Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'École classique d'économie politique'
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Masson, Bernard. "Marchés, monnaie, titres : études sur les traditions néoclassique, classique et préclassique." Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100114.
Full textThis thesis tries to show, in opposition to two symetrical and familiar opinions, that economic theory in retrospect exhibits unity and diversity and always the one with the other. Neoclassical, classical and preclassical traditions are here identified by a small number of propositions drawn out of l. Walras, a. Smith and j. Law. Then these propositions are formalised with the help of contemporary treatments or techniques. The results allow some iconoclast connections : the previous authors, plus ricardo and marx, leontief sraffa, torrens, sismondi or quesnay appear to give specific answers on the ground of a common way to set the problems. This common way takes into account the behaviour of economic agents; it always define the rules of their assembling, in order to construct a "social machine"
Gnandou, Ide. "La théorie des anticipations rationnelles et la nouvelle macroéconomie classique : portée, sens et signification pour l'analyse économique avec une étude de comportements économiques au Niger." Paris 9, 1989. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1989PA090018.
Full textN'Djomon, Abel Béranger. "Apports de l'école autrichienne d'économie à l'analyse des problèmes de développement : une analyse catallactique du développement." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32014.
Full text“Catallactic analysis” is an approach inherited from the Austrian school of economics which can be applied to study of economic development. “Catallactic development” (CD) turns out to be more fruitful than the concept of “economic development”. It highlights the spontaneous nature of progress in contrast to the constructivist underpinnings of traditional theories of economic development. “Catallaxy” is a process in which each individual trades with other individuals in order to satisfy his needs in a give-and-take process. Catallaxy thus provides mutual gains to those involved in the process. The study of the development process from a catallactic perspective rehabilitates the entrepreneur as an actor of the development process. The subsequent entrepreneurial opportunities theory (SEOT) is a proposal of “CD” that builds upon the study of the market process with entrepreneurs as the driving force. It rests, on the one hand, on the Austrian theory of markets and entrepreneurship put forward by Kirzner, and on the other, on the analysis of the psychological and institutional factors critical for entrepreneurial action. It sees the entrepreneur as a homo agens, whose alertness towards entrepreneurial opportunities (EO), allow him to be inspired by some entrepreneurial discoveries and/or exploitations of EO in order to create further ones, be they innovative or merely imitative. The catallactic development process that the SEOT sketches relies on innovative and imitative phenomena initiated by entrepreneurial action. The application of the TOES framework to the case of sub-Saharan Africa helps to explore the implications of “CD” in this region and to offer some suggestions
Benharrats, Nadia. "Déficit budgétaire- déficit extérieur : le cas de la France." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100142.
Full textErreygers, Guido. "Terre, rente et choix de techniques : une étude sur la théorie néo-ricardienne." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100076.
Full textThe thesis concerns the position of non-reproducible natural resources (in short : 'lands') within the neo-ricardian theory. The aim is exclusively theoretical, namely to examine whether the integration of land into the neo-ricardian theory is done in a coherent way, and to determine the effects of their presence on certain aspects of the theory. The first part deals with an analysis of the theories of rent of the three most important writers of classical political economy (Smith, Ricardo, Marx). In the second part, the theory of rent of Piero Sraffa, the principle point of reference of neo-ricardian conomics, is presented, criticized and amended. In the third part, Sraffa’s narrow point of view is abandoned, and the effects of the presence of land on the choice of techniques are analysed. The most important result of the thesis is the demonstration of a new theorem on the uniqueness of cost-minimizing techniques in the presence of land
Boyer, Jean-Daniel. "Architecture du système d'Adam Smith." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR1EC07.
Full textThis thesis examines the structure underlying Adam Smith’s work. It attempts to show that its coherence may be discerned as we let ourselves be guided by the idea that some of the author’s methodological principles are drawn from Newton. We wonder about the author’s explicit evocation of gravitation which is assumed to explain the way societies work. For social norms indeed, appear to be revolving round natural laws, just as market prices are, round natural prices or round the value of commodities. There also lies the implicit evocation of a force of attraction governing the destiny of human societies that would in time, tend towards an ideal City. Such a process would then be at the root of the need for the implementation and establishment of a specific institution of justice: the state. And Adam Smith would eventually emphasize the liberalism of liberty and justice
Musy, Olivier. "La dynamique de l'inflation dans les modèles néo-keynésiens." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX24009.
Full textLaget, Florence. "La pensée politique de Jean-Baptiste Say : droit et politique au service de l'ordre libéral." Lyon 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO33014.
Full textRigault, Florence. "Autorité, libéralisme et organisation : dynamiques du projet fayolien." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010010.
