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Journal articles on the topic 'ECG circuit design'
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1
Fu, Xiu Hui, Hong Ru Lin, Shu Li Ouyang, and Wei Bo Song. "Design of Portable ECG Tester." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.228.
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In order to solve the problem of ECG acquisition and processing better, this paper designs a portable ECG tester, which uses the SCM as the core controller. Power basic frequency interference was removed by 50 Hz trap filter. Power harmonic interference, electrode polarization interference and my electricity interference were removed by low- pass filter. Baseline drift was removed by high- pass filter. At the same time; we test the performance of acquisition circuit, filter circuit and amplification circuit. As a result, it is shown that the system can well collect and process ECG signal.
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Ma, Jing, Jun Xu, Hai Bo Xu, Yu Wang, and Sheng Xu Yin. "Design of ECG Signal Acquisition and Processing Circult." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.856.
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ECG signal is, as a vital method performed on the heart study and clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, an important human physiological signal, containing the human cardiac conduction system of physiological and pathological information. Aiming at the weak low frequency characteristic of ECG signals, the core circuit based on the AD620 and LM324 amplifier is given. After analyzing the major components of the ECG signal and the frequency range of interference, weak ECG signal collected by the electrodes is amplified by the preamplifier circuit, and the interference then is wiped out by using a low-pass filer, a high-pass filer, 50Hz notch filer and back amplifier circuit, finally a right wave of ECG is received. The characteristics of the system features the merits of high input impedance, high CMRR, low noise, less excursion and high SNR(signal to noise ratio), low cost and so on.
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Irianto, Bambang Guruh, Budhiaji Budhiaji, and Syaifudin Syaifudin. "Design of Electro Cardiograph Machine Based on Atmega Microcontroller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2, no. 2 (2016): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v2.i2.pp328-333.
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ECG machine on the market, has a considerable cost, the technology used is still very complicated. In efficient and display ECG still not interconnect with other devices. In this study, the researchers designed ECG machine 12 channels to take advantage ATMega microcontroller technology, Graphic LCD 64x12, which can be obtained on the market at low prices, thus yielding a portable ECG apparatus, can interconnect with other devices and cheap. Objective is to design a ECG machine using ATMega microcontroller technology, by making a series of bio amplifier ECG, measuring the amplitude and frequency response bio amplifier, and make the ECG signal processing circuit with microcontroller, which can be displayed on a 128x64 graphic LCD or PC. To answer the research objectives, the design of the research is to use pure experimental research is the design of experimental series. The independent variable ECG phantom or human and the dependent variable is the ECG machine. While the design ECG machine through the stages as follows: circuit design, circuit testing and calibration output. The conclusion of this study: The result of the design of microcontroller ATMega program listings can be used transform and run the program to the ECG machine to know the number of heartbeats, a beep sound every wave R the ECG signal, displayed on the graphical LCD, PC, printed through a computer, and can be stored in computer.
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Peng, Yan, and Zhi Gang Qin. "The Design of a Filter System for ECG Signal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3757.
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According to the process of the ECG signal extraction, the ECG signal is susceptible to interference which will affect the quality and effect of ECG test. In this essay, we designed an ECG signal filtering system based on ARM. It can filter the interference signal and reduce the interference of the common mode signal and power frequency, through the design circuit of the preamplifier, post amplification, filtering, notch filtering, and power amplification. Thus, ECG signal will be better collected and met the best demand.
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Yang, Fang, He Ping Hang, Jin Hui Shen, and Ming Gang Shao. "Design and Realization of Portable ECG Monitor with Dual CPU." Advanced Materials Research 340 (September 2011): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.340.451.
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In order to meet data acquisition mobility and convenient requirements of the portable ECG monitor, the data acquisition system of ECG with dual CPU is designed in this paper. The system, in which C8051F005 is master CPU, meanwhile ATmega168 is slave CPU, consists of analogical circuit for detecting of ECG, amplifier-filter circuit, A/D converter and SD memory card communication interface mainly. Experimental data shows that the system has such advantages such as good repeatability, high accuracy, quick response and excellent anti-interference. It can effectively detect and obtain electrical activity of the heart and cope with continuous large memory with SD memory card in embedded system. Strong background noises are eliminated effectively by multi-level amplifier and filter; Un-anamorphic ECG can be acquired and recorded synchronously in memory cards. Moreover, this paper also proposes a preprocessing algorithm for noise reduction so that it can reject the interference by respiration and surface EMG signal.
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Al-Amin, Abdullah, AKM Bodiuzzaman, Ahamad Imtiaz Khan, and K. Siddique-e. Rabbani. "Design and Development of a PC based ECG Equipment." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics 6, no. 1 (2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v6i1.19757.
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ECG is very important for diagnosis of cardiac disorders but most ECG equipment come from developed countries with very costly procurement and maintenance. Therefore, unless the technology is developed indigenously, common people in countries like Bangladesh will not get the benefits of modern healthcare technology. With the advent of personal computers (PC) at low cost, a PC based ECG equipment is also worth developing since many people already own a PC, thereby reducing the overall cost. With this view a PC based ECG equipment was designed and developed from the basics. An attempt was made to utilize maximum components and spares available in the local market. The main unit is based on a low cost but quality instrumentation amplifier IC with high common mode rejection ratio. Active filters were designed using common operational amplifier ICs. Right leg drive circuitry to reduce 50Hz noise of mains ac was kept as an option. Analog signal switching circuitry was used to obtain 12 Lead configurations, which were programme controlled, through graphical user interface. To achieve electrical isolation between patient and the mains ac, an analogue optical isolation circuit was designed and developed. Finally the analogue signal was converted to digital data and interfaced to a personal computer through its USB port using a microcontroller. The required power is obtained by USB port 5V supply. A medical grade isolated dc to dc converter was designed to power the patient side circuitry. Proper patient safety issues were followed in the design. Calibration was performed to make the equipment as accurate as possible. Outputs from several subjects were compared with that of reliable commercial equipment and were found to be satisfactory by cardiac experts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v6i1.19757 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.6 No.1 2013 39-54
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Rahman, Nahian, AKM Bodiuzzaman, A. Raihan Abir, and K. Siddique-e. Rabbani. "Design and Development of a Microcontroller Based Portable ECG Monitor." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics 4, no. 1 (2013): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v4i1.14702.
