Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Échange diplomatique et politique'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Échange diplomatique et politique.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Banakas, Anne-Sophie. "Les portraits de Marie-Thérèse : échange et pouvoir entre la souveraine et les élites politiques de la Monarchie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H100/document.
Full textThe PhD is about the representation of Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary and Bohemia and archduchess of Austria. It focuses on portraits, using them as the basis for exploring the relationship between the monarch and the elites. To this end, I consider in turn the production, the distribution and the content of the paintings. How did the portraits of Maria Theresa reinforce the legitimacy of her rule in a situation of crisis? At the same time, how did portraits provide legitimacy for both the position of the elites and their relation to Maria Theresa? These images can be considered as self-projections not only of the queen, but of the various groups that made up her monarchy. The marks and symbols of each province as well as those of the monarchy as a whole are displayed in the portraits. Royal portraits were commissioned both by Maria Theresa and her court, and by the elites of the monarchy: nobles, ecclesiastical institutions, cities and others. The same painters often worked for both the monarch and the elites, creating similar images and representations of the ruler. The most important occasions for these commissions were visits by Maria Theresa, on the occasion of a coronation, a diet or some other event; the portrait left behind served to perpetuate the presence of the monarch. It manifested the bond between the elites and the ruler; this display was in the interests of both sides. The portraits were displayed in the centres of power and representation both of the dynasty (imperial residences) and of the institutions and groups of which the monarchy was composed (aristocratic chateaux, town halls, universities). The act that placed them there were themselves performances of the mutual relation: the gift of a portrait by Maria Theresa was a sign of favour and recognition; when elites themselves ordered a portrait, this was both an act of homage and an assertion of status. The same types of paintings were ordered by the monarch and by the elites, indicating a consensus about the representation of the royal image. Maria Theresa was queen of Hungary and Bohemia, archduchess of Austria and ruler of many other provinces, each with its own title and symbolism; she was the daughter, wife, widow and mother of emperors. Her person incarnated the unity of all these provinces and the continuity between the house of Habsburg and the new line of Habsburg-Lorraine. Her body, her postures and gestures and her attributes represented in her portraits changed over the course of her reign, reflecting the development of the structure of the monarchy, the role of its ruler, and the strategies of legitimation. New symbols of legitimacy such as pen and paper appeared alongside traditional ones such as crowns and sceptres, or even supplanted them. Established imagery of both male and female Habsburgs was continued, adapted and even reinvented for Maria Theresa; regional traditions of many provinces were incorporated into her images
Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung der Herrscherin Maria Theresia anhand von 221 Porträts, die zwischen der Geburt der Herrscherin im Jahre 1717 und ihrem Tod im Jahre 1780 angefertigt wurden, die meisten nach dem Regierungsantritt im Jahre 1740. Die Porträts befinden sich in allen ehemaligen Ländern der Monarchie, und zwar in den österreichischen Erbländern, in Ungarn, Böhmen, Italien und in den österreichischen Niederlanden. Die Porträts erlauben es, die Beziehungen zwischen Maria Theresia und den Eliten der Monarchie (Adlige, Klöster, Städte) zu untersuchen. Sowohl die Produktion als auch die Verbreitung und der ikonographische Inhalt werden berücksichtigt. Wie stärkten die Porträts die Position und die Legitimität der Herrscherin Maria Theresia in einer schwierigen Situation? Wie legitimierten sie sowohl die Monarchin als auch die Eliten der Monarchie, die das königliche Porträt auch selbst in Auftrag gaben, in ihrer jeweiligen Stellung? Die meisten Maler der königlichen Porträts wurden an der Wiener Akademie ausgebildet, deren Direktor der wichtigste Hofmaler Maria Theresias, Martin van Meytens, war. Viele Maler, die für Kopisten gehalten werden können, imitierten die Porträts von Martin van Meytens und seiner Werkstatt. Diese Maler, die meistens unbekannt geblieben sind, vermitteln übrigens ein etwas weiblicheres Bild der Herrscherin. Die Maler, insbesondere die Hof- und Kammermaler, arbeiteten für verschiedene Auftraggeber und fertigten das königliche Porträt sowohl für den Wiener Hof als auch für die Eliten aus den verschiedenen Ländern der Monarchie an. [...]Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Porträts sowohl von Maria Theresia als auch von den Eliten in Auftrag gegeben wurden. Sie wurden in bestimmten Räumen der adligen und kaiserlichen Schlösser ausgestellt: nämlich in Audienzzimmern, die auch Kaiserzimmer oder Maria-Theresien-Zimmer genannt wurden. Sie waren Repräsentationszeichen für die Herrscherin und zugleich Repräsentationsmittel für das eigene Prestige der Eliten. Die Bildtypen waren ähnlich, ob die Porträts von den Eliten oder vom Hof in Auftrag gegeben wurden; sie änderten sich aber im Laufe der Regierung und stellten verschiedene unter den zahlreichen Rollen Maria Theresias in den Vordergrund. Sie trat verschiedentlich als Erzherzogin von Österreich, als König (nicht Königin) von Ungarn und Böhmen, als Tochter, Ehefrau und Mutter von Kaisern des Heiligen Römischen Reiches in Erscheinung. Neben und zugleich mit ihren Rollen als Herrscherin konnte Maria Theresia auch als Frau, Mutter und Witwe gezeigt werden. Die Krone und die Kaiserwürde des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation, die Maria Theresia als Frau nicht tragen durfte, spielten immer noch eine wichtige Rolle, insbesondere in der Darstellung von Maria Theresia und ihrer Familie. Komplementäre Porträts von Maria Theresia und ihrem Ehemann, Kaiser Franz I., respektive später ihrem Sohn, Kaiser Joseph II., dienten dazu, die Kontinuität zwischen den Habsburgern und den Habsburg-Lothringern zu betonen. Nach dem Aussterben der männlichen Linie der Habsburger im Jahre 1740 war es wichtig für Maria Theresia, ihre zahlreichen Kinder durch Porträts darzustellen. Neben Kronen und Zeptern werden nach und nach neue Legitimations- und Herrschaftssymbole in den Bildern dargestellt. Dokumente, Papiere, Bücher spiegeln am Ende des Lebens der Herrscherin neue Herrschaftswerte wider. Als Zeitgenossin der Aufklärung wird die Darstellung Maria Theresias von diesen neuen Symbolen geprägt
Paris, Marjolaine. "Relations d'affaires franco-nigérianes : l'émergence de configurations sociales et commerciales internationales - Échange, incertitude et stratégies identitaires." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778140.
