hysteresis implies that front-loaded austerity depresses the economy in the short run, and these effects may persist in the long run.
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Das, Mahua, Helen Elsey, Riffat Ara Shawon, Joseph Hicks, J. Ferdoush, Rumana Huque, Fariza Fieroze, Shammi Nasreen, Hilary Wallace, and Saidur R. Mashreky. "Protocol to develop sustainable day care for children aged 1–4 years in disadvantaged urban communities in Dhaka, Bangladesh." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e024101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024101.
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IntroductionLack of safe, stimulating and health-promoting environments for children under-5 hinders their physical, social and cognitive development, known as early childhood development (ECD). Improving ECD impacts on children, and can improve educational attainment for girls, who often care for younger siblings, and employment prospects for mothers. Developing and evaluating the impacts of ECD programmes within childcare needs to assess a range of social, health, educational and economic impacts, including women’s empowerment.Children living in slums are at high risk of poor early development and holistic, sustainable interventions are needed to address ECD in these contexts. This study will be undertaken in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a city where over 8.5 million inhabitants live in slums. In collaboration with government, non-governmental organisations and communities, we are developing and testing a sustainable day-care model for low-income communities in Dhaka.Methodology and analysisA sequential mixed methods approach is being used in the study, with qualitative work exploring quantitative findings. Two hundred households with children under-5 will be surveyed to determine day-care needs and to assess ECD (parent-reported and direct assessment). The feasibility of four ECD measuring tools Caregiver-Reported Early Development Index, Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes, The Early Human Capability Index and International Development and Early Learning Assessment will be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Qualitative methods will help understand demand and perceptions of day care while mothers work. Participatory action research will be used to develop a locally appropriate and potentially sustainable model of day care for under-5 children. A ward in the south of Dhaka has been selected for the study as this typifies communities with slum and non-slum households living next to each other, allowing us to explore potential for better-off household to subsidise day care for poorer households.Ethics and disseminationFindings will be published and inform decision makers at the national, regional and the local actors in order to embed the study into the policy and practice on childcare and ECD. Ethical approvals for this study were obtained from the School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine and Health at the University of Leeds (ref: MREC16-106) and the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (ref: BMRCAIREC/20 I 6-20 I 9 I 250).
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Sani, Isah Dantani, Nma Aliyu Ibrahim, and John Saidu. "TRANSFORMATION OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN NIGERIA FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT." Sokoto Educational Review 17, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35386/ser.v17i1.24.
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This paper examined the existing management strategies for funding Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nigeria with a view to proposing better funding approach and sustainability. It recognized the commitment of the Nigerian Government (Federal, State and Local), the support of the community, individuals and donor agencies in funding ECE programmes. It argued that, nevertheless, much more needs to be done towards providing adequate funds for quality training of teachers/ caregivers, provision of appropriate ECD facilities, and stimulating learning materials as well as supervision/ monitoring of ECE programmes. Towards this end, increased government allocations, sustained international support, financial allocation to ECE teacher training institutions, equity funding and cost-sharing strategies were recommended.
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Febrero, Eladio, Jorge Uxó, and Ignacio Álvarez. "Target2 imbalances and the ECB’s asset purchase programme. An alternative account." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180627008f.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the cause behind rising Target2 imbalances since early 2015, coinciding with the implementation of a quantitative easing program by the ECB. Two facts have captured our attention. Firstly, the official explanation of rising Target2 imbalances, offered by the ECB, is not convincing because it does not fit the empirical evidence available for Italy and Spain. Further, our alternative interpretation reveals that through quantitative easing, the ECB has helped to clean up banks? balance sheets and has indirectly funded government spending. Secondly, those who spoke out against the risks of rising Target2 imbalances in 2011-12, now remain silent on this issue, despite the fact that some of the presumed risks during the first wave of rising imbalances still hold. We interpret this silence as an implicit acceptance that the risks put forward in 2011-12 are offset by reform fatigue and anti-euro sentiments in the Euro Zone.
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Jakl, Jakub. "Outreach and Effects of the ECB Corporate Sector Purchase Programme." Prague Economic Papers 29, no. 3 (June 16, 2020): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.729.