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A portable battery powered miniature ECG monitor with built in graphic display has been developed at low cost which can be used in rural areas, for on site patient service. It involves an analogue electronics circuit and a programmable digital circuit in the form of a Microcontroller unit (MCU). The MCU sends necessary data to an LCD graphic display screen having 128 x 64 pixels and a built-in controller. The data acquisition, processing and plotting of graphs on the screen in real time are performed through a software developed using C language. The hardware was mounted in a compact box with integrated battery. Field trial and further improvement will be needed before it can be given out to users. A little modification will make it suitable for continuous ambulatory monitoring, with data stored in an SDRAM, which can later be read into a PC and analysed by a doctor. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v4i1.14702 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.4 No.1 2011 127-134
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Wang, Xue, Wen Liang Niu, and Yuan Sheng Liu. "Design of ECG Acquisition System Based on Matlab." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 1001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.1001.
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In order to more accurate detection of ECG signal and cost savings, this paper designed a set of ECG signal acquisition system based on Matlab. The system is composed of hardware and software. Hardware is made up of signal acquisition processing circuit and MPC82G516 microcontroller for AD conversion. The software mainly contains configuring Matlab serial to realize communication with MPC82G516 and uses abundant filter resources of Matlab to remove noise by differential, absolute value, smoothing and threshold selection algorithm of R wave detection, R wave peak provides the basis for calculating the heart rate. This paper uses Matlab friendly user interface for displaying received data to make the data more intuitive and read more easily.
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Rosli, Khairul Affendi, Mohd Hafizi Omar, Ahmad Fariz Hasan, Khairil Syahmi Musa, Mohd Fairuz Muhamad Fadzil, and Shu Hwei Neu. "Development of Electrocardiograph Monitoring System." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815001013.
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Electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring system is one of the diagnostic tools which can help in reduce the risk of heart attack. A cardiologist may be able to determine heart condition from the ECG signal that recorded from subject. The purpose was to design an ECG monitoring system which consists of ECG circuit and digital signal processing system to deny the unwanted signal. In general, the ECG signal is nature weak and only around 1mV amplitude. Therefore filter and amplifier circuits were designed into 3 stages with a total gain of 1000 to bring the signal to around 1V. Circuit designed included of instrumentation amplifier, bandpass filter and notch filter. The frequency bandwidth of ECG is between 0.05Hz until 100Hz. Schematic circuit was tested by software simulation before proceeding to hardware implementation. Simulation analysis was done by using Software Proteus 8 Professional while the further signal processing was done in MATLAB software environment. A PQRST ECG waveform can be seen clearly after digital filtering stage in MATLAB environment. Digital signal processing in MATLAB software included of pre-filtering, Fast Fourier transform and peak detection. As conclusion, the time interval between peaks can be determined automatically which can provide useful information in clinical aspect.
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Bravo-Zanoguera, Miguel, Daniel Cuevas-González, Juan P. García-Vázquez, Roberto L. Avitia, and M. A. Reyna. "Portable ECG System Design Using the AD8232 Microchip and Open-Source Platform." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06584.
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This paper presents the design of a portable electrocardiograph (ECG) device using the AD8232 microchip as the analog front-end (AFE). Starting with the manufacturer’s evaluation board of the AFE chip for testing circuit configurations, open-source hardware and software components were integrated into a breadboard prototype. Ultimately, a custom printed circuit board (PCB) was produced. The prototype required to accommodate the microchip on a SMD-to-DIP adapter for testing with the breadboard-friendly Arduino microcontroller alongside a data logger and a Bluetooth breakout board. The analog ECG signal from the AFE output was digitized using one channel of the 10-bit analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) of the ATmega328 microcontroller contained in the Arduino Nano board. The digitized ECG signal can be transmitted not only by serial cable using the Arduino functions, but also via Bluetooth to a PC or to an Android smartphone system when the HC-06 shield is used. The data logging shield provides gigabytes of storage, and the signal is recorded to a micro SD card adapter along with the date and time stamp data of the sample capture (real-time clock provided). In addition to hardware and software development, a simulation was used in the analog circuit design with SPICE Multisim software and the related macromodel library to assess system stability. Besides the analog filters in the AFE stage, digital filtering by means of simple difference equations was investigated. A menu was incorporated to choose from the several modes of operation of the device. The ECG test signals were obtained from a patient simulator (SimCube) and real patients. A portable ECG system for monitoring applications that complies with electrical safety regulations and medical equipment design was realized.
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Cui, Rui Xue, and Ya Jun Bi. "Design of the Telemedicine ECG Monitoring System Based on GPRS." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.890.
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This paper introduces the design of telemedicine ECG monitoring system based on GPRS.This system combined holter monitoring technology and advanced wireless public communication network, which realizes user outside the hospital can be achieved by heart disease remote real-time monitoring function.This paper firstly introduced the structure design of this system, and then the electrocardio monitoring terminal, the communication circuit as well as the software and hardware of monitoring centers respectively. Clinical experiments showed that this system can realize remote real-time monitoring, and has important clinical significance.
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Kim, Jongpal. "Simultaneous Voltage and Current Measurement Instrumentation Amplifier for ECG and PPG Monitoring." Electronics 10, no. 6 (2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060679.
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An instrumentation amplifier (IA) capable of sensing both voltage and current at the same time has been introduced and applied to electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) measurements for cardiovascular health monitoring applications. The proposed IA can switch between the voltage and current sensing configurations in a time–division manner faster than the ECG and PPG bandwidths. The application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) of the proposed circuit design was implemented using 180 nm CMOS fabrication technology. Input-referred voltage noise and current noise were measured as 3.9 µVrms and 172 pArms, respectively, and power consumption was measured as 34.9 µA. In the current sensing configuration, a current noise reduction technique is applied, which was confirmed to be a 25 times improvement over the previous version. Using a single IA, ECG and PPG can be monitored in the form of separated ECG and PPG signals. In addition, for the first time, a merged ECG/PPG signal is acquired, which has features of both ECG and PPG peaks.
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Hong, Ming. "The Development of ECG and PPG Measurement Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.1205.
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We design a portable measurement device which can simultaneously detect ECG (electrocardiograph) and PPG (photoplethysmograph pulse wave) signal, analyze arrhythmia and calculate SpO2(oxygen saturation of blood). It consists of two parts: the main and the sub. Besides of the most important part MSP430 MCU, there are front-end amplifiers, filter circuit, Bluetooth module, data management module, keyboard and LCD display module, etc. The device can detect QRS complex and PPG signals in real time. For the Fantasia database and patients, the monitor can correctly judge the QRS complex of ECG signals and PPG signal.
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Lin, Yue-Der, Ya-Hsuech Chien, Shih-Fan Wang, Cheng-Lun Tsai, Hen-Hong Chang, and Kang-Ping Lin. "IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTIPLE-CHANNEL CAPACITIVE ECG MEASUREMENT BASED ON CONDUCTIVE FABRIC." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 06 (2013): 1350052. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623721350052x.