Full textHenri Fayol's administrative doctrine - the result of his life-long (1860-1918) experience as engineer then managing director with commentry-fourchambault - is usually summarized by a single saying : "administration means foresight, organization, command, co-ordination and control". This maxim sum up a whole theoretical construction and holds the founding concepts of the economics of organizations. Our work is concerned with the definition of the all the aspects - theoretical, historical and epistemological - of the Fayolian project. We suggest a four-fold reading of Fayol's work : a philosophy of administration, the administration in the public sector, the experimental administration and the teaching of administration. The authority principle sets up the formal structure of the firm. From this point of view, Fayol aims at a social system where function is proportionate to capacity, where collective interest has priority over individual interest. Though the early XXth century France showed not least than four main schools (taylorization, the "amarism", the "belotism"), the taylorian way quickly prevailed. Rebuilding the theoretical origins of the administrative doctrine leads us to an examination of its epistemological foundations in the light of Fayol's application of experimental method. As we come closer to Fayol's liberalism, we are intended to understand it simultaneously as the continuation of leroy-beaulieu and colson and as a prefiguration of the "builder" liberalism of the interwar years. Fayol's main concern, besides his liberalism, was the rightful acknowledgment of the role of engineers and directors in the firm. Fayol's popularity did not begin in 1916 France with the publishing of general and industrial management, but fifteen years later in the us, thanks to colonel Urwick and Luther Gulick, founders of a second Fayolism. Eventually, reading once again chester barnard's and herbert simon's works leads us to thinking of them as a major legacy of the administrative doctrine
Otmani, Abdelhafid. "L’Algérie : modèles économiques et réformes." Paris 8, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA084065.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive and critical view of the systemic change of the Algerian economy. In this work we have studied three economic models, two neoclassical, the first radical and the second gradual. The third is heterodox, Post-Keynesian. Indeed, the strategies followed by countries in transition are now well-known, which exhorts us also to empirical and theoretical comparisons, in light of these models, between the various approaches taken to identify and subsequently to detect malfunctions or defects that characterize the economic reforms in Algeria. If, in Algeria, the results obtained after the changes are detectable, their confrontation and reconciliation with a theoretical model developed still extremely complex. Indeed, it turns out that for a real economic takeoff, Algeria should review all the basic elements that affect the proper functioning of its institutions and hampering economic development, while the country has all the necessary resources. It is clear that no model among those discussed in the first part, has been followed, not even a combination of these three models, it appears that the rule in Algeria, it is the non- model. Political improvisation, that characterized the economic and political decisions for a quarter century, cannot be sustained. This country will never experience success, if the idea of leap for a real model of transition and development is not implemented in the context of a clear and determined policy
Hupfel, Simon. "L' évolution comparée des manufactures de soieries de Lyon et de Londres, 1789-1848 : une approche institutionnaliste." Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0088.
Full textThe bulk of the investigations undertaken in this thesis could be described as an attempt, taking the silk manufactures of Lyon and London in a comparative view, to shed some light on the nature of the economic and political transitions experienced by France and England between 1789 and 1848. Both the performances and the general attributes of the two industries were very similar by the end of the18th century ; both of them being especially organised on the basis of thousands of urban workshops. The great flexibility of this organisation enabled the manufacture to respond to the brisk variations of the demand for luxury upon which it depended. In this framework, the enthusiasm shared by the weavers from Lyon and London to set up institutions securing to them the possibility to participate to the collective regulation of their trade soon entered in contradiction with the project, gaining ground on both sides of the Channel, to engage further into the division of labour by regrouping workers in bigger units of mechanized production. Each community thus had to face new attacks threatening their bodies of regulations, the intensity of which is even amplified after the fall of Napoléon. Those attacks finally led the national authorities to repeal the official wage-fixing mechanisms existing in both industries (occuring in 1824 in London, and in 1831 in Lyon). While this repeal initiated the decline of the London manufacture, its main French rival continued to develop well into the second half of the century. The main argument we introduce is that such a striking divergence should be related to the existence in Lyon of a web of local autonomous institutions capable of regulating the complex functionning of urban dispersed manufactures, contrasting with the weakness of the London’s structures of local government. Although this disparity derives partly from the specificities of the Lyon case, it has also been caused by the political choices made by the national authorities of the two countries. The attention devoted to the study of the influence of different forms of government on economic activity could thus provide original reasons to explain the French specialization on upper quality manufactured goods, and consequently to understand the role played by skilled urban artisans in the emergence of a workers’ movement in France and England
Laszlo, Christopher. "Propriétés émergentes et principes de gestion des entreprises multinationales : application de la théorie générale de l'évolution." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100129.
Full textA new competitive environment exists, driven by the explosive growth in technological innovation over the last one hundred and twenty years, and by the globalization, informatisation, and ecological interdependence of the business world. The global corporation acquires a new set of characteristics and dynamics, which in turn calls for a new theoretical framework capable of explaining the corporate phenomenon, as well as an ensemble of principles of action with which to manage it. But neo-classical and associated management theories of the firm have not undertaken this effort of reconceptualization over the last century. It is in this context that evolutionary-systems theory is adapted and applied to the corporation and its environment. This body of theory provides insights into properties and dynamics characterized by complexity, openness, fluctuation, disorder, and uncertainty. The principles of management which are derived from the principal postulates of the theory offer a framework for action. Organized around elements of strategy, organization, and operations, they are centered on processes of self-organization, self learning, relations between activities, information flows, and on the co-evolution of the corporation with its environment. The principles are conceived as guidelines to managers of global industrial corporations. Two case studies illustrate their application, one in the United States and the other in Eastern Europe
Berthonnet, Irène. "De l’efficacité à la concurrence : Histoire d’une synthèse entre économie néoclassique et néolibéralisme." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12028.