Full textDenizeau, Aurélien. "La doctrine stratégique et diplomatique de l'islam politique turc (2002-2016)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCF008/document.
Full textThe Justice and Development Party [Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP], which emerged from the Turkish political Islam in 2002, has aroused the interest of international observers through an active foreign policy. While this seems to be consistent, it also underwent many changes between 2002 and 2016. The AKP's strategic and diplomatic vision derives from past government experiences, the conservative ideologies that marked the country in the 20th century and the thoughts of several intellectuals, with Ahmet Davutoğlu, advisor to the Prime Minister and later Minister of Foreign Affairs (2009-2014) being the most influential of them. The first mandate of the AKP (2002-2007) witnessed a series of strategic options being explored within the party. This was followed by the establishment of a doctrine based on a few major principles, such as the pacification of neighbourly relations, pro-active diplomacy and the use of all the tools at hand to influence the regional and subsequently the global level. The objective was to put Turkey at the heart of local trade, using its growing influence in the Middle East to influence its international partners. The Arab revolutions of 2011 pushed the AKP to rethink its doctrine. The country yearns now for being an example within which traditional values and conservative democracy can coexist, as well as support from the Muslim Brotherhood, which brings this vision to the Arab world. But in 2013, several crises weakened this vision and forced Turkey to renounce the doctrine developed by the AKP
Vrain, Cécile. "La politique diplomatique et économique de la France en Hongrie : 1921-1931." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010560.
Full textTuma, Sofia Valdez. "La neutralité portugaise au XVIIIe siècle : d'Hugo Grotius à l'action politique et diplomatique." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010652.
Full textLecler, Romain. "Une mondialisation à domestiquer : sociologie d’une politique française des échanges audiovisuels internationaux (1984-2012)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010326.
Full textWhat is Globalization? We address this question by focusing on audiovisual flows worldwide, seen from the perspective of commercial exchanges and French public policies. From 2008 to 2012, several sites have been investigated such as the French administration, its diplomatic network abroad, public agencies and international markets. We argue that Globalization, far from being an economic force overhanging from abroad, is always something that has to be "brought home". First, it results from policies that aim at "taming" what exceeds the national frame (such as audiovisual contents broadcasted by satellite). Second, it always entails very "domestic" stakes. At first, we deal with the French administration, where a "foreign audiovisual policy'' has been launched in the 1980s, stirring up a sharp competition to be nominated at the head of new transnational public channels, and leading to the recruitment of diplomats specializing in this policy. Then, we assess the astonishing rise of international markets of movies and TV shows, describing how French sales agents, in the process of getting professional recognition, received a strong support from the French administration. This brings us to the thesis that export policies fundamentally shape Globalization by providing contradicting definitions of what it should be. ln France, the sales agents and the administration have been negotiating one built upon the principle of "cultural diversity", conveniently melting commercial, cultural and diplomatic stakes altogether, despite of the notion being deeply ambivalent
Veauvy, Christiane. "Échange et ordre politique en méditerranée occidentale aux XIXe et XXe s." Paris 8, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA084236.
Full textHébert, Patrick. "Coopération politique en Europe et politique étrangère, la reconnaissance diplomatique de la Croatie et de la Macédoine par la France et l'Allemagne." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25318.pdf.
Full textGille, Laurent. "Partager et échanger : les valeurs du lien et du bien." Paris, CNAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CNAM0428.
Full textTwo different value systems are being pointed at according to the way goods are circulated. In the first one we have a "sharing" system where the social link drives goods attribution. In the second one we have an "exchange" system (the market economy) where goods are circulated without much relation to the social link. Using a structuralist vision, we show that these two systems go along with two different mechanisms for expressing desire, that do not conflict but complement each other. We identify how the "sharing" economy takes place today. In particular we analyse the commercial relationships linking men to ensure the circulation of goods. Analysing new mediations such as allowed by the new information technologies, we show that modern economy reintroduces some social link through the exchange of goods. This goes as far as authorizing the trade of people, i. E. Exchanges where what is valued is not only the exchanged goods, but people involved in the exchange itself
Forycki, Maciej. "L'"anarchie" polonaise : le système institutionnel républicain de la Pologne nobiliaire dans la pensée des Lumières : recherches sur des échanges intellectuels et les relations diplomatiques de la France et de la Pologne au XVIIIe siècle : thèse en co-tutelle." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS020S.
Full textSzczepanski-Huillery, Maxime. "Du diplomate au citoyen : études sur la politisation du "Monde Diplomatique" et de ses lecteurs, 1954-2008." Amiens, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01676839/document.
Full textPeytral, Pierre Olivier. "Entre libre-échange et protection : la politique commerciale d'ouverture sélective : une interprétation en termes d'économie politique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENE011.
