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1
Chambon, O., F. Poncet, J. Cottraux, L. Kiss, and D. Milani. "Echelle d’évaluation de la symptomatologie négative (SANS) échelle de déficit ou échelle de ralentissement? Une étude chez le déprimé." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 4, no. 3 (1989): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00001589.
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RésuméA l’examen des items de l’échelle de ralentissement dépressif (ERD) de Widlocher et de ceux de l’échelle d’évaluation de la symptomatologie négative d’Andreasen (SANS), il apparaît une communauté symptomatologique entre syndrome déficitaire et ralentissement dépressif, ce qui a amené les auteurs á faire l’hypothése suivante: la note globale de la SANS peut être une mesure du ralentissement dépressif. Effectuée sur une population de 33 patients diagnostiqués épisode dépressif majeur, DSM III, cette étude a permis de montrer que la note globale de la SANS était corrélée a l’intensité du syndrome dépressif et que cette corrélation se faisait préférentiellement avec la composante ralentissement du syndrome dépressif (mesuré par l’ERD et par les items de l’échelle de mélancolie de Bech et Rafaelsen). Par ailleurs, la note globale de l’ERD était plus fortement corrélée a la SANS qu’aux autres échelles de dépression utilisées dans cette étude (échelle de dépression d’Hamilton á 26 items, échelle de dépression de Montgomery-Asberg). La note globale de la SANS pourrait donc être considerée comme une mesure du ralentissement dépressif.
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Encrenaz, T., C. DeWitt, M. J. Richter, T. K. Greathouse, T. Fouchet, F. Montmessin, F. Lefèvre, et al. "New measurements of D/H on Mars using EXES aboard SOFIA." Astronomy & Astrophysics 612 (April 2018): A112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732367.
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The global D/H ratio on Mars is an important measurement for understanding the past history of water on Mars; locally, through condensation and sublimation processes, it is a possible tracer of the sources and sinks of water vapor on Mars. Measuring D/H as a function of longitude, latitude and season is necessary for determining the present averaged value of D/H on Mars. Following an earlier measurement in April 2014, we used the Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (EXES) instrument on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) facility to map D/H on Mars on two occasions, on March 24, 2016 (Ls = 127°), and January 24, 2017 (Ls = 304°), by measuring simultaneously the abundances of H2O and HDO in the 1383–1391 cm−1 range (7.2 μm). The D/H disk-integrated values are 4.0 (+0.8, −0.6) × Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) and 4.5 (+0.7, −0.6) × VSMOW, respectively, in agreement with our earlier result. The main result of this study is that there is no evidence of strong local variations in the D/H ratio nor for seasonal variations in the global D/H ratio between northern summer and southern summer.
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Wang, Yuming, Youshan Qu, Hui Zhao, and Xuewu Fan. "Construction, Spectral Modeling, Parameter Inversion-Based Calibration, and Application of an Echelle Spectrometer." Sensors 23, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 6630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146630.
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We have developed a compact, asymmetric three-channel echelle spectrometer with remarkable high-spectral resolution capabilities. In order to achieve the desired spectral resolution, we initially establish a theoretical spectral model based on the two-dimensional coordinates of spot positions corresponding to each wavelength. Next, we present an innovative and refined method for precisely calibrating echelle spectrometers through parameter inversion. Our analysis delves into the complexities of the nonlinear two-dimensional echelle spectrogram. We employ a variety of optimization techniques, such as grid exploration, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and genetic simulated annealing (GSA) algorithms, to accurately invert spectrogram parameters. Our proposed GSA algorithm synergistically integrates the strengths of global and local searches, thereby enhancing calibration accuracy. Compared to the conventional grid exploration method, GSA reduces the error function by 22.8%, convergence time by 2.16 times, and calibration accuracy by 7.05 times. Experimental validation involves calibrating a low-pressure mercury lamp, resulting in an average spectral accuracy error of 0.0257 nm after performing crucial parameter inversion. Furthermore, the echelle spectrometer undergoes a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy experiment, demonstrating exceptional spectral resolution and sub-10 ns time-resolved capability. Overall, our research offers a comprehensive and efficient solution for constructing, modeling, calibrating, and applying echelle spectrometers, significantly enhancing calibration accuracy and efficiency. This work contributes to the advancement of spectrometry and opens up new possibilities for high-resolution spectral analysis across various research and industry domains.
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Faccani, C., F. Rabier, N. Fourrié, A. Agusti-Panareda, F. Karbou, P. Moll, J. P. Lafore, M. Nuret, F. Hdidou, and O. Bock. "The Impacts of AMMA Radiosonde Data on the French Global Assimilation and Forecast System." Weather and Forecasting 24, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 1268–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222237.1.
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Abstract The high vertical density soundings recorded during the 2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign are assimilated into the French numerical weather prediction Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system, with and without a bias correction for relative humidity. Four different experiments are carried out to assess the impacts of the added observations. The analyses and forecasts from these different scenarios are evaluated over western Africa. For the full experiment using all data together with a bias correction, the humidity analysis is in better agreement with surface observations and independent GPS observations than it was for the other experiments. AMMA data also improve the African easterly jet (AEJ) on its southeasterly side, and when they are used with an appropriate bias correction, the daily and monthly averaged precipitation results are in relatively good agreement with the satellite-based precipitation estimates. Forecast scores are computed with respect to surface observations, radiosondes, and analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The positive impacts of additional radiosonde observations (with a relevant bias correction) are found to propagate downstream with a positive impact over Europe at the 2–3-day forecast range.
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Pereira, Margarida Belo, and Loïk Berre. "The Use of an Ensemble Approach to Study the Background Error Covariances in a Global NWP Model." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2466–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3189.1.
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Abstract The estimation of the background error statistics is a key issue for data assimilation. Their time average is estimated here using an analysis ensemble method. The experiments are performed with the nonstretched version of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle global model, in a perfect-model context. The global (spatially averaged) correlation functions are sharper in the ensemble method than in the so-called National Meteorological Center (NMC) method. This is shown to be closely related to the differences in the analysis step representation. The local (spatially varying) variances appear to reflect some effects of the data density and of the atmospheric variability. The resulting geographical contrasts are found to be partly different from those that are visible in the operational variances and in the NMC method. An economical estimate is also introduced to calculate and compare the local correlation length scales. This allows for the diagnosis of some existing heterogeneities and anisotropies. This information can also be useful for the modeling of heterogeneous covariances based, for example, on wavelets. The implementation of the global covariances and of the local variances, which are provided by the ensemble method, appears moreover to have a positive impact on the forecast quality.
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Sabbi, Elena, Linda J. Smith, Lynn R. Carlson, Antonella Nota, Monca Tosi, Michele Cignoni, Jay S. Gallagher, Marco Sirianni, and Margaret Meixner. "Young Star Clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud: Impact of Local and Global Conditions on Star Formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S255 (June 2008): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308024745.