Full textEfficiency and competition are systematically connected in mainstream economics. During the 20th century, this connection has evolved from the assertion of the efficiency of competitive markets to the belief that efficiency is the competitive design in itself. This identification results from various changes of perspectives, approximations, and semantic changes in the various streams of mainstream economics, thus contributing to the doctrinal aspect of the identification of efficiency to competition. This doctrinal characteristic is the result of a co-construction by neoclassical economics and neoliberalism. These theories are apprehended as two specific approaches, different but compatible. Interactions between neoclassical economics and neoliberalism lead to the definition of mainstream economics as a synthesis of these two approaches. The demonstration is based on a history of the Pareto criterion, from 1894 to contemporary economics. The criterion, initially named « maximum of ophelimity for the community » has undergone several theoretical, epistemological and semantic transformations, before becoming widely used as an efficiency criterion. Elaborated upon the properties of the competitive general equilibrium, it is intrinsically linked to the competitive design. But competition can be described and operated in many different ways, and the theoretical indetermination of the economic concept of competition conveys a strong uncertainty regarding the scope and meaning of the assertion of competition’s efficiency
Desreumaux, Vincent. "La justice sociale et le marché : essai sur l’économie du bien-être parétienne." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL12019.
Full textThis study deals with the paretian theories of welfare economics and social justice, which develop through the 20th century. We seek to explain the emergence of this field, represented by works such as Bergson’s, Samuelson’s and Arrow’s on the individualistic social welfare function, Hicks’, Kaldor’s and Scitovsky’s on compensation criteria, Pazner and Schmeidler on the egalitarian-equivalent criterion or Kolm’s and Varian’s on the envy-freeness criterion. We show that the neoclassical welfare theory is prompted, often in an implicit manner, by a project of political philosophy, which is understood as an alternative to previous theories in this area such as classical utilitarianism and social contract theory. This project is based on the idea that the market constitutes the best way to solve questions of collective choice. In substance, a society of homo œconomicus is – or could be – efficient and equitable. This line of interpretation permits us to make sense of the repeated attempt to introduce, in the Walras-Pareto general equilibrium analytical framework, a theory of social justice, compatible with the individualistic ethic underlying this framework. We also show the ethical limits of this attempt: by renouncing to substantial justifications offered by utilitarianism and social contract theory, the paretian theory of welfare and social justice seems to lack a truly convincing philosophical foundation. Its ethical justification appears weak, in particular concerning the articulation between individual judgements and collective justice criteria
Fessler, Damien. "Valeur et mesure dans les " Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses " d'Antoine-Augustin Cournot." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163290.
Full textCette thèse montre que, loin de constituer une rupture avec la théorie économique dominante, la démarche des Recherches traduit au contraire l'attachement de Cournot au concept classique de valeur, caractérisé par la coexistence de plusieurs registres d'évaluation, hiérarchisés et articulés entre eux. Cette thèse montre en outre l'originalité de la posture épistémologique de Cournot et la manière dont il conçoit l'intervention des mathématiques dans la connaissance.
Roy, Loraine. "The relevance of monetary valuations of biodiversity for public decision making." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12019/document.
Full textThere is a profusion of research on environmental monetary valuation methods, and particularly in ‘biodiversity valuations’ because biodiversity losses have become one of today’s two environmental iconic problems. Often, it is the neoclassical/welfare theory of the economic value and environmental asset valuation that is applied to value biodiversity. However, this theory raises many concerns, by itself, but also regarding its applicability to biodiversity. This PhD attempts to identify some major factors playing a role in the relevance of valuations for public decision makers, a relevance that schematically results from the content and the legitimacy of valuations. The first factor we deal with is the influential power of money and the Cost Benefit Analysis, the second is the shift in ethical approach that monetary valuations risk to bring to the general economic approach (strongly anthropocentric and merely instrumental), the third factor is the methodological recourse to discounting and the fourth factor is the complexity of the notion biodiversity and particularly of its functional dimension. To work on those factors, we emphasize the relevance and necessity, of an interdisciplinary research, and of a constant effort on the part of economists, to clarify the nature of their fundamental approach to biodiversity when having recourse to monetary valuations
Dosquet, Yaël. "La gouvernementalité de la nouvelle économie classique : de la révolution cognitive de l'économie politique à l'escalade sémantique de la gouvernementalité libérale, comment expliquer le succès de la composition de la Théorie des Cycles à l'Équilibre d'Anticipations Rationnelles dans les années 1970." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0021.