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Capacitive electrocardiogram (cECG) measurement is an attractive approach for long-term health monitoring. However, there is little literature available for the implementation of multiple-channel cECG system in standard limb leads. The circuit diagram for such a system is also rarely available in literature. This paper presents a multiple-channel limb-lead cECG system that utilized conductive fabrics as the capacitive sensors. The design criteria and the corresponding circuit diagram are described in detail. The proposed system also incorporates the capacitive driven-body (CDB) circuit to reduce the common-mode power-line interference (PLI). The presented system is verified to be stable by theoretic analysis and long-term experiments. The signals acquired by the presented system are competitive with those by commercially available electrocardiogram (ECG) machines. The feasible size and distance to the subject for the sensor made by conductive fabric have also been evaluated by a series of tests. From the test results, the sensor is suggested to be of greater than 60 cm2 in area and not more than 3 mm in distance for cECG measurement.
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Soman, Varun, Mark D. Poliks, James N. Turner, Mark Schadt, Michael Shay, and Frank Egitto. "Reliability Analysis of a Wearable Sensor Patch (WSP) to Monitor ECG Signals." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2017, no. 1 (2017): 000194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2017-wa23_137.
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Abstract Flexible Hybrid Electronic (FHE) devices interface flexible sensors and circuits with conventional rigid electronic components. This work reports preliminary results for the reliability aspects of a project aimed at fabricating a Wearable Sensor Patch (WSP) to monitor ECG signals. The device was fabricated by interfacing flexible electroplated Cu circuit lines and an ECG sensor on a Kapton® polyimide (PI) substrate with rigid electronics connected using SnPb solder (reflow temperature: 204 °C), making it a FHE device. Phase I of this project faced reliability issues as Cu circuit lines were susceptible to failure due to cracking near the front-end signal conditioning chip. This issue needed to be resolved in Phase II of the project to produce a robust device fit to be used in real world applications. The effect of changes in Cu trace thickness (2 and 6 μm) and Kapton® PI thickness (2 and 5 mil) on device robustness was tested. Effect of the use of low reflow temperature SnBi solder (reflow temperature: 175 °C) on device reliability was also tested. Multiple devices fabricated using different configurations of Cu trace and Kapton® PI thicknesses and either SnPb or SnBi solder were bend tested to single out the most robust configuration. Improved solder pad design for Cu traces at solder joint sites was also tested. It was observed that only devices with 6 μm thick Cu traces, 2 mil thick Kapton® and SnBi solder had no defects as a result of thermal cycling during fabrication. They also performed best during bend testing. Some of the factors contributing to robustness of this configuration might be lower CTE mismatch due to lower solder reflow temperature as well as greater strength under bending due to increased thickness. Improved solder pad design for Cu traces also improved device robustness considerably.
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LIU, YUN-LI, DONG-LONG LIN, and YUE-DER LIN. "SPICE MODEL FOR COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIER." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 16, no. 03 (2004): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237204000207.
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There are many different kinds of biopotential signal. These signals are tiny in amplitude and the measurement is easily corrupted by external interference. For these reasons, the design of high-quality biopotential amplifier is usually an empirical task. To make the design of biopotential amplifier more efficient, this study proposes a simulation model for bioelectric signal measurement such that the design task can be achieved thoroughly by powerful computer-aided design (CAD) tool. The proposed model has two distinct features, one is the simulated biopotential signal is used for the genesis of biosignal, and the other one is the skin-electrode impedance is replaced by its corresponding equivalent circuit, which is a complex RC network. To verify the feasibility of the proposed model, an ECG amplifier is designed in Spice-related CAD tool and is implemented for ECG recording. From the results, the amplifier characteristics agree well between the simulated and the implemented circuit. Besides, the effect due to the commonly encountered power-line interference during biopotential measurement can be reasonably evaluated in the proposed model.
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Cai, Zhipeng, Kan Luo, Chengyu Liu, and Jianqing Li. "Design of a smart ECG garment based on conductive textile electrode and flexible printed circuit board." Technology and Health Care 25, no. 4 (2017): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-170828.
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Weng, Ow Tze, Suhaila Isaak, and Yusmeeraz Yusof. "Low Power CMOS Electrocardiogram Amplifier Design for Wearable Cardiac Screening." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (2018): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1830-1836.
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The trend of health care screening devices in the world is increasingly towards the favor of portability and wearability. This is because these wearable screening devices are not restricting the patient’s freedom and daily activities. While the demand of low power and low cost biomedical system on chip is increasing in exponential way, the front-end electrocardiogram (ECG) amplifiers are still suffering from flicker noise for low frequency cardiac signal acquisition, 50Hz power line electromagnetic interference, and the large unstable input offsets due to the electrode-skin interface is not attached properly. In this paper, a CMOS based ECG amplifier that suitable for low power wearable cardiac screening is proposed. The amplifier adopts the highly stable folded cascode topology and later being implemented into RC feedback circuit for low frequency DC offset cancellation. By using 0.13µm CMOS technology from Silterra, the simulation results show that this front-end circuit can achieve a very low input referred noise of 1pV/Hz1/2 and high common mode rejection ratio of 174.05dB. It also gives voltage gain of 75.45dB with good power supply rejection ratio of 92.12dB. The total power consumption is only 3µW and thus suitable to be implemented with further signal processing and classification back end for low power wearable biomedical device.<br /><br />
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Ranjan, Rajeev Kumar, Surya Prasanna Yalla, Shubham Sorya, and Sajal K. Paul. "Active Comb Filter Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/587932.
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A new approach for the design of an active comb filter is proposed to remove the selected frequencies of various signals. The proposed filter is based on only OTAs and capacitors, hence suitable for monolithic integrated circuit implementation. The workability of the circuit is tested using PSPICE for test signals of 60, 180, 300, and 420 Hz as in ECG signal. The results are given in the paper and found to agree well with theory.
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Chen, Chi-Chun, Shu-Yu Lin, and Wen-Ying Chang. "Novel Stable Capacitive Electrocardiogram Measurement System." Sensors 21, no. 11 (2021): 3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113668.
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This study presents a noncontact electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement system to replace conventional ECG electrode pads during ECG measurement. The proposed noncontact electrode design comprises a surface guard ring, the optimal input resistance, a ground guard ring, and an optimal voltage divider feedback. The surface and ground guard rings are used to reduce environmental noise. The optimal input resistor mitigates distortion caused by the input bias current, and the optimal voltage divider feedback increases the gain. Simulated gain analysis was subsequently performed to determine the most suitable parameters for the design, and the system was combined with a capacitive driven right leg circuit to reduce common-mode interference. The present study simulated actual environments in which interference is present in capacitive ECG signal measurement. Both in the case of environmental interference and motion artifact interference, relative to capacitive ECG electrodes, the proposed electrodes measured ECG signals with greater stability. In terms of R–R intervals, the measured ECG signals exhibited a 98.6% similarity to ECGs measured using contact ECG systems. The proposed noncontact ECG measurement system based on capacitive sensing is applicable for use in everyday life.