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AbstractWe compared deep images acquired with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board of the Hubble Space Telescope with mid-IR Spitzer Space Telescope images and University College London Echelle Spectrograph spectra of NGC 346 and NGC 602, two of the youngest star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Our multi-wavelength approach allowed us to infer very different origins for the clusters: while NGC 346 is likely the result of the hierarchical collapse of a giant molecular cloud, NGC 602 is probably the result of the collision and consequent interaction of two H I shells of gas.
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Arbogast, Philippe, Karine Maynard, and Catherine Piriou. "About the Reliability of Manual Model PV Corrections to Improve Forecasts." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 1554–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00110.1.
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Abstract The National Weather Forecast Centre of Météo-France has developed a tool that corrects the state of the atmosphere within the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) operational global model by adjusting the potential vorticity when the initial conditions and available observations disagree. Among observational datasets, geostationary satellite data are the primary source of information. Here, the representation of the coherent structures of the tropopause in the model is assessed with Meteosat ozone and water vapor images. Modifications to the initial conditions of the potential vorticity (PV) in areas where the model fails can be applied using a potential vorticity inversion, thus providing a new balanced distribution of the wind and temperature that will then be used as a new initial state. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the degrees of weakness of the present qualitative approach. To this end, PV modifications to the initial conditions are applied by different experts on the eve of the windstorm Klaus (24 January 2009) that hit southwestern France. The different initial PV fields and the subsequent forecasts show significant differences in terms of wind and mean sea level pressure, while sharing some common features. The human modification process is therefore partially reproducible and skillful since the forecast is improved most of the time.
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Encrenaz, T., T. K. Greathouse, S. Aoki, F. Daerden, M. Giuranna, F. Forget, F. Lefèvre, et al. "Ground-based infrared mapping of H2O2 on Mars near opposition." Astronomy & Astrophysics 627 (July 2019): A60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935300.
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We pursued our ground-based seasonal monitoring of hydrogen peroxide on Mars using thermal imaging spectroscopy, with two observations of the planet near opposition, in May 2016 (solar longitude Ls = 148.5°, diameter = 17 arcsec) and July 2018 (Ls = 209°, diameter = 23 arcsec). Data were recorded in the 1232–1242 cm−1 range (8.1 μm) with the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) mounted at the 3 m Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) at the Mauna Kea Observatories. As in the case of our previous analyses, maps of H2O2 were obtained using line depth ratios of weak transitions of H2O2 divided by a weak CO2 line. The H2O2 map of April 2016 shows a strong dichotomy between the northern and southern hemispheres, with a mean volume mixing ratio of 45 ppbv on the north side and less than 10 ppbv on the south side; this dichotomy was expected by the photochemical models developed in the LMD Mars Global Climate Model (LMD-MGCM) and with the recently developed Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model. The second measurement (July 2018) was taken in the middle of the MY 34 global dust storm. H2O2 was not detected with a disk-integrated 2σ upper limit of 10 ppbv, while both the LMD-MGCM and the LEM models predicted a value above 20 ppbv (also observed by TEXES in 2003) in the absence of dust storm. This depletion is probably the result of the high dust content in the atmosphere at the time of our observations, which led to a decrease in the water vapor column density, as observed by the PFS during the global dust storm. GCM simulations using the GEM model show that the H2O depletion leads to a drop in H2O2, due to the lack of HO2 radicals. Our result brings a new constraint on the photochemistry of H2O2 in the presence of a high dust content. In parallel, we reprocessed the whole TEXES dataset of H2O2 measurements using the latest version of the GEISA database (GEISA 2015). We recently found that there is a significant difference in the H2O2 line strengths between the 2003 and 2015 versions of GEISA. Therefore, all H2O2 volume mixing ratios up to 2014 from TEXES measurements must be reduced by a factor of 1.75. As a consequence, in four cases (Ls around 80°, 100°, 150°, and 209°) the H2O2 abundances show contradictory values between different Martian years. At Ls = 209° the cause seems to be the increased dust content associated with the global dust storm. The inter-annual variability in the three other cases remains unexplained at this time.
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Farouk, Imane, Nadia Fourrié, and Vincent Guidard. "Homogeneity criteria from AVHRR information within IASI pixels in a numerical weather prediction context." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 3001–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3001-2019.
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Abstract. This article focuses on the selection of satellite infrared IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) observations in the global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system ARPEGE (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle). The observation simulation is performed with the sophisticated radiative transfer model RTTOV-CLD, which takes into account the cloud scattering and the multilayer clouds from atmospheric profiles and cloud microphysical profiles (liquid water content, ice content and cloud fraction). The aim of this work is to select homogeneous scenes by using the information of the collocated Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) pixels inside each IASI field of view and to retain the most favourable cases for the assimilation of IASI infrared radiances. Two methods to select homogeneous scenes using homogeneity criteria already proposed in the literature were adapted: the criteria derived from Martinet et al. (2013) for cloudy sky selection in the French mesoscale model AROME (Applications of Research to Operations at MEsoscale) and the criteria from Eresmaa (2014) for clear-sky selection in the global model IFS (Integrated Forecasting System). A comparison between these methods reveals considerable differences, in both the method to compute the criteria and the statistical results. From this comparison a revised method representing a kind of compromise between the different tested methods is proposed and it uses the two infrared AVHRR channels to define the homogeneity criteria in the brightness temperature space. This revised method has a positive impact on the observation minus the simulation statistics, while retaining 36 % of observations for the assimilation. It was then tested in the NWP system ARPEGE for the clear-sky assimilation. These criteria were added to the current data selection based on the McNally and Watts (2003) cloud detection scheme. It appears that the impact on analyses and forecasts is rather neutral.
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Zhang, Jing, and John E. Walsh. "Thermodynamic and Hydrological Impacts of Increasing Greenness in Northern High Latitudes." Journal of Hydrometeorology 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 1147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm535.1.
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Abstract Satellite remote sensing data indicate that greenness has been increasing in the northern high latitudes, apparently in response to the warming of recent decades. To identify feedbacks of this land-cover change to the atmosphere, the authors employed the atmospheric general circulation model ARPEGE-CLIMAT, an adaptation of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle model for climate studies, to conduct a set of control and sensitivity modeling experiments. In the sensitivity experiments, they increased the greenness poleward of 60°N by 20% to mimic the manifestation of vegetation changes in the real world, and by 60% and 100% to represent potential aggressive vegetation change scenarios under global warming. In view of the direct exposure of vegetation to sunlight during the warm seasons, the authors focused their study on the results from late spring to early fall. The results revealed significant thermodynamic and hydrological impacts of the increased greenness in northern high latitudes, resulting in a warmer and wetter atmosphere. Surface and lower-tropospheric air temperature showed a marked increase, with a warming of 1°–2°C during much of the year when greenness is increased by 100%. Precipitation and evaporation also showed a notable increase of 10% during the summer. Snow cover decreased throughout the year, with a maximum reduction in the spring and early summer. The above changes are attributable to the following physical mechanisms: 1) increased net surface solar radiation due to a decreased surface albedo and enhanced snow–albedo feedback as a result of increased greenness; 2) intensified vegetative transpiration by the additional plant cover; and 3) reduced atmospheric stability leading to enhanced convective activity. The results imply that increased greenness is a potentially significant contributing factor to the amplified polar effects of global warming.