Full textKeynesian macroeconomics is rooted in the neoclassical theory. Obviously, it was Robert Lucas who, in 1972, contributed to the reconstruction of a neoclassical macroeconomics based upon business cycle theory with rational expectations equilibrium. Although this epistemological event is well known, no traditional epistemology provides a satisfying explanation. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the issues raised by the internal and external epistemological success of this neoclassical theory must be approached in two non distinct ways. On the one hand, through analysing how the theoretical strategic insights of this theory have composed a semantic ascent (Quine). On the other hand, through the genealogy of the muted roots of political economy as discipline. These roots can be reached thanks to the governmentality concept (Foucault). The governmentality concept raises the question of knowing how human beings rule themselves by producing truth. So, this genealogy enlightens the 1970’ governmental practice instability, from the point of view that Lucas’ model was the only one to provide a reliable solution to the blind alley issue that occidental economies were facing. This analytical renewal of the governing by the truth problem can be pointed out as a cognitive revolution of political economy
Silvant, Claire. "L’école libérale française et l’intervention publique dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100189.
Full textThe object of this dissertation is to analyze the conceptions of public intervention in the French liberal School in the second half of the 19th century. The first chapter is devoted to the exposition of three different views of these economists on State. We elaborate a typology relying on their analyses of the legitimate State attributes; this typology distinguishes an “orthodoxy” considering the only provision of security and justice, a “regulatory” liberalism, and a more “interventionist” liberalism. We question this typology, wondering if it remains relevant when our liberal economists discuss the practical questions of their time.Thus the second chapter of our study presents to the liberal analyses of taxation. We highlight the richness of the French thought on this topic. We particularly put forward the formalized contributions of three of them: Cournot, Dupuit and Fauveau. In the third chapter we study the positions of our economists on the question of the issuing of banknotes, on credit, and on the metallic standard. We show that their theoretical divergences are well explained by their preference for a rule or for a discretionary public intervention.Our last chapter investigates the question of property rights. By examining their ideas on inheritance and on intellectual property, we emphasize the opposition inside this School between the advocates of a regulatory State and the defenders of the State as a protector of natural rights. Finally the boundary between the liberal “orthodoxy” and the liberal “heterodoxy” is less steady than what we could think
Goutsmedt, Aurélien. "Les macroéconomistes et la stagflation : essais sur les transformations de la macroéconomie dans les années 1970." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E031/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the transformations of macroeconomics in the United States during the 1970s, while questioning the way to study and to analyze these transformations. From the point of view of economic history, the period seems to mark a break with the relative stability post World War II years. This period of economic stability, that one calls “stagflation”, echoes the instability of U.S. macroeconomic theory. The consensus of the time, regarded as “Keynesian”, is attacked by economists labeled as “Monetarist” and “New Classical”. The last group is the one of “revolutionaries”, regarding as having radically transformed the discipline, as the Copernican revolution overthrown the geocentric representation of the universe. My goal in the thesis is to study the influence of New Classical economists on macroeconomics in the 1970s, by appealing to an historiographical framework which outs at the heart the role played by stagflation, and by confronting the results of this work to the standard narrative. This thesis is built around four articles, independent from one another. The first chapter proposes a comparison between the methodologies of Lucas and Sargent, and shows how the latter intend to give a more realistic character to the new classical economy models, by using rational expectations to describe different economic phenomena. The second chapter takes interest in the confrontation between Lucas and Sargent on one side, and the defenders of structural econometric models on the other. The third chapter studies the evolution in the works of Robert Gordon on inflation in the 1970s, and documents the way he gradually adopts the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis. Finally, the chapter four is interested in the empirical debates in the early 1980s, about the Lucas critique
Vivel, Christel. "L'entrepreneur dans la tradition autrichienne : un essai sur l'émergence et l'évolution d'une théorie de l'activité entrepreneuriale." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/vivel_c.
Full textValdy, Jérôme. "Monnaie et incertitude : les apports des théories autrichienne et post keynésienne à l'économie monétaire : une approche comparative." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX32001.
Full textThe failure of neo-classical economics to integrate money in general equilibrium models - Hahn's problematic - is due to its conception of probabilistic uncertainty : i. E. , the risk. Using Keynes' and Knight's alternative definition of uncertainty, non measurable or non probabilistic uncertainty, money can truly take into account. The study of theoretical relations between money and uncertainty bring out a double causality link between the two concepts : 1) a link between uncertainty => (toward) money. It raises the question of the nature of the money. 2) a link between money => (toward) uncertainty. It poses the problem of co-ordination in a monetary economy. Firstly Austrian and post Keynesian theoreticians with two divergent conceptions of uncertainty can grasp the nature of money in its individual and social dimension. .
Aimar, Thierry. "Le rôle de l'information dans la pensée économique autrichienne." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010029.
Full textThe austrian school is often considered as being structured by the notion of information. Also, in in the scientific litterature, few authors have undertook analytical reflection about the way in wich the concept was dealt with by the representants of this school ; the analysis reveals in fact that the austrian school, despite the fact that it is united by a common thought about the process of coordination of individual actions, is divided into two distincts traditions: an economics of communication, funded on the mechanims of transmission of the existing information; an economics of ignorance, based on the managing of uncertainty about future
Barrois, Pierre-Paul. "La nature catallactique de la firme : de la conception néo-industrielle à une conception autrichienne du gouvernement des hommes dans l'entreprise." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX32033.