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Ghysels, Eric, Julien Idier, Simone Manganelli, and Olivier Vergote. "A High-Frequency assessment of the ECB Securities Markets Programme." Journal of the European Economic Association 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 218–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw003.
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Wendel, Mattias. "Exceeding Judicial Competence in the Name of Democracy: The German Federal Constitutional Court's OMT Reference." European Constitutional Law Review 10, no. 2 (August 14, 2014): 263–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019614001187.
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First preliminary reference of the German Federal Constitutional Court – ECB Outright Monetary Transaction Programme (OMT) – Financial crisis – Ultra vires review – Principle of democracy – Judicial dialogue – Separation of powers – National constitutional identity – Mandate of the ECB – Article 123 TFEU – Article 18.1 ESCB-Statute – Economic and monetary policy – Honeywell test partially abandoned – Pringle judgment inverted – No margin of discretion for the ECB – Necessity, and prohibition of functional misuse, under Article 267 TFEU – Comparative reasoning
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Xu, Mengxue, Aihua Liu, Chunxia Zhao, Hai Fang, Xiaona Huang, Stephen Berman, and Hongyan Guan. "Group-based intervention to improve developmental status among children age 6–18 months in rural Shanxi province, China: a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037156.
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IntroductionEarly childhood development (ECD) is a critical component for building the foundation of future physical and emotional health and subsequent academic success. The quality of the home environment to promote development is an important factor in ECD. Since large rural–urban disparities in the home environment exist in China, there is a critical need to develop and evaluate interventions to promote ECD in rural areas. Individual center-based or home-based interventions dominate the current ECD programmes in rural China. However, group-based interventions offer potential advantages in terms of both effectiveness and cost. Thus, we aim to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated group-based intervention, the Care Group Intervention, in enhancing ECD among children age 6–18 months and (2) conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis.Methods and analysisThe Care Group Intervention uses a cluster (by township) randomised controlled trial conducted in Fenxi county, Shanxi province, China, from July 2019, for 1 year. The intervention focuses on five key components of nurturing care including good health, adequate nutrition, responsive caregiving, security and safety, and opportunities for early learning. The intervention comprises small groups of 3–10 children within a certain age range and their primary caregivers that are led by well-trained local facilitators. Outcomes includes infants’ developmental quotient (Bayley Scales of Infant Development III, Ages & Stages Questionnaire: Social–Emotional, second edition); anaemia (HemoCue Hb 301+); nurturing environment (Infant/Toddler Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment), parent-child interaction (Teaching Scale) and caregiver depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression). Cost data are collected throughout the entire study to carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China on 10 July 2018 (SHERLL2018014). Findings and results from this project will be disseminated via publications and presentations.Trial registration numberChinese Clinical Trials Registry: ChiCTR1900022894. Registered on 30 April 2019.
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Gerner-Beuerle, Carsten, Esin Küçük, and Edmund Schuster. "Law Meets Economics in the German Federal Constitutional Court: Outright Monetary Transactions on Trial." German Law Journal 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 281–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002959.
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The Eurozone banking and sovereign debt crisis has brought the fragility of the European monetary union into sharp focus and exposed the lack of effective instruments at the European level to maintain financial stability. As a response to the crisis, the Member States and the institutions of the Union adopted in short succession several financial assistance measures that have given rise to much political and legal controversy. The European Central Bank (ECB) played an active role in the institutions' efforts to contain the crisis and prevent the disintegration of the Eurozone by deploying a number of so-called non-standard or unconventional monetary policy measures, namely its Securities Markets Programme, Long-Term Refinancing Operations, and in September 2012 the Outright Monetary Transactions Programme (OMT Programme). The OMT Decision envisages unlimited purchases by the ECB of specific types of sovereign bonds issued by Member States participating in an EFSF/ESM macroeconomic adjustment or precautionary program in the secondary market. Without the program having been activated, i.e. without the ECB actually implementing the decision and without any purchases of government bonds, yields on bonds of the affected Eurozone countries decreased markedly after the announcement of the OMT Decision. The OMT Programme has accordingly been credited with having been instrumental in restoring financial stability and preventing a breakup of the Euro area and with being one of the most effective announcements any central bank has ever made.
