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Hussain, Syed Salman. "Greening of industry : an ecological economic appraisal of eco-innovations and eco-labelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4362.
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In a market economy, the behaviour of firms determines the extent and type of anthropogenic impacts that affect natural ecosystems. As such it is critical that the regulation of corporate behaviour is closely appraised. All economic production systems use natural resource inputs and release waste emissions to environmental sinks; they also contribute to sustainability in terms of income generation. The analysis of economic efficiency is thus coined in terms of juxtaposing and balancing these effects and the role of regulation is to intervene so that the outcome (in terms of corporate behaviour) approximates to this theoretical social optimum. Determining optimal regulation is the core focus of this thesis. The role of environmental regulation has become prominent of late owing to developments in the science (and social science) of climate change and ecosystems functioning. It has also been strongly influenced by the Porter Hypothesis (PH) which challenges the non-interventionist doctrine of neo-classical economics in favour of stricter environmental regulation, based on the presumption that significant pollution offsets are available if and only firms are forced to search for eco-innovations. In order to progress the argument vis-à-vis optimal regulation it is first essential to explore the role of the firm in society, i.e. what the responsibilities of industry ought to be with respect to the sustainability agenda. I juxtapose and critically appraise functionalist theory and its associated utilitarian ethic with social permission theory; the outcome of this analysis is the contention that ‘I&We’ deontological theory is the most defensible alternative and as such a firm’s fiduciaries ought to balance the conflicting claims of stakeholders, i.e. shareholders are important but not paramount. Given this outcome, the role of the regulator is to intervene when the market for ‘green’ corporate behaviour does not function. There are various reasons outlined as to why such intervention might be required. On the demand side, evidence is presented of consumers’ willingness-to-pay for perceived environmental quality. This product attribute is typically a credence attribute and there is asymmetric information; there is an incentive for ‘greenwashing’, i.e. false or misleading environmental marketing claims. The strategic behavioural model developed herein implies that the status quo is potential sub-optimality in that consumers play a mixed strategy and, over time, there is the potential for a vicious cycle in that progressively less and less ‘green’ marketing claims are genuine. On the supply side, firms may be ‘satisficing’ as opposed to optimising with respect to eco-innovations; a firm’s search for and selection of innovation is path-dependent, i.e. the history of innovations is influential. This supports the PH in that stimulating a shift to an eco-innovation trajectory realises benefits not only in the current time period but into the future. I also demonstrate that firms may be ‘locked in’ to technological paths that are sub-optimal (and environmentally damaging) owing to ‘coordination effects’ and as such there is a further role for economically efficient regulatory intervention on the supply side. Well-designed regulation can improve economic welfare in that it might propagate a shift in (as opposed to movement along) abatement cost curves. This in turn implies a convergence between the ‘best’ level of pollution for the polluter and for society, therein ameliorating the potential deadweight losses from the strategic interaction between the polluter and the regulator.
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Jägerlind, Puuri Sofia, Martin Henriksson, and Johansson Johannes Brun. "Eco-labelling on Package Tours : A study about sustainable tourism." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12718.
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Background: The tourism industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with annual revenues exceeding US$ 850 billion. Because of the size and nature of the industry, tourism is seen as one of the largest contributors to the negative effects on the environment today. Within the tourism industry, there exist more than 70 eco-labels representing various environmental standards. However, none of them are widely used within the tourism industry.
Purpose: This thesis investigates how the use of the two eco-labels Svanen and Green Globe affect Swedish students’ perception of a package tour marketing campaign. It investigates how students’ perceptions of advertisement differ between advertisement for package tours with and without incorporated eco-labels.
Method: The study uses a mixed method with a sequential explanatory strategy. The quantitative part consists of a survey and the qualitative part consists of follow up interviews with a number of interviewees who are all respondents in the quantitative part. This thesis primarily focuses on the quantitative part, which consists of three questionnaires, one of which contains an advertisement for Ving, and two which used the same advertisement but which have been manipulated to include Green Globe and Svanen respectively.
Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that students’ perception of advertisement does not differ between the advertisement not using an eco-label and the ones manipulated to include Green Globe or Svanen. The reasons to why the perception does not differ are explained by eco-labels having failed in communicating what they stand for. Students have limited financial resources, which constrains them from behaving in an environmentally friendly way. In addition, the advertisement including eco-lables is congruent with the students’ perception about the brand Ving as an environmentally friendly company. There is however factors that indicate that eco-labelling in the tourism industry can work as a partial solution for a more sustainable future.
Bakgrund: Turismindustrin är en av de största industrierna i världen, med årliga inkomster på över US$ 850 miljarder. På grund av storleken och dess påverkan, anses turismen vara en av de största orsakerna till den negativa utvecklingen av miljön. Inom turismindustrin existerar mer än 70 miljö märkningar som representerar olika miljöstandarder. Dock har inga av dem sett någon större användning inom turismindustrin.
Syfte: Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur användning av de två miljömärkningarna Green Globe och Svanen påverkar studenters uppfattning av en reklamkampanj för charter resor. Den undersöker hur studenters uppfattning om reklam för charter resor skiljer sig mellan reklam som använder miljömärkning och den som inte gör det.
Metod: Denna studie använder en blandad metod med en sekventiell strategi. Den kvantitativa delen består av enkätundersökningar och för den kvalitativa delen används intervjuer med några deltagare från den kvantitativa delen. Störst fokus ligger på den kvantitativa delen som består av tre olika enkäter, en som innehåller en reklam bild på Ving, och två som manipulerats att innehålla Green Globe respektive Svanen.
Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien är att studenters uppfattning om annonserna inte skiljer sig mellan annonsen utan miljömärkning och de som manipulerats med Green Globe eller Svanen. Anledning till att uppfattningen inte skiljer sig kan förklaras av att miljö märkningarna har misslyckats med att kommunicera vad dem står för. Studenterna har begränsade ekonomiska resurser och detta begränsar dem att uppföra sig på ett miljövänligt sätt. Dessutom överrensstämmer reklamen som innehöll miljö märkning med studenternas uppfattning om varumärket Ving som ett miljö vänligt företag. Det finns dock faktorer som tyder på att miljömärkning inom turistnäringen kan fungera som en del av lösningen för en mer hållbar framtid.
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Glynn, Sherry Cecilia. "Eco-labelling: the new cost of doing business in the seafood sector/." Internet access available to MUN users only. Search for this title in:, 2010.
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Bratt, Cecilia. "Assessment of Eco-Labelling and Green Procurement from a Strategic Sustainability Perspective." Licentiate thesis, Karlskrona : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00499.
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Efforts to reduce negative impacts from consumption and production include voluntary market-based initiatives. Examples are the concept of eco-labelling and the concept of green procurement. These have emerged as policy instruments with great potentials to steer product innovation and purchasing decisions in a sustainable direction. This potential has been recognized by the United Nations, the European Union, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and national governments through, e.g., various programmes and schemes. The aim of this thesis is to assess current criteria development processes within eco-labelling and green procurement from a strategic sustainability perspective and to describe possible improvement potentials from such a perspective to make these instruments more supportive of sustainable product and service innovation. A previously published framework for strategic sustainable development, including a definition of sustainability and generic guidelines to inform strategies towards sustainability, is adapted and used for this purpose. Criteria development processes in two Swedish eco-labelling programmes and at a governmental expert body for green procurement are studied. This includes interviews with criteria developers, studies of process documents and a case study at the governmental expert body for green procurement in which two criteria development processes were shadowed. The result reveals several strengths but also gaps and thus potentials for improvement. The criteria development processes and the resulting criteria mostly concern the current market supply and a selection of current environmental impacts outside the context of long-term objectives. Neither sustainability nor any other clearly defined long-term objective is agreed upon, and the criteria are not structured to support procurers, suppliers and product developers in a systematic and strategic stepwise approach towards sustainability. Recommended improvements include a more thorough sustainability assessment, communication of clearer objectives, broader competence in the criteria development groups and more emphasis on the dialogue and interaction between key actors. This includes an extended view on both the product concept and actors involved. Based on this, a new criteria development prototype is suggested, which aims at widening the scope from some currently known product impacts to the remaining gap to sustainability. During its further development and implementation, the criteria development prototype will be tested in successive iterations of action research together with experienced practitioners within eco-labelling and green procurement.
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Antonova, Alexandra, and Josefin Ceder. "The Placebo Effect of Eco-Labelling on Consumer Attitudes : An Explanatory Study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44519.
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Recently the question of eco-labelling has become increasingly important, especially when used as a green marketing tool. Surprisingly, the marketing placebo effect of eco-labelling and the influence it has on the performance of a product has received little attention. The purpose of this study is to explain the placebo effect of eco-labelling on consumer attitudes. Fishbein’s model of attitudes is implemented whereby a focus group is used as a basis to create a questionnaire and a tasting experiment. The findings of the study provide an explanation and evidence of the placebo effect of eco-labelling. The product with an environmental label is perceived as tastier, healthier and of higher quality than the same product without ecological label.
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Bratt, Cecilia. "Integrating a Strategic Sustainability Perspective into Eco-Labelling, Procurement and Supply Chain Management." Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola [bth.se], Faculty of Engineering - Department of Strategic Sustainable Development, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00585.
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Maintaining the current course of the global society is threatening the human civilization. The urgency of the situation, understood from empirical research, has caused many researchers to call for more prescriptive research as a necessary supplement, to better support decision making for sustainability. While policymakers need to direct and stimulate sustainable production and consumption through, e.g., legislation and market phenomena such as eco-labelling, business represents a significant proportion of the necessary resources, capabilities and mechanisms for the innovation needed for a transition towards sustainability. However, while businesses more and more realize the self-interest in working proactively with sustainability, there is a desire for better support for how to do this also from this end. Such support needs to consider a significant shift going on in business; that individual businesses tend to no longer compete as autonomous entities, but rather as supply chains. Thus, no company is more sustainable than its supply chain partners. Therefore, sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) as a business function, and sustainable procurement as a subset thereof, plays an increasingly pivotal role for sustainable development. The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to sustainable development by studying how three phenomena; eco-labelling, procurement and supply chain management are related to each other and to a strategic sustainability perspective, and to suggest how these phenomena can be integrated with such a perspective to provide better support for decision making and innovation for sustainability. For this purpose, a framework for strategic sustainable development, including a definition of sustainability and generic guidelines to inform stepwise strategic plans towards sustainability, is used as a foundational methodology. The development of new approaches is also based on case studies with eco-labelling and sustainable public procurement bodies, businesses and public institutions. Information is collected by shadowing of criteria development and collaboration processes, interviews and literature studies. While the findings point to a clear rational for all of the phenomena and several strengths in existing schemes and practices, the findings also point to several shortcomings. Sustainability is not defined, and as a result, there is no foundation for strategic and proactive approaches. Furthermore, decisions are not based on considerations of all dimensions of sustainability, the whole life cycle of products, all relevant stakeholders and a long-term perspective. As a result, the full potential of these phenomena for contributing to sustainable development is not utilized. This thesis prescribes enhanced processes for eco-labelling, sustainable procurement and SSCM, and shows how these can support organisations in developing from reacting individually on known sustainability-related problems to acting proactively and collaboratively in supply chains, in a coordinated and economically viable way, on society’s remaining gap to the full scope of ecological and social sustainability.