Full textThe dichotomy “free trade versus protection” structures the analysis of trade policy in the textbooks of international trade. By analyzing the respective impacts of free trade and protection policies on resources allocation and well-being, the standard models, first and foremost the HOS model, conclude on the Pareto optimality of free trade. The normative requirement is then that all countries should pursue a policy of free exchange to get the prices right. However, empirical studies highlight the shift of the normative prescription: trade policies practiced include, in varying proportions between countries, between industries and between goods, measures aimed, simultaneously and selectively, export promotion, import substitution and the creation of easier access to imports. Therefore, policies followed are neither free trade nor strictly protectionist, but mixed a priori. This observation led to the development of models analyzing the effects on the general equilibrium of the application of various instruments of trade policy, and specifying the various potential forms of this policy. In particular, it is explained that the mixed trade policy is a true policy alternative. Selective interventions are then justified by the presence of dynamic comparative advantages that determine and guide interventions towards specific industries oriented towards the domestic market and / or the international one. But the theoretical basis enjoyed by mixed trade policy does not help to understand the political process through which this policy is chosen. It does not open the black box to penetrate the nucleus of political choices. This is what political economy can achieve. The theoretical explanation of the object "mixed trade policy" is at the crossroads of two approaches constituting the political economy of protection: society-centered approach and State-centered approach. While the first approach explains that politics is shaped by the interests and preferences of the most powerful private actors (or groups of) present on the national territory, the latter considers that the policy is a function of political institutions and political actors who seek to satisfy their interest and preference given national and international constraints they face. The mixed trade policy can be analyzed from different perspectives as endogenous determinants that intends to promote. Ultimately, the mixed trade policy is a political and institutional compromise between actors with heterogeneous preferences, which is partially undermined by international political constraints and ideational influences. The institutional and political compromise result from the division of the government induced by an unequal distribution of power of decision (based on political institutions) between veto players (composite actor having a veto in the process of political decision-making), and the heterogeneity of their preferences. The policy chosen, and associated institutions, must satisfy the interest of each veto player, implying compensatory measures and taking into account the institutional legacy. Not without resistance, the flexibility with which mixed trade policy can be used is reduced by the international political constraints and / or, upstream, the internal political balance in the structure of domestic preferences changed by them and by the international ideational influences
Leblond, Christian. "L'accord de libre-échange Nord Américain et l'identité culturelle américaine : discours économique et politique." Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE2028.
Full textGreth, Karine. "Les représentations de la France à Saint-Pétersbourg et le déploiement de la diplomatie culturelle française en Russie de 1991 à 2010. Échanges bilatéraux : enjeux politiques, stratégiques et géopolitiques." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040123.
Full textThe French have long understood the importance of France’s image abroad and established what’s called today the French model of cultural diplomacy, which they defend and promote through soft power. For over a century, the French Government has financed the action of multiple players in its cultural and diplomatic outreach in Russia. This speaks to the strategic importance of having France shine in Russia. But do the economic and political repercussions match the resources deployed by France in its cultural and diplomatic activities in Russia ? What are the results of France’s actions ? Our research has studied the evolution of France’s actions in Russia, examined and highlighted the role and parameters of French presence in today’s Russia. This has required a contemporary and historical understanding of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship and how each regards the Other. This thesis analyzes the resources used by France in Russia, more particularly St. Petersburg, as well as the strategic, economic and diplomatic parameters of France’s cultural activities that it pursued in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. Finally, it aims to clarify France’s position in the rapport between East and West and the state of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship
Lee, Hye Min. "Politique économique des accords de libre-échange de la Corée." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010014.
Full textSince the launch of the World Trade Organization in 1995, the number of bilateral and regional preferential trade agreements has rapidly increased. The sudden proliferation of FTAs can be mainly attributed to three factors; the Success of regional economic integrations such as the European Union and NAFTA; the uncertainty of the Doha Round and other difficulties in advancing further trade liberalization at the multilateral level; pressure from locally based businesses that fear being shut out of export markets by a growing number of FTAs. The Korean government worked to catch up in the global FTA race by formulating a FTA roadmap in 2003 and embarked upon FTA negotiations with major trading partners. The key objective of Korea’s FTA policy is to increase global market access and to provide Korean exporters with a competitive edge as well as to promote foreign investment. The more important goal is to enhance the efficiency of the Korean economy by strengthening transparency and predictability of Korea's regulatory regime. Both the Korea-EU FTA and teh Korea-US FTA are a comprehensive and high-level FTA and are expected to bring real economic benefits and offr enormous opportunities to the Korean economy as well as to the development of teh bilateral economc relations of Korea-EU and Korea-US. As the two agreements complement each other, it was beneficial for the Korean government to pursue the important agreements almost the same time. The auto issue was the most difficult to negociate both for the Korea-US FTA and the Korea-EU FTA. In spite of the different approach of listing the liberalized measures and sectors of the cross border services, the level of commitments of Korea in the Korea-EU FTA is basically the same as that of the Korea-US FTA. The Korea-EU FTA produced almost same but simplified language of the Korea-US FTA on the Committee on Outward Processing Zones on the Korea Peninsulea but deleted rather political expressions like the denuclearization of the Korea Peninsula and impact on intra-Korean relations
Benbassa, Esther. "Haim Nahum Efendi, dernier grand rabbin de l'Empire ottoman, 1908-1920 son rôle politique et diplomatique /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602811q.
Full textBenbassa, Esther. "Haim nahum efendi, dernier grand rabbin de l'empire ottoman (1908-1920) : son role politique et diplomatique." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030121.
Full textThis study concerns a key period of ottoman and turkish history and tries to retrace the unknown history of the jewish minority from the end of the 19th century to the proclamation of the turkish republic in 1923. This history is firstly one of mutation. Set on the road to modernization by the schools of the alliance israelite universelle, ottoman judaism, or at least some of its constituants, could hope for the fruition of their old aspirations, as far as concerns integrations into the society of their environment, following the young turks revolution (1908). For the empire as a whole, this was also a period of transition, characterized by the emergence of different nationalist currents. It heralded the end of an empire and presaged the appearence of a nation state. It is precisely within this framework and this perspective that the concomitant development of jewish nationalism has been recreated. For the empire and its jewish minority, the period in question was rich in upheavals of every kind : the balkan wars, the first world war, consecutive modification of the country's frontiers, and the carving up of the empire. More precisely, for zionism, there were firstly renewed negociations with the ottoman authorities, following the hope raised by the young turks revolution, and, later, in 1917, the balfour declaration. It was precisely during this key period that an exceptional man, haim nahum, found himself pushed to the forefront of the jewish millet. The diverse activities of this leader took him out of the simple framework of purely religious functions. He was not only a community leader, but also an unofficial civil servant of the state, and as far as concerns turkish affairs, he was a councillor to whom the great powers listened, and whom they occasionally feared. The aim is therefore to situate the man, his itinerary and his action in the social, cultural and political context of the jewish millet and of the empire whilst taking into consideration the international environment whenever necessary
El-Awit, Adwan Jehane. "L'action politique et diplomatique du siège maronite de Bkerké sous la patriarcat de Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0017.