Full textThe study of the firm, and more generally speaking the interpersonal coordination, has known some significant progress, specially since the developments of neo-institutional or contractual perspectives through those two main branches: the theory of transaction cost and the agency theory. The critical analysis of those approaches led us, at first, to reject the strict firm/market's dichotomy. Thus, the firm appears like a nexus of contracts. It lead us to enlarge their anthropological vision prompted by Hobbes and Machiavelli for restricting instrumental and totalitarian limits. Then, it shows the necessity to go far away the neoclassical paradigm in order to apprehend in a more astute way human behaviours and their modality of coordination. Therefore, we set the possibility to built an Austrian theory of the firm. Moreover, it is established that Austrian school disposed a range of key concepts quite adapted to a firm's conceptualisation. Supported on the catallaxy notion for his harmonisation proprieties, the firm presents itself like an open club, a cognitive entity and a polyarchical community of individual entrepreneurs
Ruellou, Thomas. "De la théorie des prix à la science du législateur : le moment Adam Smith." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E056.
Full textThis thesis aims at questioning the homogeneity of classical political economy by showing that alternative links between price theory and the science of a legislator may be endorsed, depending on what conception of the autonomy of the economic domain is retained. In this respect, Adam Smith departs from François Quesnay and David Ricardo. While these authors are often compared on the sole ground of price theory, and thereby subsumed under a common framework, Dugald Stewart played a prominent role in the development of a trend in the history of ideas which actually excluded Smith from the start. In the light of the author’ understanding of the autonomy of the economy, the first part of this thesis shows that key concepts of classical price theory, among which the rule of distribtuion orthe circulation of commodities, reflect the fact that the economy is embedded in society considered as a whole. Yet, while Quesnay, Stewart and Ricardo did contribute to classical theory in this respect, Smith's analyses do not fit its logical requirements and seem to represent a deadlock.These are however the sign of an alternative project, dealt within the second part of the thesis. Quesnay, Stewart and Ricardo presuppose that the economy is subject to an overall order which ought to be realised thanks to market competition, although they disagree as to what formof institution is best suited to do so. On the contrary, Smith presupposes that the legislator is not impeded by any economic mechanism, since the economy are only a dimension of social interactions, whereby conflicting interests need to be counterbalanced
Sauce, Loïc. "Ordres, structures et coordination : une contribution à la théorie autrichienne." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0044.
Full textThis work deals with the possibility of rational action under “radical” uncertainty. The first part outlines the theory of knowledge adopted by contemporary game theory. After exposing the shortcomings of this approach, we favor the “Austrian” analysis of knowledge that allows us to define ignorance non-tautologically. In a world of ignorance, the results of actions taken by individuals have to be anticipated: the questions of rationality and expectations are thus necessary corollaries to the issues of ignorance, knowledge and uncertainty. The analysis of the formation and revision of expectations is not a mere addendum superimposed on a static analytical framework which would be perfectly defined and closed, but a theme necessary for the very definition of this framework. The capital structure and the institutional order will be defined as the two basic elements that jointly define the logic of the situation. The capital structure and the institutional order form a cognitive framework that enables rational action. By insisting on the cognitive dimension of these two structures, we show that they constitute necessary conditions of rational action. It is through the contiguous questions of ignorance and rationality that we provide a new articulation of the Austrian theories of capital and institutions
Mellah, Malik. "L'école d'économie rurale vétérinaire d'Alfort 1766-1813 : une histoire politique et républicaine avec l’animal domestique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H029.
Full textWhat meaning should be given to the creation on 29 Brumaire Year III of Schools of rural veterinary economy to replace veterinary schools inherited from the Ancien Régime? Historiography has never really identified what the assertion of the rural veterinary economy implies. Our thesis is built on the idea that the directorial Republic corresponds to the formulation of one of the founding advances of our contemporary democratic societies: the will to establish a political project that integrates the thought of a political ecology. This project is the republican rural economy. It is this proposal that invests the School of Alfort in the 1780s with the entry of great academics professors such as Vicq d'Azyr, Fourcroy or Daubenton. The proclamation of the Republic corresponds to a moment of affirmation of this scientific proposal of the rural veterinary economy. After the coup of 18/19 Brumaire in the Year VIII, imperial order was put in place, implying the abandonment of the republican rural economy
Dimassi, Rose M. "La dynamique économique de l'innovation : étude et analyse selon les deux approches néoclassique et évolutionniste." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E013.