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Mikešová, Veronika. "Ekologické aspekty označování výrobků." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16871.
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This thesis analyzes systems of product labeling. The aim is to assess the current state of the product labeling and may propose possible improvements. It brings a description and analysis carried out most of the current product labeling systems used in the Czech Republic. The conclusion provides an analysis of the labeling especially in ecological terms, as well as the shortcomings in the system of labeling, such as lack of propagation, lack of cooperation of providers brand and lack of cooperation of Ministry of the Environment with the providers and lack of standardization and fragmentation.
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Benjamin, Yorick Jaspa. "An investigation into the development of Eco Design Tools." Thesis, Brunel University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337883.
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Van, Zyl Elizabeth Magaretha. "The regulation of eco-labelling in South Africa : a comparative analysis / Elizabeth Magaretha van Zyl." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/573.
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Luhchenko, Anna, and Irina Telepenko. "Eco-labelling as one of the most important instruments of ecological management and sustainable development." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8312.
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Gallastegui, Ibon Galarraga. "On the economics of eco-labelling a case study for fair trade coffee in the UK." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410593.
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This thesis deals with economic tools for the analysis of eco-labelling and its effects on the market. We, first, present an extensive revision of the literature, summarising the discussion in the different organisations of the international fora, and identifying the main areas of research. Second, we revise and apply the hedonic method to study the demand for fair trade/organic coffee, estimating that, ceteris paribus, the presence of the 'green' characteristic will increase the price of an average grade of coffee by 11.26%. This information is combined with the Quantity Based Demand System (QBDS) model -- later compared with the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) -- to calculate the own and cross demand elasticities. The results show that the demand for fair trade/organic coffee is more sensitive to changes in prices than the demand for regular coffee or tea, i.e. the own price elasticity of demand is higher. Hence, any demand side policy is expected to have a greater impact on the demand for fair trade/organic coffee than on the demand for regular coffee and tea. The AIDS model is later applied to the tyre market in Hungary. Third, a theoretical framework for the study of the effect that labelling schemes have on the supply side of the market is introduced. Additionally, some interesting information on fair trade coffee supply is presented. Finally, the thesis provides a technique to analyse the effects and outcomes of different economic policies, such as taxes or subsidies. The technique is applied to a policy designed to promote fair trade/organic coffee; a subsidy for the production of fair trade/organic coffee in producing countries that is financed by small taxes on regular coffee and tea consumption in the UK. The technique is further tested on the case of the tyre market in Hungary.
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Naumann, Eckart. "The South African textile industry : opportunities and constraints with particular reference to environmental issues and eco-labelling." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5723.
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Bibliography: leaves 184-195.The aim of this thesis is to analyse and highlight the key issues facing the South African textile industry as it attempts to re-align itself, from an industry that operated in a highly protected manufacturing and policy environment, to an industry confronted with globalisation, increased competition, improved foreign market access and important environmental issues. Critical challenges facing the South African textile industry, and that in many other developing and developed countries, include the increased need for international competitiveness, the integration of environmental issues with trade aspects, and the potential impact that non-tariff trade barriers may have on the textile production pipeline. Trade patterns and value chains in the 21 st century will not necessarily resemble those of the past century. Tariff barriers are increasingly giving way to technical or non-tariff barriers, and there is a growing emphasis on environmentally preferable production methods, especially in the developed world. This has important consequences for developing countries like South Africa, and presents specific challenges and opportunities.
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Söderström, Sara. "Is it rational to buy eco-labelled food? : A study of the knowledge of, willingness to pay for and reasons to purchase eco-labelled seafood in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1805.
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Eco-labelling is a way to promote sustainable development. This is a quantified study about purchase behaviour regarding eco-labelled seafood in Sweden, based on interviews with a convenience sample of consumers in situ. The objectives were to establish how large the knowledge of eco-labelled seafood is, to investigate the reasons for acquiring the product and thus determine the prime driving force to do it. The willingness to pay for eco-labelled seafood was also investigated. The results show a low awareness where just about a quarter of the respondents knew that eco-labelled seafood existed. The willingness to pay was high; four out of five were ready to spend additional money on an eco-labelled product. Women displayed a higher willingness to pay than men, which supports previous research. Regarding the reasons to purchase the only options presented to the respondents were environmental concern, enhanced health or both alternatives in combination. Health as the single factor was the least preferred choice and the two other alternatives were favoured to an equal amount. A difference in purchase behaviour can be detected among respondents with awareness of ecolabelled seafood when compared to those without. Those aware stated a willingness to pay to a higher degree and also displayed more environmental concern and less health interest than those unaware of eco-labelled seafood.
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von, Schaewen Tobias. "Objective and Subjective Knowledge as Determinants for the Attitude towards and Consumption of Eco-labelled Food : The Case of Fairtrade Food." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227230.
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Eco-labels are increasingly important to certify food that is produced under sustainable conditions. In this paper variables are analysed that are important for consumers’ purchase decisions of eco-labelled food exemplified by the case of Fairtrade products. The focus lies on the distinction between people’s subjective (perceived) knowledge and objective knowledge (actual) about the Fairtrade label. The empirical data for the study was gathered by a survey, which involved a quota sampling of 203 people in Berlin. The results justify the distinction between subjective and objective knowledge. Subjective knowledge proved to be a strong predictor for both attitude and consumption towards the label, whereas objective knowledge did not show a significant influence. Further, attitude in general was confirmed to be a predictor for the consumption of Fairtrade products.
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Gottberg, Ida. "Eco-labelling of houses and the concept of sustainable housing : A comparative study of the UK and Sweden." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3287.
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The aim with this study is to evaluate if standardization of sustainable housing is a practical solution to address the objectives/reach the goals of sustainable housing. The point of departure is that eco-labelling of houses is a way to put sustainable housing into practice. The Nordic Swan criteria for small houses and the UK Code for Sustainable Homes are two recently developed schemes for sustainable construction and design. These two labelling systems are chosen as case studies in order to compare and examine the practice of sustainable housing. How can the goals of sustainable housing be met in the form of eco- labelling? What are the benefits and obstacles/limitations for the cases to be effective and sustainable? What can explain differences between the two cases? And is the function and organisation of the cases best explained by sustainable development ideas or ecological modernization? It is suggested in the view of path dependency theory that the UK’s and Sweden’s decisions based on their expectations concerning development of the EU flower has made their respective eco-labelling of houses to have different organisational structure. The Code as a sector-specific label has the advantage, compared to the Swan, of being able to change its structure depending on the needs of pressure in the network of government, business and consumers. The Code has several criteria concerning sustainable living besides criteria concerning environmental construction of the house and can therefore be considered as part of the sustainable development discourse.
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Ackelid, Emma, and Gabriella Stenmark. "Konsumenters uppfattning av hållbarhetsmärkningar i dagligvaruhandeln : Hur köpbeslutet påverkas." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64127.
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Hållbarhet är en stark faktor som påverkar både konsumenter och företag i växande utsträckning. Att medvetet konsumera i enlighet med hållbara riktlinjer ligger i många konsumenters intresse, och företag utvecklar kontinuerligt strategier för att bemöta konsumentbehov och höja sin försäljning. I takt med detta ökar utbudet av hållbart märkta produkter och hållbarhetsmärkningar. För konsumenter innebär detta större valmöjligheter men också eventuella svårigheter då hållbarhetsmärkningar ofta upplevs snarlika och svåra att förstå betydelsen bakom, vilket i sin tur kan ha en motverkande effekt på konsumenters köpbeslut. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka hur konsumenter i dagligvaruhandeln ställer sig till svenskt etablerade hållbarhetsmärkningar på likvärdiga produkter, för att utforska hur hållbarhetsmärkningar påverkar konsumenters köpbeslut vid köptillfället. Studien eftersträvade att identifiera de starkaste faktorerna som ligger bakom konsumenters beslut att köpa eller inte köpa hållbart märkta produkter. Avsikten var att ge företag/varumärken en bild av vad konsumenterna behöver för att effektivt vägledas i sitt köpbeslut. Insamling av data genomfördes genom enkäter med kvalitativ karaktär då studien avsåg att belysa konsumentåsikter kopplade till konsumentbeteende. Urvalet som inkluderades i studien utgjordes av individer som köper produkter i dagligvaruhandeln. Analys av data skedde med utgångspunkt i grundad teori där nyckelord och mönster mellan respondenter och svar identifierades och tolkades. Resultatet av studien visade att konsumenter främst påverkas i köpriktning vid köp av hållbart märkta produkter till följd av miljömässiga omvärldseffekter och personliga effekter på den egna hälsan, men även till viss del till följd av omvärldseffekter kopplade till socialt ansvarstagande samt tillgänglighet av information. Bristande tilltro som skapar associationer till opålitlighet samt bristande förståelse till följd av dålig kunskap är de enda faktorerna som har påverkan på köpbeslut i icke-köpriktningen enligt resultatet av studien. Genom att belysa de faktorer som påverkar konsumenter i köpriktning och motverka de faktorer som påverkar konsumenter i icke-köpriktning, kan företag/varumärken uppnå företagsnytta.
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SALMI, MILLA. "Social or environmental labelling- Consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and preferences." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18012.