Full textThe current political and diplomatic action of the Maronite patriarch falls within the framework of a century's old tradition. This action is undertaken to serve a national cause throughout transnational resources. The Maronite patriarch relies on the one hand upon the recognition of his status on the national level to legitimate his action on the international level and invests on the other hand his diplomatic relations to the benefit of the cause he defends. Albeit this diplomacy falls under the non-state action of transnational actors, its specificity lies in the reinforcement not in the weakening of the State of Lebanon, namely through reestablishing its sovereignty, independence and freedom of decision. The study of this action rises the complicated and critical issue of the evaluation of its efficiency. All theses issues are tackled within the wider framework of the relationship between religion and politics
Lee, Tony Chih-chi. "L'esprit chinois : l'analyse psychoculturelle à distance du comportement politique et du conflit diplomatique de la Chine." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0130.
Full textThis dissertation deals with "the Chinese mind", which means the national character of China. Its main argument is that psychological variable is the key to understand and to explain how China behaves. In fact, the author uses a "psycho-cultural" approach to analyze Chinese political behaviors and diplomatic crises. To do so, two heads of State, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, are studied. The behaviors of these Chinese leaders are therefore supposed to refer to the State’s behaviors. Empirically, two exercises are involved to psychologically study these political figures: their biography for one part (in the first part of the dissertation) and their conducts during bilateral crises for another (in the second part of the dissertation) – The author collects hundreds of public and private speeches of the two Chinese leaders in order to scientifically analyze their psychological patterns. Alongside the content analysis, the author heavily relies on a quantitative method, the discourse analysis, to decode the speeches of Jiang and Hu from 1989 to 2011 and to assess, at a distance, the two Chinese leaders’ psychocultural profile. Seven concepts the most pronounced in the political culture of China are selected in the exercise. These elements are treated as indices to generate quantitative data from speeches and to test the validity of such “psychocultural” hypothesis. These seven concepts are: nationalism-patriotism, harmony, hierarchy, filial piety, face, guanxi (interpersonal relationship), and the fear of luan (chaos). Combined qualitative and quantitative analysis, this research successfully proves the constant influence of "psychoculture" in China’s behaviors, particularly in the circumstances of diplomatic crises
Gutiérrez-Haces, Teresa. "La continentalisation du Mexique et du Canada dans l'Amérique du Nord : libre-échange et intégration." Paris 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA030025.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to establish an analytic comparison at a trilateral level, about the economic and political nature of the relations between Mexico and Canada vis á vis their neighbour: the United States. The characteristics and specificity of this relation gave place to the formulation of the concept of Continentalization, which can be defined as a growing process of economic integration by which the USA became a unique geoeconomical attraction pole in North America. In this perspective, we can affirm that the negotiation and signing of NAFTA represents the consolidation of the Continentalization process in the North America region. The analysis of the economic international policy, leaded by Mexico and Canada, represents the cornerstone of the Continentalization mechanisms. For this reason, this work is focused on the analysis of the government's strategies, which are aimed at reducing excessive bilateralism and dependency from the USA
Ségard, Pauline. "La négociation diplomatique dans une perspective constructiviste : Identité et refus de négocier." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0090/document.
Full textThis thesis is a study of diplomatic negotiation’s representations and the way these representations impact the decision to negotiate. Through a comparative analysis of the American foreign policy towards the nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran from 1993 to 2012, the role played by representational practices in the acceptance and the refusal to negotiate is enlightened, as well as their role in defining negotiation’s terms.A constructivist discourse’s analysis of the Clinton, Bush and Obama administrations’ speeches allows to identify their security imaginary as an interpretative frame. American leaders grasped the complexity of North-Korean and Iranian nuclear issues through this interpretative frame and took action accordingly. However, the operationalization of their interpretations produced various practices regarding negotiation. The thesis challenges the identity consequences attributed to these practices by the American leaders for the United States, in terms of ontological security in the North-Korean case and in terms of maintaining the “we-ness” of the “international community” in the Iranian case. In doing so, the thesis suggests an understanding of the differences in the way the American administrations responded to North-Korean and Iranian nuclear issues as well as an understanding of their evolutions
Perdriel, Vaissière Hugues. "Échange et droit fiscal : recherche sur l'existence d'un principe de liquidité." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010330.
Full textTronchet, Guillaume. "Savoirs en diplomatie : une histoire sociale et transnationale de la politique universitaire internationale de la France (années 1870 - années 1930)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010714.
Full textCriticizing the notion of "cultural diplomacy" spread by the Foreign Affairs Departments of European countries and of the United States, this thesis focuses on the unknown history of the French "academic diplomacy". This international and transnational action was built by the universities of the French Third Republic in order to attract foreign students and academics, and to export the French knowledges abroad. It was born between the late l 870s and the mid l 900s, at the intersection of social and economical dynamics, that the dissertation analyses at different scales (local, national, global) with the tools of history and sociology. In the l 900s and 1910s, under the influence of some members of Parliament and some academic networks like the Office national des universités et écoles françaises, ONUEF), this sector was gradually invested by State and placed under the control of the French Ministry of Education and its new international academic policy. The Great War reinforced the weight of the interstate et political logics. In the 1920s and 1930s, actors of academic diplomacy were increasingly in competition with the new actors of cultural diplomacy, related to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Without success, they tried to preserve their autonomy, but the international academic policy of France was gradually integrated into the cultural diplomacy area. The loss of academic autonomy is the central question of the thesis
El, Araj Rita. "Libéralisation des échanges et politique de change : le cas du Liban." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0009.