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Gellt, B., G. Grec, and E. Fossat. "Evidence for global pressure oscillations in Procyon and α Centauri." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 123 (1988): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900158152.
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Helioseismology bas proved to be a powerful tool to probe the internal structure of the sun. With a new adapted optical resonance spectrophotometer, an extension has been attempted to two bright stars, namely α Centauri Å and Procyon. Results obtained from two observing runs on α Centauri Å in May 1983 and May 1984 at La Silla, and one observing run on Procyon in February 1984 at Hawaii are presented. In both cases, solar-like pressure oscillations have been detected. The complete analysis is presented, which leads to determine essentially five parameters: the frequency range, the amplitudes, the mean equidistance Δν, the departure around this equidistance (curvature of the echelle-diagram) and the fine frequency spacing between modes of degree 0 and 2. For Procyon, all results are consistent with theoretical predictions, including excitation of oscillations, mass, radius, and age of the star. For α Centauri, all the results are consistent together and are confirmed by the 1984 observations. They suggest that α Cen might be younger than estimated, consistent with a zero age main sequence star.This is the abstract of a paper recently published in Astronomy and Astrophysics. We have selected here under some parts of this paper. For more detail, it is recommended to refer to this journal.
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Oger, R., and L. Glibert. "Une echelle de temps biometeorologique pour l'estimation du degre de precocite de la vegetation." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 46, no. 3 (May 1989): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(89)90067-1.
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Šavli, Matic, Vivien Pourret, Christophe Payan, and Jean-François Mahfouf. "Sensitivity of Aeolus HLOS winds to temperature and pressure specification in the L2B processor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): 4721–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4721-2021.
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Abstract. The retrieval of wind from the first Doppler wind lidar of European Space Agency (ESA) launched in space in August 2018 is based on a series of corrections necessary to provide observations of a quality useful for numerical weather prediction (NWP). In this paper we examine the properties of the Rayleigh–Brillouin correction necessary for the retrieval of horizontal line-of-sight wind (HLOS) from a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. This correction is taking into account the atmospheric stratification, namely temperature and pressure information that are provided by a NWP model as suggested prior to launch. The main goal of the study is to evaluate the impact of errors in simulated atmospheric temperature and pressure information on the HLOS sensitivity by comparing the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) global model temperature and pressure short-term forecasts collocated with the Aeolus orbit. These errors are currently not taken into account in the computation of the HLOS error estimate since its contribution is believed to be small. This study largely confirms this statement to be a valid assumption, although it also shows that model errors could locally (i.e. jet-stream regions, below 700 hPa over both earth poles and in stratosphere) be significant. For future Aeolus follow-on missions this study suggests considering realistic estimations of errors in the HLOS retrieval algorithms, since this will lead to an improved estimation of the Rayleigh–Brillouin sensitivity uncertainty contributing to the HLOS error estimate and better exploitation of space lidar winds in NWP systems.
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Hall, Nicholas M. J., Hervé Douville, and Laurent Li. "Extratropical Summertime Response to Tropical Interannual Variability in an Idealized GCM." Journal of Climate 26, no. 18 (September 9, 2013): 7060–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00461.1.
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Abstract A primitive equation model is used to investigate the role of the tropics in generating seasonal-mean anomalies in the extratropics. A nudging technique is applied to guide selected tropical regions toward 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Department of Energy Reanalysis (NCEP-2). The time-independent linear response to these tropical anomalies is calculated for extratropical basic states taken from reanalysis climatologies and also from the climatological states of Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDZ) general circulation model simulations. For summer case studies, time-independent linear solutions show that some seasonal anomalies can be attributed to linear wave propagation from the tropics, especially for lower extratropical latitudes. If nudging is applied to the anomaly part of the tropical flow, the linear response shows little dependence on the basic state. Regional tropical nudging experiments display a global extratropical response. The persistent European summer anomaly in 2003 is partly attributable to a linear response to both Central American and West African monsoon circulations. The African region also triggers a wave train along the Asian subtropical jet. The model is then used in “simple GCM” mode to obtain extratropical responses that include a contribution from transient eddies. Tropical nudging improves the simple GCM's stationary wave climatology, and transient eddy forcing can produce substantial seasonal anomalies at high latitudes with better correspondence to some observed cases, especially in the Western Hemisphere, with stronger communication between the Asian monsoon and North America.
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Pereyra, E. Margarita, Michael G. Richer, and Jose-Alberto López. "The kinematics of evolved planetary nebulae." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S283 (July 2011): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312011982.
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AbstractWe have selected a group of 85 evolved planetary nebulae to study their kinematic characteristic based on spatially resolved, long-slit echelle spectroscopy. The data have been drawn from the San Pedro Mártir Kinematic Catalogue of PNe. The aim is to characterize in detail the global kinematics of PNe at advanced stages of evolution with the largest sample of homogenous data used to date for this purpose. The results reveal groups that share kinematic and photo-ionization characteristics of the nebular shell at the different late stages under study. The expansion velocities are typically larger than seen in earlier evolutionary stages, with the largest velocities occurring in objects with very weak or absent [N II]λλ6548, 6584 emission line. These results shall serve to be compared to predictions of hydrodynamical models.
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Ştefănescu, Simona Ecaterina, Loïk Berre, and Margarida Belo Pereira. "The Evolution of Dispersion Spectra and the Evaluation of Model Differences in an Ensemble Estimation of Error Statistics for a Limited-Area Analysis." Monthly Weather Review 134, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3456–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3230.1.
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Abstract An ensemble of limited-area forecasts has been obtained by integrating the Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN) limited-area model, in cold-starting mode, from an ensemble of Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) global analyses and forecasts. This permits error covariances of the ALADIN 6-h forecast and of the ARPEGE analysis to be estimated. These two fields may be combined in a future ALADIN analysis. The evolution of dispersion spectra is first studied in a perfect model framework. The ARPEGE analysis reduces the large-scale dispersion of the ARPEGE background by extracting some information from observations. Then, the digital filter initialization reduces the small-scale dispersion by removing the noise caused by interpolation of the ARPEGE analysis onto the ALADIN grid. Finally, the ALADIN 6-h forecast strongly increases the small-scale dispersion, in accordance with its ability to represent small-scale processes. Some model error contributions are then studied. The variances of the differences between the ALADIN and ARPEGE forecasts, which are started from the same ARPEGE analysis, are of smaller scale than are the ALADIN and ARPEGE perfect model dispersions. The small-scale part of these ARPEGE–ALADIN model differences is shown to correspond to structures that are represented by ALADIN and not by ARPEGE. Therefore, this part may be added to the ARPEGE analysis dispersion. The residual large-scale part is more ambiguous, but it may be added to the ALADIN dispersion; this may reflect some effects of the coupling inaccuracies, and strengthen (in a future ALADIN analysis) the use of the large-scale information from the ARPEGE analysis.
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Pereyra, Margarita, José Alberto López, and Michael G. Richer. "The kinematics of the nebular shells around low mass progenitors of PNe with low metallicity." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 12, S323 (October 2016): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317000886.