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Social or environmental labelling- Consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and preferencesEngelska nyckelord: labelling, social or environmental labelling, eco-labelling, sustainability, transparency, fashion consumer, visual/verbal communication, consumer buying behaviour, green consumerism.Sammanfattning på engelska: In the recent years the Swedish fashion retailers have increased their range of various social or environmental labels on their garments which in return has created confusion amongst the fashion consumers. Currently, there are approximately fourteen different third-party labelling standards in Sweden and a diverse range of self-controlled labelling standards. The reason for this increase can partly be explained by the increasing pressure from various actors to act more sustainably and ethically, and companies having realized a competitive advantage by adopting sustainable strategies. This study provides a preliminary exploration into the types of social and environmental labels that are available on the Swedish market and consumers’ knowledge, attitudes and preferences regarding these labels. Based on two focus group discussions held at two different occasions, respondents indicated that environmental labelling of clothing could influence their purchase decision positively if product related attributes (design and quality) have the same standard as non-sustainable clothing. Although consumers’ knowledge about the social or environmental labels is relatively low, they have an increased interest to learn more about the various labels and the potential environmental impact the fashion industry may cause. However, the growing involvement of taking social or environmental issues into consideration does not always lead to consumers actually purchasing eco-friendlier clothes, and thus these two “identities” are not yet compatible with each other.Additionally, consumers respond differently to positive and negative labelling, where negative labelling seems to have a stronger effect on their feelings and may influence their purchase decision. When it comes to the design of the label, visual and verbal communications are additives and a label should also have a numerical rating system, which states how sustainable a garment is in comparison to other garments. Furthermore, the logo should be more coherent with the fashion industry in terms of colours and illustrations. Moreover, consumers think that there is a lack of information at the point of purchase regarding the social and environmental labels and this should be addressed with either QR-code or by providing a simple brochure.Program: Textilt management, fashion management
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Kohoutová, Zuzana. "Analýza spotřebních značek se zvláštním zaměřením na jejich environmentální aspekty." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71967.
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This diploma thesis describes marking of goods and services which help raise competitive producers on the market and also help to consumers in decision of purchasing products. In this time there are on the Czech market many labels describing the quality of goods. There is the special focus on the eco-labelling, which is label for positive effect on the environment. In this thesis there is described the history of voluntary approaches in chosen countries. My work analyses labels and their functions on the Czech market. There are also views of consumers on marking goods and services. At the conclusion I investigate producers' options on labels of goods.
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KORNELIUSSON, ULRIKA. "Knowledge,need and demand of eco-labelled upholstery fabrics at Svensson Markspelle, Ludvig Svensson." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20143.
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Due to greater awareness of the need to conserve the world's resources - one direction is to promote products with less environmental impact during manufacturing processes. There are different perspectives to understand what is driving this development towards environmental production. On one hand, producers manage their production with less environmental impact either of an integrated environmental management of the company or because of regulatory requirements in steering manufacturing, especially under circumstances in Sweden. The development may also be because of responding to market demand for eco-labelled prod-ucts. My case studies have two approaches of qualitative research in order to answer the research questions: The first angle, makes a description of how a company has adapted to environmental production conditions, and examine the product development process and the choice of implementing product groups in its range. The second angle is from a customer perspective, exploring choices of specific products. The study begins with the producer Lud-vig Svensson AB and their brand Svensson Markspelle of their eco-labelled furniture fabrics and then followed by a comparison of the different kind of customers within the brand. The findings of the thesis revealed that, Ludvig Svensson has adjusted to a sustainable production since before the implementation of an eco-label. It also shows that there is a need for greater information about the company’s environmental work out to customers as eco-labels is limited in its message as a communication tool, regardless whether the eco-label is part of the ongoing environmental work or not. More customer-oriented information could make a difference as an eco-label is a simple message for complex conditions. There is also an op-portunity to increase knowledge. However, it is important to emphasize that although the organization Ecolabelling Sweden has a responsibility to raise awareness about eco-labels they certify for. Findings of the customer study showed that the choices that govern the public environment are complex. At many times other requirements such as washability, durability and flame resistance are put higher than the choice of an upholstery fabric. To be envi-ronmental friendly in product selection is not just about choosing a product with minor envi-ronmental impact, but high quality is such as great environmental choice. The study also showed that there are general aspects that are problematic to make environmentally con-scious choices and the obstacles of lack of knowledge in some areas come from several directions with regard to conditions in the public procurement.Program: Magisterutbildning i Applied Textile Management
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Gertz, Renate. "A comparative study of government-controlled, mixed and private eco-labelling programmes in Europe, the United States of America, Canada and Germany." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369800.
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Eco-labelling schemes can be classified according to the ownership of the programme. This thesis compares government-controlled, private and half government-controlled, half privatised eco-labelling schemes from Europe, America, Germany and Canada. The criteria for the comparison are divided in three sections. The first section is based on the awarding process, focusing on the determination of product categories, the setting of standards and the awarding of the label. The second section focuses on environmental policy and regulation, examining impact on trade, transparency of the programme, accountability and credibility and whether the programme is a stand-alone instrument. Section three contains the context and background of the study, discussing the programme's effectiveness in providing information, knowledge about the label and the effect of the label on manufacturers. These criteria are applied to each of the four eco-labelling programmes. Three areas were found to be most problematic during this comparison. The first one was found concerning the possible incompatibility of eco-labelling programmes with GATT law and therefore their negative impact on international trade. The second one was found regarding the accountability of the programmes, showing the difficulty in holding the eco-labelling authority accountable. The third problem was the amounts of funding necessary to advertise the programmes so that consumers will become fully aware of them - funding that is not available. After the actual comparison, the results were then drawn together in a final analysis. During this analysis, a look was also taken at eco-labelling in general. Several intrinsic problems were determined, such as the still unreliable scientific method of life-cycle analysis (LCA), the "lock in" to inferior technologies and the unwillingness of consumers to pay higher prices for environmentally friendly products. Since the result of the comparison is that eco-labelling contains too many intrisinc problems to be able to ever function as it should be, a look was taken at possible alternatives, such as international harmonisation of standards, the ISO 14000 series, the Eco-Profile, mutual recognition under the Global Eco-labelling Network and mandatory product standards.
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Barra, Bruna Neri [UNESP]. "Rotulagem ambiental: estudo de critérios para a concessão do selo verde para produtos manufaturados de couro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92983.
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Com a inserção da variável ambiental no comércio internacional, as negociações adquirem novo parâmetro de competitividade, pois as organizações reguladoras do comércio mundial buscam, por meio da rotulagem ambiental, minimizar os efeitos nocivos do ambiente, decorrentes das atividades produtivas. Neste sentido, os rótulos ambientais vêm informar aos consumidores as boas práticas produtivas empregadas pelos fabricantes para que possam tomar decisões conscientes no ato da compra. O Brasil, um dos maiores exportadores de couro, contempla para sua produção as atividades de cria, recria e engorda e, devido à demanda internacional pela carne, o setor da pecuária nacional avança suas fronteiras para implantação de novas pastagens. Esse fato, aliado ao manejo inadequado do rebanho, à liberação de efluentes e às emissões atmosféricas durante seu processamento, agravam os impactos ambientais Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo averiguar se os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados, que possuem critérios instituídos para o couro bovino, contemplam os princípios das normas, em especial, os princípios das normas, em especial, os principais aspectos do ciclo de vida do couro. Neste contexto, realizou-se pesquisa exploratória, que identificou o programa Nordic Swan como sendo o mais completo por abranger um número maior de requisitos para o couro. Entretanto, constatou-se ainda que, os programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados não contemplam a totalidade do ciclo de vida deste material e, desta forma desprezam diversos impactos ambientais relacionados à sua produção. Assim, com base nos objetivos propostos verifica-se que os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental se mostram deficientes, visto que, ao abordar o ciclo de vida de forma parcial, seus produtos rotulados não cumprem o objetivo de informar, ao consumidor, os efeitos nocivos da produção de couro.
With the insertion of the environmental factor in international trade, negotiations acquire new competitiveness parameter, for the world trade regulary organizations seek, through environmental labelling, minimize the adverse effects to the environment, caused by productive activities. In this sense, environmental labels come to inform consumers the good productive practices employed by manufacturers, so they can take aware decisions in the act of purchasing. Brazil, one of the largest leather exporters, contemplates for its production, the activities of breeding, restocking and fatterning and, due to the international demand for meat, the sector of national catle-breeding puts its borders for the establishment of new pastures. This fact, allied to the cattle inadequate management, the effluents releasing and the atmospheric emissions during is processing, increases the environmental impacts. Facing this scenario, this research aims to investigate whether the five environmental labelling programs studied, which have established criteria for the cowhide, include the principles of standards, in particular the main aspects of the life cycle of the leather. In this context, an exploratory research was accomplished, which identified the Nordic Swan program as being the most comprehensive by covering a larger number of requirements for the leather. However, it was still observed that the environmental labelling programs studied do not cover the entire life cycle of this material and thus they despise several environmental impacts related to its production. Thus, based on the objectives it is proposed that the five programs of environmental labelling is shown disabled because, in addressing the life cycle in part, labeled their products do not meet the objective of informing, the consumer, the harmfull effects the production of leather.
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Reje, Anders, and Elena Dreger. "Marketing Sustainability in Charter Tourism : The Influence of Brands, Eco-Labels and their Combination on the Swedish Charter Tourist´s Decision Making." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91035.
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Tourism as one of the biggest industries in the world has been changing continuously and rapidly. The publishing of the Brundtland Report in 1987 has accelerated the discussion about combining economic, social and environmental factors – the so-called triple-bottom line – in order to secure long-term sustainable living conditions on a finite planet for both business and society. This has lead to occurring pressure from different stakeholder groups as for example policy makers or non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) urging for more sustainable business practise within the industry whereas one important pressure group appears to be missing out in this context: the customers of mass tourism products and therefore the demand side within the economic equation. Tourists have been observed to be overall reluctant to pay price premiums for more sustainable travel alternatives and seem to “take vacation” from their everyday green behaviour. Hence at the current point of time eco-tourism appears to be a market niche in which mainly small-scale providers and NGO’s like Nature’s Best in Sweden operate. However integrating mass tourism into the consideration can be seen as a promising opportunity and from an environmental standpoint an urgent necessity as it can be argued that within an industry of this scale, even small improvements towards more sustainable behaviour bear the potential for a substantial impact. The purpose of this study therefore lies in researching the two marketing tools of brands and eco-labels and the influence they can have individually and in combination on the tourist’s decision making delimitated to the context of charter tourism in Sweden. Through the research of this study it was found that currently no directly applicable theory about the combination of brands and eco-labels seems to exist for marketing neither in general, nor for the tourism industry in particular. This strongly indicates the novelty of the topic of combining brands and eco-labels and points out research opportunities. In order to achieve this purpose, a mixed-method research design was used combining qualitative expert interviews from direct business representatives and a quantitative data collection utilizing the scholarly acknowledged marketing research method of conjoint analysis in one of its most up-to-date forms of an adaptive choice-based conjoint analysis. Theory from different fields of study as consumer behaviour and decision making, branding and eco-labelling as well as sustainability marketing was combined and translated into the new and emerging service category of sustainable tourism. From this a conceptual framework was developed combining the data collection results from the mixed-method approach. This leads to the identification of ways for improving current charter tourism companies’ marketing based on the customers’ current view on utilities within certain aspects of the tourism package. Overall this study therefore contributes to the discussion on how demand for sustainable products evolves and can likely be increased. This is seen as a valuable theoretical, practical and societal contribution as it helps improving tourism companies’ understanding of their customer base and supports offering products/services with an improved perceived individual and societal value for charter tourism companies that aim for a higher degree of sustainability in their objectives.