Full textThe movement of trade liberalization initiated since the nineties raises various controversies regarding the conduct of exchange rate policy in developing countries. The exchange rate policy as an effective instrument of macroeconomic policy depends on the specific situation of each country. The exchange rate crisis during the nineties show how difficult it becomes to maintain exchange rate stability in a liberalized world and accomplish the objectives of sustained growth in medium and long term. The new approaches of “Equilibrium Exchange Rate” suggest that the effectiveness of the exchange rate depends on knowledge of its equilibrium level function of fundamental macroeconomic variables, and that the real exchange rate must converge towards this equilibrium rate. We refer in our study to the works of Edwards and Elbadawi relative to this concept. The issue of an appropriate exchange rate policy, for Lebanon, which reinforces the liberalization of its trade, is the objective of our study. The fixed exchange rate regime in Lebanon, since 1992, provides stability, but the fixity of nominal exchange rate limits adjustment of the real exchange rate and may cause misalignments. Misalignments may result from macroeconomic policies applied in the country and which are inappropriate with the nominal exchange rate or the exchange rate policy adopted
Rassaert, Charles. "Succès et déboires des biocombustibles au Brésil, et utilisation de la politique énergétique de l'éthanol comme atout diplomatique jusque en 2012." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040038.
Full textIn 1973, after sugar crisis and first oil shock, Brazil was willing to reboost its economy. It decided then to bet on an innovative energetic program, issued from the sugar cane culture: the proalcool plan. Before ending in a fiasco, this project overhaul the brazilians farms, encouraged by the strong sugar sector. Thirty years later, the brazilian president Luiz Ignacio da Silva, known as « Lula », gave a new boost to the production of ethanol fuel and this during his whole two mandats. First producer of sugar in the world, Brazil uses this raw material to reduce the percentage of oil expense and contribute to fighting against global warming. With its stunning fast-paced growth,the Brazil of Lula spellbound the international comunity and the brazilian president is welcomed in Northern and developing countries – especially in Africa – to promote ethanol fuel. The aim of this strategy is to settle the brazilian position within the international community and make Brazil a new energetic country, worried about the environmental protection. The roadmap Brazil gave itself, was hard to follow. In competition with a very active biofuels fields in the United States, Brazil is also very hardly criticized by the international community (UN).These critics mainly focus on the accusation of increasing world hunger and to affect its own environment. Because of this, biofuels field suffered an increasing number of setbacks. Back against the wall, the sector is tryingto adapt and Brazil is still holding the line
Ferrand, Julie. "Droit naturel, sensualisme et libre-échange : l'économie politique de Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (1709-1785)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010026/document.
Full textThe place assigned to Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (1709-1785) in contemporary historiography is ambiguous. He is portrayed as a main influence of the French Revolution then as a precursor to the communist doctrine. Recently, the Cambridge School works' and in particular Pocock's works led to a consensus: Mably was the archetype of classical republicanism in France in 18th century. The aim of this thesis is to examine the membership of Mably in this republican tradition taking into account two fundamental elements of his thought: i) his connection with Vincent de Gournay and the "science of commerce"; ii) the influences of modern natural law and in particular that of John Locke. This leads to reassess the controversy between Mably and Physiocrats. He seems close to accepting the Physiocratie argument for a society based on self-interest and individual calculation. But only a republican solution, the participation in the collective life of every citizen, is able to secure the theory, called liberal, of natural law. His opposition to the liberalization of grain tracte results from a defense of the "science of commerce" i.e. a framed free trade. Thus, paying particular attention to Mably's intellectual influences particularly those of Locke and Gournay, this thesis highlights a new interpretative grid, a rniddle position, in which the republican language of Mably secures his theory of natural law
Pereira, Marcio Rodrigues. "La politique culturelle française du Brésil de 1945 à 1970 : institutions, acteurs, moyens et enjeux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG001/document.
Full textIn the context of heightened disputes among European empires, France launches its international cultural policy during the last quarter of the 19th century to preserve its empire and increase its political and economic power in the world. However, it is from the last year of World War II that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses a more pragmatic policy for international cultural affairs, which includes an increasing budget, to influence French culture in the world. At the Quai d’Orsay, and in Brazil, the French diplomatic effort between 1945 and the 1970s results in established strategies to extend the French cultural presence throughout the national territory and all social groups of Brazil. Before the war, French cultural elements are disproportionately concentrated in the axis Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo; before 1945, French culture influences mostly the Brazilian elite
Chaigneau, Nicolas. "Contrat et utilité : origines et fondements de la théorie de l'échange de Francis Y. Edgeworth." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010010.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the theory of exchange elaborated by Francis Y. Edgeworth in mathematical psychics (1881). Its aim is to determine the origins and the significance of this theory in which the competitive process is analysed in terms of bargaining and formation of tentative contracts between traders. The first part examines the state of the theory of price before mathematical psychics. It is shown that the formulation of Edgeworth's theory of exchange is the consequence of debates that, at the beginning of 1870s, stress the inability of the laws of supply and demand to determine the outcome of the competition between a limited number of traders. In this context, the function of edgeworth's theory is to provide a representation of economic behavior that could be used as a substitute for the notions of demand and supply at a price and that could be applied both to imperfect competition and perfect competition. The second part examines the content of edgeworth's theory of utility and explains why his theory of exchange was not successful with his contemporaries. It is shown that his analysis of individual preferences is based on laws of sensations borrowed from experimental psychology. In contrast, fisher (1892) and pareto (1906) denied any intersection between economic and psychology and repudiated edgeworth's attempt to elaborate a utility theory linked with psychology. They thus reconsidered the study of utility and individual preferences without making any psychological assumptions on individual motives. And this debate on the relationships between economic and psychology contributed to eclipse the true goal of edgeworth's analysis of exchange
Uzcategui, Moncada Maria. "L'influence et représentations de la France au Venezuela : les enjeux autour des relations politiques et culturelles de 1870 à nos jours." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20071.