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Bui, Ngoc Thang, Tan Hung Vo, Byung-Gak Kim, and Junghwan Oh. "Design of a Solar-Powered Portable ECG Device with Optimal Power Consumption and High Accuracy Measurement." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (2019): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102129.
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One of the best ways to monitor the health of the heart is to regularly record its electrical activity by using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Abnormal ECG signals may indicate conditions such as heart attack, arrhythmia, or heart defects. There are many ECG devices available which can detect and amplify this differential biological signal from the heart, allowing a lot of information to be collected quickly. The ECG is often small and easy to use, but its power is supplied from regular batteries, which need to be replaced after a certain period of use. This causes discomfort for elderly users. To overcome this limitation, in this paper, we aim to develop a solar-powered, portable Bluetooth device for ECG measurements. The device can be interfaced with smartphones or other wireless devices via Bluetooth by a distance up to 100 m. The ECG device was designed to use solar energy, which is also the main power source. Following the solar energy harvesting circuit is a solar panel with an output voltage of 2.4 V and a power out of 0.25 W. We optimized the design to have a very low power consumption and in sleep mode the current consumption is only around 40 µA. The device was designed with 24-bit resolution and a sampling frequency of up to 2133 Hz, which can allow high accuracy ECG measurements. The device is not only used for heart rate monitoring, but it can also assist doctors in analyzing ECG signals with a high accuracy via embedded operating software.
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Ramasamy, Sudha, and Archana Balan. "Wearable sensors for ECG measurement: a review." Sensor Review 38, no. 4 (2018): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2017-0110.
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Purpose Recent developments in wearable technologies have paved the way for continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, without the need for any laboratory settings. A number of wearable sensors ranging from wet electrode sensors to dry sensors, textile-based sensors, knitted integrated sensors (KIS) and planar fashionable circuit boards are used in ECG measurement. The purpose of this study is to carry out a comparative study of the different sensors used for ECG measurements. The current challenges faced in developing wearable ECG sensors are also reviewed. Design/methodology/approach This study carries out a comparative analysis of different wearable ECG sensors on the basis of four important aspects: materials and methods used to develop the sensors, working principle, implementation and performance. Each of the aspects has been reviewed with regard to the main types of wearable ECG sensors available. Findings A comparative study of the sensors helps understand the differences in their operating principles. While some sensors may have a higher efficiency, the others might ensure more user comfort. It is important to strike the right balance between the various aspects influencing the sensor performance. Originality/value Wearable ECG sensors have revolutionized the world of ambulatory ECG monitoring and helped in the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. A comparative study of the available technologies will help both doctors and researchers gain an understanding of the shortcomings in the existing systems.
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Raheem, Mohammed Abdul, та K. Manjunathachari. "A Two Channel Analog Front end Design AFE Design with Continuous Time Σ-Δ Modulator for ECG Signal". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, № 6 (2018): 5041. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp5041-5049.
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In this context, the AFE with 2-channels is described, which has high impedance for low power application of bio-medical electrical activity. The challenge in obtaining accurate recordings of biomedical signals such as EEG/ECG to study the human body in research work. This paper is to propose Multi-Vt in AFE circuit design cascaded with CT modulator. The new architecture is anticipated with two dissimilar input signals filtered from 2-channel to one modulator. In this methodology, the amplifier is low powered multi-VT Analog Front-End which consumes less power by applying dual threshold voltage. Type -I category 2 channel signals of the first mode: 50 and 150 Hz amplified from AFE are given to 2nd CT sigma-delta ADC. Depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in a 0.18 um standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, depict the SNR and SNDR as 63dB and 60dB respectively, consuming the power of 11mW. The design was simulated in 0.18 m standard UMC CMOS process at 1.8V supply. The AFE measured frequency response from 50 Hz to 360 Hz, programmable gains from 52.6 dB to 72 dB, input referred noise of 3.5 μV in the amplifier bandwidth, NEF of 3.
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Huang, Sheng-Chieh, Hui-Min Wang та Wei-Yu Chen. "A ±6 ms-Accuracy, 0.68 mm2, and 2.21 μW QRS Detection ASIC". VLSI Design 2012 (22 листопада 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/809393.
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Healthcare issues arose from population aging. Meanwhile, electrocardiogram (ECG) is a powerful measurement tool. The first step of ECG is to detect QRS complexes. A state-of-the-art QRS detection algorithm was modified and implemented to an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). By the dedicated architecture design, the novel ASIC is proposed with 0.68 mm2 core area and 2.21 μW power consumption. It is the smallest QRS detection ASIC based on 0.18 μm technology. In addition, the sensitivity is 95.65% and the positive prediction of the ASIC is 99.36% based on the MIT/BIH arrhythmia database certification.
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Liu, Han Cheng, Yi Hu, Shu Ming Ye, and Zhi Xu. "A New Design of Pain Monitoring System during General Anesthesia Operations Based on Pulse Wave Transfer Function." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 2374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.2374.
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Pain monitoring is essential during general anesthesia operations. Previous researchers have found relationship between pulse wave and painful stimulation and introduced parameters based on photoplethysmography (PPG). According to arterial windkessel model, pulse wave transfer function (PWTF) would represent the transmission of stimulation but there was little research on this. A synchronous dual channel PPG acquiring system with ECG circuit and external blood pressure module is built to push on the research. System works well with testers aged from 10 to 65, both male and female.
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Wise, Cross T. Asha, G. R. Suresh, M. Palanivelen, and S. Saraswathi. "Design of Pentacene-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistor for Low-Frequency Operational Transconductance Amplifier." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 11 (2020): 2050181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501819.
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Mounting electronics circuits on a plastic flexible substrate are pertinent for biosensing applications due to their resilient nature, minimal processing conditions, lightweight and low cost. Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFET)-based amplifier for flexible biosensors have been proposed in this paper. To design flexible biosensing circuits, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) with Polycyclic Hydrocarbon is a suitable choice. It is a big challenge to build an organic circuit using graphene electrode due to its poor performance of [Formula: see text]-type OFET, therefore it is advisable to use Pentacene as [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-type Organic semiconductors. Pentacene being one among the foremost totally investigated conjugated organic molecules with a high application potential because the hole mobility in OFETs goes up to 0.2[Formula: see text]cm2/(Vs), which exceeds that of amorphous silicon. In biosignal process, the first and most important step is to amplify the biosignal for further processing. Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) plays an essential role in biological signal measuring instruments like EEG, ECG, EMG modules which measure the heart, muscle and brain activities. The OTA designed using this OFET is adaptable for flexible sensor circuits and also it derives the transconductance of 67 which is similar to silicon OTA. The amplifier designed here gives unit gain of 42[Formula: see text]dB with a frequency of 195[Formula: see text]Hz which is suitable for low-frequency biosignal processing applications.