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Du, Toit Ben-Johann. "The effects of eco-labelling on consumer behaviour in the non-foods fast-moving consumer goods category : a study of South African consumers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85161.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.A global increase in environmental awareness and concern about issues such as climate change, resource depletion and higher levels of pollution are having a greater influence on the purchasing decisions and product selection of consumers. In a response to this trend and growing demand for eco-friendly products, manufacturers introduced goods suggested to have a less harmful impact on the environment. A growing number of environmental logos and unsupported claims caused consumer scepticism and created a need for certified environmental logos, which led to the introduction of eco-labels. To date, South Africa does not have a certified eco-label in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) non-food category. The application of eco-labels on products would allow South African consumers to identify eco-friendly options and incentivise producers to develop goods that are less harmful to the environment. In order to establish the requirements for a successful eco-labelling scheme, a literature review was conducted. Based on the findings, a consumer survey was carried out to determine whether there is a demand for eco-labelled goods in South Africa and whether an eco-labelling project will have a significant effect on consumer behaviour in the FMCG non-food category. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that consumers are concerned about the environment and that they will support eco-friendly goods, if the quality and performance are as good as regular products. The survey, however, revealed that consumers are of the opinion that eco-friendly products are not as effective as regular products. The analysis also found that consumers are price sensitive and not willing to pay a large premium for eco-friendly attributes. These are the two main obstacles hindering South African consumers to move to more sustainable consumption patterns. In the survey, consumers also indicated a need for an independent third party to verify environmental claims, manage eco-labels and audit producers to ensure that eco-friendly goods meet acceptable sustainability and quality standards.
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Gavelin, Sara, and Anna Sjöström. "Värderingar och villighet att betala extra : En kvantitativ studie gällande miljömärkning och social produktmärkning av mobiltelefoner." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för psykologi och organisationsstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-6116.
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Värderingar är ett centralt begrepp inom psykologin och handlar om vad man anser vara viktigt i livet. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på hur värderingar påverkar människors vilja att betala mer för livsmedel som har miljö- eller social produktmärkning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka värderingar och viljan att betala extra för en mobiltelefon med miljö- eller social produktmärkning hos personer i Uddevalla, Vänersborg och Trollhättan. Resultaten påvisade att de deltagare som var villiga att betala extra för mobiltelefoner med social produktmärkning lade störst vikt vid värderingen solidaritet och de deltagare som var villiga att betala extra för mobiltelefoner med miljömärkning lade störst vikt vid välvilja. Detta resultat ligger i linje med tidigare forskning. I studien deltog 79 slumpmässigt utvalda män och kvinnor mellan 18 och 64 år. Studien var kvantitativ och använde sig bland annat av Schwartz Portrait Values som mätinstrumentPersonal values are an important part of psychology and concerns what people consider to be of importance in their lives. Recent studies have focused on the effect personal values have on people’s willingness to pay when it comes to fair trade and eco-labelled food. The purpose of this study was to examine personal values linked to willingness to pay when it comes to a fairtrade or eco-labelled mobile phone, regarding people who live in three closely situated towns in western Sweden. The participants in this study were 79 men and women in the ages 18 – 64. This was a quantitative study and one of the instruments used were Schwartz Portrait Values. The results show that people who found the values benevolence and univeralism to be most important where those who were willing to pay more for these kind of mobile phones. The result is consistent with earlier studies
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Horne, Daniel M. "An investigation into the factors affecting the implementation of environmental labels by in-house industrial designers in UK SMEs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16349.
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Environmental labels on products and services have been increasingly significant in influencing consumer purchasing and represent a crucial communication of the environmental credentials of products and companies. Yet their importance to industrial designers, who are recognised as having significant influence over the environmental impact of products, is less known. The overall aim of this research project is to investigate factors affecting the implementation of UK environmental labels by in-house industrial designers in UK Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). A review of the literature on industrial designers and environmental labels found that there was a gap in knowledge surrounding the factors affecting how and whether in-house industrial designers implement labels in their work, and what understanding they have. In response to the literature review a number of research questions were generated, which influenced the direction of this emergent, exploratory research. A Preliminary Study was set up to collect qualitative data from practicing industrial designers in UK SMEs on their recognition and use of environmental label schemes. A mock-up Resource was consequently developed that provided the information the Preliminary Study participants claimed to need. During the Main Study the Resource was used as an elicitation tool to further probe designers' understanding and use of labels. Subsequently, three Case Studies were conducted with UK SMEs who have implemented labels on their products, to identify elements of best practice. The in-house SME designers in the study appeared to have knowledge of environmental label types and schemes. Both this and designers' position within their companies especially in terms of their input on design briefs moderates their ability to implement labels. The cooperation and contribution of colleagues is also significant to the effective application including driving their use and being willing to include them in the product development process from early stages to impact on success or effectiveness. It is suggested that a whole company approach is needed. This thesis provides an original contribution to knowledge on in-house designers' capability to implement labels; understanding of designers' current knowledge and use of labels; and the role of designers in all SMEs, not just those engaged in ecodesign or using environmental labels.
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Hess, Elin, and Peter Timén. "Environmental Friendliness as a Marketing Strategy." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1151.
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People in Sweden have become more aware and interested in environmental issues. This has led to an increased demand for environmental friendly food products. Previously the price often determined if a customer bought the product or not. During the recent years internet has become a more widely used media than ever before. This has led to that inter-net is one of the important tools to gather information and knowledge, among other things environmental issues.
With such aspects in mind the authors found it interesting to investigate if companies could use internet as a marketing tool for environmental friendly products. Therefore the purpose of this thesis is to:
investigate if and how companies display environmental friendliness in their marketing strategy and how it is presented on their company webpage’s.
In order to fulfil the purpose five general dealer’s home and webpage’s were examined. As a supplementing research one store for each of the five general dealers were visited and ex-amined.
The used theoretical framework is focused on value and green marketing. How to create a specific value is often the core when formulating and creating a strategy for a company. Green marketing is such marketing that include environmental concerns in the marketing offers. The sales of ecological food has increased and according to SCB (2006) represented 6 Billions in revenue between 2004 and 2005. The literature indicates that green marketing have to change and become more like conventional marketing, in order to reach the larger consumer segments. As a supplement to this theory, a section with home and webpage de-sign and chromatics are added.
The analysis and conclusion showed that there were some differences in how the re-searched companies used green marketing. Two of the companies used their webpage’s and displayed environmental awareness, while two had a clear focus on price. One company had a health focus. It was also found that there are differences between the messages and information on the home and webpage’s, compared to the findings in the stores. What also was found was that green marketing not only should target the already green consumers, but instead aim at the larger consumer segment. To do this green marketing should become more like conventional marketing and not only focus on the product, but also other value factors. The findings also suggest that the companies could use their home and webpage’s to a higher extent than they do today.
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Nagytė, Reda. "Suaugusių Vilniaus miesto gyventojų ekologiškų maisto produktų vartojimo ir požiūrio į juos tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20110709_152340-37420.
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Tyrimo tikslas- ištirti ekologiškų maisto produktų vartojimą bei požiūrį į juos tarp Vilniaus miesto suaugusių gyventojų. Metodai. Tyrimo imtis- 514 Vilniaus miesto suaugusių gyventojų. Tyrimui naudotas anoniminės anketinės apklausos metodas. Anketos klausimai buvo apie pačius respondentus, jų požiūrį į ekologiškus maisto produktus, vartojimo ir nevartojimo priežastis, produktų prieinamumą, informacijos gavimą. Duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant statistinę SPSS 14.0 programą. Statistiškai reikšmingam skirtumui tarp grupių įvertinti naudojamas Mano – Vitnio rangų sumų kriterijus (U). Kokybinių požymių statistiniam ryšiui nustatyti naudojamas chi kvadratas (χ2) ir apskaičiuotas šio kriterijaus laisvės laipsnių skaičius (df). Duomenų skirtumas laikomas statistiškai reikšmingu, kai p < 0,05. Rezultatai. Ekologiškus maisto produktus vartoja 82,1 % respondentų, iš jų 88,2 % moterų ir 71,2 % vyrų. Moterys vartoja statistiškai reikšmingai dažniau (p= 0,000). Tarp amžiaus grupių ir vartojimo irgi nustatytas statistiškai reikšmingas ryšys (p= 0,009), 18-34 metų amžiaus respondentai vartoja dažniau. Statistiškai reikšmingai dažniau vartoja >1501 Lt ir <500 Lt gaunantys respondentai (p=0,012), taip pat turintys aukštąjį ir profesinį išsilavinimą (p=0,029). 97,5 % atsakiusiųjų pirktų ekologiškus maisto produktus, jei tik leistų galimybės. Priežastys, lemiančios ekologiškų maisto produktų vartojimą, yra šių produktų saugumas 27,3 %, sveikumas 90,0 %, skanumas 38,9 %. Nevartojimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The aim of the research- to investigate organic food consumption and approach to it among adults in Vilnius city. Methods. Research volume- 514 adults of Vilnius city. The method of anonymous questionnaire survey was applied for the research. Questionnaire contained questions of the respondents, they approach to organic food, reasons of consumption or not, accessibility of products, obtaining information. Data analysis was performed by using the program SPSS 14.0. Mann-Whitney rank sum criterion (U) was applied for analysis of statistically significant difference between the groups. The value chi square (χ2) was applied for evaluation of statistic relation of qualitative features. The data difference is statistically significant when p < 0,05. Results. Organic food are used by 82,1 % respondents, 88,2 % of them was women and 71,2 %- men. Women use statistically significantly more frequently (p= 0,000). There is statistically significant relation between age groups and consumption (p= 0,009), 18-34 years old of respondents use more frequently. Statistically significantly more frequently (p=0,012) use respondents, which earn >1501 Lt and <500 Lt money, also respondents, which have higher and vocational education (p=0,029). The reasons why people use organic food are: food safety (27,3 %), health (90,0 %), good taste (38,9 %). The non- used reasons are: too expensive (53,3 %), not good taste (5,4 %), short consumption time (21,7 %), don‘t knows which food is organic (28,3... [to full text]
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Barra, Bruna Neri. "Rotulagem ambiental : estudo de critérios para a concessão do selo verde para produtos manufaturados de couro /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92983.