Full textThis thesis project aims to study the innovation dynamics, from both the economic and political standpoints, on the factors targeting the promotion of innovation in Lebanon, a country characterized by an ever-changing and unstable environment. The study is largely based on the Neoclassical and the Evolutionary economic reasoning regarding innovation. It explores similarities and heterogeneities of these two economic mainstreams. Relying on these respective approaches, we will try to identify the role of structures and driving forces in either accelerating or slowing the macroeconomic innovation mechanism. According to the neoclassical orthodox approach, the major macroeconomic indicators were reviewed, namely economic policies, inputs and outputs. Nonetheless, knowing that these indicators are not sufficient to explain the innovation process as adopted by the evolutionary literature, we use the evolutionary approach focusing on the dimensions of innovation dynamics, an economic phenomenon entitled National Innovation System (NIS) enabled by the interaction of economic actors. As a result of these two approaches, we detail descriptive census data collected on innovation endeavors undertaken by various economic players involved in the Lebanese NIS such as: the Government, universities, enterprises and intermediaries-collaborators. The qualitative analysis of information from documents, interviews and case studies, shows the extent of the functioning progress of the NIS, carried out by local actors. The results obtained show that the country is well endowed with highly skilled human capital, but reflect the burden of political conflicts, insecurity and endemic corruption, as major problems likely to stifle, hamper or limit the innovation progress. Also and from analytical assessment, we provide the principal themes in this corpus that allow us to suggest a theoretical model indicating the NIS evolution continuum that ranks the eight NIS theoretical functions through three successive stages: resources mobilization, development and sustainability. This study sets key landmarks for determining progress in innovation support at the national level. As such, applying theories of innovation strengthening in developing countries would require further reflection on the NIS internal structure and functioning, in order to better take into account the impact of environmental conditions of the local economy
Martin, Emmanuel. "L' héritage d'Allyn Abbott Young." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX32020.
Full textThe legacy of Allyn Abbott Young (1876-1929) is that received from Adam Smith in his theory of economic evolution and that he left and that certain economists salvaged in a more or less faithful way. To grasp the scope of this legacy we first analyze the failure of Adam Smith to make his theory of economic evolution a success in the history of thought. Internal inconsistencies in the Wealth of Nations on the one hand and the paradigmatic perception filter of perfect competition on the other partially account for that failure. However it is possible to reunify evolution and competition in Smith. And this is Young's message and before him, Marshall's. Young's contribution “increasing returns and economic progress” solves the dilemma over Marshall's legacy and Pigou's welfare policies debated in the 20's. Young goes back to the evolutionary Marshall, Smith and Say to free economics from mechanism and offering a theory of economic progress based on the progress of markets. The legacy of Young was salvaged by Post-Keynesians such as Nicholas Kaldor or Neoclassical like Paul Romer or again infra marginal economics initiated by Xiaokai Yang. Unfortunately all those attempt to use Young's contribution rely on a equilibrium foundation and a vision of competition that ignores the crucial role of the entrepreneur. The mengerian tradition of Austrian economics (Menger, Lachmann, Hayek) seems to offer a better combination with Young's legacy
Gaul, Michael. "Progrès et prix naturels : conceptions de l'Histoire dans la pensée économique de Cantillon à Marx." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E025.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the relations between the origin of the notion of historical progress in the second half of the eighteenth century and the formation of political economy as an autonomous science. In contrast to a traditional view, post-Smithian classical political economy and Ricardian economics in particular appear not as the ‘dismal science’, but rather as a pure theory of progress. The first part deals with the way in which conceptions of history and economic theory are articulated in the works of Richard Cantillon, François Quesnay et Adam Smith. Whereas Cantillon’s theory expresses a cyclical conception of history and physiocratic thought aims at the repression of this cyclical conception, Smith’s theory is opposed both to Cantillon and Quesnay, through its foundation of a progressive conception of history and the affirmation that progress is ‘natural’. Since Smith’s progressive conception of the historical process is based upon a simple, yet novel co-ordination of technical change in time and across space, the second and third parts study the classical theory of technical progress and the classical theory of international trade. It is in this context that Ricardo turns out to be the most radical of the ‘Smithian’ economists: Ricardo identified the condition under which progress is indeed ‘natural’ and insisted upon the fact that this condition is approximately satisfied by natural prices. In the final analysis, it is Smith’s affirmation of natural progress which provides the common framework for post-Smithian classical economists, Marx included, and distinguishes them from earlier exponents of the same ‘surplus approach’ to value and distribution
Chelly, Lofti Amine. "Les processus de génération d'opportunités entrepreneuriales : une recherche exploratoire auprès d'entrepreneurs tunisiens." Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL2007.
Full textDupont, Frédéric, and Estiva Reus. "Les économies monétaires séquentielles : Keynes et quelques autres : recherches sur la nature et les causes de la révolution keynésienne." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX2A004.
Full textGorbatenko, Daniil. "Austrian business cycle theory : agent-based-model illustration and empirical application." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0120/document.
Full textThis work attempts to reformulate Austrian Business cycle theory. The central idea is that central banks may facilitate the creation of credit that is not backed by consumer savings and that this may allow and incentivize banks to finance some long-term projects that they did not find attractive to finance in the past. Those projects may temporarily divert certain resources away from the production of certain consumer goods, despite the preferences of the relevant consumers staying the same. The latter may later act to reverse the misallocation or make the originators of the long-term projects pay more for the relevant resources. This leads either to the failure of those projects or to the need for their originators to cut spending on other activities, as well as to other potential negative effects for the economy.The work also illustrates the core logic of the theory by means of a computer model and analyses the evidence for the applicability of the reformulated theory to the U.S. Great Recession of 2008-09
El, Ghawi Chadi. "Epistémologie du processus de marché : l'entrepreneur politique réfuté." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2007.