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Kosari, Avish, Jacob Breiholz, NingXi Liu, Benton Calhoun, and David Wentzloff. "A 0.5 V 68 nW ECG Monitoring Analog Front-End for Arrhythmia Diagnosis." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 3 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8030027.
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This paper presents a power efficient analog front-end (AFE) for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring and arrhythmia diagnosis. The AFE uses low-noise and low-power circuit design methodologies and aggressive voltage scaling to satisfy both the low power consumption and low input-referred noise requirements of ECG signal acquisition systems. The AFE was realized with a three-stage fully differential AC-coupled amplifier, and it provides bio-signal acquisition with programmable gain and bandwidth. The AFE was implemented in a 130 nm CMOS process, and it has a measured tunable mid-band gain from 31 to 52 dB with tunable low-pass and high-pass corner frequencies. Under only 0.5 V supply voltage, it consumes 68 nW of power with an input-referred noise of 2.8 µVrms and a power efficiency factor (PEF) of 3.9, which makes it very suitable for energy-harvesting applications. The low-noise 68nW AFE was also integrated on a self-powered physiological monitoring System on Chip (SoC) that is used to capture ECG bio-signals. Heart rate extraction (R-R) detection algorithms were implemented and utilized to analyze the ECG data received by the AFE, showing the feasibility of <100 nW AFE for continuous ECG monitoring applications.
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Bravo-Zanoguera, Miguel, Daniel Cuevas-González, Marco A. Reyna, Juan P. García-Vázquez, and Roberto L. Avitia. "Fabricating a Portable ECG Device Using AD823X Analog Front-End Microchips and Open-Source Development Validation." Sensors 20, no. 20 (2020): 5962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205962.
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Relevant to mobile health, the design of a portable electrocardiograph (ECG) device using AD823X microchips as the analog front-end is presented. Starting with the evaluation board of the chip, open-source hardware and software components were integrated into a breadboard prototype. This required modifying the microchip with the breadboard-friendly Arduino Nano board in addition to a data logger and a Bluetooth breakout board. The digitized ECG signal can be transmitted by serial cable, via Bluetooth to a PC, or to an Android smartphone system for visualization. The data logging shield provides gigabytes of storage, as the signal is recorded to a microSD card adapter. A menu incorporates the device’s several operating modes. Simulation and testing assessed the system stability and performance parameters in terms of not losing any sample data throughout the length of the recording and finding the maximum sampling frequency; and validation determined and resolved problems that arose in open-source development. Ultimately, a custom printed circuit board was produced requiring advanced manufacturing options of 2.5 mils trace widths for the small package components. The fabricated device did not degrade the AD823X noise performance, and an ECG waveform with negligible distortion was obtained. The maximum number of samples/second was 2380 Hz in serial cable transmission, whereas in microSD recording mode, a continuous ECG signal for up to 36 h at 500 Hz was verified. A low-cost, high-quality portable ECG for long-term monitoring prototype that reasonably complies with electrical safety regulations and medical equipment design was realized.
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Hsiao, C. C., R. G. Lee, I. C. Chou, C. C. Lin, and D. Y. Huang. "A TELE-EMERGENT SYSTEM FOR LONG-TERM ECG MONITORING OVER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 19, no. 03 (2007): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237207000240.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of a tele-emergent system to provide constant monitoring of cardiac patients. Our system is consisted of a user integration device attached to the patient, a wireless sensor network (WSN) and a medical gateway installed in the patient's home, and a server set up in the hospital. The user integration device includes Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition and processing circuit utilizing a "Modified So and Chan" QRS detection algorithm to discriminate the R signal wave and calculate RR intervals to subsequently detect abnormal Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and a Bluetooth transmission module to communicate with WSN. The WSN which is consisted of wireless sensor nodes with power-saving scheme is used to relay the ECG data to the medical gateway for ubiquitous monitoring at home. The medical gateway includes the heart disease symptom recognition system to further analyze the ECG data and recognize the symptoms of serious heart diseases, and a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) module with Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) to communicate with the server in the hospital. The server in the hospital can passively process the MMS messages from the medical gateway, and actively send commands to the medical gateway to acquire the needed ECG data from the patient. With our integrated system it is possible to provide real-time and long-term monitoring of physiological data for cardiac patients which is vital for the patients' medical care.
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Sobianin, Ihor, Valerii Skonechnyi, and Inna Yarova. "PORTABLE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH WITH GSM MODULE FOR TELEMEDICINE." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, no. 1(19) (2020): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2020-1(19)-191-198.
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Urgency of the research. The principles of telemedicine need to be put into practice of emergency medical care and family medicine, so there is a need for diagnostic medical equipment with the ability of data transfer and remote consulting with subject matter experts. Target setting. Currently, ECG testing consumes the time to prepare the device for work, needs for the personal computer as the additional equipment and requires highly skilled staff. The development of portable electrocardiographic equipment with built-in means of communication is a task of current importance for biomedical engineering. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The current researches in the development of portable cardiograph for primary preclinical diagnostics are focused on the choice of optimal design parameters of device and the incensement of noise immunity of medical equipment. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. This article focuses on the design development of the portable electrocardiograph with built-in GSM module for operation in telemedicine systems. The research objective is the design of the portable electrocardiograph for telemedicine that has a convenient interface for device control, is equipped with means of communication with cardiac care centers, has universal ports for information output to external drives and connection of additional devices, is as ergonomic as possible, meets safety, reliability and energy efficiency requirements. The statement of basic materials. The main design requirements to portable electrocardiographic equipment are formulated. The basic functional units of the device are chosen and its electronic block diagram is synthesized. The computer simulation of processes and parameters of the circuitry of the instrumentation amplifier functionality at given operating temperatures proves the validity of proposed circuit design. The constructive implementation of the schematic diagram is designed. The device constructive parameters that meet the requirements of telemedicine most closely are defined. Conclusions. The key features of the designed portable electrocardiograph with GSM module are: the embodiment in folding form-factor, the availability of GSM module, the constant connection of ECG electrodes via integrated ECG cable. The embodiment in folding form-factor optimizes ergonomic characteristics of the device. The replacement of non-integral ECG cable with integrated one reduces the intensity of internal noise and reduces time to prepare the device for work. Builtin GSM module provides affordable communication with specialized medical facilities, thus reducing the duration of the diagnostics and increasing the efficiency of the medical care in non-ambulatory out-hospital an outpatient setting.