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Resumo: Com a inserção da variável ambiental no comércio internacional, as negociações adquirem novo parâmetro de competitividade, pois as organizações reguladoras do comércio mundial buscam, por meio da rotulagem ambiental, minimizar os efeitos nocivos do ambiente, decorrentes das atividades produtivas. Neste sentido, os rótulos ambientais vêm informar aos consumidores as boas práticas produtivas empregadas pelos fabricantes para que possam tomar decisões conscientes no ato da compra. O Brasil, um dos maiores exportadores de couro, contempla para sua produção as atividades de cria, recria e engorda e, devido à demanda internacional pela carne, o setor da pecuária nacional avança suas fronteiras para implantação de novas pastagens. Esse fato, aliado ao manejo inadequado do rebanho, à liberação de efluentes e às emissões atmosféricas durante seu processamento, agravam os impactos ambientais Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo averiguar se os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados, que possuem critérios instituídos para o couro bovino, contemplam os princípios das normas, em especial, os princípios das normas, em especial, os principais aspectos do ciclo de vida do couro. Neste contexto, realizou-se pesquisa exploratória, que identificou o programa Nordic Swan como sendo o mais completo por abranger um número maior de requisitos para o couro. Entretanto, constatou-se ainda que, os programas de rotulagem ambiental estudados não contemplam a totalidade do ciclo de vida deste material e, desta forma desprezam diversos impactos ambientais relacionados à sua produção. Assim, com base nos objetivos propostos verifica-se que os cinco programas de rotulagem ambiental se mostram deficientes, visto que, ao abordar o ciclo de vida de forma parcial, seus produtos rotulados não cumprem o objetivo de informar, ao consumidor, os efeitos nocivos da produção de couro.Abstract: With the insertion of the environmental factor in international trade, negotiations acquire new competitiveness parameter, for the world trade regulary organizations seek, through environmental labelling, minimize the adverse effects to the environment, caused by productive activities. In this sense, environmental labels come to inform consumers the good productive practices employed by manufacturers, so they can take aware decisions in the act of purchasing. Brazil, one of the largest leather exporters, contemplates for its production, the activities of breeding, restocking and fatterning and, due to the international demand for meat, the sector of national catle-breeding puts its borders for the establishment of new pastures. This fact, allied to the cattle inadequate management, the effluents releasing and the atmospheric emissions during is processing, increases the environmental impacts. Facing this scenario, this research aims to investigate whether the five environmental labelling programs studied, which have established criteria for the cowhide, include the principles of standards, in particular the main aspects of the life cycle of the leather. In this context, an exploratory research was accomplished, which identified the Nordic Swan program as being the most comprehensive by covering a larger number of requirements for the leather. However, it was still observed that the environmental labelling programs studied do not cover the entire life cycle of this material and thus they despise several environmental impacts related to its production. Thus, based on the objectives it is proposed that the five programs of environmental labelling is shown disabled because, in addressing the life cycle in part, labeled their products do not meet the objective of informing, the consumer, the harmfull effects the production of leather.
Orientador: Adilson Renofio
Coorientador: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle
Banca: Otávio José de Oliveira
Banca: Aldo Roberto Ometto
Mestre
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Bojanowicz, Weronika, Lina Mattsson, and Heidi Nilsson. "Going Lean and Green on Your Mobile Machine : A Quantitative Marketing Placebo Effect Study on Eco-Labelled Technology." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54342.
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The environmental concern has become a well discussed topic within today’s society and as a result awareness of the impact human behaviour has on the environment is continuously increasing. This concern is something companies take advantage of when marketing, as for instance by promoting their products or services as eco-labelled. Eco-labelled products have further shown to involve a lot of consumer opinions, and are thus common to study in relation to consumer attitudes. Theories also show that eco-labelled goods have been idealised in favour of conventional ones, referred to as a marketing placebo effect. In connection to this, companies have started to point interest at eco-labelled technology, which has become a recent phenomenon attracting attention. Nonetheless, the existing theory regarding this phenomenon has been mainly applied on specific areas, such as the food industry. The purpose of this study was therefore to explain the marketing placebo effect on eco-labelled technology. 162 experiments were conducted using one experiment group and one control group, in order to be able to detect an eventual marketing placebo effect when implementing an eco-label, using attitudes as an influencer. Based on the results, it was revealed that attitudes are crucial to take into consideration when applying an eco-label in a technology context. This as it was concluded that attitudes act as a trigger evoking a marketing placebo effect. The findings from this study contradicts current theories on how different factors cooperate in the process of a marketing placebo effect, and advances has thus been made in how the marketing placebo effect works when applied in a technology context.
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Berkmann, Anna. "Greening Potentials and Limits of Eco-Labelling Schemes in the EU : A policy evaluation with a focus on small firms in the German coffee-processing sector." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28431.
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As SMEs transformation to sustainable practices in manufacturing, processing and services, is declared to be the key to a green growth model, the research in this thesis aims to understand in what way eco-labelling can be a part of that. In order to approach this complex issue, the thesis aims to identify the greening potential and the limits of contemporary eco-labelling schemes for SME product within the German coffee-processing sector. With regard to that, the thesis applied the policy evaluation method "Program Theory Evaluation" (PTE), which assesses a policy in place and thus provides information how the introduction and the function of eco-labelling schemes is observed and perceived by German coffee-processing SMEs (GCPS). Hence, based on a policy evaluation from a rational perspective, which has the focus on the policy’s problem-solving process and implementation cycle, the thesis reveals how eco-labelling schemes’ underlying theoretical greening strategy act in practice to German coffee-processing SME (GCPS). Thereby it could be evaluated that eco-labelling schemes imply shortcomings to address and green GCPS high quality coffee products. As the PTE-method aims also on optimizing the policy’s rationalisation, the inappropriate or failed implementation of eco-labelling schemes by GCPS has been further explored. To grasp the eco-labelling schemes extent of limits to green GCPS products, the thesis compares and analyses the policy evaluation results against the backdrop of eco-labelling schemes’ normative theoretical policy conception and in the light of "Environmental Authority of Political Consumerism (Ecological Modernisation Theory)". With regard to that, the thesis fosters a policy learning process and uncovers that eco-labelling scheme eco-labelling schemes potential to green GCPS products is limited and conditioned to this a lower level of sustainable value as they are focused to supply mainly the demand for mainstream coffee products. Hence, the thesis concludes that it is not the underlying rationality of eco-labelling schemes, namely being a consumer-oriented and market-based policy instrument that does not apply to green GCPS products. However, this opens up a new perspective as it points out a sustainable quality gap between products using eco-labelling schemes and non-labelled GCPS high quality products. In return this raises considerations in terms of improving eco-labelling schemes’ contribution to sustainable development. Thus the thesis argues to optimize their rationalization with regard to GCPS high quality products as frontrunners of tomorrow’s sustainability.
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Strömberg, Rebecca, and Lina Svensson. "Vad kan konsumenter och vad litar de på? : en studie kring sambandet mellan konsumenters kunskap och förtroende gentemot kommunikationen av miljövänliga textila produkter." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-973.
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Syfte – I denna studie undersöks sambandet mellan konsumenters kunskap och förtroendegentemot kommunikationen av miljövänliga textila produkter.Teoretiskt ramverk – För att undersöka syftet redogörs vad kunskap respektive förtroendeär. Det teoretiska ramverket stod även till grund för utformandet av metoden, och av denanledningen redogörs i detta kapitel hur kunskap respektive förtroende kan mätas.Metod – Studien grundades på en enkätundersökning där respondenternas kunskap ochförtroende för miljövänlig textil produktion prövades. Resultatet analyserades sedan medchi2-test för att statistiskt säkerställa eller förkasta samband mellan kunskapsnivå ochförtroendenivå.Resultat och analys – Resultatet visade inte något statistiskt samband mellanrespondenternas kunskaps- och förtroendenivå. Studien visade även att respondenternaskunskapsnivå var generellt sett låg, utifrån det kunskapstest som gjordes ienkätundersökningen. Respondenternas förtroendenivå gentemot textila produkter somkommuniceras med miljömärkningar var högre än för de textila produkter som kommunicerassom miljövänliga utan användning av miljömärkningar.Diskussion och slutsats – Den låga kunskapen om kommunikationen av miljövänliga textilaprodukter kan bero på att konsumenter inte blir tillräckligt exponerade med information kringämnet, men kan även bero på bristande intresse och tid hos konsumenten. Det låga förtroendetför textila produkter utan miljömärkningar kan bero på att respondenterna varit med omgreenwashing. Att förtroendet är högre för produkter som marknadsförs med miljömärkningarkan bero på att dessa organisationer har en högre auktoritet och att konsumenter litar på attcertifieringarna ser till att produkter uppfyller vissa kriterier.Fortsatt forskning – En mer omfattande studie inom samma område med ett större antalrespondenter hade varit intressant, för att undersöka om detta skulle kunna påverka chi2-testen. En annan intressant aspekt att gå djupare in på är varför kunskapen respektiveförtroende ligger på de nivåer de gör och vad företag och organisationer skulle kunna göra föratt förändra dessa.Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between consumers’knowledge and trust towards the communication of environmentally friendly textile products.Theoretical Framework - To examine the purpose of this study, the terms knowledge andtrust needed clarification. The theoretical framework was also the foundation for the design ofthe method, and therefore this chapter clarifies how consumers’ knowledge and trust can bemeasured.Method – The study was based on a survey in which respondents' knowledge and trusttowards eco-friendly textile production was measured. The results were then analysed withchi2-tests to statistically ensure or reject correlations between the levels of knowledge andtrust.Results and Analysis – The result from the chi2-tests did not show any statistical correlationbetween the respondents' knowledge and trust levels. The results of the survey showed thatthe respondents' level of knowledge towards the communication of environmentally friendlytextile products was generally low. The respondents' levels of trust towards textile productscommunicated with eco-labels were higher than for those textile products that arecommunicated as environmentally friendly without the use of eco-labels.Discussion and Conclusion – The low knowledge of communication of eco-friendly textileproducts can be caused by consumers’ lack of time and interest or because consumers are notsufficiently exposed to information about the subject. The low trust in textile products withouteco-labels may be caused by greenwashing. Consumers may also have a higher trust towardseco-labels because these organizations have a higher authority and because consumers maytrust that certifications ensure that products fulfils certain criteria.Continued Research – A more extensive study in the same field with a larger number ofrespondents would be interesting to investigate, whether this might affect the chi2-tests.Another interesting aspect to study is the reasons behind the consumers’ levels of knowledgeand trust, and what companies and organisations could do to improve them.