Full textUnlike other regions of the Third World, where the influence of France was decisive and uninterrupted (Middle East, Maghreb, former French colonies in Central Africa and other countries of Latin America), in Venezuela, there was only a real foreign cultural cooperation policy by the late 1950s. The advent of the oil boom during the interwar period caused the declining of French influence. By the end of the Second World War, French diplomats were aware of Venezuela’s energetic potential, remarking that it was possible to overcome the loss of economic influence by encouraging a genuine cultural cooperation.This cultural cooperation would use political networks joined by Francophile elites, who claimed a common history between France and Venezuela. The study on the long run allows observing the permanence of the Venezuelan political history, in which fits the elements used in the construction of the Venezuelan National sentiment and the influence of French ideas on the project of State modernization.Our study raises issues such as migration, trades and commercial relations. We are particularly interested in the study of diplomatic relationships, since a close up over these can highlight, watermark, many points related to their representations and the political history of both countries. Similarly, it allows approaching what the elite considered identity and cultural affinity. Our sources therefore relate mostly to diplomatic correspondence preserved in the files of La Courneuve and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Caracas. We cross checked with other documentaries, visual and literary sources as well as a certain number of interviews conducted by the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011. Our study is based on the papers related to the history of international relations by Pierre Renouvin and Jean Baptiste Duroselle, revisited by Robert Frank in 2011. We take into consideration the contribution of images, official culture and the influence of cultural patterns, as an attempt to measure the "power" of States (soft power). On this matter, the value that the Venezuelan elites gave to the French cultural and scientific influence, in the XIX century and the beginning of XX (1870-1935), helps to explain to an extend the reason why France has managed to strengthen its presence in Venezuela. Indeed, the decline of the French cultural influence, at a time when relations between the two countries were considerably distended (1936-1960), is concomitant with the loss of its economic and commercial influence. This has resulted in the progressive institutionalization of the culturaldiplomacy strategy (from 1961 up to the present). Thanks to this strategy France has recovered part of the market share lost to the Anglo-Saxon competition.We wanted to answer two fundamental questions: To what extent the Venezuelan elites, "influenced" by the French cultural model, managed to operate appropriations / assimilation / adaptation of this model in Venezuela? And, in return, to what extent the construction of a "cultural tool" Franco-Venezuelan has served the interests of the French foreign policy in Venezuela?
Harvey, Nicolas. "Le Monde diplomatique : un concept éditorial hybride au confluent du journalisme, de l'université et du militantisme." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G045.
Full textLe Monde diplomatique has the distinctive feature to welcome editors and contributors originating from different professional worlds. This hybridization could have been one of the reasons the paper has known success which has resulted in an important sales growth. The paper was able to create an original product where many levels meet: social investigations, scientific popularization, political criticism, artistic expression and calls for mobilization. If the monthly press has knows such success, it is also due to the fact that it was able to develop a crenel left vacant by the rest of the French press. It was then in a position of monopoly in the intellectual press “market” of radical left-wing with (relatively) large distributions. The importation of professional standards however, might have lead to conflicting situations. The implication of Le Monde diplomatique with the ATTAC Association has probably been the major professional conflict, which has sometimes superimposed to political conflicts and conflicts between persons. This is the reason we have focused on those “plural actors”, that is agents who could work in different fields. These agents will sometimes have to integrate contradictory professional standards leading to inevitable concessions. At the confluence of journalism, from university and from activism, Le Monde diplomatique has also tried to consolidate its autonomy to Le Monde, to its most committed readers to free enterprise economy where inevitably he has to make compromises
Joukovskaïa, Anna. "Le service diplomatique russe au XVIIIe siècle : genèse et fonctionnement du collège des Affaires étrangères." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0100.
Full textThe College of Foreign Affairs in Saint-Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great in 1717, was a central means of political and administrative direction of the Russian diplomatic service up to 1802, when it was reorganized into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. The first part of this thesis presents a history of the creation of the College, and an analysis of its subsequent evolution, which was interwoven with the history of such highest political institutions of the Eighteenth-Century Russia as the Supreme Secret Council, the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty, and the Conference at Court. The second part deals with the central executive agencies of the College (the diplomatic representations abroad are not touched upon): the internal organization of the chanceries, the personnel, the financing and the management of funds are studied here on the basis of unpublished materials from Moscow and other archives. The last chapter is consecrated to the reconstruction of the patronage networks inside the College and to the analysis of the influence that the patron-client relationships exercised on the operations of the chanceries and on their structure. The period studied covers most of the Eighteenth century up to the end of Catherine II’s reign
Doire, Marie-France. "Démocratisation et libre-échange : le rôle des institutions politiques du Mexique dans le choix de la politique commerciale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33023.
Full textMartins, Alcidio. "Le mouvement migratoire des "Russophones" en Israël depuis l'implosion soviétique : un enjeu diplomatique, un nouvel acteur politique, socio-économique et culturel ?" Paris, INALCO, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INAL0025.
Full textOne of the major consequences of the collapse of the communist bloc is the emigration of several million people from the former Soviet Union. Israel, with a favourable migration policy for Jewish descendants and their families, welcomes nearly one million of them. Fleeing economic stagnation, ethnic conflicts and anti-Semitism, these immigrants arrive in Israel en masse in a relatively short period of time provoking a "demographic shock". More than twenty years after the beginning of the arrival of these immigrants, this thesis provides an analysis of their integration and a critical study of the choices made by the Israeli leadership that reflect the political, economic and socio-cultural upheavals. Whether at the national or international level, the effects of such a migratory wave continues to be felt fundamentally changing the country and its relationship with other nations and its role in world politics
Berchoud, Marie-Josèphe. "Dire institutionnel et espaces de langage : essai d'une sémio-didactique (le cas de l'Algerie)." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA1008.
Full textCharles, Loïc. "La liberté du commerce des grains et l'économie politique française (1750-1770)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010063.
Full textMOURGUES, JEAN LOUIS. "Recherches sur la diplomatique des actes (lettres, souscriptions, edits) des gouverneurs du haut-empire romain (1er-iiieme siecles) preserves dans les inscriptions et les papyrus." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010533.