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Lloyd, T. C. "Northumbrian Water coastal programme: nine scrubbers for the price of eight!" Water Science and Technology 41, no. 6 (March 1, 2000): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0104.
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Under the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, Northumbrian Water have to provide full sewage treatment at eight coastal sites for 1999/2000 deadlines. As part of the consequent standardisation programme, NWL appointed Entec to co-ordinate odour containment, ventilation and abatement at all eight sites. Following trials and a review of options, NWL specified the ICI “Odorgard” catalytic single stage scrubber as the standard abatement method. Tenders were sought using ECC Option A (activity schedules) conditions of contract from the three licensees. Costs were identified for anticipated odour loads/installation programmes to maximise “bulk discount” opportunities, culminating in simultaneous contracts being let to ERG for all eight sites. This represents the largest known multi-site odour abatement award in the water industry to date effectively giving discounts equivalent to the cost of the ninth scrubber. Further advantages of the bulk purchase included common operational procedures/spares and the ability to apply lessons being learnt from commissioning of prior scrubber installations.
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Goyal, Gaurav, Robert Vassallo, Karen L. Rech, Jay H. Ryu, Caroline J. Davidge-Pitts, W. Oliver Tobin, Matthew J. Koster, et al. "Tumor Mutational Burden and Other Immunotherapy Markers in Histiocytic Neoplasms Using Next Generation Sequencing." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113196.
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Abstract Introduction Histiocytic neoplasms are rare hematological malignancies that have protean clinical manifestations and can pose significant management challenges. Recently, vemurafenib was approved by the US-FDA for treatment of BRAF-V600-mutant Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD). However, there is a lack of FDA-approved therapies for other histiocytic neoplasms such as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD). Over the last 5 years, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have shown significant improvement in outcomes among patients with several hematological and solid organ malignancies. In order to identify appropriate treatment candidates for these therapies, predictive biomarkers have been developed in various cancers. Evidence from solid tumors has suggested a favorable response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy with higher tumor mutational burden (TMB), defined as the number of mutations within a tumor genome. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of various tumors has shown an association between TMB of < 5 mutations/megabase (mut/Mb) to be associated with an absence of benefit from checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, high levels of PD-1/PD-L1 expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) are also correlated with response to therapy. The latter may be a result of somatic or germline alterations in DNA mismatch repair genes. In this study, we report the results for these biomarkers using NGS in patients with histiocytic neoplasms. Methods We utilized TempusTM NGS platform to analyze the tissue specimen of patients with histiocytic neoplasm. The Tempus xO Assay (Tempus Labs; Chicago, IL) combines a 1,711 gene targeted somatic and germline DNA sequencing panel with RNA-sequencing to detect both germline and somatic single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels, copy number variants, and gene rearrangements causing chimeric mRNA transcript expression in a wide array of solid tumor types. The assay utilizes formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples and matched blood samples. TMB was calculated and reported as somatic mutations in tumor tissue per million base-pairs or mut/Mb. RNA sequencing was utilized to assess for PD-L1 and PD-1 gene expressions as compared to matched tumor and normal reference sets. Both PD-L1 and PD-1 gene expressions were reported as percentiles. DNA mismatch repair status was predicted by analysis of alterations in five common mismatch repair genes in somatic and germline DNA (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2, and EPCAM). If there were no alterations identified in these genes, the mismatch repair status was predicted as microsatellite stable (MSS). Results A total of 13 patients with histiocytic neoplasms were included in the study. The distribution of individual histiocytic neoplasms was as follows: RDD (n=9), ECD (n=3), and LCH (n=1). The median TMB for RDD and ECD patients was 0.17 mut/Mb. For the one patient with LCH, the TMB level was 0.51 mut/Mb. Individual TMB levels are shown in figure 1. PD-L1 and PD-1 expression levels are depicted in table 1. Compared to normal reference sets, the PD-L1 expression was elevated in one patient each with RDD and ECD, and PD-1 expression was elevated in two patients each with RDD and ECD. For both ECD patients with higher PD-1 expression, NGS also showed presence of BRAF-V600E in the tumor tissue. The LCH patient had a low level of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression. For patients where evaluation of DNA mismatch repair was feasible on the tissue specimen (n=4), none showed related somatic or germline alterations. Conclusions In our series, the histiocytic neoplasms RDD, ECD, and LCH demonstrated low levels of TMB. None of the RDD and ECD patients were found to have alterations in DNA mismatch repair genes. Other markers of immunotherapy such as PD-L1/PD-1 expression appeared to be higher in ECD patients with BRAF-V600E, but in only a small subset of RDD patients. The low TMB seen in our study suggests that these histiocytic neoplasms may be less likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 agents as compared to the tumors with high TMB. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Tetreault, Darcy Victor. "La política social y los programas para combatir la pobreza en México. ¿Oportunidades para quiénes?" Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo 2, no. 2 (January 16, 2012): 41–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/ecd.0202.dvt.