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Sundin, Mårten. "Från vaggan till grinden, en livscykelinventering på ett par bomullsbyxor." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1633.
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Our common future involves many important challenges. People and nature need to improve the relationship in order to reach an ecologically sustainable development. In a society where consumption of products steadily increases, the consumer awareness about social and environmental issues connected to the products becomes an importent factor. More and more companies choose to work more actively with these issues and more and more products get labelled by some of the eco labelling organisations. From the cradle to the gate means that a study has been done on a part of a products life cycle. In this master thesis a pair of cotton trousers has been followed from the cotton field and through the manufacturing chain in order to sees how much resource that are connected to the cultivation and to the production. Methological approach has been Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) according to ISO 14040. The empirical material is collected in South India, in an area known for its intense cotton manufacturing.
Studies like this can be a good way of showing the environmental impacts of a certain product. LCI can for example work as a criterion for eco labelling, but the methodology could also support the overall environmental work in companies.
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Johansson, Frida, and Stella Brandting. "Labelling Sustainability." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16793.
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The concept of sustainability has become apparent in the fast fashion business. In recent years many companies have started to label the more sustainable garments in order to make it easier for the consumer to make conscious decisions while shopping. However, this raises many questions due to unclear use of sustainability terms and the contradiction between environmental and ethical aspects in regards to the fashion industry. The purpose of the thesis is to raise a discussion concerning the use of sustainability labels within fast fashion. In order to reach the purpose, the following questions were developed: “What do different sustainability labels mean according to the fast fashion business?”, “What knowledge do the customers have about different sustainability labels?” and “Do the labels have an impact in the buying decision making process?”We have done an explorative study to investigate a phenomenon and highlight a potential problem in this field of studies. Since the aim of the empirical research is to gain insight of the consumers' attitudes and knowledge, the study is to a large extent qualitative. We conducted a survey in which purposive sampling was used as we wanted the respondents to fulfil certain criteria. In addition to the survey, we also conducted research on a number of fast fashion companies to get an idea of what information the customers would be naturally exposed to. The results from the study show that sustainability labels within fast fashion have not experienced their intended success among their largest consumer group. It has not yet reached desired effects on the consumption behaviour, the interest for sustainability nor the knowledge among the young female respondents. One can therefore discuss the utility of using labels within fast fashion.Program: Master in Fashion Management with specialisation in Fashion Marketing and Retailing
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Johansson, Johanna. "Constructing and contesting the legitimacy of private forest governance : The case of forest certification in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-63948.
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In recent decades, political scientists have devoted substantial attention to the changing role of the state towards more inclusion of non-state actors in policymaking. This deliberative turn, or move towards governance, may signal inability to handle complex problems without cooperation with nonstate actors. On the other hand, governance is frequently credited with generating legitimate decision-making processes and results. In some instances, non-governmental actors have even taken the lead in policymaking. One archetype of such private governance, which has received significant scholarly attention, is forest certification. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is frequently described as the most democratic and therefore legitimate forest certification organization since it grants equal voting rights to three stakeholder groups in the formulation of criteria for responsible forestry: environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), social groups (indigenous peoples and labor organizations) and forest owners. However, in Sweden, a country often described as a role model in forest certification, the FSC has increasingly received critique for failing to generate legitimate processes and results, and recently three of five ENGOs have chosen to exit the FSC organization. Such processes of de-legitimation have received little attention in the forest certification literature. This thesis therefore provides a critical assessment of the legitimacy of forest certification in Sweden. Legitimacy is analyzed through concerned stakeholders’ perceptions of both procedural qualities (input legitimacy) and problem-solving capacity (output legitimacy). This study of legitimacy is combined with an assessment of the ability of certification to enhance environmental protection, defined as changes in both forest management practices and biophysical conditions. The thesis focuses not the least on legitimacy on the local level, which is where the actual implementation takes place. Today local studies of the legitimacy of forest certification are rare. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are applied and a number of sources are analyzed: forest monitoring data, survey data, interviews with and documents produced by the participating stakeholders. Papers I and IV analyze the perceived legitimacy of forest certification, while Papers II and III analyze forest certification schemes’ ability to enhance environmental protection. The results show that a process of de-legitimation is occurring in Swedish forest certification. In particular, certification has lost legitimacy with ENGOs, which increasingly consider Swedish forest certification to lack both input legitimacy and output legitimacy. Moreover, although the Swedish FSC standard pays attention to reindeer husbandry, the results show that reindeer herders consider themselves to have limited power to influence long-term forest planning and management (low output legitimacy). The forest industry, on the other hand, increasingly grants legitimacy to forest certification due to customer demands, which are created not the least by pressures from international ENGOs and by EU regulation. The results also show that Swedish forest companies have paid more attention to their environmental practices after obtaining certification. However, to what extent these changes result in positive environmental impacts remains uncertain, especially since forests in Sweden grow slowly, which requires analyses over time. There are also measurement problems resulting from the low certification rate among small-scale forest owners and from the fact that certified small-scale owners tend to be more active in their management. These findings highlight that research on private forest governance should not neglect the role of the state, neither as a buyer nor as a regulator. These findings also suggest that further research should pay attention to power asymmetries in private governance and develop methods for better understanding and evaluating the certification schemes’ environmental and social impacts.
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Danilina, Vera. "Essays on environmental regulation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0452.
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Cette thèse développe l’analyse d’une politique économique environnementale appliquée dans le cadre d’une économie ouverte et dans celui d’une économie fermée. Elle étudie les effets sur le bien-être et l’environnement des réglementations volontaire et obligatoire tenant compte de l’hétérogénéité des agents économiques et des pays. Elle s’intéresse en particulier aux différents types d’éco-étiquetages en autarcie (Chapitre 1) et après ouverture au commerce international (Chapitre 2); aux programmes d’apport d’information à plusieurs niveaux (Chapitre 3); et aux taxes sur les émissions et marchés publics écologiques (Chapitre 4). L’analyse montre que non seulement le gouvernement mais également les éco-consommateurs peuvent inciter même les producteurs éco-indifférents à se décider pour l’agir respectueux de l’environnement. Les instruments de politique environnementale induisent auto-sélection et polarisation dans les marchés desservis par des entreprises hétérogènes en termes de productivité. Je démontre que des instruments volontaires peuvent avoir des résultats positifs sur le bien-être et l’environnement. En fonction d’hypothèses précises, ils peuvent également être plus efficaces que des approches obligatoires. Le modèle montre également que quand il y a ouverture au commerce international, la politique écologique a un effet supplémentaire sur le bien-être et sur l’environnement, dépendamment du type de politique et des consciences environnementales des différents pays commerciauxThis thesis develops an applied environmental economic policy analysis in closed and open economy frameworks. It investigates welfare and environmental outcomes of voluntary and mandatory regulation allowing for heterogeneity across economic agents and countries. Particularly, it focuses on voluntary eco-labels of different types in autarky (Chapter 1) and upon opening to international trade (Chapter 2); multi-tier information provision programmes (Chapter 3); and emission taxes and green public procurement (Chapter 4). The analysis shows that not only the government but also eco-concerned consumers can incentivise even eco-indifferent producers to act more environmentally-friendly. Environmental policy instruments induce self-selection and polarisation in the markets served by firms heterogeneous in their productivity. I demonstrate that voluntary instruments can lead to positive welfare and environmental outcomes. Under particular assumptions, they also can be more efficient than mandatory approaches. The model also shows that upon opening to international trade eco-policy yields additional welfare and environmental effects conditionally on the type of the policy and the environmental awareness difference across trading countries
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Grankvist, Gunne. "Determinants of choice of eco-labeled products /." Göteborg, 2002. http://www-mat21.slu.se/publikation/pdf/Gunne.pdf.
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Chan, Shu-tim, and 陳樹添. "Feasibility study of introducing product carbon footprint labelling in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207668.
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Conventionally, efforts of combating climate change mainly focus on reducing emissions at production sources, such as factories, offices or other organizational-based entities. While this approach has served its purposes for years, the environmental impacts of consumer goods, which cause cross-border carbon emission are very difficult to be managed. This study investigated the feasibilities of an alternative solution to combat climate change using the concept of product carbon footprint (PCF) labelling in Hong Kong. PCF describes the total set of greenhouse gases caused by a product over its whole life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. The concept of PCF is prevalent in regions such as Europe, Japan and Taiwan, where PCF information is shown as labels on products’ packaging to help consumers distinguish more eco-friendly products. These PCF labels, based on overseas pioneer experience, have shown enormous market potential and environmental benefits. Hong Kong has yet to establish such labelling system despite these benefits. The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibilities of introducing PCF labelling in Hong Kong and identify the opportunities and difficulties lie ahead. Five main types of feasibilities, namely technical, economic, legal, operational and scheduling feasibilities were considered in the study and in-depth review was carried out on each one. Literature review, questionnaire for general public and interviews with stakeholders were undertaken to understand existing PCF labelling schemes and obtain first-hand information from stakeholders of different perspectives. By analyzing the questionnaire and interview results, the study revealed that short-term feasibilities of introducing PCF labelling in Hong Kong is medium. Recommendations were made in accordance to each type of feasibilities to promote the wider adoption of PCF labelling in the future.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Andersson, Mattias, and Erik Bernstrup. "Signalling commitment to sustainability on the mutual fund market : An investigation of the Swedish equity mutual fund market." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19652.