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AbstractIn the past few years we provided strong observational support for theoretical studies regarding the internal kinematics of Planetary Nebulae (PNe). A total of 257 objects segregated by different galactic populations were analized. Based upon spatially-resolved, long-slit, echelle spectroscopy drawn from the San Pedro Mártir Kinematic Catalogue of PNe †, we characterized the kinematics of PNe shells measuring their global expansion velocities. We present here a brief summary of these observational results, with a focus on our most recent study of about 26 PNe with low metallicity that appear to derive from progenitor stars of the lowest masses (including the halo PNe population). Low expansion velocities were found for these nebulae, less than 20 km s−1, which are most likely associated with a weak central star wind driving the kinematics of the nebular shell in this particular population.
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Zhang, Rongyao, and Kan Wang. "A Multi-Echelon Global Supply Chain Network Design Based on Transfer-Pricing Strategy." Journal of Industrial Integration and Management 04, no. 01 (March 2019): 1850020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424862218500203.
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An inimitable global supply chain would provide multinational enterprises (MNEs) competitive advantage and transfer pricing strategy to coordinate the relationship between the facilities within the global value chain. In this paper, we present a framework of multi-echelon global supply chain consisting of supplier, manufacturer and a distribution center which enables the MNEs to coordinate the facilities within the value chain based on the maximization total profits theory. An optimal model is established to describe how the transfer price affects the performance of the global supply chain. Through the numerical analysis, we find that the network of global supply chain positively affects the total performance of MNEs and transfer price strategy as a kind of coordinate method which impacts the total profit of the global supply chain.
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Pless, Nicola M. "On the global emergence of responsible leadership: purpose and social identity." Emerald Open Research 5 (June 2, 2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.15078.1.
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Responsible leadership is a concept that links leadership, corporate social responsibility, sustainability and ethics to business performance and actions of senior executives and board members. This keynote illuminates how responsible leadership mindsets and their diverse understandings of the purpose of business are related to organizational level stakeholder engagement and corporate social responsibility approaches at the upper echelon. A first link is established between broader social movements (e.g., US Business Roundtable, Conscious Capitalism, Social Entrepreneurship movement) and the social identity of responsible leaders, thereby contributing to the discussion of the changing nature of the purpose of business. The article closes with a Q&A-session.
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Emili, Emanuele, and Mohammad El Aabaribaoune. "Impact of Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) thermal infrared measurements on global ozone reanalyses." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): 6291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6291-2021.
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Abstract. The information content of thermal infrared measurements for tropospheric ozone (O3) estimation has already been well demonstrated. However, the impact of such measurements to constrain modelled O3 distributions within global assimilation systems is not yet unequivocal. A new tropospheric O3 reanalysis is computed for the year 2010 by means of assimilating measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) within the MOdéle pour la Chimie Á Grande Echelle (MOCAGE) chemical transport model. The objective is to evaluate the impact of recent methodological improvements of the data assimilation scheme on the O3 distribution. The new O3 reanalysis (named IASI-r) and its precursor (IASI-a) have been validated against ozonesondes, and compared to independent estimations of tropospheric O3 and to results from two state-of-the-art products based on detailed tropospheric chemistry (the Goddard Earth Observing System with a coupled chemistry–climate model, GEOS-CCM, and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, CAMS, reanalysis). The main difference between IASI-r and IASI-a concerns the treatment of IASI observations, with radiances being assimilated directly in IASI-r instead of intermediate Level 2 O3 retrievals. IASI-r is found to correct major issues with IASI-a, such as the neutral or negative impact of IASI assimilation in the extra-tropics and the presence of residual biases in the tropics. IASI-r also compares relatively well to the CAMS reanalysis, which is based on a more comprehensive chemical mechanism and the assimilation of several ultraviolet (UV) and microwave measurements.
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Ehrenfreund, P., N. Cox, J. Cami, B. H. Foing, L. Kaper, L. d’Hendecourt, J. P. Maier, et al. "Magellanic Diffuse Interstellar Bands and Carbon Chemistry." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 864–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600017342.
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AbstractWith the Ultraviolet Visual Echelle Spectrograph mounted at the Very Large Telescope, we have observed at unprecedented spectral resolution the absorption spectrum toward reddened stars in the Magellanic Clouds over the wavelength range of 3500-10500 Å. This range covers the strong transitions associated with neutral and charged large carbon molecules of varying sizes and structures. We report the first detection of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) at 5780 and 5797 Å in the Small Magellanic Cloud and the variation of those DIBs toward several targets in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The variation of DIBs in the Magellanic Clouds compared with Galactic targets may be governed by a combination of the different chemical processes prevailing in low-metallicity regions and the local environmental conditions. The analysis of high-resolution absorption spectra allows us to reveal the global effects in the chemistry and recycling of cosmic dust in the Magellanic Clouds which are relevant for the chemical pathways forming large organic molecules in external galaxies.
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Wang, Zhi Qiang, Yan Xu, and Qing Yang. "Method of Testing Point Optimizing Based on Multi-Echelon Comparison Hybrid Particle Swarm Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 1935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.1935.
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This paper introduces the multi-echelon comparison hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and its processes, and describes its application in the testing point optimization, and the simulation analysis and comparison show that the algorithm improves the convergence speed of global search, and overcomes the shortcoming that fundamental particle swarm optimization algorithm is easy to fall into "premature" convergence and other shortcomings.
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Fan, Houming, Jiaxin Wu, Xin Li, and Xiaodan Jiang. "Presenting a Multi-Start Hybrid Heuristic for Solving the Problem of Two-Echelon Location-Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery (2E-LRPSPD)." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 20, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9743841.
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This study proposes a three-index flow-based mixed integer formulation to solve a two-echelon location routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery. In this formulation, pickup and delivery demands can be addressed using the same vehicle in each echelon of the network to reduce costs and increase logistics efficiency. We solve such NP-hard problem by developing a multistart hybrid heuristic with path relinking (MHH-PR) which is composed of local search and a variable neighbourhood descent algorithm. In the algorithm, three constructive heuristics are applied to generate diversified initial solutions, and path relinking is introduced for intensification and postoptimisation. Results indicate that MHH-PR can reduce the gap between the near optimal and global optimal solutions by 1%-2%. The proposed algorithm significantly improves computational efficiency by reducing the computational time of more than 10 min for existing cases involving 20 nodes to less than 10 s.
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Tsujibe, Akihisa, Kentaro Taguchi, and Takanari Inoue. "301 A Study of Multi-Echelon Parts Allocation Technology in Global Supply Chain Management." Proceedings of Manufacturing Systems Division Conference 2014 (2014): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemsd.2014.29.
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Wan, Trevor T. W. "Constitutionalization of Happiness: A Global and Comparative Inquiry." German Law Journal 24, no. 7 (November 2023): 1209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.84.