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Este artículo examina la efectividad de la política social mexicana para combatir la pobreza. Empieza con una revisión de la evolución del pensamiento sobre la política social en el contexto mexicano, iniciando con el periodo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y terminando con la consolidación de la “nueva política social” durante la primera década del nuevo milenio. Esto prepara el terreno para un análisis crítico del principal programa para combatir la pobreza en México (Progresa/Oportunidades). Dicho programa es una moneda de dos caras: por un lado, los resultados de corto plazo incluyen una población infantil más saludable y jóvenes con mayores niveles educativos; por otro lado, las deficiencias en la prestación de servicios básicos en las áreas de salud y educación, especialmente en zonas rurales, combinado con mercados laborales estancados, tienden a socavar la meta fundamental de erradicar la pobreza. El argumento central es que estas limitaciones no dimanan de las imperfecciones en el diseño o la implementación del programa, sino que son sintomáticas de los problemas estructurales asociados con el modelo neoliberal.
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Park, H. Y., J. H. Kim, S. Choi, E. Kang, S. Oh, J. Y. Kim, and S. W. Kim. "Psychological effects of a cosmetic education programme in patients with breast cancer." European Journal of Cancer Care 24, no. 4 (February 4, 2015): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12290.
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Tandon, Shishir, Satyendra Kumar, and N. K. Sand. "Development and Validation of GC-ECD Method for the Determination of Metamitron in Soil." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/592763.
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This paper aims at developing and validating a convenient, rapid, and sensitive method for estimation of metamitron from soil samples.Determination andquantification was carried out by Gas Chromatography on microcapillary column with an Electron Capture Detector source. The compound was extracted from soil using methanol and cleanup by C-18 SPE. After optimization, the method was validated by evaluating the analytical curves, linearity, limits of detection, and quantification, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), and accuracy (recovery). Recovery values ranged from 89 to 93.5% within 0.05- 2.0 µg L−1with average RSD 1.80%. The precision (repeatability) ranged from 1.7034 to 1.9144% and intermediate precision from 1.5685 to 2.1323%. Retention time was 6.3 minutes, and minimum detectable and quantifiable limits were 0.02 ng mL−1and 0.05 ng g−1, respectively. Good linearity (R2=0.998) of the calibration curves was obtained over the range from 0.05 to 2.0 µg L−1. Results indicated that the developed method is rapid and easy to perform, making it applicable for analysis in large pesticide monitoring programmes.
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Kay, Anthony David, Anthony John Blazevich, Millie Fraser, Lucy Ashmore, and Mathew William Hill. "Isokinetic eccentric exercise substantially improves mobility, muscle strength and size, but not postural sway metrics in older adults, with limited regression observed following a detraining period." European Journal of Applied Physiology 120, no. 11 (August 9, 2020): 2383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04466-7.