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CHIEN, CHIA-NAN, and FU-SHAN JAW. "MINIATURE ULTRA-LOW-POWER BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIER FOR POTABLE APPLICATIONS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 17, no. 02 (2005): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237205000172.
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A high input impedance, high common mode rejection ratio, fixed gain (×100) amplifier is proposed for recording biopotential signals. This miniature amplifier affords the feature of power saving. It can continuously function for as long as 3 months with a small battery (3.3 V, 2.2 g). A practical application of this amplifier for ECG recording has shown that it has great potential for recording other biomedical signals. Hence, this amplifier can be used as a building block at the front end of most biomedical systems. Detailed design considerations and circuit implementation of this amplifier are described to facilitate its acceptance as a common module for this purpose.
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Sawano, Hajime, and Takashi Kambe. "A Circuit Design Method for Dynamic Reconfigurable Circuits." Electronics and Communications in Japan 97, no. 2 (2014): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.11577.
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OHMURA, MICHIROH, and TAKESHI TANAKA. "Circuit Design Education by Introducing Circuit Diagram-Based CPU Design." Electronics and Communications in Japan 98, no. 12 (2015): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.11764.
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Hosseini, Mehdi. "A Circuit-Model-Navigated Design Process and Efficiency Estimation for Short-Circuited Self-Excited EBG Resonator Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9327167.
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The paper presents a circuit model for the computationally efficient design of a planar Short-Circuited Self-Excited EBG Resonator Antenna (SC SE-EBG-RA). To this purpose, the same circuit model previously presented for the Open-Circuited version of the antenna is modified to be applicable to the SC version. Detailed HFSS modeling and simulation corroborate the accuracy of the model in predicting the antenna resonance. The efficiency of the designed antenna is calculated by a simulated Wheeler Cap Method (WCM) and is compared with the standard efficiency given by the numerical analyzer. The EM modeling is arranged so as to incorporate the effects of the SMA connector, discontinuities, and the WC, emulating a real WC measurement and yielding a high degree of confidence in the results. Overall, a small antenna sized0.34λ×0.30λ×0.03λwith 93% verified efficiency is achieved, which is also compiled with affordable manufacturing processes.
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Hong, Seongho, Dohyun Jeong, Jordan Ryan, Mathias Foo, Xun Tang, and Jongmin Kim. "Design and Evaluation of Synthetic RNA-Based Incoherent Feed-Forward Loop Circuits." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081182.
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RNA-based regulators are promising tools for building synthetic biological systems that provide a powerful platform for achieving a complex regulation of transcription and translation. Recently, de novo-designed synthetic RNA regulators, such as the small transcriptional activating RNA (STAR), toehold switch (THS), and three-way junction (3WJ) repressor, have been utilized to construct RNA-based synthetic gene circuits in living cells. In this work, we utilized these regulators to construct type 1 incoherent feed-forward loop (IFFL) circuits in vivo and explored their dynamic behaviors. A combination of a STAR and 3WJ repressor was used to construct an RNA-only IFFL circuit. However, due to the fast kinetics of RNA–RNA interactions, there was no significant timescale difference between the direct activation and the indirect inhibition, that no pulse was observed in the experiments. These findings were confirmed with mechanistic modeling and simulation results for a wider range of conditions. To increase delay in the inhibition pathway, we introduced a protein synthesis process to the circuit and designed an RNA–protein hybrid IFFL circuit using THS and TetR protein. Simulation results indicated that pulse generation could be achieved with this RNA–protein hybrid model, and this was further verified with experimental realization in E. coli. Our findings demonstrate that while RNA-based regulators excel in speed as compared to protein-based regulators, the fast reaction kinetics of RNA-based regulators could also undermine the functionality of a circuit (e.g., lack of significant timescale difference). The agreement between experiments and simulations suggests that the mechanistic modeling can help debug issues and validate the hypothesis in designing a new circuit. Moreover, the applicability of the kinetic parameters extracted from the RNA-only circuit to the RNA–protein hybrid circuit also indicates the modularity of RNA-based regulators when used in a different context. We anticipate the findings of this work to guide the future design of gene circuits that rely heavily on the dynamics of RNA-based regulators, in terms of both modeling and experimental realization.
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Lakin, Matthew R., Amanda Minnich, Terran Lane, and Darko Stefanovic. "Design of a biochemical circuit motif for learning linear functions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 101 (2014): 20140902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0902.
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Learning and adaptive behaviour are fundamental biological processes. A key goal in the field of bioengineering is to develop biochemical circuit architectures with the ability to adapt to dynamic chemical environments. Here, we present a novel design for a biomolecular circuit capable of supervised learning of linear functions, using a model based on chemical reactions catalysed by DNAzymes. To achieve this, we propose a novel mechanism of maintaining and modifying internal state in biochemical systems, thereby advancing the state of the art in biomolecular circuit architecture. We use simulations to demonstrate that the circuit is capable of learning behaviour and assess its asymptotic learning performance, scalability and robustness to noise. Such circuits show great potential for building autonomous in vivo nanomedical devices. While such a biochemical system can tell us a great deal about the fundamentals of learning in living systems and may have broad applications in biomedicine (e.g. autonomous and adaptive drugs), it also offers some intriguing challenges and surprising behaviours from a machine learning perspective.
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Sarker, Mahidur R., Azah Mohamed, and Ramizi Mohamed. "Modelling and Simulation an AC-DC Rectifier Circuit Based on Piezoelectric Vibration Sensor for Energy Harvesting System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.131.
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This paper presents the modeling of a full-wave rectifier circuit based on piezoelectric vibration transducer for energy-harvester system. Piezoelectric vibration crystals are a viable means of harvesting energy for low-power embedded systems e.g. wireless sensor network. Distinct power handling circuits are assessed with the presence of piezoelectric vibration based energy harvesting transducer. Inside the interface circuit, the voltage should be started up when the AC input voltage is very low to supply a regulated DC voltage up to 2V. An active technique is chosen to design an ultra-low power circuit from a piezoelectric vibration transducer. MOSFET bride ac–dc rectifier, energy storage device e.g. capacitor and boost converter with regulator are the common components of the energy harvesting circuits. An integrated promoter ac-dc rectifier circuit and boost converter that accept a maximum input voltage of 0.3V and provide a regulated output voltage of 2V serve as the supply. The MOSFET and thyristor are considered to develop the proposed circuit replacing conventional ac-dc rectifier due to low input voltage at which diode does not work.
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LEE, HEESUNG, and EUNTAI KIM. "A NEW GENETIC DESIGN FOR ERROR CORRECTING CODE FOR POWER MINIMIZATION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 17, no. 05 (2008): 773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126608004654.