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AbstractHappiness and well-being are now explicitly enshrined in a myriad of national constitutions. As of 2022, the terms “happiness” and “well-being” form part of the constitutional lexicon of more than 20 and 110 states respectively. These “happiness provisions” epitomize the phenomenon of the “constitutionalization of happiness,” which denotes the process of elevating happiness to the constitutional echelon, thereby bearing discernible legal and political implications. An audit of all happiness provisions reveals that they boil down to three categories—happiness as a national objective, happiness as a policy paradigm, and the pursuit of happiness as a human right. The meaning and jurisprudential landscape of happiness provisions within a specific constitutional framework is molded by, on top of the semantic and structural configuration, a dynamic interplay among three factors, which include the indigenous and socio-cultural conception of happiness of that state, interpretations put forward by judges and other constitutional actors, and transnational influences such as the migration of constitutional ideas and jurisprudence. This article draws upon an extensive array of case studies, covering among others Bhutan, Bolivia, Ecuador, Japan, Korea, and Nigeria, to illustrate the breadth and diversity that enliven the universe of happiness provisions.
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de Laat, A. T. J., I. Aben, M. Deeter, P. Nédélec, H. Eskes, J. L. Attié, P. Ricaud, R. Abida, L. El Amraoui, and J. Landgraf. "Validation of nine years of MOPITT V5 NIR using MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements: biases and long-term stability." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 11 (November 18, 2014): 3783–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3783-2014.
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Abstract. Validation results from a comparison between Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) V5 Near InfraRed (NIR) carbon monoxide (CO) total column measurements and Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapour on Airbus in-service Aircraft (MOZAIC)/In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) aircraft measurements are presented. A good agreement is found between MOPITT and MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements, consistent with results from earlier studies using different validation data and despite large variability in MOPITT CO total columns along the spatial footprint of the MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements. Validation results improve when taking the large spatial footprint of the MOZAIC/IAGOS data into account. No statistically significant drift was detected in the validation results over the period 2002–2010 at global, continental and local (airport) scales. Furthermore, for those situations where MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements differed from the MOPITT a priori, the MOPITT measurements clearly outperformed the MOPITT a priori data, indicating that MOPITT NIR retrievals add value to the MOPITT a priori. Results from a high spatial resolution simulation of the chemistry-transport model MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle) showed that the most likely explanation for the large MOPITT variability along the MOZAIC-IAGOS profile flight path is related to spatio-temporal CO variability, which should be kept in mind when using MOZAIC/IAGOS profile measurements for validating satellite nadir observations.
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de Laat, A. T. J., I. Aben, M. Deeter, P. Nédélec, H. Eskes, J. L. Attié, P. Ricaud, R. Abida, L. El Amraoui, and J. Landgraf. "Validation of nine-years of MOPITT V5 NIR using MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements: biases and long term stability." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 6 (June 2, 2014): 5251–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-5251-2014.
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Abstract. Validation results from a comparison between Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) V5 Near InfraRed (NIR) Carbon Monoxide (CO) total column measurements and Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapour on Airbus in-service Aircraft (MOZAIC)/In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) aircraft measurements are presented. A good agreement is found between MOPITT and MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements, consistent with results from earlier studies using different validation data and despite large variability in MOPITT CO total columns along the spatial footprint of the MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements. Validation results improve when taking the large spatial footprint of the MOZAIC/IAGOS data into account. No statistically significant drift was detected in the validation results over the period 2002–2010 at global, continental and local (airport) scales. Furthermore, for those situations where MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements differed from the MOPITT a priori, the MOPITT measurements clearly outperformed the MOPITT a priori data, indicating that MOPITT NIR retrievals add value to the MOPITT a priori. Results from a high spatial resolution simulation of the chemistry-transport model MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle) showed that the most likely explanation for the large MOPITT variability along the MOZAIC-IAGOS profile flight path is related to spatio-temporal CO variability, which should be kept in mind when using MOZAIC/IAGOS profile measurements for validating satellite nadir observations.
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Tyagi, Rajesh, Peter Kalish, Kunter Akbay, and Glenn Munshaw. "GE Plastics Optimizes the Two-Echelon Global Fulfillment Network at Its High Performance Polymers Division." Interfaces 34, no. 5 (October 2004): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.1040.0088.
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Horner, Allison L., and Barry D. Davidson. "Energy release rate prediction for delamination versus echelon crack advance under global mode III loadings." International Journal of Fracture 207, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-017-0226-y.
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Muhammad Ahmed, Safdar Husain Tahir, and Gulzar Ahmad. "Fostering Inclusive Growth: Exploring Gender Dynamics and Loan Sizes in Microfinance Institutions." ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE 4, no. 2 (September 15, 2023): 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/assap.v4i2.301.
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The financial landscape has witnessed a growing focus on the role of women in driving economic development and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). The global pursuit of the SDGs, notably in gender equality and women's empowerment, has highlighted the importance of women's economic involvement. Recognizing the critical role that microfinance institutions (MFIs) play in encouraging inclusive economic growth and poverty alleviation, this study investigated how strategic gender dynamics within MFIs affect loan size. The study addresses a critical gap in understanding the gender dynamics within MFIs concerning women's presence at various echelon positions and their involvement, notably evaluating their impact on loan size. The study examines a meticulously curated dataset consisting of 1295 MFIs from 102 countries by analyzing selected gender dynamics such as women's echelon position, women's focus, gender diversity, target market and outreach. The study's findings, distilled into four configurational solutions, gave fascinating insights into the circumstances under which numerous factors interact to determine loan size in MFIs. Core conditions such as target market, women focus and female outreach were identified as critical drivers of loan size outcomes in various configurations. The implications of women's focus were particularly noteworthy, indicating that a concerted effort to prioritize women's engagement can significantly contribute to increased loan size in MFIs. The findings of this study serve as a foundation for establishing a more equitable and prosperous future through empowered women and effective microfinance practices on a global scale.
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Peiro, Hélène, Emanuele Emili, Daniel Cariolle, Brice Barret, and Eric Le Flochmoën. "Multi-year assimilation of IASI and MLS ozone retrievals: variability of tropospheric ozone over the tropics in response to ENSO." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 9 (May 17, 2018): 6939–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6939-2018.
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Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Instrument (IASI) allows global coverage with very high spatial resolution and its measurements are promising for long-term ozone monitoring. In this study, Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) O3 profiles and IASI O3 partial columns (1013.25–345 hPa) are assimilated in a chemistry transport model to produce 6-hourly analyses of tropospheric ozone for 6 years (2008–2013). We have compared and evaluated the IASI-MLS analysis and the MLS analysis to assess the added value of IASI measurements. The global chemical transport model MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle) has been used with a linear ozone chemistry scheme and meteorological forcing fields from ERA-Interim (ECMWF global reanalysis) with a horizontal resolution of 2° × 2° and 60 vertical levels. The MLS and IASI O3 retrievals have been assimilated with a 4-D variational algorithm to constrain stratospheric and tropospheric ozone respectively. The ozone analyses are validated against ozone soundings and tropospheric column ozone (TCO) from the OMI-MLS residual method. In addition, an Ozone ENSO Index (OEI) is computed from the analysis to validate the TCO variability during the ENSO events. We show that the assimilation of IASI reproduces the variability of tropospheric ozone well during the period under study. The variability deduced from the IASI-MLS analysis and the OMI-MLS measurements are similar for the period of study. The IASI-MLS analysis can reproduce the extreme oscillation of tropospheric ozone caused by ENSO events over the tropical Pacific Ocean, although a correction is required to reduce a constant bias present in the IASI-MLS analysis.