Full textIn the context of the Austrian scientific research program in economics, our study deals with the market process through the prism of Entrepreneur`s concept. The creative entrepreneurial function emerges as an epistemic individual process, which contributes to a catallactic action. It strengthens the emergence of the spontaneous order, thus shaping individual and institutional evolutionism. The emergence of such action mainly depends on institutional determinants. Therefore, the market process, emerging from catallactic actions, requires a specific institutional foundation. Thereby, our analysis concerns the political process; this, through the prism of the political action, to match the adequacy of this action to the catallactic one. This analysis also decrypts the institutions which determine the political order. However, this introspection identifies the deficiency of the institutional foundation required for the emergence of the entrepreneurial function through the political action. This barrier of the catallactic analogy in the political practice contributes to the refutation of the political market conjecture. The main reason of this failure is the impossibility of a legitimate political exchange emergence. From the objective ethics perspective, the political action harms the individual rights in general and the private property rights in particular. By denying the coordination, this political action shows a divergent nature from the entrepreneurial one. Therefore, this reality leads to refute the political entrepreneur conjecture
Gloria-Palermo, Sandye. "Tradition et rénovation de l'approche autrichienne : une perspective mengerienne." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0041.
Full textThe aim of the dissertation is to surround the essence of the austrian tradition defined as the whole extensions and deepenings of the principles set by menger since 1871. First, we had to specify the fondamental concepts. Of menger's analysis and second, to examine how, these basements evolved through the different generations of austrians authors. Chapter i deals with the mengerian originality, confronted with the rising marginalist stream. Chapter ii analyses the process of absorption through which, since wieser and bohm-bawerk till the interwar period, the mengerian originality was progressively lost within neoclassical economics. Chapter iii studies the circonstances that lead to the rediscovery of mengerian themes, as a consequence of the planning debate. Chapter iv stresses the limits of the different lines of the modern austrian revival. It argues that the approach advocated by lachmann represent the only possible way of developpement for the modern austrian and mengeria tradition. The last chapter deepens the analytical directions such a research programme could take
Berkane, Abdelaziz. "Comportements d'agents, interaction sociale et processus économiques : le cas de la tradition théorique autrichienne." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167306.
Full textLamy, Nicolaye. "Le logrolling comme fondement du marché politique : l’exemple du Parlement Européen." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12002/document.
Full textThe politicians act rationally in the way that they try to maximize their utility. They use to achieve it mechanisms of exchange which propel their political action in a political market governed by rules of constraints said constitutional. This system of exchange, which the literature calls logrolling is particularly visible inside the European Parliament where the exchange of voice is marked enough. The politics becomes bargaining, in the same way as the economics, such as Buchanan (1991) and Hayek (1981) define it. Political market, in logrolling viewpoint, strengthens the links between politicians into the same parliament; as soon as everyone finds any political advantage. Common will to reach requests from voters and report on territorial specificities finds the place in the prospect of a political deal that coordinates the interests of European Parliamentarians inherently divergent. But as a classical market for goods and services, the political market needs rules - constitutionals - to bring on coordination between various preferences; so that a good constitution is a constitution that allows coordinating interests (Hardin, 1989). In other words, there are rules of constitutional types whose contributions would enrich political bargaining, therefore allowing European Parliamentarians to satisfy their political needs in terms ofparliamentary votes
Hardouin, Patrick. "Le taux d'intérêt : une enquête sur le taux d'intérêt et le chômage wicksellien." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998IEPP0015.
Full textThis work is an inquiry to answer the following question: are high real interest rates a cause for unemployment? Its field is on history of economic though and economic theory, pure economics and contemporary macroeconomics. Its main topic is the conceptual definition of the interest rate - and so the theory of capital - and the analysis of its role in the determination of the unemployment rate - so of economic equilibrium, growth and income distribution. Its method is to confront theorical proposals to the verification of their own analytical coherence and to their postulates. Its architecture is based on the distinction of the analysis in real terms and the analysis in monetary terms. Its comprises 29 chapters distributed in a general introductory chapter, three parts devoted respectively to the natural interest rate, the financial interest rate, the monetary interest rate, and a conclusion. The general trend of the work is neoaustrian. The thesis which is supported is I) following the professors J. P. Fitoussi and E. S. Phelps, that high or increasing interest rates are a cause of unemployment, that unemployment called wicksellian unemployment; II) that the Austrian conception of capital and the conception of the rate of interest by Knut Wicksell are the logical basis of this theory defined as neo- wicksellian ; III) that those conceptions allow to formulate the austro-keynesian theory according to which one must proscribe the push by consumption and restrictive monetary policies which are causes of wicksellian unemployment, and, when there is that kind of unemployment, combine rigorous and selective fiscal policy to monetary flexibility that is to say to low or decreasing interest rates. The main authors who are studies are e. Von Bohm-Bawerck, J. P. Fitoussi, F. Hayeck, J. Hicks, J. M. Keynes, A. Marshall, K. Marx, E. Phelps, D. Ricardo, J. Robinson, P. A. Samuelson, J. Schumpeter, A. Smith, R. Solow, L. Walras and K. Wicksell
El, Ghawi Chadi. "Epistémologie du processus de marché : l'entrepreneur politique réfuté." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2007.