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Error correcting codes (ECCs) are commonly used as a protection against the soft errors. Single error correcting and double error detecting (SEC–DED) codes are generally used for this purpose. Such circuits are widely used in industry in all types of memory, including caches and embedded memory. In this paper, a new genetic design for ECC is proposed to perform SEC–DED in the memory check circuit. The design is aimed at finding the implementation of ECC which consumes minimal power. We formulate the ECC design into a permutable optimization problem and employ special genetic operators appropriate for this formulation. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
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Goodson, K. E., M. I. Flik, L. T. Su, and D. A. Antoniadis. "Prediction and Measurement of Temperature Fields in Silicon-on-Insulator Electronic Circuits." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 3 (1995): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822616.
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Field-effect transistors (FETs) in conventional electronic circuits are in contact with the high-thermal-conductivity substrate. In contrast, FETs in novel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) circuits are separated from the substrate by a thermally resistive silicon-dioxide layer. The layer improves the electrical performance of SOI circuits. But it impedes conduction cooling of transistors and interconnects, degrading circuit reliability. This work develops a technique for measuring the channel temperature of SOI FETs. Data agree well with the predictions of an analytical thermal model. The channel and interconnect temperatures depend strongly on the device and silicon-dioxide layer thicknesses and the channel–interconnect separation. This research facilitates the thermal design of SOI FETs to improve circuit figures of merit, e.g., the median time to failure (MTF) of FET–interconnect contacts.
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Felgueiras, Manuel Carlos, Jose Macedo, Andre Fidalgo, C. Petry, and Gustavo Alves. "How to Use Remote Labs for Enhancing E-Learning on PSoCs." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 12, no. 04 (2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v12i04.5232.
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Electronic teaching is a task that intents to also prepare the student to understand and design analog and digital circuits. However the design flow in those two arenas are quite opposite as result of very different development state and also are the design methodologies, being challenging for both teachers and students. In fact, the electronic design in the digital field is centered in the use of components based in two kind of circuits (microprocessor and FPGA) using a relatively high level programing/configuring languages. In an opposite way, the analog design is traditionally founded in the use of elementary components (e.g. resistors and capacitors) associated with macroblocks (e.g. operational amplifiers) in order to built-up the wanted mission circuit. However they have just a few analog programmable components, as the PSoC that is analogically configurable in a similar manner that the one already used in the digital domain. The use of this kind of components, however, is not straightforward being necessary to get some concepts traditionally not taught in the analog electronic classes. The training using PSoC are then indispensable to verify if the programed analog circuit corresponds to the intended one. The current work present an innovative remote lab to support teaching of the PSoC.
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Schmidt, Alexander, Holger Kappert, and Rainer Kokozinski. "Enhanced High Temperature Performance of PD-SOI MOSFETs in Analog Circuits Using Reverse Body Biasing." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, HITEN (2013): 000122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-ta14.
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Analog circuit realized in a PD-SOI (Partially-Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator) CMOS process for a wide temperature range up to 400 °C are significantly affected by the MOSFET device characteristics at high temperatures. As leakage currents increase with temperature, the analog device performance, e.g. intrinsic gain and bandwidth tend to decrease. Both effects influence the precision of analog circuits and lead to malfunction of the circuitry at high temperatures. Enhancement of the MOSFET device performance and improved design techniques are required to handle these issues. In this paper, we demonstrate that reverse body biasing (RBB) is a useful method to improve the analog performance of PD-SOI transistors and also to push the limit of analog circuit design in SOI technology beyond 300 °C. It allows beneficial FD (fully depleted) device characteristics in a 1.0 μm PD-SOI CMOS process by manipulating the depletion condition of the silicon film. Due to reduced leakage currents, operation in the moderate inversion region of the SOI transistor device up to 400 °C is feasible. The method is verified by experimental results of transistors with an H-shaped gate (HGATE), an analog switch, basic current mirrors, a two-stage operational amplifier and a bandgap voltage reference. The normalized leakage current of HGATE devices at high temperatures can be reduced by more than one order of magnitude. Thereby the gm/Id factor is improved significantly especially in the moderate inversion region, which has been inaccessible due to leakage currents. As a result, the intrinsic gain of HGATE transistors is improved. The method has also been applied to basic analog circuits. It has been found that RBB significantly reduces the errors related to leakage currents and enables the operation of analog circuits in PD-SOI technology up to 400 °C.
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Galajda, Pavol, Martin Pecovsky, Miroslav Sokol, Martin Kmec, and Dusan Kocur. "Recent Advances in ASIC Development for Enhanced Performance M-Sequence UWB Systems." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174812.
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Short-range ultra-wideband (UWB) radar sensors belong to very promising sensing techniques that have received vast attention recently. The M-sequence UWB sensing techniques for radio detection and ranging feature several advantages over the other short-range radars, inter alia superior integration capabilities. The prerequisite to investigate their capabilities in real scenarios is the existence of physically available hardware, i.e., particular functional system blocks. In this paper, we present three novel blocks of M-sequence UWB radars exploiting application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology. These are the integrated 15th-order M-sequence radar transceiver on one chip, experimental active Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) bandpass filter, and miniature transmitting UWB antenna with an integrated amplifier. All these are custom designs intended for the enhancement of capabilities of an M-sequence-based system family for new UWB short-range sensing applications. The design approaches and verification of the manufactured prototypes by measurements of the realized circuits are presented in this paper. The fine balance on technology capabilities (Fc of roughly 120 GHz) and thoughtful design process of the proposed blocks is the first step toward remarkably minimized devices, e.g., as System on Chip designs, which apparently allow broadening the range of new applications.
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Plovie, Bart, Sheila Dunphy, Kristof Dhaenens, et al. "2.5D Smart Objects Using Thermoplastic Stretchable Interconnects." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (2015): 000868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-thp51.