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Abstract Introduction Eccentric exercise can reverse age-related decreases in muscle strength and mass; however, no data exist describing its effects on postural sway. As the ankle may be more important for postural sway than hip and knee joints, and with older adults prone to periods of inactivity, the effects of two 6-week seated isokinetic eccentric exercise programmes, and an 8-week detraining period, were examined in 27 older adults (67.1 ± 6.0 years). Methods Neuromuscular parameters were measured before and after training and detraining periods with subjects assigned to ECC (twice-weekly eccentric-only hip and knee extensor contractions) or ECCPF (identical training with additional eccentric-only plantarflexor contractions) training programmes. Results Significant (P < 0.05) increases in mobility (decreased timed-up-and-go time [− 7.7 to − 12.0%]), eccentric strength (39.4–58.8%) and vastus lateralis thickness (9.8–9.9%) occurred after both training programmes, with low-to-moderate weekly rate of perceived exertion (3.3–4.5/10) reported. No significant change in any postural sway metric occurred after either training programme. After 8 weeks of detraining, mobility (− 8.2 to − 11.3%), eccentric strength (30.5–50.4%) and vastus lateralis thickness (6.1–7.1%) remained significantly greater than baseline in both groups. Conclusion Despite improvements in functional mobility, muscle strength and size, lower-limb eccentric training targeting hip, knee and ankle extensor muscle groups was not sufficient to influence static balance. Nonetheless, as the beneficial functional and structural adaptations were largely maintained through an 8-week detraining period, these findings have important implications for clinical exercise prescription as the exercise modality, low perceived training intensity, and adaptive profile are well suited to the needs of older adults.
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Ibisate, Francisco J. "Dos programas económicos para 1994." ECA: Estudios Centroamericanos 48, no. 540 (October 31, 1993): 983–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.51378/eca.v48i540.5993.
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Síntesis de las grandes líneas de pensamiento económico de los partidos políticos, partiendo de que un buen plan económico nacional debe estar inspirado en el contexto social concreto del país al cual también debe dar respuesta, según su objetivo fundamental: el desarrollo económico y el crecimiento con equidad.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 48, No. 540, 1993: 983-1002.
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Goonewardene, Sanchia S., Raj Persad, Veronica Nanton, Annie Young, and Adel Makar. "The Worcestershire Prostate Cancer Survivorship Programme: patient needs at a community-based centre." European Journal of Cancer Care 24, no. 5 (August 25, 2015): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12263.
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Wierzbowska, Agata. "Monetary policy and bank lending in euro area since the outset of the global financial crisis." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180423010w.
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In this article, we present the impact of the monetary policy stance of the European Central Bank(ECB)since 2007 on bank lending in the euro area and compare the effects of the main measures: interest rate changes, liquidity provision, and asset purchase programmes. We also analyse the channels through which monetary policy might influence the banking system and narrow our focus to the individual countries. The main results indicate stimulating impact of ECB?s policy stance on bank lending that extends its influence mainly through interest rate cuts further supported by the liquidity provision and asset purchase programmes. However, we also find considerable differences across the member states, of ten depending on the state of the banking system and loan demand in the member state. The results support the variety of monetary policy measures introduced by the ECB, as each played its own role in supporting the banking system and encouraging bank lending in the euro area.
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Pliakos, Asteris, and Georgios Anagnostaras. "Saving Face? The German Federal Constitutional Court DecidesGauweiler." German Law Journal 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220002191x.
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The German Federal Constitutional Court has issued its long-awaited judgment in theGauweiler Case.The Court ruled that the policy decision on the Outright Monetary Transactions programme (OMT programme) does not manifestly exceed the competences attributed to the European Central Bank (ECB) and does not manifestly violate the prohibition of monetary financing of the budget, if interpreted in accordance with the preliminary ruling of the European Court of Justice (Court). This article surveys the Court's decision and offers a critical commentary on this important case.
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Rush, Elaine, Madeline Kirk, Priya Parmar, Leanne Young, and Vladimir Obolonkin. "Secular trends 2013–2017 in overweight and visible dental decay in New Zealand preschool children: influence of ethnicity, deprivation and the Under-5-Energize nutrition and physical activity programme." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 10, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174418000788.