Full textThe letters, subscriptions, and edicts of the roman governors of the early empire are collected in the first volume. Their different diplomatic parts are studied in the second volume, and enable to present a number of informations on their genesis, their writing, and their transmission in the provinces. The comparison with the documents of the hellenistic sovereigns, of the republican magistrates, and the roman emperors shows that one should look for the origins of the late imperial diplomatics in these diplomatics of the governors of the early roman empire
Kolozsi, Pál Péter. "Libéralisation commerciale et politique de change : possibilités et contraintes dans une petite économie ouverte : le cas de la Hongrie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9je5hhe4q4.
Full textThe thesis is based on two main ideas: the institutions matter concerning the success of economic policy during the trade liberalization process and monetary policy can be seen as a key factor from that point of view. The line of argument of the thesis is based on a theoretical model of trade balance, inflation and exchange rate. The model is applied to the case of Hungary and the Hungarian experiences back the main conclusions of the model: monetary and exchange rate policy is unsustainable if it is determined without taking into consideration the trade effects. The economic history of Hungary between 1989 and 2009 gives several examples for that unsustainability. Chapter 1 describes the development of institutionalism; chapter 2 demonstrates the importance of monetary policy as an institution from the point of view of trade liberalization describes the optimal monetary policy and explains why it is difficult to follow that policy. Chapter 3 presents the relationship between exchange rate policy and trade. Chapter 4 outlines the functioning of manipulative exchange rate policies. Chapter 5 presents the model deficit-inflation. Chapter 6 presents the Hungarian experiences and underlines that monetary policy focused only on disinflation has to fail and the independence of the central bank can even represent risks to the economies in transition
Emlinger, Charlotte. "Accords euroméditerranéens et libéralisation des échanges agricoles : quel accès au marché européen pour les fruits et légumes des pays méditérranéens?" Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0010.
Full textThe liberalization of agricultural trade between the European Union and the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) was boosted following the Summit of Barcelona in 2005. Fruit and vegetables, the main agricultural export of the SEMCs, are at the center of debates relative to this liberalization. This thesis aims at clarifying this debate and discussing the potential impact of a reduction of European tariffs on fruit and vegetables coming from the SEMCs. European market Access is analyzed by thoroughly assessing preferences and by estimating a gravity model, leading to three conclusions. First, we show that liberalizing fruit and vegetable exchanges will probably have a limited effect. Indeed, the SEMCs already profit from strong preferential access to the Community market for these products and important non-tariff trade costs at entry of European countries were revealed. Second, we demonstrate that there exists a strong heterogeneity of the SEMCs concerning the impacts of liberalization. Lastly, our analysis brings to light that the effects of liberalization strongly depend on how the opening of the European market is implemented. For example, increasing quotas would not have the same impact on exchanges as modifying the Entry Price System
Villalpando, Cadena Paula. "La politique extérieure mexicaine et son intégration régionale : des maquiladoras à l'Alena." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010334.
Full textFortin, Jean-François. "L'État, les groupes d'intérêt et l'usage d'ententes de libre-échange dans la politique commerciale des États-Unis, 1980-1994." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51254.pdf.
Full textRodrigues, pereira Marcio. "La politique culturelle française du Brésil de 1945 à 1970 : institutions, acteurs, moyens et enjeux." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01068703.
Full textErkel-Rousse, Hélène. "Commerce international et différenciation de produit : modélisation théorique et applications empiriques." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010049.
Full textJouili, Mustapha. "Ajustement structurel, mondialisation et agriculture familiale en Tunisie." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10021.
Full textThe agrarian question is nowadays at the heart of destructive effects of the neoliberal globalization. Imposed in extreme inequality condition, free-trade policies overwhelm millions of peasants in the South. The GATT and WTO agricultural agreement is shaped to serve the main objective of opening South markets for North agricultural surplus. This agreement exposes South peasants to the competition with highly productive producer, while the logic of globalized accumulation deprives them of any possibility of catch-up. In Tunisia, the adoption of a neoliberal agricultural policy, since the application of SAP, is the cause of structural alteration of peasant and family farmers production and reproduction conditions: unfavorable price evolution, exclusion from finance system, restricted access to land, inefficiency of services…. The ultimate consequence is a tendency towards the deterioration of peasants' real income. However, heterogeneity of real production conditions is the foundation of an emphasis of socio-economic differentiation among farmers. With the signing of WTO agreements and the free-trade agreement with the EU, it has become more and more difficult for peasant to survive. Moreover, the mechanisms which allowed them to survive have reached their limits. The new orientations have only increased the socio-economic disparities in the rural world. Small peasants are more and more marginalized and condemned to exodus without assuring employment possibilities. More than small peasants' proletarization, it is the ruin of rural regions. Poverty, unemployment and food dependency are the main consequences
Guennif, Samira. "Incertitude, confiance et institution en échange marchand : recherche des fondements de la confiance et application au cas de la sous-traitance dans le secteur de la mécanique de précision." Paris 13, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA131018.
Full textLiu, Kaixuan. "Le miroir chinois : les attitudes françaises face à la Chine dans les milieux politique, diplomatique, intellectuel et médiatique, de 1949 au milieu des années 1980." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0009.
Full textThe evolution of French attitudes towards China between 1949 and the mid-1980s can be divided into three phases. Between the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s, China is perceived by French observers as a Sovietized communist country, both domestically and diplomatically. Attitudes of French people towards this China reflect their positions in the confrontations of the Cold War. China is considered in different spheres as a pillar of the international communist movement, a more humane alternative to Soviet communism, or a "yellow and red" threat to the West. Then, during the period from 1963 to the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, China is no longer seen as a member of the communist camp. The Sino-Soviet split and the Cultural Revolution give birth to the idea of a "Chinese model", even if it takes different forms according to different observers. For some, China represents the hope of the regeneration of communism; for the others, it applies a system opposed to the industrialized world and not at all imitated elsewhere. The third phase covers the period from 1976 to the mid-1980s, during which the relations between French people and China normalize. France's passion for Franco-Chinese relationship is fading, and French views on China became more lucid
Chaour, Chérifa. "Le libre-échange dans l'agriculture : entre le mythe et la pratique : ou l'Uruguay round, de la norme libre échangiste à la réalité interventionniste." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100103.
Full textWoimbée, Grégory. "Le prince et l'inquisiteur : le rôle politique du Saint Office à Malte au XVIIIe siècle." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040062.