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Lopéz, Juan José Uchuya, and Raad Yahya Qassim. "An Optimal Redesign Approach for Optimal Global Supply Chain Redesign: Brazilian Soybean Grain Study." Business and Management Horizons 5, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v5i2.12284.
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Brazil and the United States are the leading soybean grain producing and exporting countries in the world. Although crop production cost is significantly lower in Brazil than in the United States due to more advanced crop production technology, this competitive advantage vanishes in view of the higher logistics costs in Brazil than in the United States, in view of the dominance of road transportation in Brazil, whilst river and rail transportation are prevalent in the United States. In order to regain its competitive advantage, there is a clear need for a redesign of the inland supply chain in Brazil through the use and expansion of existent inland waterways and rail networks. In this paper, an optimal supply chain redesign methodology is presented to achieve the aforesaid objective, with a focus on Mato Grosso which is the largest producer and exporting state in Brazil. This methodology is in fact applicable to multiply echelon global supply chains in general.
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Zhang, Qinglong, Naifu Deng, Yanwen Zhu, and Zhenping Huang. "Multidepot Two-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problem for Earthwork Allocation Optimization." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (January 29, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8373138.
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Prior to the construction of most engineering projects, earthwork is a complex and time-consuming task, requiring iterative operations in civil engineering. The effectiveness of earthworks determines the cost of many AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) projects (e.g., road, embankment, railway, and slope engineering). As a result, creating effective earthwork planning is critical. The earthwork allocation problem is simplified in this study to the vehicle route problem (VRP), which is often studied in the field of transportation and logistics. An optimization model for the earthwork allocation path based on the modified genetic algorithm with a self-adaptive mechanism is developed to work out the global optimal hauling path for earthwork. The findings of the study are also used to shape the basic topographic shape of the Winter Olympic Skiing Course Project. Furthermore, a comparative study with the former methods is conducted to validate the performance of our proposed method on tackling such a multidepot two-echelon vehicle routing problem. Because of its flexibility, this optimization model is extremely compatible with various evolutionary methods in many fields, making future development viable and practicable.
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Zhong, Yaoguang, Fangfang Guo, Huajun Tang, and Xumei Chen. "Research on Coordination Complexity of E-Commerce Logistics Service Supply Chain." Complexity 2020 (April 28, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7031543.
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With the rapid growth of E-commerce business, logistics service, especially the last-mile distribution, has become one bottleneck, which leads to the rise of coordination complexity of logistics service supply chain (LSSC). This research, based on Stackelberg’s game theory, studies the coordination of a new three-echelon LSSC consisting of an E-commerce mall, an express company, and a terminal distribution service provider and investigates the optimal solutions and profits for each party within the semicentralized and centralized LSSC alliances, respectively. To accomplish this, it firstly shows that the three-echelon LSSC can lead to global optimum under the centralized decision-making scenario and then deploys the contract coordination schemes, including revenue sharing, cost sharing, and unit delivery price contracts, in three semicentralized alliances, so as to achieve the same performance of the centralized decision-making scenario, in which each party in the LSSC can achieve the win-win situation. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed coordination strategies. This study enriches the coordination theory in the field of LSSC and provides managerial insights for decision makers in LSSC.
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Hammami, Ramzi, and Yannick Frein. "An optimisation model for the design of global multi-echelon supply chains under lead time constraints." International Journal of Production Research 51, no. 9 (May 2013): 2760–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2012.738942.
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Jiang, Jianhua, Di Wu, Yujun Chen, and Keqin Li. "Complex network oriented artificial bee colony algorithm for global bi-objective optimization in three-echelon supply chain." Applied Soft Computing 76 (March 2019): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.12.006.
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YU, JONAS C. P. "OPTIMAL DETERIORATING ITEMS INVENTORY MODEL WITH A THREE-ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIC ALLIANCE." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 27, no. 06 (December 2010): 693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595910002958.
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This study develops a mathematical inventory model for deteriorating item taking into account a vertical integration of a three-echelon supply chain (one supplier, one distributor, and one retailer) through strategic alliances. The objective is to minimize the joint total relevant cost for the integrated inventory model. A simple but efficient heuristic technique is used to derive the optimal solution. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis on the optimal results are presented to validate the results of the proposed integrated model. The proposed mathematical model has demonstrated how an integrated approach to decision making can achieve a global optimum and outperform three typically individual models (i.e., independent model, dominant supplier's model and dominant retailer's model).
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Maneesawangwong, Niruemol, and Auychai Suvanujasiri. "The Important Leadership Competencies Of Higher Echelon To Middle-Level Managers In Thailand." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2012): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i2.6777.
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This research investigation lays a foundation for extending research in the area of the Leadership Competencies. This study provides a different perspective in viewing Leadership Competencies, inasmuch as it shows the important leadership competencies, examine the relationships between these important leadership competencies and the demographical characteristics of participants and explore ways to develop an efficacious approach to develop the important leadership competencies. This research paper was based on the 1998 leadership competency model developed by Eyde et al. (1999) and latest version of The Leadership Competency Model by U.S. Office of Personal Management (OPM). Thus, it can be said that this study provides excellent guidance to human resource managers, teachers, other educators, researchers and business management in the search for tools useful to the task of building a prosperous firm and organization in the current global business environment.
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Nitescu, B., and H. C. Halls. "A gravity profile across southern Saganash Lake fault: implications for the origin of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-100.
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A high-resolution gravity profile, with station elevations and locations determined by a differential Global Positioning System, shows that the Saganash Lake fault that defines the northwestern boundary of the southern Kapuskasing Structural Zone (KSZ) is southeast dipping and of reverse type. Previous interpretations of a normal fault, caused by crustal collapse following east-verging thrusting along the Ivanhoe Lake fault that forms the southeastern boundary of the KSZ are no longer tenable. Instead, the reverse nature of the Saganash Lake fault is more in harmony with a model of the Kapuskasing zone, whereby its fault-bounded, uplifted blocks are positive flower structures formed by dextral shear along a zone of left-stepping en echelon faults.
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Zavala, Araceli, David Nowicki, and Jose Emmanuel Ramirez-Marquez. "Quantitative metrics to analyze supply chain resilience and associated costs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 233, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18766738.
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The growth of global supply chains has allowed trading partners to experience synergistic, economic expansion and increase their competitive success. At the same time, reliance on global supply chains exposes its trading partners to unforeseen disruptions. While the economic benefits are tremendous, they are not without risk as global supply chains are by their very nature susceptible to a wide array of disruptions. Methods that mitigate the effect of disruption directly contribute to the competitive success of global supply chain networks. One approach for mitigating the effects of disruption is to increase resilience. Thus, this research focuses on understanding supply chain vulnerability and how to return the supply chain to its desirable performance level after a disruptive event by reconfiguring the supply chain network. This article frames this foundational work in the context of systems theory to add to the body of resilience research by providing a time-dependent definition of supply chain resilience. This article then provides a mathematical model, based on inventory theory that operationalizes that definition. The model is presented in the context of a multi-echelon, post-production support network of a sustainment-dominated system such as those found in the aerospace, defense, utilities, and construction industries. The model demonstrates the post-disruption resilience at each supply chain network node along with the investment necessary to restore the network.