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AbstractEarly-life intervention to reduce obesity and poor dental health through early-life nutrition will improve health outcomes in later life. This study examined the prevalence of overweight and obesity and visual dental decay in 4-year old children in New Zealand between 2013 and 2017, and the impact of a nutrition and physical activity intervention programme, Under-5-Energize (U5E), on prevalence of these conditions within ethnic groups and by deprivation. The data set included 277,963 4-year-old children, including 25,140 from the Waikato region children of whom 8067 attended one of the 121 early childhood centres (ECC) receiving the U5E programme from 2014. Purposively the U5E-ECC selected were attended by higher proportions of indigenous Māori children and children living in higher deprivation areas than non-U5E-ECC. From 2013 to 2017, the overall prevalence of obesity, as defined by World Health Organisation criteria, declined slightly but rates of dental decay did not change. In the Waikato region, the prevalence of obesity declined in non-Māori children from 2015 to 2017 and children attending U5E-ECC had lower rates of dental decay than non-U5E children. Binary logistic regression showed that between 2015 and 2017 visible dental decay was more likely in children who were Māori (3.06×3.17), living in high deprivation (1.54×1.66) and male (1.10) but less likely if attending an U5E-ECC (0.83×0.79). Early-life intervention had efficacy at reducing dental decay, and demonstrated that the origins of disparities in health such as ethnicity and deprivation need to be addressed further to break the intergenerational cycles of poor health.
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McGinnity, T. M., S. G. Jones, M. Dowdle, and K. Birkinshaw. "The Design of Cmos Gate Arrays as Student Undergraduate Projects." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 26, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072098902600109.
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The design and fabrication of TAHC06 and TAHC10 gate arrays has been undertaken by students studying for a degree in Microelectronics and Computing. This paper describes the incorporation of such ECAD work into an undergraduate degree programme and discusses progress by reference to specific project examples.
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Kane, P., M. Jasperse, P. Boland, and P. Herst. "A pathway to empowerment: evaluating a cancer education and support programme in New Zealand." European Journal of Cancer Care 23, no. 5 (February 13, 2014): 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12188.
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Cawley and Finnegan. "Transmission Channels of Central Bank Asset Purchases in the Irish Economy." Economies 7, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7040098.
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The European Central Bank (ECB) engaged in an expanded asset purchase programme (APP) from 2014 to 2018 to help achieve their primary objective of price stability. Total assets purchased over this period was over €2.5 trillion and new net purchases ended in December 2018. This paper identifies whether the ECB’s APP in Ireland operated through the portfolio rebalancing channel, the signalling channel or the lending channel. It presents a quantitative descriptive analysis of some key Irish data sets in the 2014–2018 period and uses time-series visualisation and trend analysis to identify trends and correlations. There are a number of preliminary findings. First, much downward pressure on sovereign debt yields and spreads had occurred before the APP began due to previous accommodative monetary policy and the signalling channel. Second, the corporate-sector purchase programme (CSPP) did impact on targeted bonds and may have had spill overs to non-targeted bonds. Third, the APP did not lead to much increased lending to the SME sector. Fourth, while households did engage in traditional portfolio rebalancing, Irish banks did not and were perhaps more motivated to meet their capital requirements and manage their level of reserves. This is a first step towards understanding the transmission channels of ECB policy in Ireland and more work needs to be done to detangle the transmission of the most recent APP from other factors and consider these findings in the context of theoretical models. Such work is important to help inform policy makers on enhancing the transmission mechanism to the Irish economy of the recently launched new ECB asset purchase programme from November 2019.
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Fontan, Clément, and David Howarth. "The European Central Bank and the German Constitutional Court: Police Patrols and Fire Alarms." Politics and Governance 9, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i2.3888.
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In May 2020, a ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) questioned the legality of the Bundesbank’s participation in the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) Public Sector Purchase Programme. Applying elements of a principal-agent analysis, this article analyses how the FCC ruling presents us with a new understanding of the relationship between the ECB, other EU institutions and Eurozone member states. Existing principal-agent analyses of the ECB focus upon its relations with other EU-level institutions and point to the limited ex ante control mechanisms and efforts to reinforce ex post control mechanisms—notably European Parliament oversight. The FCC ruling and the ECB’s reaction demonstrate the relative importance of national level controls over the ECB agent. This article understands the role of private plaintiffs in Germany as a form of ‘fire alarm’ on ECB policymaking against the background of weak ex post controls at the EU-level.
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Jensen, Sarah KG, Matias Placencio-Castro, Shauna M. Murray, Robert T. Brennan, Simo Goshev, Jordan Farrar, Aisha Yousafzai, et al. "Effect of a home-visiting parenting program to promote early childhood development and prevent violence: a cluster-randomized trial in Rwanda." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 1 (January 2021): e003508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003508.