Full textIn the XVIIIth century, Malta became the focal point of both secular and clerical ambitions. The Hospitaller Order of St John, a congregation of religious soldiers who had ruled there since 1530, had, while showing the image of pontifical militia born in Jerusalem, to invent new economical and political ways in order to survive within a society of princes. The pope, as their spiritual leader, had his own permanent representative in Malta since 1575, the Inquisitor, side by side with the Grand Master and the Bishop. His political role continued to increase with the advancement of regalism. This triumvirate of foreigners who became islanders subjected the peculiar situation of the archipelago to a unique form of continental political expressions
Mahfoudh, Naoufel. "La création de la zone de libre échange Tunisie-Union européenne et ses effets sur l'emploi en Tunisie : analyse théorique et analyse empirique." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE0003.
Full textOur research in this thesis focused on the effects of the creation of the Free Trade Area EU-Tunisia on employment in Tunisia. We have structured our analysis on the subject around two axes. Initially, we studied the impact of trade liberalization process on the Tunisian economy, and in a second step, we studied the impact of the creation of free trade zone with the European Union on employment in Tunisia. Our research presented and discussed the theoretical and empirical literature and stylized facts on the subject. In our study we used three methodological tools. First, we studied for the case of Tunisia the effects of trade openness on economic growth. Next, we studied the effects of trade on employment in Tunisia using two methods: one method first employment content of trade and a second that uses econometric tools. Finally, we applied a computable general equilibrium model to assess the dynamic impact of free trade agreement between Tunisia and the European Union on employment in Tunisia. The main results can be summarized as follows : - Trade openness especially with the European Union has contributed positively to economic growth in Tunisia. - The Association Agreement seems to have a positive impact although moderate on employment and growth in Tunisia. - The choice of the tax reform accompanying the opening has significant effects on employment and growth. - The choice of direct taxation yields better results in terms of investment, economic growth and employment. - The effects of the creation of the Free Trade Area depends on the weight of intermediate inputs in total Tunisian imports. The tariff reduction will decrease the relatively high prices of these goods, which in turn encourages investment. The reduction of protection is equivalent to an investment promotion and production, leading to lower unemployment
Kafando, Michel. "Les états du Conseil de l'Entente, Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo et les pays de l'Est : de l'hostilité idéologique à l'ouverture diplomatique : 1960 - 1990." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010296.
Full textThe attainment of independence of the African countries, occured right in the cold war, distinguished by the antagonism between East and West. For that reasib, which gave no way to neutralism (even some africain leaders like n'krumah, ben bella, nasser - have verbally enjoin the positive neutra- lism), the new african states had then to choose their camp. Under these circumstances, five west African states -Ivory Coast, Dehomey (presently Benin), Niger, Togo, upper volta (became Burkina Faso), which form the "conseil de l'entente", -declare for solidarity with occident against the socialist block. The promoters of this organisation -felix houphouet-boigny, hubert maga, maurice yameogo, diori hamani and their successors -explain their anticommunism by the atheims, the subsersive ways and the rejection of the liberty of that doctrine. It follows that these states opt frankly for the liberalism. But, by the force of circumstances, they will come to pull up to the Eastern countries. However, this overture result in desillu- sions, especially in the matter of economic cooperation, including Benin, became marxist-leninist (1974) and Burkina Faso, placed itself in the socia- list camp (1983). As a consequence, the soviet block will never achieve to disqualify the western countries in the five states where their supremacy remains indisputable
Schiele, Alexandre. "Continuité et rupture de la prégnance médiatique : la couverture de la Chine par Le Monde diplomatique (1975-1992)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC257/document.
Full textThis research answers the following question: how does long-term media coverage change when its object is itself in flux? This research is based upon the works of E. Veron, S. de Cheveigné, I. Babou and J. Le Marec which showed that the media coverage of any news story is overdetermined by the media posture. However, these one-off studies focused on short periods, thus leaving open the possibility to study the variations of the media posture over a long period. The study of the media coverage of Post-Maoist China between 1975 and 1992 by Le Monde diplomatique allowed us to analyze the variations of its media posture in relation to the changes occurring in China. We have shown that long-term media coverage by Le Monde diplomatique followed a succession of phases of stable interpretation punctuated by rapid evolutions, if not breaks, which we called Punctuated media equilibriums. It is during these stable phases that the reproduction of the media posture from one article to the next in regard to a given class of events, real or potential, manifests itself, which we referred to as the Media pregance effect. This research also showed that the media posture is maintained even in the face of events contradicting it. This finding led us to consider whether the media posture evolved when changes in China happened in parallel to a transformation in the readership’s expectations, and we uncovered that it was the combined effects of these two groups of variables that prompted the newspaper to adjust its media posture. Thus, this research showed that Le Monde diplomatique adopted three distinct media postures between 1975 and 1992: 1) a pro-Maoist standpoint between 1975 and 1978 when the ideals of May 68 were still those of the French intelligentsia, ideals to which the newspaper openly subscribed to after its 1973 restructuring; 2) a pro-economic standpoint favorable to the shift to a market economy in China between 1981 and 1987, when the neoliberal consensus was displacing the ideals of May 68; and, 3) an anti-authoritarian standpoint that opposed Chinese society to the Communist Party between 1987 and 1992, when the neoliberal consensus asserted itself through a discourse centered on the empowerment of the individual. These three phases are punctuated by two transitional moments: the first between 1978 and 1980 characterized by the uncertain expectations of a readership in flux, and a second, shorter, in 1987, when expectations crystallized around the empowerment of the individual. This research also revealed that the media posture of the newspaper was expressed in the interpretation framework adopted by its main collaborator (on a given topic, such as Chinese politics), whom, because he was its agent, actualized the Media pregnance effect. Thus, the adjustment of the newspaper’s media posture is acted through the replacement of its main collaborator. This adjustment is made easier by the mode of organization of Le Monde diplomatique since its restructuring, which relies on networks of external collaborators with no formal ties to the newspaper rather than on staff journalists