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In the midst of climate change and growing concern about social aspects, investors want to make informed sustainable choices regarding their consumption and investments. Many companies are trying to stay ahead of the curve by engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility. Mutual funds have noticed this trend and subsequently have started to offer ethical mutual funds as a result. These ethical claims are difficult to scrutinize for investors creating a problem of asymmetric information. This study analyses how ethical claims and how eco-labels, in this case, the Nordic Swan Ecolabel relate to demand for equity mutual funds. In a world where more investors are seeking ethical investments, how is ethical commitment communicated in a trustworthy way? Data on daily Net Asset Value (NAV) and monthly Total Net Assets (TNA) between 2016-01-01 and 2019-12-31, for 217 equity mutual funds sold on the Swedish market were collected from Thomson & Reuters database Eikon. These mutual funds were categorized into three groups, conventional, non-labelled ethical, and eco-labelled mutual funds. The data was structured as panel data and both random effect and fixed effect models were used to estimate the factor loadings. The study shows that Nordic Swan Ecolabelled mutual funds tend to experience higher demand than both non-labelled ethical mutual funds and conventional mutual funds. In other words, the Nordic Swan Ecolabelled group distinguishes itself from the other mutual fund groups. Hence, the results of the study suggest that the Nordic Swan Ecolabel sends a signal that relates positively to the demand for mutual funds. Further, the results implicate that mutual fund companies that aim to introduce mutual funds that are truly ethical or sustainable should consider acquiring the Nordic Swan Ecolabel to signal their sustainability commitment since the results suggest that Nordic Swan Ecolabelled mutual funds have a positive relation to demand, both compared to conventional mutual funds and non-labelled ethical mutual funds.I en tid präglad av klimatförändring och ökande medvetenhet om sociala aspekter vill investerare ta informerade beslut angående sin konsumtion och angående sina investeringar. Många företag försöker ligga i framkant för en hållbar utveckling genom att ägna sig åt Corporate Social Responsibility. Fondföretag har märkt av denna trend och har därför börjat erbjuda etiska fonder till sina kunder. Huruvida dessa fonder faktiskt är etiska kan vara svårt för investerare att undersöka vilket skapar asymmetrisk information mellan fondföretag och investerare. Denna studie analyserar hur aktiefonders påståenden om att investera etiskt relaterar till efterfrågan på dessa aktiefonder och hur eko-märkningar, i detta fall Svanen-märkningen relaterar till aktiefonders efterfrågan. Hur ska fonders etiska åtaganden kommuniceras på ett trovärdigt sätt i en värld där mer och mer investerare söker sig till etiska investeringar? Dagligt nettoandelsvärde (NAV-kurs) och månatlig fondförmögenhet (TNA) för 217 aktiefonder sålda på den svenska marknaden under tidsperioden 2016-01-01 och 2019-12-31 samlades in från Thomson & Reuters databas Eikon. Dessa fonder delades in i tre grupper, dessa var konventionella, icke-märkta etiska fonder samt eko-märkta fonder. Datan strukturerades som paneldata och både random effects och fixed effects modeller användes för att estimera faktorerna i regressionen. Studien visar att Svanenmärkta fonder tenderar att ha högre efterfrågan än både icke-märkta etiska fonder och konventionella fonder. Med andra ord så utmärker sig de Svanen-märkta fonderna jämfört med de andra grupperna. Resultatet av studien tyder därför på att Svanen-märkningen sänder en signal som relaterar till efterfrågan för en fond. Resultatet av studien implicerar även att fondföretag som ämnar att introducera fonder som faktiskt uppfyller de etiska och hållbara krav de påstår sig göra, bör överväga att förvärva Svanen-märkningen för att signalera sina etiska och hållbara åtaganden, då resultatet föreslår att Svanenmärkta fonder har en positiv relation till efterfrågan, både jämfört med konventionella fonder och icke-märkta etiska fonder.
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Dernelid, Yasmine. "Att kommunicera miljöarbete : En fallstudie i miljökommunikation på två Svanenmärkta hotell." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69297.
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Svanen är en av världens ledande miljömärkningar och firade nyligen 20 års jubileum. Det har under ett antal år varit möjligt att förutom produkter även svanenmärka tjänster och verksamheter, så som exempelvis restauranger och hotell. För att miljöarbetet inom en verksamhet ska fungera så bra som möjligt är kommunikationen i denna av yttersta vikt. Det har inte utförts några kända studier kring hur kommunikationen på Svanenmärkta hotell fungerar vilket är motivet bakom denna studie. Det finns en misstänksamhet i samhället mot miljömärkta varor och greenwashing har blivit ett allt vanligare begrepp, vilket innebär att företag utnyttjar miljömärkningar för att få ett bättre anseende på marknaden och inte för att egentligen gynna miljön. Syftet med denna studie har varit att titta på hur miljökommunikationen fungerar inom Svanenmärkta hotell. Ett delsyfte har även varit att ta reda på huruvida medarbetarna på hotellen uppfattar att verksamheten genomsyras av en miljömedvetenhet, något som Svanen strävar efter med sin miljömärkning. En fallstudie av två Svanencertifierade hotell har utförts genom intervjuer av personal från olika avdelningar på dessa hotell. Intervjumaterialet har sedan transkriberats och analyserats för att kunna dra slutsatser utifrån den fakta som framkommit. Även en litteraturstudie har genomförts i syfte att studera tidigare forskning i ämnet. Dessutom har material gällande hotellens miljörutiner granskats och analyserats. Resultaten från fallstudien visar att medarbetarna på hotellen är nöjda med kommunikationen över lag, detta trots att det i princip inte finns någon kommunikation mellan avdelningarna på hotellen. Visst utrymme för förbättring finns dock och både koncernen samt inom hotellen skulle det förmodligen tjänas på att decentralisera miljöfrågorna. På båda hotellen anses även att en miljömedvetenhet genomsyrar verksamheterna. Detta skulle kunna vara en följd av Svanencertifieringen, det kan även bero på andra orsaker.
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Xu, Da. "Contribution to the elaboration of a decision support system based on modular ontologies for ecological labelling." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19449/1/XU_Da.pdf.
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With the rising concern of sustainability and environmental performance, eco-labeled products and services are becoming more and more popular. In addition to the financial costs, the long and complex process of eco-labeling sometimes demotivates manufacturers and service providers to be certificated. In this research work, we propose a decision support process and implement a decision support platform aiming at further improvement and acceleration of the eco-labeling process in order to democratize a broader application and certification of eco-labels. The decision support platform is based on a comprehensive knowledge base composed of various domain ontologies that are constructed according to official eco-label criteria documentation. Traditional knowledge base in relational data model is low interoperable, lack of inference support and difficult to be reused. In our research, the knowledge base composed of interconnected ontologies modules covers various products and services, and allows reasoning and semantic querying. A domain-centric modularization scheme about EU Eco-label laundry detergent product criteria is introduced as an application case. This modularization scheme separates the entity knowledge and rule knowledge so that the ontology modules can be reused easily in other domains. We explore a reasoning methodology based on inference with SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules which allows decision making with explanation. Through standard RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Web Ontology Language) ontology query interface, the assets of the decision support platform will stimulate domain knowledge sharing and can be applied into other application. In order to foster the reuse of ontology modules, we also proposed a usercentric approach for federate contextual ontologies (mapping and integration). This approach will create an ontology federation by a contextual configuration that avoid the “OWL:imports” disadvantages. Instead of putting mapping or new semantics in ontology modules, our approach will conserve the extra contextual information separately without impacting original ontologies or without importing all ontologies’ concepts. By introducing this contextualization, it becomes easier to support more expressive semantics in term of ontology integration itself, then it will also facilitate application agents to access and reuse ontologies. To realize this approach, we elaborate a new plug-in for the Protégé ontology editor.
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"Eco-labelling." Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, 2004. http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/dl/diss/epub-wu-01_79d.
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Williams, Wendy. "Eco-labelling. A Socio-economic Analysis." Thesis, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1888/1/document.pdf.
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Due to the interdisciplinary nature of eco-labelling, the sense of the phenomenon itself is lost when studied in isolation. With this consideration, a balance of research between practical and theoretical approaches, between environmental sociology, environmental economics, international trade relations, consumer society, sustainability and marketing theory was explored. Eco-labelling has far-reaching ramifications in society, not just in the commercial relationship between producer and consumer, but in socio-cultural norms and values. It combines economic and social forces via the marketplace. The research of this paper focuses on 1) the socio-cultural aspects of eco-labelling, 2) the economic incentive which drives eco-labelling and 3) the global institutional structures which influence the eco-labelling dimension. Chapter 1 provides an overview of eco-labelling and introduces ecological modernization, the theoretical foundation of this paper. Chapter 2 is a summary of interviews which were conducted with eco-labelling managers around the world. Chapter 3 analyses the economic impact of eco-labelling, the effects on international trade and the environment, and how eco-labelling affects consumers and producers. Chapter 4 deals with the social context of eco-labelling, and the social paradigms of consumer society and sustainability, merging in the case of ecological modernization. Chapter 5 looks at opportunities and challenges to eco-labelling, and concrete recommendations with respect to the design of eco-labelling programmes are made. Eco-labelling is the only tool which functions within the conflicting social forces of consumer society and sustainability. As a market-based instrument for environmental management that functions within the producer - consumer relationship, eco-labelling can be seen as the ecological marketisation of consumer society. Best practices in eco-labelling rely on accepting the fundamental market principles combined with social trends. (author´s abstract)
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I-Fen, Liu, and 劉懿芬. "The Effect of Eco-labelling on Consumer Preferences." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ezbjzz.
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碩士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
106
The development of world economy has benefited from production efficiency since Industrial Revolution, and then has resulted in social prosperity. Nevertheless, overconsumption and waste reflecting in human behavior become the products of social progress. The consequence of depletion of nature resource is environmental deterioration, endangered species, global warming and climate change. An individual consumption behavior seems to be negligible, however, many a little makes a mickle. The behaviors of entire society will deliver the numerous influences to whole environment. In term of the change of consumption pattern, many retailers in Europe and America request for the responsibility of eco-friendly products to their suppliers. In response to the increasing demand in environment protection, the upstream manufacturers have employed diverse eco-labelling on either production or products. Thus, the retailers can deliver the image of determination of environment protection to customers via products with eco-labelling. The extensive researches on the consumption of green products by the consumers in Western countries in terms of behavioral intention, background, and knowledge are discussed in many literatures. Nevertheless, the relevant research focused on Taiwan society is comparatively less. Therefore, this study expects to investigate the key factors of green consumption behavior by Taiwanese consumers. Therefore, the empirical result shows the positive effects of prior independent variables on behavior intention and green consumption behavior.
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Wu, Fang-Yu, and 吳芳瑜. "A Study on Eco-labelling System and Business Performance Model." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09001620699508984261.
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碩士中原大學
國際貿易研究所
97
When people address the issue of climate change, their concern focuses more on global warming caused by human activeities. It makes people pay more attention to the issues of global environmental policy and the policy implementation. This study tries to find out the relationship between business adopting green marketing strategy, and its impacts on company’s overall performance in Taiwan. The Ecolabelling in Taiwan tells consumers those products which have Ecolabelling are better and more ecology-friendly toward global environment. Major reasons are their conservation of energy and water, using recycled materials and decreasing amount of pollutant. In order to obtain first-hand data, 390 questionnaires from Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan were sent out to factories which have obtained the Ecolabelling in Taiwan. There were 155 valid questionnaires for our empirical analysis. This study then uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. As the result of the research, the more complete institution the better performance. It can not only protect the environment but also increase the profit of the companies.