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IntroductionFamilies living in extreme poverty require interventions to support early-childhood development (ECD) due to broad risks. This longitudinal cluster randomised trial examines the effectiveness of Sugira Muryango (SM), a home-visiting intervention linked to Rwanda’s social protection system to promote ECD and reduce violence compared with usual care (UC).MethodsFamilies with children aged 6–36 months were recruited in 284 geographical clusters across three districts. Cluster-level randomisation (allocated 1:1 SM:UC) was used to prevent diffusion. SM was hypothesised to improve child development, reduce violence and increase father engagement. Developmental outcomes were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) and the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT) and anthropometric assessments of growth. Violence was assessed using questions from UNICEF Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) and Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Father engagement was assessed using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Blinded enumerators conducted interviews and developmental assessments.ResultsA total of 541 SM families and 508 UC families were enrolled and included in the analyses. Study attrition (2.0% children; 9.6% caregivers) was addressed by hot deck imputation. Children in SM families improved more on gross motor (d=0.162, 95% CI 0.065 to 0.260), communication (d=0.081, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.156), problem solving (d=0.101, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.179) and personal-social development (d=0.096, 95% CI −0.015 to 0.177) on the ASQ-3. SM families showed increased father engagement (OR=1.592, 95% CI 1.069 to 2.368), decreased harsh discipline (incidence rate ratio, IRR=0.741, 95% CI 0.657 to 0.835) and intimate partner violence (IRR=0.616, 95% CI:0.458 to 0.828). There were no intervention-related improvements on MDAT or child growth.ConclusionSocial protection programmes provide a means to deliver ECD intervention.Trial registration numberNCT02510313.
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Belke, Ansgar. "Driven by the markets? ECB sovereign bond purchases and the securities markets programme." Intereconomics 45, no. 6 (November 2010): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-010-0356-1.
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Battini, Okçana, Sandra Regina Reis, and Cyntia Simioni França. "A Legislação em EAD como Margem para o Estabelecimento de Programas de Iniciação Científica." Revista de Ensino, Educação e Ciências Humanas 17, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8733.2016v17n3p202-208.
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<p>A instituição e consolidação do ensino na EaD coloca em evidência a necessidade de se estender a pesquisa e extensão para a essa modalidade, a fim de se consolidar o tripé ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Os programas de Iniciação Científica (IC) constituem alternativas para essa consolidação, pois possibilitam o envolvimento de alunos à distância. A participação na IC oportuniza o crescimento profissional e promove a participação do aluno na dinâmica da instituição formadora, enriquecendo sua formação. Com vistas a investigar a instituição da IC na graduação à distância, esse texto tem como objetivo apresentar a análise da legislação da EaD no Brasil, incluindo os Referenciais de Qualidade para a Educação<br />Superior à Distância, publicado em 2007 e a Resolução 01/2016, que institui o Marco Regulatório a EaD, a partir de sua publicação. Constitui um recorte transversal de uma pesquisa sobre a instituição da IC no âmbito de uma universidade privada. Tem como uma de suas premissas que, assim como o ensino, nas universidades, a pesquisa e os programas de IC têm como referência o ensino presencial. Evidenciou-se que a legislação específica de EaD reserva um papel secundário à pesquisa e a extensão nos cursos ofertados nessa modalidade. Trata a temática de forma periférica, fazendo apenas menção e não as reconhecendo como importantes na formação dos cidadãos e dos profissionais. No entanto, o avanço tecnológico e o crescimento ascendente da EaD sinalizam a necessidade urgente do desenvolvimento da pesquisa e da extensão na EaD.</p>
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Percival, Tricia, Julien Edwards, Salvacion Barclay, Bidyadhar Sa, and Md Anwarul Azim Majumder. "Early Childhood Caries in 3 to 5 Year Old Children in Trinidad and Tobago." Dentistry Journal 7, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj7010016.