Full textIn the context of the Austrian scientific research program in economics, our study deals with the market process through the prism of Entrepreneur`s concept. The creative entrepreneurial function emerges as an epistemic individual process, which contributes to a catallactic action. It strengthens the emergence of the spontaneous order, thus shaping individual and institutional evolutionism. The emergence of such action mainly depends on institutional determinants. Therefore, the market process, emerging from catallactic actions, requires a specific institutional foundation. Thereby, our analysis concerns the political process; this, through the prism of the political action, to match the adequacy of this action to the catallactic one. This analysis also decrypts the institutions which determine the political order. However, this introspection identifies the deficiency of the institutional foundation required for the emergence of the entrepreneurial function through the political action. This barrier of the catallactic analogy in the political practice contributes to the refutation of the political market conjecture. The main reason of this failure is the impossibility of a legitimate political exchange emergence. From the objective ethics perspective, the political action harms the individual rights in general and the private property rights in particular. By denying the coordination, this political action shows a divergent nature from the entrepreneurial one. Therefore, this reality leads to refute the political entrepreneur conjecture
Aubanel, Jean-Christophe. "Comment sortir d'une crise économique : analyse rétrospective des apports et de l'évolution de la théorie autrichienne des cycles dans le panorama de la Grande Dépression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA017.
Full text"This thesis offers a retrospective analysis of the Austrian theory of business cycles, from its inception in 1912 by Ludwig von Mises to the developments articulated by Murray Rothbard in the 1960s. This monetary analysis of economic cycles primarily evolved during the 1930s, subjecting the works of prominent theorists such as Hayek, Robbins, Machlup, Haberler, Röpke, Fetter, and Phillips to the test of the Great Depression. Our research aims to shed light on the repercussions of the Great Depression on the development of the Austrian theory of economic cycles and its crisis exit recommendations, also allowing us to assess the uniqueness of this analysis over its evolution.This work draws on two methodological approaches: the history of economic thought and economic analysis. In this regard, our study adopts a chronological structure divided into three essential periods: [1] the genesis and early developments of the Austrian theory prior to the Great Depression (1912-1929), [2] the testing of the Austrian theory of cycles during the Great Depression (1929-1939), and finally [3] the assessment of the Great Depression's impact on Austrian thought (1939-1969).Our approach is intended to examine in detail the various developments that, over a period of more than half a century, have shaped the Austrian view of economic crises and the remedies to address them. The Great Depression being a pivotal period on these issues, our focus is primarily on the 1930s, a time during which the majority of Austrian reference works on the subject were published, punctuated by multiple controversies with Keynesian and neoclassical schools. This also involves political and epistemological considerations, as the Austrian school places special emphasis on cross-analyzing perspectives on the same subject, thereby illustrating Hayek's statement, 'He would be a bad economist who was only an economist.' Our research also assumes the decomposition and explanation of the complex mechanisms that form the theoretical foundation of the Austrian analysis of cycles: the theory of capital, interest, and money.Based on all these elements of various natures, our thesis seeks to question, beyond the thoughts of eminent authors now belonging to posterity, the process of shaping one of the most important economic theories of the 20th century and the solutions it proposed for the greatest crisis of the capitalist era. This approach to updating crisis exit recommendations from an Austrian perspective, although apparently contradictory to the non-intervention principles inherent to this school of thought, also leads us to challenge the idea that government policies are the only conceivable solution to overcome recurring episodes of depression. Consequently, the practical hope of this work is to provide insights into a question that still remains unanswered in the field of modern macroeconomics."
Chbouki, Moktar. "Institutions, transition et performances économiques : une contribution méthodologique à l'analyse néo-institutionnaliste du changement économique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1087.
Full textThis study returns to the issue of institutional change that Eastern European countries have experienced for the past two decades. This change still presents a certain acuteness to grasp the sense of the differences in the economical performances observed between the economies in transition. To understand the uneven success of this process we broadened in an evolutionist approach the neo-institutionalist methodological framework by questioning the anthropologic systems that supported all society projects including the very idea of doing economics. The anthropological science that studies mental rigidity is trying to understand why societies that are so geographically close do not merge for millenniums. The principle of the world’s cultural diversity allowed to understand how informal institutions emerged and influenced economic performance. An increase in the stock of knowledge combined with a demographic transition would constitute the base of mental transition which supported by reliable institutions would be decisive in the success of the process of political and economic change. Political and economic change is just the reflection of a mental transition taking part in the core structures of a society. The Cultural Revolution, synonym of evolution of the mentalities, is an autonomous phenomenon that precedes economic development and political modernity. Relying at once on a framework of mentalities, the politics and the economics never act without results. They are, by virtue of their nature, endogenous and contingent because a society can only change if it acknowledges the necessity for change