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This contribution describes the technology used to produce thermoplastically deformable electronics, based on flexible circuit board technology, to achieve low-cost 2.5D free-form rigid smart objects. These one-time deformable circuits employ a modified version of the previously developed meander-based “polymer-last” technology for dynamically stretchable elastic circuits. This is readily achieved by substituting the dynamically stretchable elastomeric materials (e.g. silicone) with thermoplastic polymers (e.g. polycarbonate). Afterwards the circuit is given its final form using widely available thermoforming techniques, such as vacuum forming, where the material is heated above its glass transition temperature and drawn against a forming tool by a strong vacuum. After cooling down the thermoplastic retains its shape without inducing large internal stresses. The presented method allows for the production of these circuits on a flat substrate, using standard printed circuit board production equipment, with deformation only taking place afterwards; eliminating the need for large investments and reducing the cost of fabrication. Potential advantages over competitive methods are reductions in weight and material usage, decrease of mechanical complexity; lower tooling cost, increased resilience, and a higher degree of manufacturer independence due to adhering to standard industrial practices. This is realized by starting production from a flexible circuit board, manufactured by an industrial supplier using polyimide flexible copper clad laminate, which is attached to a temporary reusable carrier board through means of a silicone based high-temperature pressure sensitive adhesive. Through selective laser structuring the meander and island outlines of the flexible circuit are defined, without causing damage to the carrier board or pressure sensitive adhesive. After removing the residual material the circuit is assembled using high-temperature lead-free solder, made possible by the temporary carrier keeping the circuit in place at these elevated temperatures. The circuit is then transferred into a thermoplastic laminate, which is deformed into its final shape. After demonstrating the need for stretchable electronics for this application, this contribution describes the method used to design, fabricate, and test the first one-time deformable circuits manufactured using the presented technology. Using the initial set of observations a series of preliminary design rules is established, both for the circuit and choice of materials. The feasibility of this manufacturing method was then demonstrated through a small scale production run using lab scale equipment, where a large quantity of high power LEDs was integrated into a one-time deformable device made out of polystyrene and thermoplastic polyurethane. These devices were then tested by exposing them to real world conditions for several days.
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Liu, Huiqun, Kai Zhu, and D. F. Wong. "FPGA Partitioning with Complex Resource Constraints." VLSI Design 11, no. 3 (2000): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/12198.
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In this paper, we present an algorithm for circuit partitioning with complex resource constraints in large FPGAs. Traditional partitioning methods estimate the capacity of an FPGA device by counting the number of logic blocks, however this is not accurate with the increasing diverse resource types in the new FPGA architectures. We first propose a network flow based method to optimally check whether a circuit or a subcircuit is feasible for a set of available heterogeneous resources. Then the feasibility checking procedure is integrated in the FM-based algorithm for circuit partitioning. Incremental flow technique is employed for efficient implementation. Experimental results on the MCNC benchmark circuits show that our partitioning algorithm not only yields good results, but also is efficient. Our algorithm for partitioning with complex resource constraints is applicable for both multiple FPGA designs (e.g., logic emulation systems) and partitioning-based placement algorithms for a single large hierarchical FPGA (e.g., Actel's ES6500 FPGA family).
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Chou, I.-Chi, Hsu-Chin Hsueh, and Ren-Guey Lee. "EXAMPLE FOR MOBILE ECG HOLTER DESIGN USING FMEA MODEL." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 21, no. 01 (2009): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720900109x.
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This paper describes an approach for evaluating the risk of components used in the Holter. Holter is a portable device for recording patients' electrocardiogram in medicine. Holter might hurt users as a result of a bad design, and might record incorrectly when malfunction happens. To prevent risk of injury, we analyze the potential failures of the Holter based on the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, which is a risk assessment technique. Then, we calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPN) of each failure. According to the RPN, we give two strategies for reducing the risk. One is protection, and the other is alarm. The protection system is used to prevent hazards of the Holter from incorrect operations by the user, and the alarm system is used to detect the malfunction of the Holter. The experimental results show that the safety of the Holter is improved with these two circuits.
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INOUE, Hiromu. "Electric Equivalent Circuit in Coloration Process of ECD and the Application for Circuit Design." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 28, no. 12 (1992): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr1965.28.1419.
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Pabst, Oliver, and Torsten Schmidt. "Frequency dependent rectifier memristor bridge used as a programmable synaptic membrane voltage generator." Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance 4, no. 1 (2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jeb.539.
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Abstract Reasoned by its dynamical behavior, the memristor enables a lot of new applications in analog circuit design. Since some realizations have been shown (e.g. 2007, Hewlett Packard), the development of applications with memristors becomes more and more interesting. Besides applications in neural networks and storage devices, analog memristive circuits also promise further applications. Therefore, this article proposes a frequency dependent rectifier memristor bridge for different purposes, for example, using as a programmable synaptic membrane voltage generator for Spike-Time-Dependent-Plasticity and describes the circuit theory. In this context it is shown that the Picard Iteration is one possibility to analytically solve the system of nonlinear state equations of memristor circuits. An intuitive picture of how a memristor works in a network in general is given as well and in this context some research on the dynamical behavior of a HP memristor should be done. After all it is suggested to use the memristor bridge as a neuron.
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Bansal, Dipali. "Design of 50 Hz notch filter circuits for better detection of online ECG." International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology 13, no. 1 (2013): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbet.2013.057712.
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PEHL, MICHAEL, and HELMUT GRAEB. "TOLERANCE DESIGN OF ANALOG CIRCUITS USING A BRANCH-AND-BOUND BASED APPROACH." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 08 (2012): 1240022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612400221.
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The design of circuits which are robust against variations in operating and process conditions is crucial in today's IC industry. In the analog design flow this problem can be tackled during the sizing of a new circuit. However, hardly any methods are available which support the designer to compute such a robust design if discrete parameters should be considered in this design step. Discrete parameters arise predominantly if a layout-friendly sizing should be computed in the sense that, e.g., a manufacturing grid for the transistor lengths and widths is considered or that transistor multipliers are used to allow the layout of a transistor as multifinger or common centroid structure without applying rounding operations to the carefully computed sizing. This paper presents a new Branch-and-Bound based approach which allows the automatic computation of a robust design using classical and realistic worst case analysis. The results of the sizing of three circuits show that the new approach is highly efficient. The robustness of the results computed by the new approach is validated by Monte Carlo analyses.
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Ruiz, Patricia, and Bernabé Dorronsoro. "A Novel CAD Tool for Electric Educational Diagrams." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (2019): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040810.
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Computer-aided design (CAD) is a technological revolution, very powerful and with large applicability to problem solving. It is essential in many different disciplines ranging from architecture to education, medicine, physics, or gaming. In this work, we propose a novel CAD tool, called CADDi, to assist in the design of electric diagrams in the educational context. We are applying the theory of formal languages to create WDLang, an easy-to-use, highly expressive, unequivocal, and correct programming language for designing electric circuits. This programming language is the cornerstone of CADDi, which automatically generates the equivalent ladder diagram (explains the circuit operation) to the programmed circuit, offering additional features that allow analysis of its functionality in an interactive way. It also offers a graphical interface to directly design ladder diagrams, or to modify the automatically generated ones. The existing electrical CAD tools are either very simple, e.g., for creating good-looking diagrams with no functionality, or too complex, for professional systems design. CADDi is extremely useful for learning purposes. It assists users on how to generate ladder diagrams, and on understanding the behavior of electrical circuits. Additionally, it serves as an assessment tool for self-evaluation in the translation from wiring diagrams to ladder ones. In order to make CADDi highly accessible, it was implemented as a web page.