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Padiyar, Surendra Vikram Singh, Vandana, Shiv Raj Singh, Dipti Singh, Mitali Sarkar, Bikash Koli Dey, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Three-Echelon Supply Chain Management with Deteriorated Products under the Effect of Inflation." Mathematics 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11010104.
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A business can be properly managed globally when it is under a supply chain. When it is a global supply chain, inflation has a huge effect on supply chain profit. Another important factor is the deterioration of products. Products can deteriorate during storage or transportation, which badly affects each supply chain player. This study develops a three-echelon supply chain model through which products can be delivered to customers easily. In this model, one producer and multiple buyers are considered, and each buyer has a separate group in which multiple suppliers have been taken. Inflation is also added to the model for inflationary fluctuations. To understand this model in real life, a numerical example is discussed and the total profit from the supply chain is extracted. Sensitivity analysis is also shown at the end of the model to find out the effect on the model due to changes in some parameters that affect this model highly. After developing this model, it was found that if the inflation rate falls, then the total profit will increase continuously. On the contrary, if the inflation rate increases, then, in this situation, the total profit will decrease continuously. At present, vaccine makers’ total profit can support the economy of any country, and in this model, the inflation rate decreases as profit increases.
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Tao, Ze-Jin, and Pyung-Hoi Koo. "A Coordinated Supply Contract for a Two-Echelon Supply Chain Considering Learning Effects." Applied Sciences 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2024): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14041513.
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In a supply chain composed of multiple members, supply chain coordination plays a crucial role in achieving overall optimization and efficiency. Various supply contract forms have been studied in the existing literature to facilitate supply chain coordination. However, most existing literature has established coordination models assuming constant production costs. In reality, per-unit production costs often decrease as production quantity increases, which is called the learning effect. This paper underscores the significance of considering this learning effect in decision-making processes for coordinated supply contracts. We propose a supply contract scheme for channel coordination that incorporates the learning effect within a supply chain comprising a single manufacturer and a single retailer. In this framework, the manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg leader, initiating the process by designing and presenting the contract. The supply contract scheme is designed to ensure that the retailer’s order quantity aligns with the global solution. We also demonstrate how the contract parameters are determined when the relative bargaining powers of the supply chain members are given exogenously in the market. Our findings reveal that contracts with a learning curve can generate additional profits for both the manufacturer and the retailer compared to the existing coordinated contracts with static production costs. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of the learning effect on supply chain efficiency and offers practical implications for supply chain practitioners.
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Solar, Martín, Catalina Arcos, Michel Curé, Ronaldo S. Levenhagen, and Ignacio Araya. "Automatic algorithm to obtain v sin i values via Fourier transform in the BeSOS database." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 511, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 4404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac202.
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ABSTRACT Be stars are found to rotate close to their critical rotation and therefore they are considered an important laboratory for the study of stellar rotation. In this context, we obtain the projected rotational velocity of a sample of classical Be southern stars in the BeSOS database via Fourier transforms in an automated way for several absorption lines at different epochs. A Gaussian profile is fitted to eight observed photospheric He i lines in order to select automatically from the profile the spectral signal given by areas under the curve of 95.45, 98.75, and 99.83 per cent, to obtain vsin i via the Fourier transform technique. The values obtained are in global agreement with the literature. Analysing only one line is not enough to set the vsin i value: depending on the line, the value in most cases is underestimated with respect to λ4471. When gravity-darkening effects are included, apparent values increase by ∼10 per cent. The resolution of the instrument Pontificia Universidad Catolica High Echelle Resolution Optical Spectrograph (PUCHEROS) used for BeSOS spectra ($R \sim 17\, 000$) constrains the theoretical lower bound possible to vsin i ∼ 100 km s−1. The procedure has limitations, using a linear limb-darkening function with ε = 0.6 for classical Be stars rotating close to the break-up velocity without gravity-darkening corrections, which cannot be negligible. Previous works measure vsin i values using just one spectral line and here we demonstrate that with more lines the results can vary. This could be due to the photospheric distribution of atomic transitions in classical Be stars.
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Borisov, Sviatoslav B., Igor V. Chilingarian, Evgenii V. Rubtsov, Cédric Ledoux, Claudio Melo, Kirill A. Grishin, Ivan Yu Katkov, et al. "New Generation Stellar Spectral Libraries in the Optical and Near-infrared. I. The Recalibrated UVES-POP Library for Stellar Population Synthesis*." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 266, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acc321.
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Abstract We present reprocessed flux-calibrated spectra of 406 stars from the UVES-POP stellar library in the wavelength range 320–1025 nm, which can be used for stellar population synthesis. The spectra are provided in the two versions having spectral resolving power R = 20,000 and R = 80,000. Raw spectra from the ESO data archive were re-reduced using the latest version of the UVES data reduction pipeline with some additional algorithms that we developed. The most significant improvements in comparison with the original UVES-POP release are (i) an updated echelle order merging, which eliminates “ripples” present in the published spectra; (ii) a full telluric correction; (iii) merging of nonoverlapping UVES spectral setups taking into account the global continuum shape; (iv) a spectrophotometric correction and absolute flux calibration; and (v) estimates of the interstellar extinction. For 364 stars from our sample, we computed atmospheric parameters T eff, surface gravity log g, metallicity [Fe/H], and α-element enhancement [α/Fe] by using a full-spectrum fitting technique based on a grid of synthetic stellar atmospheres and a novel minimization algorithm. We also provide projected rotational velocity v sin i and radial velocity v rad estimates. The overall absolute flux uncertainty in the reprocessed data set is better than 2%, with subpercent accuracy for about half of the stars. A comparison of the recalibrated UVES-POP spectra with other spectral libraries shows a very good agreement in flux; at the same time, Gaia DR3 BP/RP spectra are often discrepant with our data, which we attribute to spectrophotometric calibration issues in Gaia DR3.
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Wang, Ziqi, and Peihan Wen. "Optimization of a Low-Carbon Two-Echelon Heterogeneous-Fleet Vehicle Routing for Cold Chain Logistics under Mixed Time Window." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051967.