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Background: This study was done to evaluate the prevalence and contributory factors of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) among preschool children of Kindergartens and Early Childhood Centres in Trinidad and Tobago. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 342 preschool children aged 3 to 5 years. The school staff distributed a structured questionnaire to the children to be completed by the mother. Clinical examinations were conducted by calibrated examiners. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 in all analyses. Results: The prevalence of ECC and S-ECC was 50.3% and 52.3%, respectively. Dietary and oral hygiene factors particularly with bottle feeding and high plaque levels were major contributors to dental caries in this population. Conclusion: ECC and S-ECC are significant issues that occur in preschool children in Trinidad and Tobago. The development of ECC and S-ECC can be attributed to certain environmental factors like dietary habits and oral hygiene practices. Early dental assessment, broad-based oral health education programmes, increased parental/guardian engagement during oral hygiene practices and greater access to facilities for early childhood caries prevention and management can help alleviate the problems of ECC and S-ECC in this population.
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Fisher, James Peter, Luke Carlson, and James Steele. "The effects of muscle action, repetition duration, and loading strategies of a whole-body, progressive resistance training programme on muscular performance and body composition in trained males and females." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 10 (October 2016): 1064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0180.
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Research has produced equivocal results with regard to eccentric (ECC) only compared with traditional concentric/eccentric resistance training (RT). When considered in relation to load- and repetition duration-accentuated (ECC) training as well as the use of isokinetic and isoinertial training methods, there is a relative dearth of literature considering multi-joint, multi-exercise RT interventions. The present study considered 59 male and female participants randomly divided in to 3 sex counterbalanced groups; ECC only (ECC, n = 20), repetition duration-accentuated ECC (ECC-A, n = 20), and traditional (CON, n = 19) performing full-body, effort matched RT programmes for 2 days·week−1 for 10 weeks. Outcomes were muscular performance, including absolute muscular endurance and predicted 1-repetition maximum, in addition to body composition. No significant between-groups differences were identified for change in muscular performance measures for leg press or chest press exercises, or for body composition changes. Analyses revealed a significantly greater improvement for CON compared with ECC groups (p < 0.05) for change in absolute muscular endurance for the pull-down exercise. Effect sizes for muscular performance changes were moderate to large for all groups and exercises (0.75–2.00). The present study supports previous research that ECC-only training produces similar improvements in muscular performance to traditional training where intensity of effort is controlled. Data herein further supports the use of uncomplicated, low-volume RT to momentary failure as an efficacious method of improving muscular performance in trained persons.
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Schuler, M. K., B. Hornemann, C. Pawandenat, M. Kramer, L. Hentschel, H. Beck, P. Kasten, et al. "Feasibility of an exercise programme in elderly patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation - a pilot study." European Journal of Cancer Care 25, no. 5 (November 3, 2015): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12400.
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RAZINGER, Jaka, Špela MODIC, Annette HERZ, and Gregor UREK. "Parasitoid inventarisation of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, 1796) and options for its biological control in Slovenia." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 107, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.1.10.
Full textAbstract:
European corn borer (<em>Ostrinia nubilalis</em>)<em> </em>(ECB) is an important maize pest in central and northern Europe. Presently it is controlled by insecticides or biological agents such as <em>Trichogramma brassicae</em> in several European countries, excluding Slovenia, where the pest’s pressure is highly variable and no appropriate mechanization is available. Lessening the dependence on chemical pesticides is an integral part of the European Union’s agenda for agriculture. Mass release of <em>Trichogramma</em> spp. could be seen as a promising alternative for ECB control in countries with a highly fluctuating ECB pressure and no mechanization for insecticide applications. However, no records of naturally occurring hymenopteran parasitoids of ECB exist in Slovenia. To address this important under-researched topic and provide the expert basis for potential introduction of ECB egg parasitoids in Slovene maize production, a systematic inventarisation programme of ECB parasitoids was launched in 2010. Additionally, ECB flight was monitored in 2011 and 2012 at two locations in Slovenia: Jablje and Rakičan. In both locations two ECB generations were observed. ECB was fist observed at the end of May in Rakičan. During the five years of the systematic survey we discovered two ECB parasitoid species. ECB egg masses were parasitized by <em>Trichogramma brassicae</em>, whereas ECB pupae were parasitized by <em>Tycherus nigridens</em>, with 6 or 7 % parasitation rate, respectively. <em>T. nigridens</em> represents a new taxon report for Slovenia. We conclude that there is a strong need for undertaking systematic surveys of natural enemies of agricultural pests.