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Stausebach, Kathryn Anne. "The environmental soundness and consumer understanding of eco-labelled food products in South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20357.
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A Research Report submitted to the School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science (course work / research report).
28 October 2015Eco-labels are voluntary policy tools for promoting environmental justice. Eco-labels have the potential to achieve environmental justice when they are environmentally reliable, and when they help consumers to be aware of, understand and feel motivated to purchase eco-labels. This study analysed the current situation of eco-labels in South Africa. There are a number of generic eco-labelling terms that have come into use on eco-labelled products. The history of the environmental problems that led to the use of these generic terms, along with the accreditation of such eco-labels was considered. The six most commonly found terms considered are “Dolphin Safe”, “Badger Friendly Honey”, “Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)-free”, “Natural”, “Free-range” and “Organic”. The environmental reliability of the most common eco-labels found in local supermarkets was analysed. Overall, eco-labels scored well on environmental soundness and transparency but lacked in communication with consumers. The majority of the eco-labels were third-party certified and accredited by ISEAL (International Social and Environmental Accreditation and labelling) and IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). There are a variety of eco-labelled products for consumers to choose from in major supermarkets but the ratio of eco-labelled to regular food products is low, and the availability of eco-labelled products is not consistent. A questionnaire was used to assess the awareness, understanding and perception of consumers regarding eco-labels. The results were compared to a similar study on Swedish consumers to determine whether South African consumer perception regarding eco-labels differed greatly from first-world perceptions, as South African consumers have not had as much exposure to eco-labelled products. Consumer awareness and understanding varied significantly between local and international eco-labels. Generally, the number of consumers that have fully adopted eco-labels is low. However, South African consumers were found to have a pro-environmental attitude; many respondents felt that they would be willing to purchase eco-labelled products if they knew more about the eco-label. Improved stakeholder engagement among eco-labelling initiatives, supermarkets and consumers is required to foster better consumer knowledge of eco-labels and promote environmental justice locally.
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Van, Zyl Elizabeth Magaretha. "The regulation of eco-labelling in South Africa : a comparative analysis / by E.M. van Zyl." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/573.
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Lin, Chia-Shih, and 林佳世. "A Study on Technical Barriers to Trade under WTO Agreements-Focusing on Eco-Labelling Schemes." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43127437312148376538.
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碩士中原大學
財經法律研究所
94
ABSTRACT Some economists firmly believe that the policy of free trade will make maximum possible utilization of production resources of the entire world and will significantly enhance welfare to all human societies. They, in turn, always to write the papers or on the seminar which be hold of the international organizations loudly clamor for pooled efforts of all countries throughout the world to minimize barriers against trade and to put into practice free trade. The policy of free trade, nevertheless, tends to run into gaps in different levels when put into enforcement in different countries. Those developed countries, taking advantage of their abundant resources, launch massive sales of their industrial products to other countries. Those developing countries be short of the technology and economic scale are certainly not the rival of the developed counterparts, must inevitably undergo counterproductive outcome against their economic development if they jump into reckless enforcement of the free trade policy before they provide sound counterpart measures. Supposing all countries hold exactly the same conditions for economic development, enforcement of the free trade policy will definitely help upgrade the material lifestyle of humans. As far as the current climate for trade is concerned, free trade is very likely to become a tool of developed countries to inhibit developing counterparts from sound economic development. How to put the international trade into a fair play to eliminate all sorts of unjustifiable interference by means of coordination and negotiation? The answers to such questions become especially significant in international trade. In five rounds of multilateral trade negotiations under the auspices of GATT, they primarily focused on tariff cut. Not until the sixth round of multilateral trade negotiations, called the Kennedy Round, did the issues of non-tariff trading barriers receive reasonable attention. Nevertheless, tariff cut has still been dominating the key issues of the negotiations. Tokyo Round, The 7th round of multilateral trade negotiations, while a good number of the countries had brought their tariffs down to a certain level, those member countries adopted quite a few restrictive measures against trade, bringing virtually into being non-tariff trade barriers. In the aspects of technical regulations, standards, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, with their characteristics regulating respective products, tend to be adopted by the importing countries as the preconditions for those products to enter their countries, shaping up the so-called “technical barriers to trade”. Taking the Eco-Labelling Schemes for example. The importing countries tend to enact the qualification requirements for accreditation of the Eco-Labelling, the process of relevant products or method of production which are hard to meet with by foreign manufacturers. The importing countries, therefore, can easily affect the chances and terms of imported products for marketing in their countries. The trade barrier related issues might breach the non-discriminative rules under the WTO frameworks. The Agreement on technical barriers to trade permit the government of a country to impose restriction upon products regarding the specifications and standards in an attempt to safeguard health of the nationals, security or other purposes like environmental protection and prevention of fraud. When they enact the technical regulations or draw up environmental protection criteria, nevertheless, all countries are still advised to watch the practice to prevent the unnecessary obstacles to international trade or hidden restrictions upon trade. Through the present essay, the author tries to probe the interrelationship between the Eco-Labelling Schemes and technical barriers to trade in the perspective of WTO frameworks. On the technical barriers to trade which might derive from the Eco-Labelling Schemes, e.g., discriminative treatment, extraterritorial jurisdiction effect and violation of the transparency and openness, the study offers profound discussions and provides the key issues which all countries are advised to watch and take reference upon their planning and enforcement of Eco-Labelling Schemes. Furthermore, it introduces to how the Republic of China on Taiwan has implemented the Eco-Labelling Schemes with explanation on how it puts forth wholehearted effort to participate in international affairs and how it teams up with the government entities in the green procurement. Finally, it offers concrete proposals regarding how Eco-Labelling Schemes should be implemented in a sound manner so that the operating procedures on the Eco-Labelling Schemes will be more transparent and easier accessible to general public. Through such efforts, it will live up to the public anticipation about the green consumption and will minimize the unnecessary obstacles to international trade.
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Osburg, V. S., Vignesh Yoganathan, S. Brueckner, and W. Toporowski. "How detailed product information strengthens eco-friendly consumption." 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17057.
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YesWhilst many studies consider labelling as means of aggregated communication of environmental product features, the presentation of detailed product information seems a promising alternative. However, the mechanisms through which detailed product information takes effect on consumers requires better understanding. This study empirically develops a framework that focuses on consumers’ perceived usefulness of, and trust in, detailed product information, whilst also considering the role of environmental self-identity. This understanding will help businesses to further stimulate eco-friendly consumption. Structural equation modelling and conditional process analysis are utilised to test hypotheses based on a sample of 279 respondents to a German online survey. Findings: Results show that the perceived usefulness of product information has a positive effect on purchase intention, and this effect is intensified by an individual’s environmental self-identity. Furthermore, for consumers with high environmental self-identity, the effect of perceived usefulness of product information on purchase intention is mediated in turn by trust in detailed product information and resistance to negative information. This study contributes to the debate on the role of product information in ethical consumption by showing how detailed product information gives rise to favourable behavioural outcomes. When detailed information is perceived as being useful, it can affect purchase intention through greater trust and an increased resistance to negative information. Further, detailed product information appears beneficial for both, the mass market and specific segments with high environmental self-identity. Hence, this study empirically establishes the effects of detailed product information on consumer decision-making, thus informing sustainability-related marketing theory and practice.
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Garcez, de Oliveira Padilha Lívia. "Consumer perceptions and intentions towards sustainable meat consumption and lab-grown meat in Australia." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134178.
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Animal-sourced products are among the most nutritious food products available to humans. However, the sustainability of food derived from modern livestock production methods are under increased scrutiny. Growing consumer concerns over the impacts of global meat production and consumption have led to growing demand for alternative sources of protein, and the use of production-related credence attributes and related ‘sustainability’ labels on meat products.
To address these issues, this thesis aims to increase understanding of Australian consumers’ views and intentions regarding sustainable meat and meat substitutes. Consumers’ perceptions of six key attributes (health, safety, affordability, eating enjoyment, animal welfare and environmental friendliness) were measured for conventionally produced meat, plant-based protein products, and novel lab-grown meat alternatives. Market opportunities for lab-grown meat were also explored. Australia provided a unique context to conduct this research because both per capita meat consumption and per capita greenhouse gas emissions have been high relative to other countries around the globe.
The main empirical work for this thesis is presented in Chapters 2-4. The empirical study presented in Chapter 2 focuses on understanding what sustainability means to consumers in the context of meat and how consumers relate production-related credence attributes of chicken meat to sustainability. The exploratory research used a multi-method approach (an online survey (n=87), in-person interviews (n=30) and eye-tracking methods (n=28)). Environmental dimensions of sustainability were most important to consumers’ definition of a ‘sustainable food system’, and chicken meat sustainability was most commonly associated with the perceived environmental impact of chicken meat production. Consumers made incorrect inferences about some sustainability labels and frequently associated a higher price with higher sustainability, indicating a belief that ‘doing the right thing’ might cost more. Chapter 3 employed an online survey to investigate 1078 Australian consumers’ perceptions of meat products (chicken and beef) and meat substitutes (plant-based meat alternatives and lab-grown meat). Consumers’ behavioural intentions with respect to lab-grown chicken and beef were also explored using multinomial logistic regression analyses to understand what factors are likely to influence willingness to consume lab-grown meat products. On average, relative to other products, lab-grown meat was perceived negatively on all attributes considered, with the exception of animal welfare. Factors that helped predict willingness to consume lab-grown meat were positive perceptions of eating enjoyment and the healthiness of lab-grown meat; familiarity with lab-grown meat; higher consumption frequency of conventionally raised chicken meat; tertiary education; and younger age.
Chapter 4 utilised the data set from Chapter 3 to provide further insight on the market potential for lab-grown meat in Australia. A latent class cluster analysis revealed six unique clusters, of which three (49% of consumers) showed some willingness to consume lab-grown meat when available on the market. One segment, ‘Prospective LGM eaters’ (12%), appeared ‘very willing’ to consume lab-grown meat. These consumers were more likely to be younger (<35 years); university-educated; live in metropolitan areas; have greater prior awareness of lab-grown meat; stronger beliefs regarding the potential self- and society-related benefits of growing demand for lab-grown meat; and they had higher trust in diverse information sources.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics and Public Policy, 2021