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Due to the rise of social and environmental concerns on global climate change, developing the low-carbon economy is a necessary strategic step to respond to greenhouse effect and incorporate sustainability. As such, there is a new trend for the cold chain industry to establish the low-carbon vehicle routing optimization model which takes costs and carbon emissions as the measurements of performance. This paper studies a low-carbon vehicle routing problem (LC-VRP) derived from a real cold chain logistics network with several practical constraints, which also takes customer satisfaction into account. A low-carbon two-echelon heterogeneous-fleet vehicle routing problem (LC-2EHVRP) model for cold chain third-party logistics servers (3PL) with mixed time window under a carbon trading policy is constructed in this paper and aims at minimizing costs, carbon emissions and maximizing total customer satisfaction simultaneously. To find the optimal solution of such a nondeterministic polynomial (NP) hard problem, we proposed an adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) approach validated by a numerical benchmark test. Furthermore, a real cold chain case study is presented to demonstrate the influence of the mixed time window’s changing which affect customers’ final satisfaction and the carbon trading settings on LC-2EHVRP model. Experiment of LC-2EHVRP model without customer satisfaction consideration is also designed as a control group. Results show that customer satisfaction is a critical influencer for companies to plan multi-echelon vehicle routing strategy, and current modest carbon price and trading quota settings in China have only a minimal effect on emissions’ control. Several managerial suggestions are given to cold chain logistics enterprises, governments, and even consumers to help improve the development of cold chain logistics.
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Kim, Sung Jun, and Biswajit Sarkar. "Supply Chain Model with Stochastic Lead Time, Trade-Credit Financing, and Transportation Discounts." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6465912.
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This model extends a two-echelon supply chain model by considering the trade-credit policy, transportations discount to make a coordination mechanism between transportation discounts, trade-credit financing, number of shipments, quality improvement of products, and reduced setup cost in such a way that the total cost of the whole system can be reduced, where the supplier offers trade-credit-period to the buyer. For buyer, the backorder rate is considered as variable. There are two investments to reduce setup cost and to improve quality of products. The model assumes lead time-dependent backorder rate, where the lead time is stochastic in nature. By using the trade-credit policy, the model gives how the credit-period would be determined to achieve the win-win outcome. An iterative algorithm is designed to obtain the global optimum results. Numerical example and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the model.
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Horwitz, Steven, Owen A. O'Connor, Barbara Pro, Tim Illidge, Michelle Fanale, Ranjana Advani, Nancy L. Bartlett, et al. "Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial." Lancet 393, no. 10168 (January 2019): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32984-2.
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Bencherif, H., L. El Amraoui, G. Kirgis, J. Leclair De Bellevue, A. Hauchecorne, N. Mzé, and T. Portafaix. "Analysis of a rapid increase of stratospheric ozone during late austral summer 2008 over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2010): 17727–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-17727-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper reports on an increase of ozone event observed over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E) in relationship with large-scale isentropic transport. It is evidenced from ground-based observations, together with satellite global observations and assimilated fields. The study is based on the analyses of the first ozonesonde experiment never recorded at the Kerguelen site in the framework of a French campaign called ROCK that took place from April to August 2008. Comparisons and interpretations of the observed event are supported by co-localised SAOZ observations, by global mapping of tracers (O3, N2O and columns of O3) from Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI experiments, and by model simulations of Ertel Potential Vorticity initialised by ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data reanalyses. Satellite and ground-based observational data revealed a consistent increase of ozone in the local stratosphere by mid-April 2008. Additionally, Ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) profiles obtained during January–May 2008 by the Microwave Lamb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated total O3 values are consistent with SAOZ ground observations (within ±5%), and isentropic distributions of O3 are matching well with maps of advected potential vorticity (APV) derived from the MIMOSA model, a high-resolution advection transport model, and from ECMWF reanalysis. The studied event seems to be related to isentropic transport of air masses that took place simultaneously in the lower- and middle-stratosphere, respectively from the polar region and from tropics to the mid-latitudes. In fact, the studied ozone increase by mid April 2008 results simultaneously: (1) from an equator-ward departure of polar air masses characterised with a high-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere (nearby the 475 K isentropic level), and (2) from a reverse isentropic transport from tropics to mid- and high-latitudes in the upper stratosphere (nearby the 700 K level). The increase of ozone observed over Kerguelen from the 16-April ozonesonde profile is then attributed to a concomitant isentropic transport of ozone in two stratospheric layers: the tropical air moving southward and reaches over Kerguelen in the upper stratosphere, and the polar air passing over the same area but in the lower stratosphere.
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Bencherif, H., L. El Amraoui, G. Kirgis, J. Leclair De Bellevue, A. Hauchecorne, N. Mzé, T. Portafaix, A. Pazmino, and F. Goutail. "Analysis of a rapid increase of stratospheric ozone during late austral summer 2008 over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-363-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper reports on an increase of ozone event observed over Kerguelen (49.4° S, 70.3° E) in relationship with large-scale isentropic transport. This is evidenced by ground-based observations (co-localised radiosonde and SAOZ experiments) together with satellite global observations (Aura/MLS) assimilated into MOCAGE, a Méteo-France model. The study is based on the analyses of the first ozonesonde experiment never recorded at the Kerguelen site within the framework of a French campaign called ROCK that took place from April to August 2008. Comparisons and interpretations of the observed event are supported by co-localised SAOZ observations, by global mapping of tracers (O3, N2O and columns of O3) from Aura/MLS and Aura/OMI experiments, and by model simulations of Ertel Potential Vorticity initialised by the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data reanalyses. Satellite and ground-based observational data revealed a consistent increase of ozone in the local stratosphere by mid-April 2008. Additionally, Ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) profiles obtained during January–May 2008 using the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard the Aura satellite are assimilated into MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle), a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model of Météo-France. The assimilated total O3 values are consistent with SAOZ ground observations (within ±5%), and isentropic distributions of O3 match well with maps of advected potential vorticity (APV) derived from the MIMOSA model, a high-resolution advection transport model, and from the ECMWF reanalysis. The event studied seems to be related to the isentropic transport of air masses that took place simultaneously in the lower- and middle-stratosphere, respectively from the polar region and from the tropics to the mid-latitudes. In fact, the ozone increase observed by mid April 2008 resulted simultaneously: (1) from an equator-ward departure of polar air masses characterised with a high-ozone layer in the lower stratosphere (near the 475 K isentropic level), and (2) from a reverse isentropic transport from the tropics to mid- and high-latitudes in the upper stratosphere (nearby the 700 K level). The increase of ozone observed over Kerguelen from the 16-April ozonesonde profile is thus attributed to a concomitant isentropic transport of ozone in two stratospheric layers: the tropical air moving southward and reaching over Kerguelen in the upper stratosphere, and the polar air passing over the same area but in the lower stratosphere.
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Билюга, Станислав, and Екатерина Колесникова. "Причины возникновения «бархатных революций» как нового типа социально-политической дестабилизации в XXI в.: теоретический анализ." Vek globalizatsii, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30884/vglob/2024.01.11.
Full textAbstract:
The global processes of the late 20th – early 21st century post factum demonstrated a significant change in trends in the political development of countries, which primarily affected the so-called technologies of “color revolutions” – the external dismantling of politically undesirable figures from the highest echelon of power in favor of more loyal ones. Although at present there is a common understanding of the reasons of color revolutions (which include the existence of internal economic and political problems; the availability of information and financial resources representing the interests of leading foreign countries; specially / indirectly created problems in the economic and social spheres; the unwillingness of the current undesirable government to cooperate with the opposition), it is necessary to consider such events in more detail in order to identify additional characteristics that will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of political destabilization and get a more complete picture of possible threats to national security of the Russian Federation.